RAMONA MIHĂILĂ

CURRENT ISSUES
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României
MIHĂILĂ, RAMONA
Current issues / Ramona Mihăilă – Bucureşti; Editura
Fundaţiei România de Mâine, 2006
176 p., 20,5 cm
ISBN (10) 973-725-644-1
(13) 978-973-725-644-7

811.111(075.8)

© Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine, 2006

Redactor: Andreea DINU

Tehnoredactor: Vasilichia IONESCU
Coperta: Marilena BĂLAN
Bun de tipar: 21.11.2006; Coli tipar: 11
Format: 16/61×86
Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine
Bulevarul Timişoara nr. 58, Bucureşti, Sector 6
Tel./Fax 021/444.20.91; www.spiruharet.ro
e-mail: contact@edituraromaniademaine.ro
 UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET
DEPARTAMENTUL DE LIMBAJE SPECIALIZATE

RAMONA MIHĂILĂ

CURRENT ISSUES

EDITURA FUNDAŢIEI ROMÂNIA DE MÂINE

Bucureşti, 2006
 CONTENTS

UNIT 1. Making an Impression ……………………………………….. 7

The Adjective ………………………………………………... 10
Fashion and Clothes …………………………………………. 11
Idioms of the Body …………………………………………... 14
Verbs not Normally Used in the Continuous Form …………. 15
UNIT 2. Making a Living ……………………………………………... 17
Families ……………………………………………………… 21
Immigration ………………………………………………….. 24
The Simple Present Tense …………………………………… 25
The Present Continuous Tense ………………………………. 26
UNIT 3. Globalization ………………………………………………… 29
Privacy ………………………………………………………. 31
The Simple Past Tense ………………………………………. 34
The Past Continuous Tense ………………………………….. 35
UNIT 4. Society ……………………………………………………….. 38
Tomorrow’s World ………………………………………….. 41
The Natural World …………………………………………... 42
The Present Perfect Simple Tense …………………………... 44
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense ……………………… 45
UNIT 5. The Living Planet ……………………………………………. 48
The Past Perfect Simple Tense ………………………………. 52
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense …………………………. 53
UNIT 6. Means of Transport ………………………………………….. 56
Ways of Expressing Future ………………………………….. 60
The Future Simple Tense ………………………………… 60
The Future Continuous Tense ……………………………. 61
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UNIT 7. Cities, Towns and Villages ………………………………….. 63
Going Shopping ……………………………………………... 64
Meals ………………………………………………………… 67
The Plural of Nouns …………………………………………. 71
Uncountable Nouns ………………………………………….. 72
UNIT 8. In a Foreign Country ………………………………………… 75
Holidays ……………………………………………………... 76
Weather ……………………………………………………… 83
The Future Perfect Simple …………………………………... 85
The Future Perfect Continuous ……………………………… 85
“Be Going To” Future ……………………………………….. 86
Be To + Infinitive/Be About To + Infinitive ………………. 86
Future in the Past …………………………………………….. 86
UNIT 9. Politics ……………………………………………………….. 89
Elections ……………………………………………………... 92
Passive Voice ………………………………………………... 95
UNIT 10. Communication Language ………………………………… 99
Racism and Sexism ………………………………………... 102
Reported Speech …………………………………………... 106
UNIT 11. Crime and Law ……………………………………………... 109
Reported Speech …………………………………………… 115
UNIT 12. Business and Money ……………………………………….. 119
Money ……………………………………………………… 123
“If” Clause …………………………………………………. 126
UNIT 13. World of Sports …………………………………………….. 130
The Definite Article ………………………………………... 136
The Indefinite Article ………………………………………. 137
UNIT 14. Revision ……………………………………………………. 140
ANNEXES
Annex 1. Irregular Verbs …………………………………………... 156
Annex 2. Euro Acronyms ………………………………………….. 159
Annex 3. Abbreviations ……………………………………………. 161
Annex 4. Television Style …………………………………………. 166
Annex 5. Country, Capital, Language, Nationality and Currency … 167
Annex 6. Politics …………………………………………………... 171
Annex 7. American English/British English ………………………. 172
Annex 8. ……….…………………………………………………... 175

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 UNIT 1

MAKING AN IMPRESSION
I. Answer the following questions:
1. How important are the following factors: physical appearance,
clothes, facial expression, body language in making an impression upon
someone?
2. When you first meet new people how important is “to break
the ice”? How is a typical conversation” different in your country?
3. Which of the following adjectives would you choose to
describe yourself: aggressive, approachable, a bore, a bully, chatty,
conceited, dull and boring, easy-going, easy to get on with, good
company, outgoing, reserved, self confident, shy, sociable
II. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each
space.
First impressions
When people are asked what they (1) ………most like to change
about themselves, the two most (2) ………responses are: (3) ………
weight and (4) ………up smoking. At first glance (5) ………seem
daunting enterprises. Researchers have found that 97 per cent of people
who try to lose weight still weigh (6) ……… much if not more a year
later. This (7) ……… not mean that it is impossible to lose weight.
Most people (8) ………go on a diet do not need to. They are (9)
………medically overweight and are often unrealistic in the targets (10)
……… set themselves. More important, severe dieting is a very
inefficient (11) ……… to lose weight in anything more than the short
term. So most dieters have chosen the (12) ……… thing to change, and
the wrong way to change it.
As for smoking, a recent survey of ex-smokers reveals that (13)
……… six per cent felt bad-tempered or put on weight as a (14) ………
of giving up tobacco. More than half of those questioned claimed they
had been surprised (15) ……… how easy the process has been.
7
 III. Fill the gaps in the following paragraph with suitable
words from the list below:
a) bilingual b) body language c) blush d) colloquial e) expression
f) eye contact g) feelings h) gestures i) intonation j) jargon
k) messages l) reveal m) sarcastic n) slang o) tone of voice
We can often find out about people’s feeling by listening to their
(1) …… and watching their (2) …… and (3) …… A person’s (4)
…… may convey their real (5) …… better than the words they speak.
If someone says that your project is “wonderful” they may be sincere
or they may be being (6) ……
Every day we use our body to send (7) …… - nodding instead
of saying “yes” or shaking to say “hello”. But even when we don’t
want people to know how we are feeling, certain things may still (8)
…… the truth. When we tell a lie, our bodies often give the trick away
when we (9) … … or avoiding (10) ……, swallow or cover our mouth
with our hand.
IV. In 1984, just before the elections for the European
Parliament, a French cartoonist attributed stereotypes in the box
below to the ten member states of that time. Try to decide which
stereotype he put with which nationality.
Belgium ……, Denmark……, France ……, Germany……,
Greece……, Holland……, Italy……, Luxembourg ……, Republic
of Ireland ……, the U.K. ……
1. calm, 2. disciplined, 3. discreet, 4. elegant, 5. funny,
6. gallant, 7. hospitable, 8. prolific, 9. serious, 10. virile
V. Read the article below “Colour Sense” (The Telegraph
Sunday Magazine) about how the colours influence human personality
and underline the word which best fits each space.
ICI colour consultant Jack Widgery painted one police interview room
light green, and another (lively/strong) red. Subsequently, the police found
that suspects (gave/spoke) statements more quickly when they were in the
red room, again enforcing the idea that too much red (makes/creates) a feeling
of being pressurized. The soft green room was for (interviewing/requesting)
victims and their families, and there are many (examples/ways) of light
colours being used to (play up/run up) feelings and encourage relaxation.
8
 Some institutions in the USA have special pink areas to cool the
(tempers/moods) of angry prisoners, service recruits and patients.
Soft blues, greens and beiges seem to be (leisurely/restful) and
hospitals, schools and dentists are beginning to take this into (view/
account) when choosing colour schemes.
An airline which (changed/turned) from a yellow and brown
interior scheme to one (from/of) green and blue reported a forty-five
per cent decrease (of/in) airsickness. But the workplace is the biggest
challenge: (no/neither) too much nor too (few/little) energy will do.
The (current/nowadays) fashion for grey with a few details in brighter
colours may be a good (result/solution).

VI. Choose the correct colour to complete each sentence:

1. The low production figures really made the manager see ……
1. If you keep your bank account in the ……… you won’t pay
any bank charges.
2. His neighbour’s new car and luxurious life style made John
……… with envy.
3. They used to be good friends and they visited very often while
now they only see each other once in a ……… moon.
4. Things are going well for the married couple at the moment.
They really look in the ………
5. The bank adviser told him that his account is in the ……… at
the moment so he can’t afford a holiday.
6. The office block they built has turned out to be a real ………
elephant. They spent an earth on it and nobody wants to move there.
7. The lawyer was completely ……… when he first pleaded in
front of a jury. Now he has a lot of experience.
8. The editor saw the number of sold issues and now he is
screaming ……… murder.
9. Helen told the policeman a ……… lie about her crossing the
street on the ……… light.

9
 THE ADJECTIVE
There are various ways of making comparisons in English:
One syllable adjectives have forms like these:
Complete the chart above with the comparative and superlative
forms of the adjectives.
positive comparative superlative
- er the -est
big bigger ………….
tall ………. the tallest
fat fatter …………
hot ………. the hottest
thin thinner …………..
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
positive comparative superlative
good better the best
bad/ill worse the worst
much/many more the most
little less the least
old older/(elder) the oldest/(the eldest)
Two-syllable adjectives ending in a consonant followed by “y”
are formed like this:
Complete the chart above with the comparative and superlative
forms of the adjectives.
positive comparative comparative
happy happier the happiest
lazy ………….. ……………..
ugly uglier ……………..
juicy ………….. the juiciest
dirty dirtier ………………
Two or more syllable adjectives

10
 Complete the chart above with the comparative and superlative
forms of the adjectives.
positive comparative superlative
more the most
interesting …………………. the most interesting
difficult more difficult ……………………
beautiful ……………………… the most beautiful
careful more careful …………………….
boring ……………………. ……………………..
Some common two-syllable adjectives (clever, common, cruel,
gentle, likely, narrow, pleasant, polite, simple) have both forms.

FASHION AND CLOTHES

I. Read the following text about fashion industry. Do you agree
with its point of view?
Why is that fashion houses design their clothes for the youngest
and skinnest men and women? We may not actually want to look like
supermodels, but it is a fact that the most emaciated figures have
dominated the world’s catwalks for a long time. It seems it is not in
the interests of the fashion industry to represent an “average” person.
Although “slimmer” may not always mean “more desirable” in the
real world, fashion succeeds because it carries with it that image of
the least attainable figure.
clothes (to) dress fashion fashionable in fashion/out of fashion
(to) put on size (to) take off worn out
bathing suit belt blouse boots bow-tie cap cardigan coat
dress gloves hat jacket jersey pullover sandals
scarf shirt shoes skirt slippers socks stockings
suit sweater tie trainers T-shirt waistcoat
II. In pairs describe what your colleagues are wearing today
using the words from the box above. Then list topic vocabulary
under these headings, adding to the words given.
Clothes: sweatshirt, skirt,……………………………………..
Footwear: (flat/high-)heeled shoes, …………………………….
11
 Materials: cotton, leather, ………………………………………
Headgear: cap, helmet, …………………………………………
Hairstyle: curly, spiky ………………………………………….
Jewellery: earings, pendant,……………………………………..
Appearance: smart, stylish, ………………………………..……
III. Do you agree with any of the views expressed below? How
important do you think it is to dress or speak in a particular way?
1. The way people dress does not mean they are showing disrespect.
2. Unconventional dress sense can mean greater imagination.
3. Young employees should use a different style of language to
address their older colleagues.
4. Older employees should be more tolerant of their younger
colleagues.
5. Young people think any kind of behavior is acceptable these days.
IV. Choose the appropriate verbs in the following sentences:
1. He tried on three pairs of shoes but they didn’t fit/suit him.
2. Yesterday she wore a red and black blouse with a white and
pink skirt. Her clothes didn’t match/suit.
3. They liked to dress up/get dressed when they went to the
restaurant.
4. That shirt didn’t suit/match him. The color made him look pale.
5. The children dressed up/got dressed quickly because they
were late for school.
6. She never dressed/wore trousers to work.
7. His riding boots served him well for ten years before they
finally wore out/wore off.
V. Order the following sentences of a dialogue between a
shop-assistant and a buyer
Shop-assistant: Yes, you can.
That comes to 100 pounds altogether. ………
Buyer: Yes, please. ………
Shop-assistant: Are they good? ………
Buyer: Do you have these black shoes in size 7, please? ………
Shop-assistant: Here’s your change. Good bye. ………
12
Buyer: A small one. This is perfect. I will buy it. Can I pay by credit
card? ………
Shop-assistant: Good afternoon. Can I help you? ………
Buyer: Yes, they fit very well. And I need a bag to match
them with. ………
Shop-assistant: A big or a small one? ………
Buyer: Here you are. Thank you very much. ………
Shop-assistant: Let me see. Yes, we’ve got. Do you want to try
them on? ………
VI. Complete the dialogue between a buyer and a shop-assistant:
Shop-assistant: Good afternoon. ……………….. you?
Buyer: Do you have ……………….., please?
Shop-assistant: ………….. No, we’ve got nothing in …... Do you
want ……………..?
Buyer: Yes, please.
Shop-assistant: ……………….?
Buyer: Yes, ………………………. And I need …………………..
Shop-assistant: ……………………………..?
Buyer: …………………………………..I will buy it.
Shop-assistant: That comes to 100 pounds altogether.
Buyer: …………….. Thank you very much.
Shop-assistant: ……………………………. Good bye.
VII. Can you explain what these newspaper headlines mean?

13
 IDIOMS OF THE BODY
I. Complete these idioms with the correct part of the body: arm,
ear, eye(s), feet, finger, hand, head, heart, heels, leg, mouth, neck,
nose, shoulder, tongue and then match the idiom with its meaning.
1. to be banging your ……… a) to watch and listen carefully to
against a brick wall what is happening around
2. to cast your ……… over b) a very annoying person, thing
something or task
3. to say something …….… c) to coerce by or as if by
-in-cheek physical force
4. to keep your ……… to the d) have lots of experience
ground
5. to turn your ……… up at e) to despair
something
6. be an old ……… at something f) begin, do something for the
first time
7. get one’s ……… wet g) to be very expensive
8. a pain in the … h) to disregard
9. put your ……… on something i) to fall madly and completely in
love
10. to twist someone’s ……… j) to have a quick look at
something
11. to feel your … ……sink k) to be ironic
12. to live from ……… to ……… l) to identify
13. to fall ……… over ……… m) to look down on something
in love
14. to cost a(n) … …. and a … … n) to be ironic
15. a ……… shoulder o) to keep asking someone to do
something which they never do
II. Use the following words to complete the sentences
blood, body, ears, elbow, foot, hands, heel, mouth, neck,
nose, shoulder, stomach, toe, thumb, wrist
1. They celebrated his retirement in a fancy restaurant as the company
… the bill.
2. This house doesn’t look right at all. It sticks out like a sore …
14
 3. The new manager is not prepared to … all the responsibilities.
4. The reporter said that many people … their way to the front of the
theatre queue.
5. They are a very good television crew, but their leader is their
Achilles’s …
6. This brandy has plenty of … and a very fine …
7. The vice president couldn’t … his secretary’s rude behavior
anymore.
8. The Chief Inspector gives silly tasks to his department people. He
is a pain in the …
9. The spokeswoman looked so down in the … She could barely say
few words.
10. The workers decided that it wasn’t worth arguing with their
manager and decided to …the line.
11. When his boss takes the credit for work I’ve done, it makes his
…boil!
12. Robert’s really got his … full with all the wedding preparations.
13. She wouldn’t have sold the house if the creditors hadn’t twisted
my …
14.The Johnsons can’t afford anything. They are up to their … in debt.

VERBS NOT NORMALLY USED

IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM
Look through the list of common stative verbs below and classify
them into the groups suggested:
appear, believe, belong to, consider, dislike, doubt, feel, guess,
hate, have, imagine, know, like, love, mind, own, prefer, realize,
regard, remember, seem, smell, sound, suppose, taste,
understand, want
1. verbs related to appearance …………………………..………
2. verbs related to emotional states …………………...…………
3. verbs related to possession …………………..……….……….
4. verbs related to the senses …………………………………….
5. verbs related to thinking ……………………………...……….
15
 TO BE AND TO HAVE IN CERTAIN USES
it is possible to use TO BE in continuous tenses, if it is followed
by certain adjectives: quiet, noisy, good, bad, wise, foolish,
annoying, cautious, clever, stupid, difficult, economical,
extravagant, formal, funny, helpful, generous, mean, irritating,
mysterious, optimistic, pessimistic, polite, selfish, unselfish
Tom is being foolish.= “To be” implies that the subject is showing
this quality at this time
“To have” meaning to take and to give can be used in continuous
tenses: We are having lunch very late.
Meaning changes in the stative verbs. In the following pair of
sentences, put the verb into the correct tense, and explain the differences in
meaning between the simple and progressive forms of the verbs.
1. The judge will (hear) ……… the case tomorrow morning. The
audience can barely (hear) ……… what the lecturer is saying.
2. They (have) ………a business lunch at this time yesterday. He
(have) ……… a party next Saturday. She (have) ……… a baby next
month. The company (have) ………. one hundred employees last
year. He (have)……… a shower when I phoned him.
3. The policeman said that the old woman must (imagine) ………
the thing someone broke her house. We (imagine) …….. nobody
believed her.
4. Their little boy (be) ……… rather naughty at the moment. They
assured me the play (be) ……… a success.
5. The audience (not listen) quietly……… to the concert last
evening. The professor (listen) ……… some students to their projects.
6. The workers on strike (see) ………. their manager today. The
ministers (see) ……… the president off the airport. My glasses are so
dirty I can’t (see)……… a thing.
7. “What ……… the director (think)…….. about?. He
(think)………about his new movie and the main actor who (appear)
……… in another movie this month.
8. The policemen stated in their report that there (appear) ……… to
be a fight between hooligans and supporters.
9. The headmaster (consider)……… expelling the students who sold
drugs in the school yard. The teachers (consider)……… the
headmaster is perfectly right.
10. She (not mind) ……… her children smoking. Who (mind)
……… the children, anyway?
16
 UNIT 2

MAKING A LIVING
I. Discuss the conditions necessary to accomplish a job that
you like it very much using the tips given below:
● a good career structure
● a high salary and/or high status
● independence or working under supervision
● job security
● lots of variety or repetitive tasks
● strenuous physical work
● traveling a lot for the job
● working as a part of a team or on your own; freelance work
● working flexible or fixed working hours; a 9-5 job; shift work;
seasonal work
● working in a competitive environment
● working under pressure to tight deadlines
II. Complete the gaps with the following words:

tougher legislation, getting promoted, unfair dismissal,

discrimination, inbuilt advantage

1. The researchers talked about the introduction of a law to protect

people against ………
2. Men have better changes of ………. than women.
3.………. should be introduced to help people not to be discriminated
anymore.
4. Attractive people have a(n) ……… over others when it comes to
getting a job.
5.……… against people on the basis of physical characteristics should
be prohibited.

17
 III. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space.
Research has shown that majority of people (1) ……… that luck
plays an important part in their (2) ……… lives. About 60% of the
people questioned thought (3) ……… lucky in everything from health to
personal relationships to money. They also (4) ………to be fortunate in the
future and thought that their luck was (5) ……… to their own abilities.
The 20% of people who felt they were (6) ……… believed their
bad luck would continue. They were rather (7) ……… and felt they
were born unfortunate.
It was very noticeable that the (8) ……… people were outgoing
while the unlucky (9) ……… often suffered from shyness and it may be
that the lucky people are remembering successful events, and putting to
the (10) ……… of their minds those that did not work out well.

IV. Choose the word which best completes the sentence

(vocabulary):
1. Managers of the companies have to consider the age of the
population when they are … new staff.
a) enrolling b) enlisting c) recruiting d) raising
2. The agent has a … interest in getting people to sign life
insurances because he gets paid for every person she recruits.
a) financial b) hidden c) ulterior d) vested
3. The two men were … out of 200 applicants for the positions
of counselors.
a) short-handed b) short-listed c) short-sighted d) short-changed
4. It is forbidden to dismiss an employee on the … of personal
appearance.
a) basis b) evidence c) foundation d) ground
5. The employers should avoid … people on the first impression.
a) assessing b) estimating c) judging d) regarding
6. As news about the recession … down, the company began to
invest in new staff.
a) burnt b) died c) ran d) tore

18
 7. He knew that he would have to … his mark early on in his
career if he was going to chair the company one day.
a) do b) have c) make d) show
8. Most people find their careers … smoothly until the age of 35
when they start to get restless.
a) come b) go c) make d) progress
9. The fashion magazines say that pink is … this summer, so
everyone will be buying pink clothes.
a) down b) in c) out d) up
10. If he wants to succeed in this job he will have to learn to get
… with his colleagues a little better.
a) along b) around c) back d) together
11. Most places of work have a code of … for their employees.
a) behaviour b) conduct c) manner d) way
12. There were some very strong candidates for the job but none
of them … the manager’s expectation.
a) gave b) made c) met d) took
13. When they offered him a job in the Geneva branch he just …
at the chance.
a) dived b) leapt c) plunged d) rushed
V. Match the following idioms about hard work to their
meanings:
a. burn the midnight oil 1. to work hard and seriously
b. do back-breaking work 2. to fail to do well
c. fall down on the job 3. to study in a serious way
d. goof off 4. to work hard all the time
e. hit the books 5. to do very difficult physical
work
f. keeps one’s nose to the 6. to study very late at night
grindstone
g. work one’s fingers to the bone 7. to not work seriously
h. work as a dog 8. to study hard
VI. Fill each of the blank spaces with a suitable word or phrase:
1. In addition …………………………………..a full-time job,
she also manages to look after her family.
2. They can’t move to their new office until the end of the year,
so ……….……………. being they are working from home.
19
 3. His fluent English and French give him an advantage
………the other applicants.
4. The secretary got a …………………. on the knuckles from
her boss for being late for work two days running.
5. Psychologists believe you can tell if someone is ……………
by their body language.
6. The singer, ……… single has just hit the top of the charts will
give an open air concert on Friday.
VII. Match the following idioms about experience to their
meanings:
a. be an old hand at something 1. begin, do something for the
first time
b. be green 2. have a special knowledge of a
job
c. to be wet behind the ears 3. have lots of experience
d. get one’s feet wet 4. not be inexperienced and easily
fooled
e. go to school of hard knocks 5. learn more as life goes on
f. know something like the back 6. lack training and experience
of one’s hand
g. know the ropes 7. learn from work and troubles
h. live and learn 8. not know how to do something
i. not be born yesterday 9. know thoroughly and
completely
VIII. Write a new sentence using the word given:
1. The job was too badly paid so the translator didn’t accept it.
down
The translator ………………………..it was too badly paid.
2. This tailor makes all the clothes by hand so it’s very time-
consuming.
such
It …………………………………………time because all the
clothes are hand-made.
3. The actress decided to appear less in public as she grew older.
appearance
The actress decided ………………………………………as she
grew older.
20
4. Why not turn professional, as he is such a good orator.
so
He speaks ………………….………………………………… turn
professional.
5. The singer became quite famous as an interviewer.
name
The singer ……………………………………………… as an
interviewer.
6. He admits he isn’t one of the important members of the welcome
committee.
cog
He admits he ……………………………………………………
7.The new employees will have to share an office as a temporary
measure.
being
The new employees will have to share an office………………..

FAMILIES
I. Choose from the list A-H the best phrase to fill each of the
spaces.
CUPID’S TARGET
Why is the heart the organ that represents love? In some ancient
religions it was regarded as (1) … and in the West it has always been
associated with moral courage. In medieval Europe the hearts of
monarchs were often buried in the lands they conquered and their bodies
(2) … . A flaming heart was a frequent symbol in Western art of
religious intensity and saints’ hearts have become revered relics.
Strangely, (3) … what the anatomical function of the heart really
was. It was the English surgeon William Harvey, who after years of
research, discovered that (4) …. Even after Harvey announced his
discovery in 1628 the romantic mystery surrounding the heart (5) … .
Poets like Shakespeare were increasingly inclined to use it as a metaphor
for love. In the second half of the nineteenth century it became
fashionable to put (6) … as a symbol of romantic love on cards. Today
modern medical science can (7) … to save lives. It is, after all, just a
pumping muscle. But try (8) ….They know where love lies.
21
 A. until the seventh century no one knew
B. stylized images of heart
C. it was a rather simple pump
D. mimic the mechanics of the heart
E. the place where the spirit dwelled
F. telling that to the broken hearted
G. returned to the places they had come from
II. Complete the sentences below using one of the words from
the box
WEDDING OF STRANGERS
commitment, competition, criticism, defiantly, dismissive,
expectation, figures, hopeful, luxury, panel, peak- time,
relationship, surprisingly, wedding, work
A (1) … between two strangers who met for the first time when
they exchanged marital vows during a (2) … radio broadcast has come
in for widespread (3) … . Carla Germaine and Greg Cordell were
married after winning each other in a “lonely hearts” (4) … organized
by BRMB radio station. The service, perhaps (5) …, attracted the
highest ratings (6) … of the year.
The model and the salesman were (7) … of their critics and say
they have made a serious (8) … to make their marriage (9) ….
“Everyone seems to have the (10) … that we will split up, but we’re
going to prove them wrong, ” Cordell said (11) …
The couple were selected from 200 (12) … candidates by a (13)
… including (14) … counselors and an astrologer. As well as each
other, they won a free honeymoon in the Bahamas, a sports car and a
(15) … two-bedroom apartment.
III. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space. Use only one word in each space.
Although the numbers of elderly and disabled people are rising,
the support provided by the state has not increased. (1) ……… to a
recent report by a leading charity, very (2) ……… of them are in fact
cared (3) ……… in institutions, and the vast majority depend almost
entirely (4) ……… family or friends. This allows the elderly and

22
disabled to (5) ……… a much better quality of life than they might (6)
……… have, and the fact that this army of workers is unpaid also (7)
……… that the state is relieved of a considerable burden. However, it
is (8) ………nothing that there is a hidden cost to society on (9)
……… of the fact that these cares are prevented from (10) ………
part in any economic activity outside the home.
IV. Use male and female words (boy, brother, girl, grandfather,
grandmother, man, men, mother, wives) to complete the idioms and
sayings:
1. “Big ……… is watching you” comes from George Orwell’s
novel “1984”.
2. He was always her blue-eyed ……… and she spoiled him too
much.
3. I’ve been writing for this newspaper for years. Don’t teach
your … to suck eggs.
4. Her article looks like an old ………’s tale.
5. She learned to sing at his ………’s knee.
6. It is a good old-fashioned ………. –meets- ………movie with
a happy ending.
7. Is Romanian your ………. tongue?
8. All work and no entertainment makes Robert a dull ………
9. One ………’s meat is another ………’s poison.
10. “The Merry ……… of Windsor” is a well-known play
written by Shakespeare.
11. It’s quite a difficult test. It certainly separates the ………
from the ………s.
V. Match the following idioms about independence to their
meanings:
a. be a copycat 1. be overly dependent on one’s
mother
b. be a mama’s boy 2. have full control on someone
c. be a yes-man 3. sever a dependency from one’s
mother
d. be on one’s own 4. depend on oneself
e. be tied to one’s mother’s 5. be overly dependent on one’s
apron strings mother

23
f. cut the apron strings
g. have a mind of one’s own
h. lead someone by the nose
i. stand on one’s own two feet
6. try to be liked by agreeing with
everyone
7. imitate someone
8. be an independent thinker
9. live independently of others/
work without help or guidance

IMMIGRATION
I. Complete the sentences using the words from the box. Make
any changes to the word that are necessary.
asylum emigrate exile get used to fit in homesick hospitable
immigrate refugee resident settle down working visa (Green Card)
1. Many couples agree to a marriage of convenience in order to
get a/an …………….
2. The ex Communist president spent the rest of his life in
………. in a distant country.
3. Hundreds of African ………. filled the ships to Spain as they
tried to escape from the war zone.
4. Even if his foreign hosts are extremely …………… he feels
so ………. and wishes he could go home to see his family and friends.
5. They escaped from their country and asked for political
………….. in the U.S.A.
6. At first they found it very difficult to ………. in a foreign
country. The culture and food were so different, but finally they
managed to …………most things.
7. It was very difficult for her to really ………. with the other
students because the color of her skin and her hair made her look
different.
8. They had to convince the ………. officials that there is a
strong family connection between them.
9. Although his permanent residence is in Greece, he is now a
…… in Canada and wants to ……… to this country.
II. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space.
The Statue of Liberty
The Statue was a present from the (1) … of France to the
U.S.A. to mark the (2) … between the two nations. In her right hand
Liberty (3) … a torch and in her left a tablet on (4) … the date July 4th 1776
24
is (5) … . The sculptor who (6) … it was Frederic Bartholdi. It is
made of copper sheets. It was finished in 1885. It (7) … 25 tones. The
statue is 151 feet high without the pedestal. With the pedestal its (8)
…in meters is 93. (9)… are 171 steps to the observation point. The
statue was dedicated by President Grover Cleveland.
III. Fill each of the blank spaces with a suitable word or phrase:
1. Most European languages are believed ……………………….
evolved from a protolanguage from the middle East.
2. The computers for the orphanages were very expensive but
they don’t work – it was a complete ………………..…………money.
3. If this type of research ……………………………..., it must
be carefully supervised.
4. For the first twelve hours the treatment worked because the
patient………………………..……………………the antidote.
5. Corporal … ………………………is no longer legal in the
majority of schools in Europe.
6. The people in some American states have voted to bring back
the death……………
7. 70% of teenagers from disadvantaged backgrounds have a
……… record by the age of 18.
8. The refugees’ only hope of …………….. is to be taken to
their embassy.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE:
I/We/You/They + Verb They write articles every week.
He/She/It + Verb (ending in -s,-es) He writes articles every week.
It is added –es at verbs ending in: ss: (I miss - He misses);
sh: (I rush - He rushes)
ch: (I watch - He watches);
x: ( I fix - He fixes);
o: (I do – He does)
Verbs ending in Y: When y follows a vowel we add –s: I say - He says
When y follows a consonant we change the y into i and add - es: I try -
He tries
25
INTERROGATIVE:
DO + I/we/you/they + Verb? Do they write articles every day?
DOES + he/she/it + Verb? Does he write articles every day?
NEGATIVE:
I/We/You/They + DO NOT + Verb They don’t write articles every day.
He/She/It + DOES NOT + Verb He doesn’t write articles every day.
- the Simple Present Tense is often used with: always, never,
occasionally, often, sometimes, usually, seldom, every (day, week,
year), in (January, summer), on Monday
- it expresses habitual actions: He works every day.
- in newspaper headlines: Prime Minister Visits China
- for dramatic narrative: When the curtain rises, a door opens
and a man enters.
- in radio or TV sportive commentaries: John gets the ball
and throws it to Jim.
- to express general truths: The Earth moves round the sun.
Wood floats on water.
- cooking demonstrations on TV: I now mix the butter with the
cocoa.
- for a planned future action or series actions particularly
when they refer to a journey:
We leave London at 10:00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at
13:00.
- in conditional sentences, type 1: If the article is good he will
get a prize.
- in time clauses: When the article is ready they will print it.
- to express the date: Tomorrow is Saturday.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE: -it is formed with the present tense of the
auxiliary verb To Be + the
present participle: They are writing an article now.
INTERROGATIVE: TO BE + Subject + VERB-ing?
Are they writing an article now?
NEGATIVE: Subject + TO BE + NOT + V-ing
They are not (aren’t) writing an article.
is used: - for temporary situations: They are living in the country this year.
- for an action happening now (right now, at this moment):
The eye-witness is writing.
26
 - when two continuous tenses having the same subject are joined
by and, the auxiliary may be dropped before the second verb: He is
writing and listening to music.
- for a definite arrangement in the near future: They are getting
married next month.
- with always for an action which appears to be continuous. He
is always working.
This sort of action quite often annoys the speaker but doesn’t
necessarily do so, it could imply that he spends too much time
working, could also be said in a tone of approval.
- The spelling of the present participle: - when a verb ends in a
single e, this e is dropped before ING: write - writing
- when a verb of one syllable has one vowel and ends in a single
consonant, this consonant is doubled before ING: hit – hitting, run –
running, stop – stopping
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the
present continuous tense
1. How do you know that the article (not tell) ………………..
the truth?
2. These thieves (meet) ……………… and (work) ……………
at night.
3. How much these workers (owe)……………………………….
their employer?
4. This message has just arrived and the man (wait) ……………
……………………... in case you (want) to send a reply …………
……………………………………….
5. This is our itinerary. We leave home on the 7th, (arrive)
………………. in Paris on the 8th, (spend) ……………… the day
there and (set) ……………that night for Italy.
6. What the courier (wait) ………….for? you (have) …………
….. to send the letters?
7. The people (hear)…………………. what the lecturer (say)
…………………………..
8. What (make) ………………… this terrible noise? It (annoy)
…………….. everybody.
9. It is a lovely spring day. The sun (shine) ……….. and the
birds (sing)………………...
27
 10. What this word (mean) ………….? This dictionary (not
give) an explanation……….
II. Translate into English the following sentences:
1. Sondajul de opinie îl arată pe el preşedinte. …………………...……
………………………………………………………………………….
2. Extremiştii de stânga au un congres anual. …………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
3. El nu vrea să candideze pentru preşedenţie. ……………………..…
………………………………………………………………………….
4. Ei numară voturile acum. ……………………………………….…..
………………………………………………………………………….
5. De ce scriu două persoane în cabina de vot? …………………..……
………………………………………………………………………….
6. Parlamentarii vor să reexamineze această ordonanţă……..…………
………………………………………………………………………….
7. Ministrul Învăţământului discută cu profesorii grevişti. ….………...
………………………………………………………………………….
8. Mereu comentează telenovelele de pe acest program…………….…
………………………………………………………………………….
9.De ce îl arestează pe acel bărbat? …………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………….
10.Curtea Supremă ascultă ce are de zis acuzatul. …….………………
………………………………………………………………………….

28
 UNIT 3

GLOBALIZATION
I. Read the text, put a line through each unnecessary word and
then write the word in the space provided at the end of the line.
Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick against the
line number. (The Economist, 2000)
It does not help that some globalization can mean many things to ……………...…
many people, but a minimum much definition would probably include a …….……
diminishing role for a one national borders and the gradual fusing of separate ……...
national markers into a single global market place. The term “globalization” ……....
was probably first coined in the 1980s, but the idea has been all around for a ………...
long time ago. Indeed, by some measures the world was more globalized a ………...
century ago than it is now: certainly people were far more likelier to emigrate …….
to find work. After an anti-trade backlash in the 1920s and 30s, globalization …….
has been accelerating during the past three decades. And thanks to the ………..…..
innovations in communications and transport that has let people and capital ………
travel at a great speed, it is now moving into a different gear altogether. ………..…
II. Read the following article Cat in the ‘At’ about the universal
term “@”
What do a cinnamon bun, an ear and a monkey’s tail have in common?
They’re all terms used to describe “@” in different languages. National
Taiwan University’s Karen Chung discovered that many cultures have
creative names for what English speakers refer to simply as the “at” symbol
Mandarin Chinese: little mouse; Danish: elephant’s trunk;
Dutch: monkey’s tail
Hungarian: worm/maggot; Swedish: cat’s foot; Arabic/German/Turkish:
ear;
Hebrew: strudel; Swedish: cinnamon bun; Serbian: crazy “a” (Newsweek,
May, 2000)
III. Choose the word which best completes the sentence (vocabulary):
merchant @ florence: The ubiquitous symbol of Internet era
communications, The @ sign used in e-mail addresses is actually a 500-
year-old invention of Italian merchants, a Rome academic, Giorgio
29
Stabile, has (1)… . He claims to have stumbled on the earliest known
example of the symbol’s use, as an (2) … of a measure of weight or
volume. He said the @ sign (3) … an amphora, a measure of capacity
based on the terracotta jars used to transport grain and liquid in the ancient
Mediterranean world. The first known (4) … of its use occurred in a letter
written by a Florentine merchant on May 4, 1536. The ancient symbol
was (5) … in the course of research for a visual history of the 20th century.
(6) …, the sign had made its way along trade routes to northern Europe,
where it (7) … its contemporary accountancy meaning: ‘at the price of’.

(1) a) indicated b) revealed c) illustrated d) pointed

(2) a) point b) indication c) pound d) scale
(3) a) represented b) substituted c) expressed d) described
(4) a) illustration b) notice c) instance d) remark
(5) a) unwrapped b) located c) exposed d) unearthed
(6) a) Apparently b) Outwardly c) Actually d) Logically
(7) a) lift b) enhance c) strengthen d) elevate
IV. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one
suitable word
ESPERANTO
The best-known of all the artificial languages, Esperanto, (1)
… the invention of a Polish oculist, Ludwig Zamenhof. He made
the first draft of his international (2) … when he was fifteen. (3) …
own language background was very mixed: Russian was used at
home, with Yiddish and Polish outside, and French, German, Latin,
Greek and English taught in school.
The scheme was first published in Russian in 1887. The first
Esperanto journal was (4) … in 1889 and the first congress was (5)
… in 1905, bringing together nearly 700 delegates from 20
countries. Today Esperanto is frequently encountered (6) …
international conferences. Several journals and newspapers are
published (7) … the language and (8) … is a large translated
literature in addition to original work written in Esperanto.
Despite its popularity, Esperanto has (9)… to achieve official
status as an international language. A proposal to the United
Nations in 1966 was signed by nearly a million people from
30
 74 countries, (10) … favor English as a world language, and from
supporters of other artificial languages.
Several criticisms have been (11) … of the language, (12) …
it is generally easy to learn to read Esperanto. (13) … always with
language learning, (14) …, passive competence is much easier to
achieve than active use, and a (15) … deal of memory work is still
needed before fluency is acquired.
Loan Words
A very large proportion of every day English words has Latin or
Greek origins, for example et cetera, exit, per annum, vice versa.
V. Complete each sentence with one of the Latin words or
phrases given
ad hoc alias alibi curriculum vitae de facto incognito
interim in vitro persona non grata verbatim
1. The accused woman seemed to have a perfect … until the
private investigator searched further.
2. Mr Johnson may have no legal authority but he is … the
headmaster of the high school and he could have paid more attention
to the candidate’s …
3. A/an … committee was set up at once to welcome the foreign
guests.
4. He was a very interesting professor so all the students were
trying to write down his lectures …
5. The manager announced the bankruptcy of the company and
all the employees received a/an … payment.
6. The ambassador was declared … and sent back to his own.
7. The president did not want to be recognized, so he traveled …
8. There are a lot of conferences about the ethics of … fertilization.
9. Tom Finn, … Daniel Marlow, is accused of having kidnapped
a little boy.
PRIVACY
I. Which of the following rights to privacy are important to you?
• privacy of communications: security of mail, e-mail, faxes and
telephone calls
31
 • confidentiality of data: personal details such as medical
records, credit information and school records to be kept secret.
• freedom from intrusion: respect for individuals’ property or
personal space such as their house, office, desk
• protection from false stories in newspapers, television or other
media, including the Internet
• solitude: the right to be left alone when they wish, without
being observed
II. What do these people do?
- eavesdropper, hacker, informer, insider, intruder, paparazzo,
private investigator, spy, stalker, trespasser
In what situations might the following methods of identifying
people be used:
• DNA samples, fingerprints, hand geometry, retina scan, voice
recognition
III. Match the following idioms about privacy to their meanings:
a. be at someone’s elbow 1. attend a social function without
an invitation
b. breathe down someone’s neck 2. drive too closely behind another car
c. breathing space 3. force oneself upon others
d. crash a party 4. be very close
e. elbow one’s way in 5. avoid someone’s company
f. elbow room 6. stand very near and watch
someone very closely
g. feel fenced/hemmed in 7. take over something that belongs
to another
h. keep someone at arm’s length 8. enough room
i. move in on someone 9. feel kept from doing what one
would like
j. tailgate 10. enough room to move around
comfortably
IV. Read the text below and think of one word which fits each space
Grave concern has been (1) … following the publication of a
European Parliament report (2) … that the US National Security
Agency is routinely (3) … all telephone, fax and e-mail
32
communications (4) … Europe and elsewhere in the world. The
intelligence-gathering system, known (5) … “Echelon”, scans all
messages for key (6) … and then sends target information to Fort
Meade in Maryland (7) … further analysis. One member (8) … the
Socialist Group described the report’s findings as outrageous and
demanded tighter controls (9) … what she called “this blatant
infringement of our citizens’ right to privacy”.
V. Here is a description of the world’s first truly interactive TV
programme, Big Brother. Read the description and decide which
answer best fits each gap:
'Ten people. Ten weeks. One house.` Big Brother, Gran Hermano, Il
Grande Fratello … probably the world’s most successful `Real Life` TV
show. In this 24-hour online soap opera ten contestants are 1) … from tens
of thousands of hopefuls. They live together for two and a half months in a
house completely 2) … from the rest of the world with no access to TV,
radio and newspapers and no means of 3) … their family and friends.
Mobile phones are 4) … and the contestants’ 5) … moment is recorded 6)
… dozens of television cameras and microphones placed throughout the
house. From the kitchen to the garden. From the bedrooms to the bathroom.
The programme 7) … the people in the house in an interesting, if
difficult, position. They must 8) … together or the ten weeks could turn
into a living hell, but they must also compete against each other to win the
votes and support of the viewing public. Every week the viewers decide
which one of the candidates will be 9) … from the house. At the end of the
ten weeks there is only one winner.
The idea of locking twelve strangers in a house and letting millions
of the viewing public watch the minutae of their daily routine must have
seemed to some producers a 10) … idiotic way of eating in their budget.
But it is proved that the doubters were 11) … wrong. The sight of these 12)
… confident people making contact with each other, only to be kicked out
of the house, 13) … embarrassed, a week or ten later has gripped tv
audience like few programmes before. 14) … everyone’s amazement, this
is popular TV. But like George Orwell’s Big Brother, it’s 15) … clear that
television is taking us down roads that no one in their right mind would
wish for the medium.

33
1. a) chosen b) drawn c) picked d) taken
2. a) apart b) cut off c) cut out d) depicted
3. a) calling b) communicating c) contacting d) phoning
4. a) banned b) forbidden c) stopped d) taken
5. a) any b) each c) every d) single
6. a) by b) for c) on d) with
7. a) arranges b) places c) puts d) situates
8. a) get in b) get on c) get off d) get with
9. a) evicted b) pushed away c) sent away d) sent out
10. a) comprehensively b) finally c) sheer d) totally
11. a) extremely b) fully c) perfectly d) quite
12. a) abudantly b) conspicuous c) downright d) supremely
13. a) acutely b) glaringly c) purely d) wholly
14. a) At b) By c) On d) To

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. Hundreds of thousands of young people have applied to take
part in this successful ’Real Life’ TV show. Why do you think they
wanted to take part?
2. Would you like to take part in a similar programme? What do
you know about the selection criteria of the organizers?
3. The TV show has been watched by millions around world.
What do you think is the secret of its popularity?

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
- in regular verbs, it is formed by adding ed to the infinitive: He
owned the firm last year.
- in irregular verbs, it is formed by choosing the second form (see
Annex 1)
He wrote an interesting report. (to write – wrote – written)
INTERROGATIVE: DID + Subject + VERB _infinitive?
Did he own the firm?
Did he write an interesting report?

34
NEGATIVE: Subject + DID NOT (DIDN’T) + VERB _infinitive
He did not (didn’t) own the firm last year.
He did not (didn’t) write an interesting report.
- with adverbs: yesterday, last (week, month, year), …ago, once upon
a time
- for actions completed in the past at a definite time when the time is
given: They employed this accountant last month.
- or when the time is asked about: When did they employ this accountant?
- or when the action clearly took place at a definite time even though
this time is not mentioned: How did he get his present job?

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

- it is formed by the past tense of the verb to be + the present participle
S1 (I, She, He, It) + was + verb _ing
She was interviewing two people at this time yesterday.
S2 (We, You, They) + were + verb _ing
They were presenting the news at this hour last evening.
INTERROGATIVE: Was + S1 + verb _ing?
Was she interviewing two people at this time
yesterday?
Were + S2 + verb _ing?
Were they presenting the news at this hour last evening?
NEGATIVE: S1 + was not (wasn’t) + verb _ing
She was not (wasn’t) interviewing two people at this
time yesterday.
S2 + were not (weren’t) + verb _ing
They were not (weren’t) presenting the news at this
hour last evening.
The Continuous Past Tense is used:
- to express a past action in progress:
She was presenting the sports news.
- two parallel actions in progress:
She was interviewing people while he was recording.
- a past action in progress interrupted by a short past action:
She was presenting the sports news when someone entered the studio.
35
 I. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple or continuous past
tense:
1. The aeroplane in which the football team …………………..(travel)
…………………..(crashed) soon after taking off.
2. He said that he ……………………………………(be) the captain
of a ship which ……………………….(sail) that night for Constanta.
3. It ………………………………. (be) a fine day and the roads
……………………(be) crowded because a lot of people
……………………………(rush) to the seaside.
4.There had been an accident and men ……………………….(carry)
the injured people to an ambulance.
5. Two men ………………..(fight) at a street corner and a
policeman………………… (try) to stop them.
6.The murderer………………………… (carry) the corpse down the
stairs when he …………………………(see) someone coming.
7.The prisoner ………………….. (escape) by climbing the wall of
the garden where he ……………….(work). He ………………(wear)
blue overalls and black shoes.
8.The curtain just ……………….. (rise) when somebody at the back
of the theatre ………………….(shout) “Fire”. The audience
……………(look) rounds nervously.
9.The actors……….. (walk) to the front of the stage, ………….(take)
a bow and ………………….(wave) to the audience.
10. When the soldiers …………………. (advance) they didn’t realize
that the enemy ………………………… (plan) a surprise attack.

II. Translate into English:

1. Ruşii nu s-au supărat, când SUA au anunţat că se retrag din Tratatul
Rachetelor Antirachetă.
……………………………...…………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………….
2. Avioanele americane au bombardat toate taberele de antrenament
ale Al-Qaeda.
………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….

36
3. Guvernul francez a hotărât să introducă măsuri noi care să moni-
torizeze şi să restricţioneze folosirea animalelor vii la experimente
ştiinţifice.
………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….
4. În timp ce americanii îl căutau la Tora Bora, Osama bin Laden se
afla în Pakistan.
….………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
5. George W. Bush a leşinat, în timp ce se uita la un meci de fotbal.
……...………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….
6. Guvernul de la Islamabad a trimis trei unităţi de blindate la graniţa
cu India.
……………………….……………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….
7. În timp ce portarul alerga să prindă o minge, o sticlă cu apă l-a lovit
în cap.
….………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
8. Când se întorcea spre maşină un agent de circulaţie tocmai îi lipea o
amendă pe parbrizul maşinii. A încercat să-l convingă să i-o anuleze,
dar acesta a refuzat.
….……………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………….
9. Turiştilor nu li s-a dat voie să înoate ieri pentru că bătea un vânt
puternic.
.…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
10. În timp ce filma pentru un nou film, cascadorul s-a accidentat grav.
………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….

37
 UNIT 4

SOCIETY
I. Choose which of the missing paragraphs (a-i) fits each of the
numbered gaps
If you’re poor it’s your fault
POOR? It’s your own fault. It may (1) … , says the Institute for
Public Policy Research, a think-tank.
In an essay on child poverty, Lisa Harker, a trustee of the Daycare
Trust, a child care charity, says that (2) … because it has not caught
the public’s imagination.
Most people believe that poverty (3)…, and many regard hardship as a
symptom of personal failure, she says. The slowing of the economy is
another factor, (4) … for spending on anti poverty initiatives.
“People often (5) … – such as laziness or an inability to parent
effectively – rather than simply a lack of material resources”, she says
in her report.
The Government must (6) …, by showing how its reduction could
benefit society as a whole, as well as making a moral argument for its
elimination, the research says.
What (7) … like Make Poverty History, the celebrity-led campaign
against Third World poverty, Harker argues.”The extent and nature of
child poverty in Britain will only (8)… with people’s own every-day
experiences.”
The Government has a communication problem, agrees Tom Sefton,
a child poverty expert. “We need examples that people (9) …”, he says,
and they should be written in “language people can relate to.”
(Times, 13 June 2006)
a) can relate to on the effects of poverty on life chances
b) because it means that ministers must work harder to win support
c) become clear when it is told in stories that have resonance
d) the Government’s pledge to eradicate child poverty could fail
38
 e) thus make a “self interest” case for eliminating child poverty
f) sound harsh, but that’s what everyone else thinks
g) is less of a problem now than it was a decade ago
h) attribute poverty to individual failings
i) is needed in a high profile, popular campaign
II. Complete the sentences using the words from the box:
1. companies 2. consumers 3. corporations 4. crops 5. cuts
6. debt 7. deprived 8. disease 9. earnings 10. individual 11. managers
12. prices 13. repayments 14. risks 15. supermarket
… has been crippling the Third World over the last five years.
Countries can be forced to sacrifice as half as their export … as … on
debts to Western banks. And, before the West offers new loans, it
insists on drastic … in welfare spending which hit the …hardest.
The world is now a … for the rich world’s … - and the … of that
supermarket are the multinational agribusiness … . These … control
production …, often holding small farmers under contract for their export
… this way they can buy harvests at controlled prices while leaving the …
of bad weather and plant … on the shoulders of the … farmer.
III. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it
means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it:
1. The population of the country has not expanded appreciably in the
last five years.
There has been no ………………………………………….
2. It seems as if there is a slight deterioration in the injured man’s
physical condition.
The injured man’s physical condition………………………..
3. Alternative medicine is a complete mystery for many people.
Many people are ……………………………………………………
4. A new vaccine has been on trial since the beginning of the month.
They ………………………………………………………………...
5. The documentary showing the effects of the famine stirred emotions
in the audience.
Strong emotions …………………………………………….
6. The government has closed down five coal mines and will close
more next year.
39
 Five coal mines …………………..and more …………………...
7. During the press conference the aid agency issued a statement
saying they would send emergency food suppliers to the disaster area.
A statement ……………………that emergency food suppliers
…………………
8. Brazil have won the World Cup the most times, not Italy.
It…………………………………………………………..…………
9. No one stands a chance of eradicating the drug problem in this
Democratic mandate.
It’s a foregone …….…………………………………………………
……………………
IV. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. The mysterious case of the missing M P has become the … of
considerable interest of the press over the last days.
a) focus b) middle c) pin-point d) target
2. It’s unbelievable how many small children … in this country.
a) implore b) plead c) entreat d) beg
3. The man known as Prince Paul claims that he is the … heir of
the royal family.
a) authentic b) correct c) rightful d) due
4. The experts haven’t had time to complete their investigations,
but they have concluded … that the explosion was caused by a bomb.
a) terminally b) tentatively c) tenuously d) temporally
5. The American Indians have sued the government for the
return of their … lands.
a) ancestral b) antique c) hereditary d) inherited
6. Car fumes pollution … a serious threat to public health.
a) pose b) put c) raise d) risk
7. Many people fed up with city life and decided to … the
plunge and move to the country.
a) do b) leave c) make d) take
8. The factory strike started in a united way, but then … out after
only one day.
a) break b) fizzle c) run d) wash

40
 9. After protests from environmentalist groups, the government
has … plans to build a six-lane highway through the wood.
a) adjourned b) hindered c) paused d) shelved

TOMORROW’S WORLD
I. Choose which of the missing paragraphs (a-i) fits each of the
numbered gaps
Although (1) … may not sound like much, it is the difference
between now and the last Ice Age, when huge glaciers covered
Europe and most of Britain. The temperature of the (2) …this
century, and the oceans have risen by at least 10 cm and it may (3)
… to swell. This means that the global warming we are (4) … we
have dumped into the atmosphere up to the 1960s. Since then,
(5)… increased rapidly.
Scientists working for the United Nations and European
governments have been warning that (6) … to do will be to build
more extensive sea defenses. Many of the world’s great cities are
at risk, (7) … level. Miami, almost entirely built on a sandbank,
could be swept away. But the effects of rising (8) … the developing
countries. With a metre rise in sea levels, 200 million could
become homeless.
There are other fears too, according to a recent United Nations
report. The plight of the hungry (9) … in the Sahara and beyond is
reduced by 20 per cent.
a) what the Dutch and the people of East Anglia will need
b) have taken the oceans thirty years
c) in northern Africa could worsen, as rainfall
d) because they are located at sea
e) the rise in the global temperature by 4 per cent predicted by
many scientists
f) now experiencing is a result only of the carbon dioxide
g) world has climbed more than half degree
h) the use of fossil fuels has
i) sea levels will be much worse for

41
 II. Join these split sentences containing words about world’s
big issues:
1. This African people haven’t got a) three kinds of crop.
anything to eat
2. The size of Indian population must b) and people were dying
be controlled of starvation.
3. It didn’t rain for three years in this c) irrigation was introduced
American state
4. There was a terrible famine d) is aid
5. Wheat, maize and rice are e) died of thirst.
6. If people get a loan from the bank f) through contraception
7. The field has become greener and g) and the harvest failed
greener since
8. Many of the people trying to cross the h) they are in debt and
dessert couldn’t manage to do it and they have to pay interest
9. In the newspaper language usage there i) because there was an
is another word for “help”. awful drought

THE NATURAL WORLD

I. Read the text, put a line through each unnecessary word and
then write the word in the space provided at the end of the line.
Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick against the
line number.
The natural world is under violent assault from man.
The seas and rivers are have being poisoned by radioactive wastes, by
…………...
chemical discharges only and by the dumping of dangerous toxins
and raw …………...
sewage. The air we breath is polluted by smoke and the fumes from
factories …………..
and motor vehicles; even the rain is poisoned. …………..
It’s little wonder forests and lakes are being destroyed and everywhere
…………..
wildlife is disappearing. Yet the destruction continues. Governments and
…………..
industries throughout over the world are intensifying their efforts
to extract …………..
42
earth’s all mineral riches and to plunder its resources. …………..
The great rain of forests and the frozen continents alike are seriously
…………...
threatened. And this despite the warnings of the scientific community and
…………..
the deep entire concern of millions of ordinary people. …………..
But there is still a hope. The forces of destruction are being challenged
………….
across the globe – and at the spearhead of this challenge is in Greenpeace.
………….
Now you can be strengthen the thin green line; you can make your voice
………….
about heard in defense of the living world by joining Greenpeace today.
………….

II. Write a new sentence using the word given:

1. Many European people don’t agree with capital punishment.
favour
Many European people ………………………………. …. capital
punishment.
2. The concert was cancelled due to a small number of ticket sales.
called
The organizers ……………………………………of the small
number of ticket sales.
3. From the educational point of view, his first school years have been
well coordinated.
terms
In……………………………………….……………………………….…
4. There is a risk that gorilla will become extinct.
Threatened
The gorilla……………..…………………………………………….
5. The protection of the animals is useless unless people take steps to
protect the planet.
Worth
It’s ……………………………………………………… to
protect the planet as well.
43
6. The blocks of flats that were very close to the blast were badly damaged.
Immediate
The blocks of flats …………………………………………………
7. Statistically, fewer and fewer babies are being born.
according
………………………………………………fewer and fewer
babies are being born.

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE
- it is formed with the present tense of have +the past
participle: I have just arrived.
The past participle in regular verbs has exactly the same form as
the simple past (-ed)
In irregular verbs, the past participles (the 3rd form) vary.
INTERROGATIVE:
HAVE + I, We, You, They +VERB (3rd form / -ed)?
Have they met at the conference?
HAS + She, He, It +VERB (3rd form/-ed)?
Has she written an article?
NEGATIVE:
I, We, You, They) + HAVE NOT (HAVEN’T) +VERB (3rd form/-ed)
They have not (haven’t) met the chairman.
She, He, It +HAS NOT (HASN’T) + V (3rd form / -ed)
She has not (hasn’t) written an article
USE:- this tense has a strong connection with the present and is used
in conversations, letters, newspapers, television or radio reports:
The accident has just happened.
- for recent actions when the time is not mentioned:
Have you finished the English class?
- as a result: recent actions in the present perfect often have results in
the present:
I have written the book. (it is published)
- actions taking place in an incomplete period of time: today, this
morning/afternoon/evening/week/month/year/century, lately, recently,
ever, never, always, often, yet already, several times
They have called the witnesses this morning.
44
- since –is used for a moment in time: 1993, one’s birthday, May, two
o’clock, one’s schooldays, one’s wedding day:
She has written three books since 1990.
- for – is used for actions which express a period of time :a long time,
many days/weeks/months/years, an hour:
They have started writing for three days.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE:
-It is formed by the present perfect of the verb to be + the present
participle
I/We/You/They+HAVE+BEEN+VERB-ing:
I have been writing a report for two hours.
He/She/It +HAS+BEEN+VERB-ing:
She has been interviewing them for an hour.
INTERROGATIVE:
HAVE+I/we/you/they+BEEN+VERB-ing?
How long have you been writing?
HAS + he/she/it + BEEN + VERB-ing?
How long has she been interviewing them?
NEGATIVE:
I/We/You/They +HAVE NOT+BEEN +VERB-ing
I haven’t been reading an article.
He/She/It+HAS NOT (HASN’T)+BEEN+VERB-ing:
She hasn’t been taking photos.
USE:
- perfect continuous is used for an action which began in the past
and is still continuing:
He has been waiting for 15 minutes to be interviewed.
- it is used for an action which has only just finished:
He has been waiting 20 minutes.
- it is used to express a repeated action started in past which lasts till
present:
I have been skating for ten years.
- a past action whose results are seen in present: “Why are you so tired?
“I have been writing all the morning.”

45
- the difference: the present perfect simple vs. the present perfect
continuous may depend on the contrast between completed and
uncompleted action:
Who’s been using my desk?
The activity of using the desk can be already finished or it can
continue.

I. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense:

1. The journalist …………….(to report) quickly what they
……………...(to find out).
2. What …………………….. (to be) the role of the press in the
election process?
3. The Prime Minister ……………….(to speak) to the audience
for half an hour.
4. This month all the presidency candidates ………………….(to
visit) all the towns.
5. She …………………………………….(to write) in the
polling-booth for 10 minutes.
6. They ……………………………………… (to debate) a
politic issue since 1 o’clock.
7. The politicians ………………………………………….(not
to carry) these laws yet.
8. This party ……………………………………(to back) this
candidate for many years.
9. MPs …………………………………(to be) under public
pressure to discuss the Bill.
10. The people ……………………………..(to sign) the
referendum against dictatorship.
11. These statesmen ………………...(to be) corrupt since the
beginning of the campaign.
II. Translate into English:
1. Te-a interesat vreodată pagina de anunţuri din acest ziar?
………………………………………………………………………
46
 2. Comentatorul sportiv intervievează un fotbalist de 5 minute.
…………………………………………………………………………
3. Directorul firmei la care lucrez mi-a cerut să mai angajez doi
contabili.
…………………………………………………………………………
4. Încă nu au anunţat numele preşedintelui Camerei Deputaţilor.
…………………………………………………………………………
5. Cine a realizat acest reportaj despre accidentele rutiere?
…………………………………………………………………………
6. Unde ai pus revistele? Nu le găsesc nicăieri.
…………………………………………………………………………
7. Niciunul din candidaţii la preşedenţie nu a votat încă.
…………………………………………………………………………
8. La circumscripţia electorală nr.431 nu s-au prezentat la vot
decât 7 persoane.
…………………………………………………………………………
9. Ei tocmai au terminat de făcut un sondaj de opinie.
…………………………………………………………………………
10.Conferinţa de presă se desfăşoară de 3 ore.
………………………………………………………………………...

47
 UNIT 5

THE LIVING PLANET

I. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space
Animal rights
When we think about animals, we usually consider them in
relation to human beings, rather than in their own (1) … For example,
people who keep pets are likely to think of themselves as responsible
for the (2) … of their animals. If we do not have animals at home, we
can still see them in zoos and circuses or on farms, where human
beings are very much in control of how they are (3) … and what
happens to them. Only animals living in the (4) …, dependent on their
own (5) …, and what nature (6) … for their survival, appear to be free
from human interference.
Do any of these animals have rights? If we look for a moment at
today’s society, and at the ways in which animals live, it may seem
that most people (7) … they do not. There are millions of animals in
zoos to look at, in laboratories for experimental use, on farms for us
to eat, in circuses for our (8) …, and in the wild for us to hunt.
On the other hand, there are many stories in newspapers and on
TV about people who have been convicted in the courts for (9) … on
animals. There are also reports about zoos being closed down for (10)
… their animals, councils (11) … circuses from visiting their areas,
demonstrators protesting against hunting, animal (12) … “liberating”
animals from laboratories, and a growing number of wildlife (13) …
programs. More and more people are deciding that they do not have
the right to use – and often abuse – animals, but that animals have
rights themselves which must be (14) …, and when necessary, (15) …
for in the same way that we fight for women’s rights, civil rights, and
all human rights.

48
 II. Insert the animals from the chart in the list on the left
containing expressions connected with animals. Match each one
with an item from the list on the right
albatross bee bull cat cow dog fish goose
horse lion mutton pig rat sheep wolf
1. to buy a … in a poke a. someone whose abilities are
unknown
2. to smell a … b. a poor, wretched existence
3. to get the …’s share c. to get the biggest part
4. to let the … out of the bag d. to buy something without
seeing it
5. a … in a china shop e. a burden someone can’t get rid
of
6. a fine kettle of … f. to separate the good from the
bad
7. to sort out the …from the goats g. is less frightening than he/she
seems
8 it’s a …’s life h. to reveal a secret
9. like an … round the neck i. to destroy the source of his/her
wealth
10. to have a … in the bonnet j. to be very clumsy
11. to kill the … that lays the k. to be suspicious about something
golden eggs
12. that’s one of their sacred …s l. wears clothes that are too
young for her
13. he is something of a dark … m. to be a bit obsessed with
something
14. a … in sheep’s clothing n. a matter to be reckoned with
15. … dressed as lamb o. something that cannot be criti-
cized without causing great offence

49
 III. These newspaper headlines all use expressions taken from
activities involving animals. Can you identify the animal reference
and explain the meaning?

IV. Use the following words to complete the descriptions:

bat bee bull fish fox mouse mule owl peacock

1. as blind as a/an ………………
2. as busy as a/an ………………
3. as cunning as a/an ………………
4. as proud as a/an ………………
5. as quiet as a/an ………………
6. as stubborn as a/an ………………
7. as wise as a/an …………………….
8. as cold as a/an …………………..
9. as clumsy as a/an …………………. (in a china shop).

50
 V. Choose which of the missing paragraphs (a-e) fits each of
the numbered gaps.
It is sad but (1) … will actually cause people to think how they
behave – and where their responsibilities lie. Merely selling ‘green’
(2) … clearly displayed will not do the work. The problem is bigger
than that. Many animals are already threatened as (3) … and
interesting species are in danger of becoming extinct. Naturalists are
still battling to save endangered species, even though it is already too
late for some, but they will be fighting a
(4) …. It is difficult to know (5) … who most need to hear it.
a) their traditional habitat disappears, and many valuable
b) losing battle if they are not supported by the population as a
whole
c) how to put this message through to the people
d) true fact that only an environmental catastrophe
e) items in trendy recycled paper bags with environmental logos

VI. Choose the word which best completes the sentence

(vocabulary):
1. The candidate couldn’t speak very well because he had
butterflies in his stomach and a … in his throat.
a) fish b) fly c) frog d) snail
2. According to this map, the old castle is about three miles from
here as the … flies.
a) crow b) eagle c) ostrich d) sparrow
3. Even if he did all the … work, his boss got all the credit.
a) camel b) donkey c) elephant d) mule
4. Many species of mammals are on the … of becoming extinct.
a) verge b) tip c) side d) edge
5. The criminal didn’t leave clues at the crime-scene, so the
police were completely …
a) dogged b) ducked c) fished d) foxed
6. The children were … despair when their cat went missing
from home.
a) about b) in c) on d) with

51
 7. The governing party will always try to find a scape … if
anything goes wrong.
a) duck b) snake c) goat d) donkey
8. He turned out to be a real … in the grass when he betrayed his
colleagues.
a) mouse b) frog c) snail d) snake
9. The accusations he was charged with were like water off a
duck’s …
a) wings b) body c) feathers d) back
10. The Prime Minister opted out of the … race and went to live
in another town.
a) cat and mouse b) rat c) dog d) horse
11. Nobody have ever questioned their leadership. They just
follow like ………
a) ducks b) sheep c) beavers d) crows
12. In order to carry out who is the mole of the company, he
……… his way into the chairman’s confidence.
a) waspished b) dogged c) wormed d) hounded
13. The quality papers are a different … of fish from the
tabloids.
a) basket b) box c) kettle d) net

THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE

FORM: it is formed with had and the past participle
AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + HAD + VERB (irregular –3rd form/
regular –ed)
They had finished reading the book before starting to write an
essay about it
INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUBJECT + VERB (irregular –3rd form/
regular –ed)?
Had they finished reading the book before starting to write
an essay about it?
NEGATIVE: S + HAD NOT ( HADN’T) + VERB (irregular –3rd form/
regular –ed)
They hadn’t started writing the essay before reading that book.

52
USE: - it expresses a past action ended before another past action
After I had bought the house I started to decorate it.
- a past action ended before a moment in time:
He had finished writing the article by 5 o’clock.
- a past action which had just finished before another past action
hardly…………when/ scarcely……… when/barely………when/no
sooner ………than
I had hardly put the receiver down when the phone rang again.
No sooner had he got home than all the guests arrived.

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORM: it is formed with had been + present participle
AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT + HAD BEEN + VERB ending –ing
They had been walking for hours before their arrival.
INTERROGATIVE: HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB ending –ing?
How long had they been walking before coming here?
NEGATIVE: SUBJECT + HAD NOT (HADN’T) + BEEN + VERB
ending –ing
They hadn’t been driving before coming here.
USE: - when the action began before the time of speaking in the past,
and continued up to that time, or stopped just before it:
They were tired because they had been writing all day long.
- a past action started before another past action and continued
until it:
They had been walking for five hours when they finally arrived.
- a past action started before another past action and continued
until it or more:
They had been writing all the afternoon. (At 3 o’clock they had still
been writing)
- The Resultative Past Perfect Continuous: it expresses the
result of a past action ended before another past action:
They were tired because they had been working all day long.
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense:
1. They………..(drive) for two hours before they finally ……
(reach) the destination.
53
 2. The burglar ……….(get away) by the time the police
………(arrive).
3. By the time he…….. (be) eighteen he ………(become) a
professional athlete.
4. How long…………..(they/dance) in competitions when
they……….(retire)?
5. He………..(apologize) because he …………….(miss) the
meeting.
6. The passengers …………(fasten) their seat belts before the
plane …………(land).
7. No sooner ………(begin) the match and immediately the
crowd……(begin) to cheer.
8. Hardly …………(finish) the play when the audience
…………… (begin) clapping.
9. The lecturer …………….(not continue) until the audience
……….. (stop) talking.
10. They ………………(not vote) about this because one of the
members …………(miss).
II. Translate into English:
1. Rezultatele de la alegeri au fost mai bune decât se aşteptaseră.
………………………………………………………………………….
2. Au început explorarea unui teritoriu unde niciun european nu
mai călcase.
…….……………………………………………………………………
3. Guvernul s-a văzut forţat să adopte o politică pe care o
respinsese mai devreme.
…………………………………………………………………………
4. Regina Victoria a murit în 1901, după ce a domnit peste 60 de
ani.
………………………………………………………………………….
5. După ce Parlamentul a votat această lege, sute de muncitori au
ieşit pe străzi.
……………………………………………………………………
6. Progresul pe care l-au făcut era mai mare decât speraseră ei
vreodată.
………………………………………………………………………….
54
 7. După ce Parlamentul a votat această lege, sute de muncitori au
ieşit pe străzi.
………………………………………………………………………….
8. Domnul Johnson s-a pensionat la 70 de ani, după ce lucrase
40 de ani pentru aceeaşi companie.
……...…………………………………………………………………..
9. Abia se terminase meciul naţionalei de fotbal, când mii de
oameni au pornit spre Piaţa Universităţii.
……….………………………………………………………………...
10. Comentatorul vorbea de cinci minute, când a fost anunţat că
la televizor nu se auzea nimic.
…………………………………………………………………………

55
 UNIT 6

MEANS OF TRANSPORT
I. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space
THE CAR OF THE FUTURE
A French company has recently published (1) ……… for a
revolutionary car of the future which will (2) ……… the nature of
inner-city transport. The car of the future will (3) ……… the good
points of private and public transport, giving users the advantages of a
private car, (4) ……… the cost of purchase or maintenance.
The car will be hired by users on a pay-as-you-go basis. Drivers
will simply (5) ……… up the car at a special station, (6) ………. to a
taxi-rank, and leave it at another station, (7) ……… for their
destination. Here it will be cleaned ready for the next user.
The electronically-powered car will be about half the length of
(8) ……… mini cars and will improve traffic (9) ………. and
(10) ……… pollution in crowded cities. At present, most cars in town
(11) ……… only one person who spends most of his or her time
looking for a parking (12) …
A ‘magic key’ personal remote control opens the car and
contains the (13) ……… information to enable the car user’s
(14) ……… to be prepared. In the car the magic key also works to
programme the mobile phone, radio and heating (15) ……… to the
driver’s preference.
II. Match the words in the box with their correspondent from
the words written below. (Some of them are used for more than one
means of transport)
by a) car b) bus c) tram d) underground/subway e) train f) plane
g) boat h) ship
1) to arrive…… 2) boarding card …… 3) bus stop …… 4) catch ……
5) customs …… 6) check-in desk …… 7) compartment ……
8) cruise …… 9) departure lounge …… 10) driver …… 11) engine ……
56
12) fare …… 13) flight assistant …… 14) take off ……15) harbor ……
16) to land …… 17) to leave …… 18) parking area ……19) pilot ……
20) passenger .…… 21) passport control …… 22) platform ……
23) waiting room …… 24) railway station ……25) to sail ……
26) seat belt ……27) stand-by ……28) gate …… 29) terminal ……
30) ticket inspector …… 31) ticket office ……32) to row ……
III. Put the words for the different means of transport into the
correct columns. Sometimes, words can go into more than one column
bonnet boot brake cab cabin dashboard exhaust
flap funnel gearbox hull indicator jet engine
mast oar paddle porthole propeller radiator
rudder steering wheel tyre undercarriage windscreen
CAR
TRAIN
BOAT
PLANE

bend bonnet brake clutch crash gear indicate junction

lane overtake reverse roundabout services skid steering
wheel swerve windscreen

IV. Which words in the box are parts of a car…………………

……….………….……………..………………………………………
or words to do with the road …………………………………………
………………………………………………..……………………..…
V. Buying a plane ticket from the travel agency
Customer: Fine, so what time is the direct flight to New York?
………
Travel Agency: Would you like to travel Business class or Economy
class? ………
Customer: Is there a cancellation fee, or do I have to take out
insurance? ………
TA: Direct it’s a long-haul flight about 12 hours. With a stopover at
Paris, you’ll need to count another three hours. There’s also a
time difference of 7 hours. You will have to be careful of the
jetlag when you come back. ………
Customer: Do I need any vaccinations or special medical treatment
to go to New York? ………

57
TA: Certainly, what day are you flying on? ………
Customer: I’d prefer no stopover. Do I need to apply for a visa?
………
TA: There’s no need for insurance if you are travelling Business class.
However, you should take out medical insurance. ………
Customer: Yes, I’d like to enquire about flights to New York.
………
TA: It leaves from Otopeni airport at 9.30 am. You’ll need
to check in one hour before departure. You will need
to confirm your reservation 24 hours before departure.
Could you give me your credit card number, and address ? ………
Customer: Yes. You need also a passport and a return ticket. ………
TA: “Long Travel” Agency, can I help you? ………
Customer: It’s a long flight, I think. Business class, please. By the
way, how long is the flight? ………
TA: Not at all, however I would suggest that you take
traveller’s cheques, even the supermarkets accept them. ………
Customer: Out on Monday, back on Sunday. ………
VI. Make new dialogues between a customer and travel agent
about:
Buying a ticket at the station
First or second class; a single/a return to …; how often the trains
go; a direct train or a slow train (BE)/accommodation train (AE);
Taking a ferry to …
A 6-day return; to make a booking; How long is the crossing
time?; How long is the car? Have you got a roof box?; ticket; Lane 2
after you have been through passport control and customs.
VII. Complete with one appropriate word from the list each of
the following sentences about the problems that may appear when
you travel by plane:
announce, airsick, cancelled, check-in, confirm, customs,
delayed, flight, information, lost luggage, overbooked, stopover,
suitcase, terminal, transfer passengers
a) We regret to (1) … you that (2) …Tarom 340 has been
(3) …and it even may be (4)….
b) Some passengers went to the (5) … because their (6) …
haven’t arrived.

58
 c) I’m sorry there is no seat. You didn’t (7) … your reservation
and the plane is (8) ….
d) It’s too late now. You had to (9) … in 60 minutes before
departure.
e) Many people ask if they have to declare their cameras at the
(10) … .
f) The plane will have a (11) … in Paris and (12) … for Toronto
should proceed to gate 2.
g) They were afraid of a bumpy ride because they get (13) ….
h) You are in the wrong (14) …, for further (15) … go to the
Tarom desk in hall 7.
VIII. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. At the accident place the policeman told the driver to move
on his old tramp which … across the slippery country road.
a) hopped b) skipped c) tore d) trudge
2. Motorway traffic was … after a lorry overturned and spilt its
load over the first lane.
a) deflected b) digressed c) diverged d) diverted
3. The bus skidded to a halt after … its headlights smashed in
the crash.
a) making b) doing c) having d) letting
4. The summer storm played … the cross-channel ferry
crossings.
a) along with b) together with c) havoc with d) down
5. For many teenagers, driving cars at high speed seems to … a
rather fatal fascination.
a) comprise b) contain c) hold d) weave
6. The driver of the car … out in front of the coach and caused a
bad accident.
a) crashed b) pulled c) rounded d) turned
7. In many countries, seat belts are a legal … for driving.
a) commitment b) duty c) obligation d) requirement
8. They missed their flight … of delays on the motorway.
a) by means b) owing c) in case d) as a result
9. The traffic warden can … you to the railway station.
a) direct b) lead c) indicate d) show
10. Most people buy their cars with a loan which they then pay
back … five years.
a) in b) with c) throughout d) over
59
 11. They went to the airport to see … the Managing Director
yesterday morning.
a) about b) in c) off d) out
12. We’re sorry to be late. We were held … by the traffic.
a) at b) on c) onto d) up
13. It’s a long-haul flight. They are bound to stop …
a) in b) off c) over d) with

WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE

There are several ways to use verbs to talk about future in
English. In many, but not all situations, two or more structures are
possible with similar meaning.

THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE: Subject + will + bare infinitive
They will ever know what has happened to the leader.
(British people use I shall/I will and we shall/we will with no difference
of meaning in most situations. However, shall is becoming very much
less common than will. Shall is not normally used in American
English. We shall call them for a meeting.)
INTERROGATIVE: Will + Subject + Bare Infinitive?
Will they find out about what has happened?
NEGATIVE: Subject + will not (won’t) + bare infinitive
She won’t tell anybody about the secret meeting.
- it is used to express the speaker’s opinions, assumptions about
the future:
I think they will have a long discussion.
- the future simple is used for future habitual actions which we
assume will take place:
Many foreign investors will leave this country because of
inflation.
- the future simple is used in conditional clause (1st type):
If he comes at the conference he will give a lecture.
- the future simple is used in newspapers and news broadcasts,
for formal announcements of future plans and for weather forecasts.
The Prime Minister will give an interview about the negotiations.
60
 THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
- This tense is made up of the future simple of to be + the
present participle.
Affirmative: Subject + shall/will + present participle (verb ending –ing)
They will be working on their projects tomorrow.
Interrogative: Shall/Will + subject + present participle
(verb ending –ing)?
Will they be working on their projects tomorrow?
Negative: Subject + shall/will not + present participle
(verb ending –ing)
They won’t be working on their papers tomorrow.
- it can be used to say that something will be in progress at a
particular moment in the future.
This time tomorrow we’ll be talking about the new headquarters.
- it can be used (without a progressive meaning) to refer to
future events which are fixed or decided, or which are expected to
happen in the normal course of events.
He will be giving another lecture at the same time next week.
- polite inquiries: to make polite inquiries about people’s plans.
“Will you be attending this meeting”?, asked the secretary.
I. Which future?
Simple Timetable Intention Already Spontaneous Immediate Forecast,
fact planned intention future estimation
1
1. The Member of Parliament will be in Paris next week.
2. The Manager is flying out next Monday.
3. The Prime Minister will travel by motorcycle.
4. The plane takes off at 10.30.
5. The delegates will be stopping over in Paris.
6. The members of committee are going to confirm their
reservation on Tuesday.
7. It will certainly be faster to take the train.
8. He’s going to catch the train now.
9. The shuttle leaves at 9.15 from Bucharest to Athens.
10. The president is going to a remote part of Moldavia on his
vacation.
11. The group of tourists will probably take the coach to visit
the archeological site.

61
 12. If the 5-day return is cheaper all the commuters will take
that then.
13. The Bartons have just arrived at the station and they’ll take
the next train.
14. They’re very late – they are going to miss their plane.
II. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tense:
1. The train …………..(leave) as soon as the announcer
…………… (announce) it.
2. The ticket inspector ……………(check) the tickets as soon as
the train ……………… (leave) the station.
3. After your passport ……………….. (be) checked you
……………..(go) at the gate 5.
4. The flight assistant ………………….(ask) the passengers to
put their seat belts when the plane ……………….(take off).
5. The people …………….(stay) in the waiting room until the
bus ………………(be) announced.
III. Put a preposition in each of the spaces:
1. Traveling …train is more expensive than going ……your car.
2. They have never been …… an inter-city train.
3. The cheapest way from Bucharest to Istanbul is …… coach.
4. We are going … a Mediterranean cruise.
5. They have to find the way ……the car park …… the terminal
…… foot if they go to the airport …… car.
6. My neighbor goes to work …… bike.
7. You should travel … the main islands …… boat.
8. If we go to the station …… underground we arrive …… train
platform fourteen.
9. They decided not to fly ……France but to take the car ……
the ferry.
10. The best way to reach those islands is … helicopter.

62
 UNIT 7

CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES

I. Answer the following questions using the words written in
the box above:
airport bank boulevard building bus stop car park church
cinema cottage farm(er) field garden harvest hospital
hotel library litter museum orchard park pavement peasant
police pollution station post office pub railway station
shopping center street theatre traffic lights village
1. Where do you live now? Is it a city? Is it a town?
2. Where were you born? In the city or in the country?
3. Which do you prefer: the city or the country? Why?
II. Fill each of the following text with one suitable word:
In many countries of Europe there has been a steady drift of
people (1) … … from villages to large cities. These people, many of
them have grown up in great poverty and deprivation, hope to improve
their standard of (2) … …, and see the metropolis as the (3) … … of
their problems. In many ways, they find what they are looking for.
Large cities do offer a huge number of facilities, (4) … … which
better education, better health care and improved housing are perhaps
the most important. Large companies and factories, the vast majority
of which pride (5) …… on looking after the interests of their
employees, also open up any (6) …… of career opportunities for (7)
…… willing to work hard.
Traffic problems and pollution, both of which affect most large
cities today, (8) …… the most unhappiness. For people (9) ……
whom fresh air, unpolluted water and beautiful countryside are distant
– but nonetheless painfully clear – memories of a previous, peaceful
life in a village, the situation (10) …… at times be unbearable. The
pressure of overpopulation has meant, in the last thirty or forty years,
thousands (11) …… of new flats (12) …… been built, often with (13)
…… regard to architectural beauty, and the surrounding countryside
has all (14) …… disappeared in many cases. It is no (15) …… such an
easy matter to escape the turmoil of the streets and find a field or a
forest where the children can play safely.
63
 III. Read the text, put a line through each unnecessary word and
then write the word in the space provided at the end of the line. Some
lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick against the line number
Cities are the places of the extremes. The very wealthy and the very
poor ………….
often live as near as neighbours, with walls, visible or invisible, in
between. …………
The gradual recovery of many cities with centers around the world has
pushed ………….
up property prices far beyond expectations, making them unaffordable
to all ………….
but a lucky few. Their density, night life, busy some streets and
original ………….
spaces make them highly attractive to some, but unsuitable or
unattaible to ………….
others. City centers often sit cheek by cheek jowl with some of the
poorest ………….
and increasingly abandoned inner-city neighbourhoods. People who
cannot ………….
afford, or do not want to, luxury city centers apartments, warehouses or
………….
canalside flats often reject the inner neighbourhoods that ring about
city ………….
centers more and prefer to leapfrog to the quieter, safer, greener suburbs.
………….
GOING SHOPPING
I. Answer to the following questions:
1. Do you like going shopping? Why? Why not?
2. When do you like to shop? Why?
3. Do you go shopping in a supermarket or in specialty shops?
4. Do you buy fruits and vegetables from supermarket or market?
5. Are there any ways to save money at the supermarket?
II. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space
BORN TO SHOP
Good shoppers may be made in heaven. A scientific study into
astrology and lifestyles has shown a remarkable (1) … between our
star signs and the way we spend the money. The research, (2) … on an

64
analysis of 30,000 people’s backgrounds, lifestyles and shopping
habits. It states that chocolate firms (3) … target those born under
Aries, jewellers should find out Geminis and sport manufacturers
should focus on Scorpios. All three signs have long been characterized
by astrologers (4) … outgoing, sociable and competitive. By (5) …,
those selling more mundance products such as DIY equipment should
target Aquarians, while office (6) … makers could do no worse (7) …
focus on Virgos, who have a (8) … to be work-obsessed. Taureans,
Pisceans and Cancerians are the ideal (9) … for any company. Their
insecurity makes them unusually cautious, meaning they exhibit high
levels of brand (10) …. As for the other signs, well they could be just
so mean they’re not worth targeting at all!

III. Complete the shopping list adding new items to each shop:
Baker’s Grocery’s Greengrocer’s Butcher’s Confectioner’s
bread rice apples lamb coke

Dairy’s Chemist’s Bookshop Newsagent’s Stationary

milk pills books newspapers pen

IV. Complete the text below using one of the words from the box
aisle cashier cash register counter line money pay sales
shoppers shopping shopping cart
SUPERMARKET – Most of the people like going (1) … in a
supermarket. It saves time and people find there everything they
65
want. Most of the times there are some (2) … and everybody can get
cheaper things. It is nice that people can carry all your things in a
(3) … and walk along large (4) … . But when the supermarket
is very crowded people have to wait in (5) … for a long time (6) … at
the (7) … . Then the (8) … put the things on the (9) … and the (10) …
checks it out and asks for (11) ….
V. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space
Trolley Tales
Raymond Joseph of Strasbourg, is believed to have been the
inventor of the modern 4-wheeled wire supermarket trolley, (1) … , at
a shop in South London. There are now 1,300,000 active nationally,
and although 15 million shoppers (2) … , maybe it shouldn’t come as
a surprise to learn that accidents do happen.
There are, in fact, 7000 trolley-related injuries per year and (3)
…; one man after ramming incident that followed an attempt at
trolley-queue jumping and another who punched a fellow shopper
(4)…
But the most revealing statistic (5) …. They mostly turn up (6)
…, indeed 7000 were dragged out of the River Thames alone last year.
But (7) …, finding use as parrot cages, plant stands, barbecue grills or
tool containers. It’s not always absolutely clear why people take them.
Police once visited an 82-year-old woman’s flat and (8) … she had
brought home and stored in her lounge.
a) concerning trolleys is that each year 140,000 of them go
missing
b) whose trolley had Achilles-heeled his wife.
c) leaning against lampposts or rusting semi-submerged in rivers
d) which first arrived in Britain in 1950
e) others are far from abandoned
f) took away 41 shopping trolleys
g) three people were actually imprisoned last year for trolley
offences
h) safely manoeuvre a trolley round their local supermarket each
week

66
 VI. Complete the sentences below using one of the words
from the box
commission goods launch retail sales force sales technique
spending power targeted warehouse wholesale
1. Buying goods ……….. is much cheaper than obtaining them
from a(n) ………outlet.
2. If a company is going to ……… new product on the market,
then a committed ………… will improve the chances of success.
3. The ………… are moved from the factory to a(n) …………
and then transported to the retailer.
4. The training course is designed for those salesmen who
believe that an improvement in …………… will lead to better sales,
and so to increased …………….
5. In this country the ………… of pensioners has increased so
considerably in recent decades that this group is now being
…………… by advertisers.

MEALS
I. Answer the following questions using the words in box:
bill/to foot the bill cafeteria canteen chef course
menu restaurant waiter/waitress
1. Where do you have your lunch as a rule?
2. Do you have traditional meals with family during the
weekends?
3. Where do you like most to eat: in a restaurant or in a fast
food?
II. Complete the chart below with the things you would like to eat:
Breakfast Lunch Deserts Drinks
omelet(te), soup sweets water, mineral
boiled eggs steak, grilled pudding water/soda
yogurt meat ice-cream soft drinks
toast beef, pork, tea coffee
67
roll olive chicken, fish beer
salami lamb, mutton brandy
cheese chop, turkey wine
ham, sausages meat balls champagne
mashed
potatoes
chips, fried
potatoes
rice, salad

III. Choose the word which best completes the sentence

(vocabulary):
1. The menu … of various starters, main courses and deserts.
a) contained b) consisted c) composed d) comprised
2. The buyers were asked to test the product and give it a mark
on a … from one to ten.
a) grade b) range c) rank d) scale
3. Eating a high-fat diet is likely to … people at risk of heart
disease.
a) indulge b) lay c) leave d) put
4. He hadn’t enough money with him to pay the bill at the
restaurant so he asked his friends if they could make it … ten while he
put 7$.
a) in b) into c) out d) up
5. An allergic reaction may occur … a few hours of eating
strawberries.
a) at b) in c) to d) within
6. The doctor recommended him … on a strict diet.
a) go b) going c) to go d) he should go
7. The little girl is the … of her grandmother’s eye.
a) peach b) apple c) cherry d) apricot

68
 IV. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space
COCA-COLA
John Pemberton, a chemist from Georgia, was responsible
(1)……… the invention of Coca-Cola in 1886. He decided to make a
syrup that was (2)……… original and thirst-quenching. In his
drugstore he produced a (3)………of cola-nut extract, sugar and
caffeine. The exact (4) ……… is still a secret. A (5) ……… months
later, one of Pemberton’s assistants mistakenly served Coca-Cola with
added soda water, which turned (6) ……… to be very successful. To
market his new drink Pemberton decided to form a partnership with
Frank Robertson (7) ……… elegant handwriting was used for the
Coca-Cola trademark.
In 1985, the introduction of an improved recipe (8) ……… New
Coke did not meet with the approval of Coke (9) ……… and the old
(10) ……… was revived.

V. Write a new sentence using the word given:

1. We would prefer to go to a fast food than to a fancy restaurant.
rather
We……………………………………………… ………a fast food.
2. We arrived the restaurant too late to get a good table.
enough
We were ………………………………………...to get a good table.
3. Unless you like jazz, don’t go to that restaurant.
if
Don’t go to that restaurant………………….…………………..jazz.
4. The anchor of the culinary show will give the viewers a new recipe
for apple pie.
be
The viewers …………………………...a new recipe for apple pie.
5. The doctor advised him to eat fewer fatty foods.
cut
He ……………………………………………………... fatty foods.
69
 VI. Cross out the odd word:
1. beef – lamb – mutton – veal – horse – pork
2. grilled – baked – steamed – stewed – chopped – smoked –
roasted
3. chicken – turkey – snail – pigeon – goose
4. oyster – lobster – mussels – shrimps – frog’s legs – prawns
5. (hard) boiled - scrambled – sliced – poached – fried
6. cod – kipper – crab – pike – salmon – trout – carp
7. chips – French fries – crisps – leek – jacket – new – mashed
potatoes
8. rabbit – hare – wild boar – duck – pheasant – venison – stag
9. raw – rare – medium – medium rare – over-done – well-done
VII. Put the following sentences in the correct order:
AT FAST FOOD
a) Assistant: Do you take sugar? …………
b) Client: Yes, I would like a chicken roll and some chips.
…………
c) Assistant: Here you are. Is that it? …………
d) Client: Yes. How much is it? …………
e) Assistant: Here is your change. Thank you very much. Good bye.
…………
f) Client: Two lumps of sugar, please. And an ice cream, please.
…………
g) Assistant: Hello. Can I help you? ………..
h) Client: Yes, a can of coke. And a cup of coffee, please.…………
i) Assistant: Something to drink? ………….
j) Client: Thanks. Here you are. ………….
k) Assistant: That comes to 5 pounds altogether, please. ………….
VIII. Complete the following dialogue:
Assistant: Good morning. Can I …help you …..?
Client: Yes, …….. . I …………………….. an omelet with much
ham and cheese.
Assistant: ……………. many rolls do you want.
Client: Two. And some apple…..
Assistant: ……………………….to drink?
70
Client: I’d like ……….of coffee.
Assistant: Here………………… Is that it?
Client: Yes, ……………………………
Assistant: That ……….pounds, altogether. ……….your change.
……..very much.
Client: Thanks…………………………..
IX. Match the following complains to their contrary meaning:
a) The wine is corked. 1) This is too weak.
b) We’ve been overcharged. 2) It’s nice and fresh.
c) The fish is almost raw. 3) There’s not enough sauce.
d) The bread is stale. 4) Very tender.
e) It’s swimming in sauce. 5) We’ve been undercharged.
f) We ordered our meal an hour ago. 6) Too hot for a salad.
g) The coffee is too strong. 7) It’s overcooked.
h) The plates are cold. 8) This wine is too young.
i) The meat is very tough. 9) Quite delicious.
j) This is quite tasteless. 10) We would like to finish our
starter before you remove the plates.

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS

→ nouns are made plural by adding: s : book – books
- es to nouns ending in –o, -s, -x, -ch, -sh: fox-foxes
- ies to nouns ending in consonant +y: try-tries; s to nouns
ending in vowel +y: boy-boys
- ves to nouns ending in f/fe: leaf-leaves; wife-wives (but: chiefs,
cliffs, proofs, roofs)
→ some nouns form their plural irregularly: man-men, woman-
women, child-children
→ some nouns remain unchanged in the plural: craft, sheep,
fish, deer, salmon, trout
→ some nouns are only plural: arms (weapons), belongings,
cattle, clothes, goods, congratulations, earnings, outskirts, people,
police, premises, remains, stairs, statistics
→ collective nouns (audience, class, clergy, committee, crew,
crowd, family, government, jury, team, union, youth can take either a
singular or plural verb according to the meaning:
71
 The staff were not in agreement with the new salary. (individual
members)
The staff of the factory consists of 500 people. (the group as a unit)
I. Correct the following sentences:
1) The police was trained to deal with crowd violence.
2) More than one pop group have found success too difficult to
handle.
3) The singer’s family is not very good at posing for photos.
4) The underwater remains of a lost city is being explored by
twelve divers.
5) The cattle was driven into the barn by the old farmer.
6) The manager found the informations in the minutes of the
meeting.
7) The policeman reported that there were two suspects on the
premise of the house.
8) An old saying illustrates that clothes does not make the man.
9) The Dacian people was very brave during the wars with
Romans.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
→ uncountable nouns take a singular verb and we are not used
with a/an.
The words any, some, no, (a) little, much, etc, can be used with
uncountable nouns.
→ uncountable nouns are: nouns ending in –ics: politics,
physics, gymnastics
→ nouns of substance or quantity: oil, water
→ abstract nouns: accommodation, baggage, behaviour,
education, evidence, food, furniture, homework, information,
knowledge, luck, money, music, news, soap, work
II. Which of the words from the box are used with the
uncountable nouns below?
a) ball b) bar c) blade d) bottle e) can f) carton
g) clap h) crowd i) flash j) glass k) item l) jar
m) kilo n) loaf o ) lump p) packet r) pane s) piece
t) sheet v) shower u) slice x) tin y) tube w) word
72
 1) abuse … 2) advice … 3) bread … 4) butter … 5) cake …
6) chocolate …
7) clothing … 8) coke … 9) glass … 10) grass … 11) jam …
12) lightning …
13) milk … 14) news …. 15) paper … 16) people … 17) rain …
18) sardines …
19) string …20) sugar … 21) thunder … 22) tomatoes …
23) tooth-paste … 24) water …
III. Correct the following sentences:
1) A large number of equipments are needed to camp at the
bottom of the mountain.
2) The Park Ranger gave the tourists several good advices about
camping in the park.
3) Little of the soils can be used for the cultivation now the trees
have been cut down.
4) A large number of rainforests is being cut down every year.
5) The amount of traffic is causing too many congestions in
major cities.
6) Few luggages can be carried by that little trolley.
7) Politics are getting interesting for more and more people.
8) The United States were formed in 1792.
9) The majority of politicians believes they are doing the right thing.
IV. Choose the correct form of the verb (countable/ uncountable
nouns):
1. The clergy ……responsible for the spiritual welfare of the parish.
a) is b) are c) is/are
2. The examination team ……… all wearing an identical badge.
a) was b) were c) was/were
3. The audience ………appreciative of his dramatic skills.
a) was b) were c) was/were
4. The crew ………. all experienced sailors.
a) was b) were c) was/were
5. The jury ……… spending a long time over the verdict.
a) is b) are c) is/are

73
 6. The police …… investigating the food theft from this orphanage.
a) is b) are c) is/are
7. The government ………responsible for this bill.
a) is b) are c) is/are
8. Many …are given to the tourist office.
a) informations b) pieces of c) item of
information information
9. The news about foreign children adoption … unexpected.
a) was b) were c) was/were
Possession
1. When we are talking about people we use ‘s or s: the tourist’s
tent; the visitors’ car.
2. ’s is used when we are talking about time or distance: a
month’s holiday, a mile’s walk.
3. We usually use ‘of ’ when we are talking about objects or
position: the pages of the book.
Also for when a container has something in it: a glass of water.
4. Quite often we use a noun to describe another noun when it descri-
bes either the kind, use or place: a lemon tree; a coffee cup; a shop window.
I. Correct the following sentences:
1. The teacher of the students announced them their next task.
1. Even if they don’t work too hard they always look forward for
the day of pay.
2. Can I have a coffee cup and a piece of pie?
3. The company’s boss is having a big party to celebrate his last
business success.
4. The magazines of cooking have a big impact in this country.
5. Many people could see the accident through the restaurant’s
window.

74
 UNIT 8

IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY
I. Look at these words. When they are used to talk about
holidays or transport, are they usually nouns or verbs, or both? Put
one of the words into the space in each of the sentences
crossing cruise flight fly journey sightseeing travel trip
1. They are going to New York on a business ………….
2. When I was in London I went on a day ………………to see
the British Museum.
3. The …………… from Bucharest to Milano takes three hours.
4. ……………. The Golden Gate Bridge was one of the nicest
parts of their visit.
5. The quickest sea …………….. from England to France was
by hovercraft.
6. He can either take the train or he can ……, which is quicker
but more expensive.
7. Our ………. to the university each day takes us through some
countryside.
8. For their holiday they are going on a ………around the
Hawaii.
9. After having graduated the college, they wanted
to……overland to China.
10. We will arrive in Athens in the morning so there are three
hours free for ……
II. The following list contains some laws that exist in Britain
Which laws are true for your country as well?
Which laws do you think are a good idea? Why?
Can you think of any laws not listed here, which exist in your
country?
- People don’t have to carry ID cards.
- You can drive a car when you are seventeen.
- You can’t buy alcohol if you are under eighteen.
- The minimum school-leaving age is sixteen.
75
 - You don’t have to vote in political elections.
- You don’t have to do military service.
III. Read the article Maoist manners , put a line through each
unnecessary word and then write the word in the space provided at
the end of the line. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with
a tick against the line number
Spit happens
It’s the latest Cultural Revolution: China has begun cracking down up
………...
on the custom of spitting. The unhygienic – not to mention disgusting
– habit ………...
it is practiced regularly by two thirds of adults recently surveyed by a
market ………..
research company. The streets just aren’t safe: cabbies and bicyclists
they are ………...
especially notorious for their drive-by spiting. But Beijing is been
trying to ………..
stop the spiters in their tracks. The government is imposing the fines
on anyone ……….
caught in the act – $6 per gob, and they have to wipe up away their
mess. ………..
Thankfully to, there’s also some positive reinforcement for the
campaign against ……….
uncouthness. A recently published book, “Etiquette for the Modern
Chinese”, ……….
exhorts from citizens to be “stylish, tasteful and cultivated”. And, of
course, ………..
not to spit. (Newsweek, 2003)

HOLIDAYS
HOLIDAYS AT THE SEASIDE IN THE MOUNTAINS
camping site bar beach (to) climb forest
cruise holiday night club (to) hike mountain
hostel hotel (to) lie in the sun path (to) skate
motel resort sand seaside skating-rink
sleeping bag shell (to) swim (to) ski sledge
sightseeing tent slope snow
76
 I. Answer the following questions concerning the type of
holiday you prefer, using the words written in the chart above. You
may also add in the box as many words as you need for your
description.
1. Do you prefer to visit a foreign country?
2. Do you prefer to be alone or with your family or friends?
3. Do you prefer noisy places or quiet ones?
4. What’s your favorite season for a holiday?
5. What is the place you like the most to visit it?
II. Complete the sentences below with words associated with
holiday and travel:
brochure, package tour, safari, souvenirs, charter, resort, half
board, self-catering, handicrafts
1. I sent off to the tour operators for a ……… giving details of
their holiday in Egypt.
2. Most of the people say the ……… ……… has many
advantages. Everything is organized for tourists: the flight, the hotels
and all the entertainments. It is all included in price.
3. The first day of our holiday in Turkey was for …………… as
souvenirs.
4. Bed and breakfast is 25$ a night. If the tourists want a
…………, it costs an extra 7$ which covers either lunch or dinner.
5. There are a lot of foreign tourists who enjoy …………..
holidays where they rent a cottage and look after themselves.
III. Fill each of the blank spaces with a suitable word or
phrase:
1. They were nervous about going to England because they hadn’t
been ……….……………………
2. The tourism company fell …………………..……………………...
to a common problem of success: not concentrating on customer
service.
3. Many tourists find it takes some tome to get ………………….……
on the left in England.
4. They managed to get to the airport in time …………………………
the traffic had been heavy.
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5. Until recently the suggestion that music might be used to train
athletes ……………..………………………………as an absurd idea.
6. Since …………………. this fabulous training, they had noticed an
improvement in their physical condition.
IV. Some words occur together so regularly that they have the status
of fixed expressions. Can you fill in the missing word in these pairs?
1. The tourists didn’t invite their guide to the party because he
seemed dull and ………
2. The receptionist asked the travelers 30 $ for bed and ………
3. Free board and ……… will be provided for the volunteers
who will help to clear the mountain paths.
4. The shipwrecked tourists have been rescued and are now back
home safe and ………
5. At the restaurant the band played country and ……… music.
V. Read the leaflet of the hotel and find the words for the
definitions written below

THE AMBASSADOR HOTEL

We have an excellent range of rooms to offer the business
market, which provide a variety of sizes for different applications.
This leaflet contains the floor areas, power and telephone connections,
capacities and travel details. However, if you have any special
requirements, our Manager or reception will be pleased to help.
Advanced booking is essential as the Hotel is used commercially all
year round.
The restaurant: this room is ideal for banquet, buffet or formal
settings, as well as a large meeting room for conference or seminar
activities.
The Well room: this is a room with plenty of light for smaller
business meetings which can be serviced easily for bar and catering
requirements.
The writing room: a small private room off the main
lounge/reception area, ideal for small board, committee or sales
meetings, interviews, etc.

78
 Seminar equipment includes: flip charts and pencils, television
and video, beamer, fax machine, computer with Internet facilities.
The bedrooms: all 100 bedrooms (single, twin and double) are
confortably furnished and are en-suite with T.V., radio, direct dial
telephone and courtesy tea and coffee. Laundry and dry-cleaning
facilities are available.
Other hotel facilities: indoor heated swimming pool,
gymnasium and steam room, private enclosed car-park, express
checkout and free airport shuttle.
a) a place to hold a meeting ………………………………………
b) how to get to the hotel ………………………………………….
c) something you want just for you ……………………………….
d) book before you arrive at the hotel …………………………….
e) your needs for food and drink ……………………………………
f) a bedroom with two single beds…………………………………….
g) telephone where you don’t need the switchboard …………………
h) free tea and coffee offered by the hotel ……………………………
i) to keep your car safe ………………………………………………
j) checkout faster than a traditional one ………………………………
k) bus to and from the airport ……………………………………
VI. Match the beginning of each sentence to its end in the
following dialogue
a) Good morning, Ambassador 1) could you hold the room?
Hotel
b) I’d like to book 2) rates
c) Certainly, what 3) board or half board?
d) Would that be full 4) per night, please?
e) Would you like a suite or 5) a room.
f) How much does it cost 6) a double/single/twin?
g) The price includes 7) how can I help you?
h) I’m afraid 8) a deposit
i) Could you send me 9) breakfast and all taxes?
j) I won’t arrive before 10 pm 10) a cheque for the deposit
k) For all reservation we require 11) we’re fully booked.
l) Do you offer 12) date?
m) Please find enclosed 13) a confirmation by fax?
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 VII. Write a new sentence using the word given
1. They saw their children off the station and waved their scarves until
they disappeared
over the hill.
sight
They waved their scarves until their children ……………………….
over the hill.
2. They have made the 15th century castle a tourist attraction.
turned
The castle ……………………… a tourist attraction.
3. He never thought of going to Liban for his holiday.
occurred
It ………………………………… to go to Lebanon for his
holiday.
4. His holiday insurance scheme failed through lack of support.
back
His holiday insurance scheme failed ………………………..
5. The last day of the vacation was disastrous.
in
The vacation …………………..
6. The hotel is almost empty even if it is offering the tourists a good
price on the room.
take
Why don’t the tourists………………………………………offer
on their room price.
7. Thunders terrified the people lying on the beach.
death
The people ………………………………………………………….
8. A sudden downpour resulted in the postponement of the rugby
match.
put
The rugby match…………………………………………………...
9. The group of tourists enjoyed the walk even though it rained heavily.
spite
The group of tourists enjoyed ……………………………………..

80
 VIII. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. Conversations people strike up with traveling acquaintances
usually tend to be ….
a) insufficient b) imperative c) indiscreet d) trivial
2. Open plains are … of the geography of south Romania.
a) specific b) separate c) characteristic d) proper
3. The huge form of the ancient temple seems to … any other in
the vicinity.
a) diminish b) shrink c) belittle d) dwarf
4. There is a constant … of visitors to this archeological site.
a) stream b) tide c) river d) current
5. The holiday was a big success, … only by the fact that our
flight was delayed.
a) marred b) scared c) destroyed d) excepted
6. Having walked for an hour across the moors in the pouring
rain, the tourists were ….
a) moist b) sodden c) watered d) damp
7. The insurance company will reimburse you for any expenses
you … on your business trip to America.
a) incur b) create c) lose d) make
8. The travel agency office advised tourists to … a
Mediterranean cruise.
a) book b) go c) take d) travel
9. The chalet was beautifully furnished and … close proximity
to the woods.
a) at b) in c) on d) to
10. Although they’d had their holiday booked before their plans
fell … at the last minute.
a) back b) in c) through d) out
11. The travel insurance that Mr John had taken out before
leaving home meant that he was … against the loss or theft of his
camera.
a) covered b) handed c) protected d) turned
12. The confusion … when two men with the same name
checked into the hotel within ten minutes of each other.
a) arose b) aroused c) rose d) raised
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 13. These days the Medieval castle is swamped with ……… of
tourists
a) cliques b) mobs c) assemblies d) hordes
14. A large group of tourists were waiting in front of the …
ground to see the Queen.
a) procession b) demonstration c) rally d) parade
IX. Underline the odd word in the following list of complaints:
1. I’m afraid the heating – lightning – direct-line – telephone –
car park – key card – lift doesn’t work.
2. I think there is a mistake in the bill – I’ll look into it – this
isn’t what I ordered – I’ve broken the fax machine – the room hasn’t
been cleaned.
3. I’ll send someone up right away – have been overcharged –
send someone to repair it – be with you right away.
4. I’m afraid there isn’t a/aren’t any air conditioning – pens and
paper – clean towels – in the mini bar – enough pillows.
5. I’m sorry but I can’t find my room key – my briefcase – hot
water - the linguistic conference – the public telephones – my green
card - my key card.
X. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space
TOURISM
Insurance companies specializing in insurance policies for
dangerous activities are reporting a dramatic (1)………in the number
of British holiday makers (2) ……… thrills and danger for (3)
………. holiday fortnight. It seems that risky activities (4)………
white-water rafting, freefall parachuting and bobsleighing appeal in
particular (5) ………high-earning young men.
Two years ago, Andrew Blowers, a keen parachutist, set (6)
………his own travel insurance company. He (7) ……… this because
he had had such difficulty (8)……… insurance cover for (9) ……….
In the past year, he has seen a huge increase in demand. Most other
insurance companies (10) ……… from his own exclude dangerous
activities from their policies, whereas Mr. Blowers insists that there
are very (11) ……… things that his company would not cover. Big

82
game hunting, go karting, white-water rafting and scuba diving are all
included in the standard rate of insurance (12) ……… offer.
People (13) ……… read the small print of their insurance
policies (14) ……… setting off on holiday, but they really should,
especially (15) ……… adventure sports are concerned. Otherwise, the
consequences could be extremely costly.
XI. Look at the following newspaper headlines. What arguments
do they present for and against tourism?

WEATHER
I. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. The delay to the flight was brought … by bad weather.
a) down b) up c) about d) in
2. The second day of Christmas was completely … out by the
torrential rain.
a) breaken b) grown c) poured d) washed
83
 3. Many of the hikers were overcome … the blizzard and were
forced to go back.
a) at b) by c) to d) with
4. Hurricane winds … the costal resort for several hours, causing
huge damages.
a) lashed b) punched c) tickled d) thumped
5. People thoroughly enjoyed their holiday … the poor weather.
a) despite b) although c) in spite d) even
6. Today’s match has been cancelled … account of the heavy
rain.
a) by b) for c) from d) on
7. As hurricane had closed the airport, they had to … the
relief flights elsewhere.
a) divert b) deflect c) detract d) distract
8. “It never … but it pours”, says an old saying
a) shines b) rains c) snows d) hails
9. It’ll take the gas workers a month of … days to fix that
leaking pipe.
a) snow b) blizzard c) rain d) sun
10. The ship was sailing in the … of a storm.
a) ear b) eye c) hand d) head
11. Exaggerated reports about the number of …in the hurricane
have caused panic.
a) casualties b) wounds c) injuries d) hurts
12. Who do the foreign tourists make their cheques payable …?
a) for b) on c) to d) with
13. The English tourist was traveling for six months and was
…strict budget of 30$ a day.
a) on b) out c) in d) for
14. The pollution problems in the town have been … by tourism
campaigns in summer.
a) developed b) exacerbated c) contributed d) augmented
II. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it
means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it:
1. Changeable weather conditions resulted in the storm, which
devastated the area.
84
The storm, which devastated the remote area, was …………..………
2. The restoration of historical monuments is of prime importance for
the town council.
The first ……………………………………………………………….
3. In the summer, there are thousands more foreign tourists than
locals.
In the summer, the locals are vastly …………………………………
4. The weather was dreadful so the rugby match was cancelled.
If it hadn’t ……………………………………………………………..
5. Climate change is leading to serious water shortages for people,
animals and plants in this country.
Serious water shortages for people, animals and plants in this
country………….………………………………………………………

THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

Form: Subject + shall/will + perfect infinitive
- it is used to say that something will have been done,
completed or achieved by a certain time in the future.
- it is normally used with a time expression beginning with by:
by then, by that time
By the end of the month he will have taught here for five years.

THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form: Subject + shall/will + have been + present participle
By the end of the month he will have been teaching here for
five years.
- it is used when the speaker wants to emphasize the continuity
of a future achievement
- like the future perfect, it is normally used with a time
expression beginning with by:
- it can be used instead of the future perfect when the action is
continuous:
By the end of the month he will have been studying here for
three years.

85
 “BE GOING TO” FUTURE
Form: the present continuous tense of the to go + the full infinitive:
We are going to attend this meeting.
- it is used to talk about plans, especially in an informal style.
Going to often emphasizes the idea of intention, of a decision that has
already been made.
We are going to subscribe for another periodical.
- it is used to predict the future on the basis of present evidence
– to say that a future action or event is on the way, or starting to
happen:
Look at this survey. He is going to be elected president of his
party.
- it can also be used without a time expression: (see the
examples above), but it can be used for the near future with a time
expression as an alternative to the present continuous: They are not
going to attend the classes this afternoon.
-gonna (informal speech especially in American English): I am
gonna write a letter.

BE TO + INFINITIVE / BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIVE

Form: subject + to be + verb (infinitive): They are to get a 10 per
cent wage rise in May.
- this structure is used in a formal style to talk about plans and
arrangements, especially when they are official. This construction is
much used in newspapers:
The President is to visit France next week.
- in headlines (the verb ‘be’ is often omitted to save space): The
President To Visit France
- this structure is used to give orders: You are to read these
books for your next exam.
BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIVE: expresses immediate future: He
is about to leave the party.

FUTURE IN THE PAST

- Form: subject + would + verb (short infinitive)
- it is used in Indirect Speech as a past equivalent for Future Tense
86
 „They will visit the mine tomorrow”, said the spokesman.
The spokesman said that they would visit the mine the next day.
I. Translate into English:
1. Reporterul va transmite imediat ce va ajunge la locul
accidentului.
…………………………………………………………………………
2. Până la sfârşitul anului ei vor fi făcut parte din organizaţie
timp de cinci ani.
…………………………………………………………………………
3. Primul ministru urmează să discute cu sindicatul muncitorilor
din fabrică.
…………………………………………………………………………
4. Are de gând să publice o fotografie compromiţătoare.
………………………………………………………………………..
5. Mâine, la această oră, oficialităţile vor ţine o conferinţă de
presă.
…………………………………………………………………………
6. Purtătorul de cuvânt al preşedenţiei i-a anunţat pe ziarişti că
preşedintele va pleca în vacanţă.
……………………………………………………………………..
7. Mulţi turişti şi-au cumpărat căciuli şi haine groase, iar
buletinul meteo spune că vremea va fi din ce în ce mai rece.
………………………………………………………………………..
8. Muncitorii grevişti se vor întâlni mâine cu patronii lor.
Aceştia le vor oferi o mărire salarială cu 10% şi o primă de
productivitate.
…………………………………………………………………………
9. Se aşteaptă ca juriul să ajungă la un verdict până la sfârşitul
zilei.
………………………………………………………………………
II. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense:
1. This time next month they …………… (travel) around Italy.
They …………(travel) around Italy if they ……………… (save)
enough money.

87
 2. What …………… (do) with your cat when you …………….
(go) away this weekend?
She …………… (stay) at a cat kennel.
3. “Where ………….(you/go) for your holidays, now that winter
is here?” “Nowhere.”
We …………….(study) for our exams in January.
4. In two weeks’ time they ………..……… (finish) their
preliminary training and ….…………(start).
5. Their committee ………….. (try) to raise money for an
orphanage. By the end of the year they ……………. (send) out 3,000
letters asking for contributions.
6. The police ……………(test) the gun for fingerprints. If his
fingerprints ………… (be) on it he ……………..(be) charged with
murder.
7. The writer says he ………… (be) tired of writing books about
horrible people who ………….. (get) more and more horrible on
every page, and now …………... (write) about perfectly charming
people who ………… (be) happily married.
8. The shop assistant says they ………………… (not deliver)
any more orders because this branch …………………. (close) down.
9. According to the brochure this hotel …………… (pride)
itself on its service, but the staff not even ………….. (show) a guest
to his room unless he ……………… (insist).

88
 UNIT 9

POLITICS
I. Read the following text about the influence of politics even
in sport business and choose which of the missing paragraphs (a-f)
fits each of the numbered gaps

The impact of the European Union on sport regulations

continues apace. This has come from a number of sources.
The European Commission has considered (1) … (such as
pyramid structure of sports organizations and open leagues with
relegation and promotion) and indicated some concern (2) … and need
to reconcile the commercialization of sport with the role that it has in
promoting solidarity.
The European Council, (3) … agreed on a declaration on the
specific characteristics of sport and its function in Europe. There was
recognition that (4) … have a primary responsibility in the conduct of
sporting affairs, the EU has supervisory powers under a variety of
Treaty provisions. This support for (5) … by an example in the sale of
television rights. The European Council supports ‘mutualisation’,
(6) …distributed to the lower levels of a particular sport on the
grounds of solidarity. (Sport Business)
a) with a part of the revenue from the sale of rights
b) although sports governing bodies and the Member States
c) about the encroaching Americanisation of European sport
d) what are the essential characteristics of the “European Model
of Sport”
e) comprised of Prime Ministers of the Member States
f) ‘supervised autonomy’ can be illustrated

89
 II. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. In all … there will be fraudulous elections in this country.
a) probability b) possibilities c) odds d) certainty
2. The party’s leader rehearsed his speech again and again until
he was sure that he was word ….
a) exact b) perfect c) accurate d) precise
3. The electorate will not easily forgive the mayor for failing to
fulfil his ….
a) offers b) promises c) vows d) aspirations
4. The chain of events that led to the coup d’etat was set in … by
the assassination of the military leader.
a) train b) progress c) development d) momentum
5. The senator warned his colleagues that the party was in
danger of being … over by extremists.
a) taken b) attacked c) attracted d) passed
6. In this country, the President is usually elected for a five-year
… in office.
a) duration b) passage c) term d) length
7. People started to think the mayor of the village likes to lead
them up the wrong …
a) direction b) drive c) path d) way
8. The president was questioned under … about the love affair
he had undertaken while power.
a) oath b) pledge c) swear d) vow
III. Write a new sentence using the word given:
1. He welcomed people as the town council’s representative.
behalf
He welcomed people …………………………… the council.
2. Somebody needs to announce the president about this case of corruption.
told
The president …………………………………..about this case of
corruption.
3. Most citizens regard him as being the best president for that African
country.
widely
90
 He is ………………………………………………………….
4. The fact that he will never run for presidency again is something he
cannot accept.
terms
He cannot come …………………………………………………
5. Most people took no notice of the speaker at the platform.
attention
Most people ……………………………………………………….
6. His reputation as a corrupted politician has been established.
name
He has made ……………………………………………………
7. Any personal involvement on the part of the president in this raw
would be disastrous.
caught
If the president ………………………………………………….
8. The Prime Minister just pretended to agree with president’s
suggestion.
along
The Prime Minister just pretended ……………………………….
9. The leader says his party has more important things to do at the
moment.
fish
At the moment …………………………………………………
IV. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it
means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it:
1. The president is in disgrace for being so harshly behaved with
his counselors.
The president is under…………………………………………..
2. No one stands a better chance of winning the presidency race
than him.
He is the man most ……………………………………………
3. The government have been reviewing their economic policies
recently.
The government’s ………………………………………………
4. People accused the politician of having taken bribe.
The politician ………………………………………………...
91
 5. The State Secretary stormed out of the room after she had
handed her resignation.
Having …………………………………………………………..
6. The experts say the government is bringing in a new tax on
property.
The government …………………………………………………
7. People were very surprised to hear that a Republican
candidate had won the race.
It came ………………………………………………………….

ELECTIONS
I. Match the words on the left with their meanings:
1. campaign a) a very fast campaigning trip, with a
candidate making a lot of speeches and
appearances in a lot of places
2. (AE) run for b) people who shout out their disagreement
election/(BE) stand when a politician makes a speech
for election
3. running mate c) an ideal combination of candidates for
presidency and vice presidency
4. heckler (to heckle) d) consultants who try to minimize the effects
of gaffes and improve the way candidates are
presented in the media
5. dream ticket e) to candidate
6. smear campaign f) series of ads, televisions appearances,
meetings and speeches designed to get support
for a candidate
7. whistle-stop tour g) a group of politicians and their supporters
who have similar views on how the country
should be run
8. party h) the candidate running for the vice presidency
9. spin doctors/ i) information about a politician’s life, or
business or spin controllers secret political
activities. When media or other candidates do
this they are said to be digging for dirt or
muckraking.
Damaging information of this kind is sleaze.
92
 II. Complete the sentences using one of the words from the
box:
abstain/abstention ballot/ballot box by-election
cast ballots/votes constituency election/election day electorate
electoral fraud exit poll findings/results landslide victory
opinion poll poll/opinion survey polling/polling booth
pollsters turnout vote vote-rigging
1. On election day, people with the right to vote … . They ……
to elect their favorite candidates.
2. After the voters had marked their … … in a … …, the pollster
interrogated them and wrote their options in a/an … … chart.
3. There were a lot of people who … from voting because they
claimed none of the candidates to be the right person. These people
were counted as ….
4. The proportion of people actually voting is the … and the
total number of … cast represents the total ...
5. Only seven people have …their … at the … station number
seven belonging to the Constituency 134.
6. Current estimates were that more than half of the eligible
persons wrote their … in the … during the morning of the … day.
7. … … occurs, for example, when … … are filled with
fictitious papers or when … are not counted properly.
8. The counselors advised the president not to call an early
election at a time of high unemployment but he was sure of a …….
with an overwhelming majority.
9. If the … … are anything to go by, the present government
stands to win the … and the … will be published in our special edition
of the newspaper.
III. Underline the right word for the sentences below:
1. When a government is elected, there is often a honeymoon/
political wilderness period when people are not too critical of it.
2. Whoever wins faces the prospect of leading a collapse/lame
duck administration.
3. Ministers may be given new posts, or lose their posts, in a
cabinet reshuffle/stand down.

93
 4. A government’s caretaker/grassroots support during its term
of office may become apparent during a by-election.
5. When two parties or candidates have about the same amount
of support, they are said to be level meeting/pegging.
6. The politicians of the Conservative Party want a fresh /re-
elect mandate to raise value-added tax.
7. If, in a system usually dominated by two parties, neither party
gets an overall majority, commentators talk about a breakaway/hung
parliament.
8. The Military Forces may handover/seize power in a coup
d’état, putsch or military takeover and impose martial law, or military
control, on the country.
9. A riot with fighting, stone-throwing, damage to vehicles and
buildings may be accompanied by looting/robbing: breaking into
shops or houses during a riot to steal things.
IV. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. When a government is elected, there is often a … period when
people are not too critical of it.
a) crisis b) honeymoon c) political d) stand up
wilderness
2. Whoever wins faces the prospect of leading a …
administration.
a) collapse b) crisis c) incumbent d) lame duck
3. Ministers may be given new posts, or lose their posts, in a
cabinet …
a) quit b) reshuffle c) resign d) stand down
4. A government’s … support during its term of office may
become apparent during a by-election.
a) caretaker b) grassroots c) interim d) marginal
5. When two parties or candidates have about the same amount
of support, they are said to be level …
a) coming b) going c) meeting d) pegging
6. The politicians of the Conservative Party want a … mandate
to raise value-added tax.
a) fresh b) good c) re-elect d) swing
94
 7. If, in a system usually dominated by two parties, neither party
gets an overall majority, commentators talk about a … parliament.
a) breakaway b) fringe c) hung d) splinter
8. The Military Forces may … power in a coup d’état, putsch or
military takeover and impose martial law, or military control, on the
country.
a) depose b) handover c) seize d) take
9. A riot with fighting, stone-throwing, damage to vehicles and
buildings may be accompanied by …: breaking into shops or houses
during a riot to steal things.
a) burglarizing b) looting c) robbing d) stealing

PASSIVE VOICE
- the passive form of the verb phrase contains this pattern: to be +
past participle
- simple present: am/are/is + past participle:
English is spoken here.
- present progressive: am/are/is being+past participle:
The song is being performed.
- simple past: was/were + past participle:
That article was written last week.
- past progressive: was/were being+past participle:
The interview was being taken.
- present perfect: have/has been+past participle:
The article has been published.
- past perfect: had been+past participle:
She knew why she had been nomineed.
- simple future: will be + past participle:
The interview will be taken tomorrow.
- future perfect: will have been+past participle:
The article will have been written.
- going to future: am/are/is going to be+past participle:
Who is going to be invited?
- future progressive passives (will be being + past participle) and
perfect progressive passives (has been being + past participle) are
unusual.
95
- examples of passive infinitives: (to) be written
perfect passive infinitives: (to) have been written
- examples of passive –ing forms: being written
perfect passive –ing forms: having been written.
- examples of passive conditional : would be written
perfect passive conditional: would have been written
- modal perfect:
The building might have been destroyed by a bomb.
He could have been asked to talk at the press conference.
She should/ought to have been told.
These windows must be shut.
This castle may have been visited by the Queen.
Infinitive constructions after passive verbs: acknowledge,
assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, feel, find, know,
presume, report, say, think, understand
- sentence of the type: People consider/think/know/believe, etc.
that he is…have two possible passive forms:
He is considered/thought/known/believed etc. that he is…
It is considered/thought/known/believed etc. that he is…
Prepositional passives
– the passive is not limited to cases where the object of an active
becomes subject. There are some unusual passives, where the noun
phrase following a preposition becomes the subject. The preposition
must remain immediately after the verb.
– be + past participle + preposition: this pattern can only be
used if the verb and the preposition form a unit (a prepositional verb)
e.g. be called for, be called upon,
– be hoped for, be shouted at, be looked after, be talked about
The president was called upon to make a speech.
– be + past participle + adverb + preposition
She admitted herself having been put up with the situation.
I. Change the following sentences to the passive voice. Decide
when by is necessary.
1. The police have caught the man who broke into the office last
night.
…………………………………………………………………………
96
 2. The thief had completely destroyed some very important files.
……………………………………………………………………..
3. They are holding him in the city jail until he can contact his
lawyer.
…………………………………………………………………………
4.They are going to schedule his trial for the next month.
………………………………………………………………………...
5. The gear manufacturers hope the administration may do away
with the tax on the car.
……………………………………………………………………...
6. The boss likes people to call him “sir”.
………………………………………………………………………
7. The manager’s secretary will send notices of the next
meeting to everyone.
…………………………………………………………………………
8. By the end of the next week, they will have revised all
security procedures.
…………………………………………………………………………
9. The tourists can hope for some improvement in the weather
at the end of the week.
…………………………………………………………………………
10. People believe that he is to be elected the new president.
………………………………………………………………………..
II. Translate into English:
1. A mărturisit ieri de ce a fost acuzat?
………………………………………………………………………
2. Toate vitrinele au fost sparte în timpul luptelor de stradă.
…………………………………………………………………………
3. Clădirea urma să fie inaugurată de primar.
…………………………………………………………………………
4. Bărbatul a fost judecat, găsit vinovat şi trimis în închisoare.
…………………………………………………………………………
5. El a evadat în timp ce era mutat dintr-o închisoare în alta.
…………………………………………………………………………
6. Preşedintele va fi condus la aeroport de toţi miniştrii.
…………………………………………………………………………
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 7. Lumea crede că jurnalistul a fost ucis de terorişti.
…………………………………………………………………………
8. Vânzarea alcoolului la meciurile de fotbal ar fi trebuit
interzisă.
………………………………………………………………………
9. Răniţii au fost scoşi de sub moloz înainte ca salvarea să apară.
…………………………………………………………………………
10. Turiştii sunt conduşi spre muzeu.
………………………………………………………………………..

III. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space.
THE POPULATION PROBLEM
At the end of the 20th century, the world’s population figure
stands at (1) ……to 6 billion and is (2) …… o double during the next
hundred years. However, only 10% of this growth is expected to occur
(3) …… rich, developed countries. This means that many poor,
developing countries will find it impossible to provide everyone
(4) …… the basics needed (5) …… survival housing, food and fuel.
Fields are already (6) …… overgrazed by animals and overworked by
farmers, and trees are being chopped down for fuel. All these things
(7) …… led to drought and famine in many parts of the world,
particularly in Africa. Indian governmental reports state that 37% of
its people are (8) …… to buy enough food to sustain (9) …… . As a
result, officials fear the establishment of a new sub-human race of
people (10) …… are physically too week and hungry to deal with
their problems. To (11) …… prevent this from happening, scientists
want to (12) …… the world’s population growth in half over the next
ten years. Family planning and educational campaigns will be the
main focus of this (13) …… Another possible (14) ……combine
family planning methods with some of wealth redistribution. For
many countries, (15) …… , the problem lies in the fact that they have
so (16) …… desperately poor citizens in the first (17) ……. As the
countries of the west have illustrated, the wealthier your population is,
the slower it will (18) ……

98
 UNIT 10

COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE
Euphemisms and Political correctness
Euphemism is the act or an example of substituting a mild,
indirect or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
Pass away and depart this life are well-known euphemisms for die,
loo is a modern euphemism for toilet and many of the milder oaths are
euphemisms for swear words, or to avoid the profane use of the names
of God and Christ. We are using a euphemism again, instead of saying
Go to hell, we say Go to blazes (hell fire). Morris, in the Harper
Dictionary of Contemporary Usage, quotes this delightful letter that
illustrates the changing ways in which poverty has been publicly
referred to: “I used to think I was poor. Then they told me I wasn’t
poor. I was needy. Then they told me it was self-defeating to think of
myself as needy. I was deprived. Then they told me deprived was a
bad image, I was underprivileged. Then they told me underprivileged
was overused, I was disadvantaged. I still don’t have a dime. But I
sure have a great vocabulary.”(Jules Feifer)
The use of a particular kind of euphemism is currently reffered
to as political correctness or being PC. These are expressions, which
relate to people and society, and political correctness is a concern not
to use language that might be perceived as offensive by particular
members of society. Thus the term people with learning difficulties
was felt to be better than mentally handicapped and the phrase senior
citizens was preferred to old age pensioners.
I. Underline the euphemisms in the following sentences. Then
rewrite the sentences in more direct language
1. This house is a handyman’s dream/ideal for the DIY
enthusiast. ………………………
2. Tom bought a pre-driven car for two hundred dollars.
…………………………………
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 3. After the laboratory experiments, the scientists sacrificed the
mice. …………………..
4. The sanitary engineers will form a union next year.
……………………………………
5. His supervisor said he had been terminated because of too
many absences …………..
6. The press secretary admitted that he had made an erroneous
report.……………………
7. There is a mirror in the little girl’s powder room.
………………………………………
8.The steelworkers were considering a work stoppage in two
days. ………………………
9.The infantry executed a withdrawal after the surprise attack.
…………………………..
10. ”We’ll have to let you go, Tom”, said the managing director.
………………………...
11. ”The kindest thing to do would be to put Blackie to sleep”,
said the vet. ……………..
12. There is no chance that a revenue enhancement measure will
pass during this session of Congress. …………………….……………
13. A man is helping police with their enquires ………………
…….……………………………
14. New Prices! ………………………………………………….
15. The police seized a quantity of adult films. …………
16. The consultant urged the company to make a downward
revision in production costs.
………………………………………………………………………
II. Here are some difficult topics which English people often
use euphemisms for. Match them to the sentences and decide what
the sentences really mean in straightforward English
alcohol, birth, crime, lying, obesity, prison, strikes, toilet,
unemployment, warfare
1. Would you like to wash your hands?
2. At the end of the evening, the minister seemed to be tired and
emotional.
3. John has been resting since his widely-acclaimed performance
as Prince Hamlet.
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 4. When the lawyer questioned him closely, his client was
economical with the truth.
5. There were two hundred casualties in the battle for control of
the pass.
6. The union of teachers is organizing a day of action tomorrow.
7. His uncle’s a guest of Her Majesty for two years.
8. Their cassette recorder fell off the back of a lorry.
9. When is the happy event going to be?
10. Jenny’s got a bit of a spare tyre these months, hasn’t she?
III. Match the euphemism on the left with what it stands for on
the right
1. an approved school a) to get drunk
2. cash flow problems b) to lock someone up (in prison or a
mental hospital)
3. cuddly c) prostitution
4. to drown one’s sorrow d) in the habit of stealing
5. to have a liquid lunch e) underwear
6. intelligence agencies f) a penal institution for minors
7. light fingered g) financial trouble
8. the oldest profession h) fat
9. to put away i) spying organizations
10. smalls j) to drink a lot of alcohol in the middle
of the day
IV. Some expressions introduced for PC reasons have become
a part of standard English now. Underline that one you think is the
more PC expression in each case? Why?
1. African American – Black American
2. children with special needs – educationally subnormal children
3. a fireman – a firefighter
4. hearing-impaired – deaf
5. a housewife – homemaker
6. a refuse collector – dustman
7. slum – substandard housing
8. an unmarried mother – single parent
9. Third World countries – developing countries
101
 RACISM AND SEXISM
- use ‘black’ (of a person’s skin color as opposed to ‘Black’ or
‘Asian’ or ‘negro’ or ‘colored’)
- such words as ‘businessman’ (prefer ‘business executive’),
‘foreman’ (prefer ‘supervisor’) and ‘policeman’ (prefer ‘police officer’).
- opposition to sexism is also one reason for the widespread
adoption of the plural pronoun ‘they/them’ in the place of ‘he/him’.
This is both easy to say and politically correct
- but opposition to sexism is also responsible for the ‘Ms”
complication. To avoid having to call people ‘Miss’ or ‘Mrs’ anti-
sexists use the American ‘Ms’.
- in English, a lot of words are marked as masculine or
feminine by suffixes, but many other words have “female” or “male”
associations and should be used carefully.
- Suffixes marking gender - er (-or)/-ess: traditionally used to
mark male and female (actor/actress)
- These two words are still often used in both forms, but forms such
as authoress, poetess, murderess, and manageress are considered old-
fashioned. If you want to be neutral, you can use the er (-or) suffix for male
or female. Schoolmistress/master sound old-fashioned, use teacher instead;
for air hostess use flight attendant (neutral) or stewardess
- man, -woman and –person
- Traditional social roles often meant that –man was used even
for roles performed by women. Now many people prefer a neutral
form for both sexes, if there is one available.
neutral traditional male traditional female
bartender barman barmaid
businessperson businessman businesswoman
chair(person) chairman chairwoman
flight attendant steward stewardess/airhostess
firefighter fireman -
fisherman -
head (teacher) headmaster headmistress
police officer policeman policewoman
postman postwoman
spokesperson spokesman spokeswoman
102
 „Social” marking of words
Some words, particularly the names of jobs (barber, burglar,
butcher, cheerleader, conductor, detective, dressmaker, farmer,
general, hairdresser, secretary, station master, tailor, typist), are
socially marked as belonging to one gender even though the words are
neutral in form, e.g. in English, nurse was considered so female that if
a man was a nurse, he was often referred to a male nurse.
Bachelor and spinster can both have negative or undesirable
associations. Use unmarried or single (man/woman) instead. You
can use partner instead of fiancé(e), especially for someone you live
with as a couple but are not married to.
I. Avoiding gender specific language. In the following
sentences change the words in italics to neutral “political
correctness” words with the same meaning. Make any other
grammatical changes that then become necessary
1. These young people need to have been physically trained if
they apply to be policemen.
1. Dear Miss/ Mrs Johnson, I’m writing to you in order to help
me with the Sale&Purchase contract.
2. The evolution of man was a contentious issue for the 19th
century.
3. The air hostesses will shortly be moving through the cabin
serving drinks and food.
4. In 1969 man first set foot on the moon. Neil Armstrong’s
famous words were: “That is one small step for a man, one giant leap
for mankind”.
5. Every salesman in the company is required to meet a monthly
target. The best of him will be nominee for the best salesman of the
year.
6. Nylon is a man-made fibre.
7. The members of the committee agreed to a man to elect a new
chairman.
8. Who was the first man to fly in across the Pacific?
9. The firemen has been fighting with the blazes for two hours.

103
 II. Sometimes political correctness goes to such extremes to
avoid hurting others’ feelings that it verges on the ridiculous,
creating expressions that are excessively convoluted.
Can you match the PC expressions on the left with their
translations on the right?
1. charm-free a) ugly
2. chronologically gifted b) tall
3. cosmetically different c) disorganized
4. hair disadvantaged d) boring
5. mentally challenged e) old
6. nontraditionally ordered f) bald
7. vertically inconvenienced g) stupid
III. Now can you work out what the rather extreme PC speaker
is saying about the different people below?
1. In his autobiographical book he tells of his experience as a
gentleman of the road.
2. Mary achieved a deficiency on her driving needs assessment.
3. The manager complains that his secretary is temporally challenged.
4. Samantha is larger than the average citizen.
5. The teacher said that John is a child with an attention deficit
disorder.
6. The employer warned Mr. Smith with sacking if he doesn’t
stop being a person of differing sobriety.
7. The politician admitted that his mother was an unwaged
domestic artist.
The headline is the article reduced to a few words. To save
space, newspapers abbreviate article titles (see the list of abbreviations
on ANNEX 3) and use short terms (see ANNEX 8) which are
understandable to native speakers, but which may be unfamiliar to
non-native speakers. The headline of a feature should identify the
subject and it must attract and inform
Here is a list of headlines that illustrates the lexical particularities
discussed above:
1. Nine Months Later, Balkan – Aid Project Is Being Funded
……………………………
2. Evidence backs rate cut ………………….…………………………
104
3. To Thwart a Rival, Quebecor, Fund Make a Bid for Videotron
………………………………….
4. Japanese Survey On Businesses Helps Boost Yen…………….…...
5. Brazil’s Central Bank Curbs Surging Currency …………………...
6. Bush Pledges Aid For Jobless and More Tax Cuts
………………………………………
7. European Parliament Moves Closer to Echelon Inquiry
…………………………..…………
8. Government Pledges Loan for Swissair
…………………………………………………
9. Blair reaffirms vow to reform public services
…………………………………………
Match the world underlined in the headline to the right
explanation given below:
1. AID FOR FAMINE VICTIMS WAITED
a) reduction b) increase c) assistance d) attempt
2. POLICE QUIZ TREASURER OF CHILDREN’S ORGANIZATION
a) look for b) seek c) question d) follow
3. KIDNAP VICTIMS ORDEAL
a) surprise b) prohibition c) bad experience d) clash
4. MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT CLASH ON GREEN POLICY
a) disagree b) prohibition c) attempt d) assistance
5. PRIME MINISTER’S PLEDGE ON POLLUTION
a) assistance b) bad experience c) commitment d) disagree
6. DEATH TOLL GOING UP
a) number of b) reduction c) surprise d) increase
people killed
7. PERIL ON REMOTE CHILDREN CAMP
a) increase b) prohibition c) extreme danger d) explosion
8.POLITICIANS WOO PEOPLE
a) persuade b) attract c) disagree d) look for
9. DRUG HAUL AT THE CUSTOMS OFFICE
a) surprise b) something c) loophole d) prohibition
seized
10. FREE SCHOOL MEALS AXED
a) reduced b) assisted c) prohibited d) stopped
105
 11. TAKEOVER BID FOR BRITISH ENVIROMENT ORGANI-
ZATIONS
a) bad experience b) question c) attempt d) assistance
12. SOCIAL ASSISTANTS STRIKES LOOMS
a) approaches in b) finishes c) prohibits d) increases
a threatening way

REPORTED SPEECH
- words that are spoken or thought in one place by one person
may be reported in another place at a different time, and perhaps by
other person. Because of this there are often grammatical differences
between direct and indirect speech.
- the change of speaker mean a change of pronoun: I – he or
she / We – they
- a change of place and time mean changing the following words:
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
now then
next the next
last (Monday) the (Monday) before / (on) the previous (Monday)
yesterday a day before
tomorrow the next day/ the following day
today (on) that day
this that
these those
here there
the day after tomorrow two days later, after two days
ago before
- the conjunction that is often dropped, especially after common
reporting verbs (e.g. say, think) in informal speech:
He said (that) he hadn’t been at office.
- after present, future and present perfect reporting verbs, tenses
are usually the same as in the original (because there is no important
change of time).
He says he likes writing such an article.
- verbs in the direct speech have to be changed into a
corresponding past tense:
106
 Simple Present
“I like watching movies”, said John.
Present Continuous
“I am watching a movie”, said John.
Present Perfect
“I have seen this movie”, said Tom.
Present Perfect Continuous
“I have been watching TV all day
long”, said Tom.
Simple Past
“I saw this movie at the festival”,
said Mary.
Past Continuous
“I was watching this show at this
time yesterday”, said Mary.
Future
“I will go at the cinema tomorrow”,
said Adrian.
Simple Past
John said he liked watching movies.
Past Continuous
John said he was watching a movie.
Past Perfect
Tom said that he had seen that movie.
Past Perfect Continuous
Tom said he had been watching…
Past Perfect
Mary said she had seen that movie …
Past Perfect Continuous
Mary said she had been watching
that show a day before.
Future in the Past
Adrian said he would go at the
cinema the next day.

I. Put the following into indirect speech:

1. “The new underpass is being officially opened tomorrow”,
said the BBC announcer.
………………………………………………………………………….
2. “I know exactly what they said”, the private detective
explained to his client, “because I bugged their phone”.
………………………………………………………………………….
3. “ This is quite a good model, madam. I used one of these
myself”, said the salesman.
………………………………………………………………………..
4. “The advertisement said, “If you answer the questions
correctly you may win $100”.
………………………………………………………………………..
5. “It’s time we began training for our next match”, the coach
said to them.
………………………………………………………………………..
107
 6. “If it rains this afternoon it will be too wet to play the match
tomorrow”, the captain said.
………………………………………………………………………..
7. The speaker on the radio said: ”The concert in the park will
begin at 8:00”.
………………………………………………………………………..
8. In his televised speech, the president said, “My administration
will cut taxes in this country”.
………………………………………………………………………..
9. The weathercast said, “It is going to snow in this region”.
………………………………………………………………………..
10. The lawyer said, “I told the witnesses to tell the truth”.
………………………………………………………………………..
II. Translate into English and put the following into indirect
speech:
1. “Tocmai am arestat doi traficanţi de droguri”, a spus Şeful
Poliţiei Locale.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
2. “Aceşti oameni au fost dependenţi de droguri”, a spus
doctorul Johnson.
………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………
3. “Vameşii au confiscat o valiză cu stupefiante”, a anunţat
prezentatorul de ştiri.
………….……………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………..
4. “Anul viitor va fi un congres internaţional despre combaterea
traficului cu arme”, a spus un înalt oficial.
…..……………………………………………………………………..
…..……………………………………………………………………..
5. “Poliţia a descoperit un laborator de preparare a drogurilor
tari”, a spus purtătorul de cuvânt.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………...

108
 UNIT 11

CRIME AND LAW

I. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space
Whatever may be said about the causes of crime, one can be
certain of one thing. Crime levels, (1) ……… among the young, are
far higher than they used to (2) ……… even a decade ago, and the
tabloids are continually claiming that society seems to be falling (3)
………. The government’s current policies are not working well
enough and clearly (4) ……… re-evaluating. The government should
look at this (5) ……… from two points of view. If crime (6) ………
to fall they must deal with its social causes, as well as take steps to (7)
……… social conditions, even if this means (8) ……… more money.
They must also develop new (9) ………of dealing with young
offenders, which may entail the (10) ……… up of new institutions.
II. You have the following categories:
CAR PEOPLE PROPERTY MONEY

Say which of the following crimes go in which categories.

(There is more than one answer, depending on your point of view)
arson, bank robbery, blackmail, burglary, con tricks, drug
pushing, fraud, hijacking, joyriding, kidnapping, manslaughter,
mugging, pickpocketing, rape, shoplifting, speeding, vandalism

109
 III. Underline the extra word in the lines of this text and write
them in the space:
WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
White-collar crime is defined as illegal acts were committed by
middle or ………
upper-class people while at the work. The term gained popularity in
1940 when ………
it was first used by the American criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland.
He did ………
argued that there were important sociological difference between any
conventional ………
crimes such as burglary and murder, and white-collar crimes such as
some fraud ………
and income tax evaded. In general speaking, the latter are committed
by persons ………
of relatively high social status and are treated more leniently than are
more ………
conventional crimes done. White-collar crime has become an
increasing problem. ………
The authorities are now dealing up with such crimes more severely
because ………
of a growing feeling that the effort must be made to establish
equality before ………
the law for all its citizens – regardless of money, power or social
status. ………
IV. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. The two hooligans got … very lightly. Their sentences were
reduced to three months.
a) away with b) down c) off d) over
2. Shoplifting … accounts for more than half of all recorded
crime in this town.
a) solely b) uniquely c) individually d) alone
3. The police believed what the man told them because it was …
with other reports they heard.
a) consistent b) tied c) tallied d) connected
110
 4. The masked man asked the passengers to … over all their
money and jewellery to his accomplice.
a) take b) pass c) get d) hand
5. When his accomplices didn’t come at the meeting point, it …
on him that he had been tricked.
a) broke b) became clear c) dawned d) awoke
6. The defendant was confident he could answer any question
the policeman might care to … him.
a) drop on b) roll to c) slide to d) throw at
7. The police arrived within five minutes at the … of the crime.
a) area b) place c) scene d) spot
8. The police were tipped … by an anonymous phone-caller,
who didn’t feel at all guilty … reporting something suspicious.
a) off/of b) off/about c) off/with d) on/of
10. Unfortunately, many people … a blind eye if they see a
crime being committed.
a) close b) show c) turn d) wink
11. Many criminals feel no … about their bad actions.
a) apology b) distress c) regret d) remorse
12. During the rioting, many cars were overturned and the shops
were …
a) embezzled b) looted c) pilfered d) stolen
V. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it
means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it:
1. The authorities failed to provide protection for witnesses,
which caused considerable concern.
Considerable concern…………………………………………….
2. The allies thought the terrorists had been hiding from the
police in an abandoned basement.
The terrorists ……………………………………………………
3. The doorkeeper said that burglars were only deterred by an
efficient alarm system.
The only deterrent ……………………………………………...
4. The jury couldn’t reach a verdict because of the complexity of
the case.
The complexity of the case…………………………………….
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 5. The teenagers who vandalised the college posed as students to
gain entry.
Those who ……………………………………………………..
VI. Fill each of the blank spaces with a suitable word or phrase:
1. In the end the lawyer ……………………………………… give
evidence in court as the suspects admitted they had started the fire.
2. The man was under suspicion because his account didn’t tie
………………………… the other witnesses’ report.
3. The policeman discovered the man was not at all angry when
the bike was stolen; ……………………………, he seemed delighted
to have got rid of it.
4. The robbers ……………………………get into the bank after
they had been digging for a tunnel.
5. The police arrested the suspect after finding ……evidence at
his home.
6. A young man, arrested on suspicion of murder …..……… in
court yesterday.
7. The judge passed ………… ……………………after the jury
had given their verdict.
8. The burglars had a fully worked out plane for the ……………
………………………
9. When the police have enough ……………… they will arrest
…………………………
10. It is virtually impossible nowadays ………………………….
completely when people have commited a crime – there is always
something that will give people away.
VII. Read the following newspaper article about graffiti on the
London Underground and think of the word which best fits each
space. Use only one word in each space
Is it art or vandalism?
Just a few weeks ago, eight graffiti gang members were
convicted (1) … There are more than seventy hardcore graffiti artists
thought to be operating in London today. Graffiti artists operate in
many towns. They often work at night, (2) … with brightly painted
murals in spray paint or marker pen.
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 Some people regard (3) … and a menace. London Underground
says that rail users find it ugly and offensive. It spends £2 million a
year (4) … trains with graffiti-resistant paint. “We don’t think it is
artistic or creative. As far as we’re concerned, it’s vandalism”, says
Serena Holley, a spokeswoman for London Underground. “It creates a
sense of anarchy and chaos”, says Richard Mandel, the barrister who
prosecuted the graffiti gang. Passengers feel (5) … out of control.”
Graffiti art can also be a dangerous pastime. Some teenagers have died
in accidents following nocturnal graffiti raids.
However, others say that (6) … “Of course, graffiti is art.
There’s no question about that”, says David Grob, director of the Grob
Gallery in London. Even some of those who think it is wrong admit
that some of the people who do graffiti are talented. “It’s just that (7)
… ”, says Barry Kogan, the barrister who represented one of the gang
members.
a) dealing with graffiti and has even introduced
b) as though the whole rail system is
c) graffiti as a form of vandalism
d) of causing £5,000 worth of damage on the London
Underground
e) covering walls, trains and railway stations
f) their talent is channelled in the wrong direction
g) at its best graffiti is an art form.
VIII. Write a new sentence using the word given:
1. Some critics consider Agatha Christie was the best crime writer
ever.
than
Some critics consider no one has ever ………………………….….
Agatha Christie.
2. The accused man claimed to be completely innocent.
anything
The accused man………………………………………………….…
3. They received a seven-year sentence for their part in the roberry.
sentenced
They …………………………………………………….…………

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4. Soon the whole country had heard the news about the biggest
robbery.
wildfire
The news about the biggest robbery …………………..……………
5. The police have discovered some interesting new information.
light
Some interesting new information …………………..…………….
6. The parents were shocked when they heard the news of their boy’s
arrest.
came
It………………………………………………………..…………
IX. Complete these expressions to do with law with the words
from the box and then complete the sentences below:
above by down into unto with
a) lay ……… the law d) in trouble ……… the law
b) is ……… the law e) taking the law … your own hands
c) a law ……… himself f) ……… law

1. It’s up to the police to control crime. There’s no point ………

……………………
2. His landlord really used to ……… He would order all the tenants to
be home by 9 pm.
3. They act as if they ……… ……….and can get away with anything,
but soon they’ll find themselves in big trouble.
4. The police officer comes often to his parents’house. He’s constantly
………………….
5. When it comes to driving, John’s …………... He’s always driving
over the speed limit.
6. Selling alcohol to young people under 18 is prohibited ………
………………………...
X. Match the following idioms about control of emotions to
their meanings:
a. be cool as a cucumber 1. lose control of oneself
b. be tough as nails 2. recover self-control
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c. be tough-skinned
d. come apart at the seams
e. fall apart
f. flip out
g. go to pieces
h. pull oneself together
3. be very calm and brave
4. be able to endure a lot
5. lose emotional self-control
6. be able to endure a lot
7. lose control as having a nervous
breakdown
8. go insane, become crazy

REPORTED SPEACH
Imperative or direct orders become infinitive clauses
Direct: Write the article. Indirect: She asked me to write
the article
Exclamations: are frequently paraphrases of direct exclamations or
are object clauses
Direct: Good morning! Indirect: He greeted me. /
He wished me a good morning.
Questions and Answers – in reported questions the subject
normally comes before the verb in standard English, and auxiliary do
is not used. The same structure is used for reporting the answers to
questions.
Direct: When are you leaving the town?
Indirect: She wanted to know when I was leaving the town.
Actions: promises, orders, requests, advice
- speech relating to actions: promises, orders, requests, advice,
offers, is often reported with object + infinitive:
The examiner told us to talk louder.
Indirect Speech: word order with what, who, and which
- when there are reported questions constructed with
who/what/which + be + complement, be can be put before or after the
complement
Direct: Who is the manager here?
Indirect: She asked who was the manager./She asked who the
manager was.

115
 Conditionals
- after past reporting verbs, conditional sentences referring to
“unreal” situations are often reported with past conditionals
Direct: If I had any money I’d buy a new house.
Indirect: She said if she had had enough money she would
have bought …
Negative Questions
- do can be used in indirect negative questions, as a negative
auxiliary.
Direct: “Why don’t you read this interesting article ?”
Indirect: He asked why he didn’t read that interesting article.
Indirect Speech Without Reporting Verbs
- in British newspaper, radio and TV reports, reports of
parliamentary debates, records of conferences, minutes of meetings,
the indirect speech constructions often used with very few reporting
verbs. The use of tenses is enough to make it clear that a text is a
report.
The Managing Director talked about the results of the previous
year. Profits on the whole had been high, though one or two areas
hadn’t been very good.
Modals: would, should, could, might, ought and must are
usually unchanged after past reporting verbs in indirect speech
Direct: We shall/should be delighted to join you.
Indirect: They said they would be delighted to join us.
- in indirect speech, can changes to could/ will changes to
would/ may changes to might, must meaning necessity remains the
same or changes to had to.
I. Put the following into indirect speech:
1. “If the ground is dry on the day of the race, my horse might
win”, said the owner.
…………………………………………………………………………
2. “The thieves couldn’t open the safe on the spot so they
carried it away with them”, the night watchman reported.
……………………………………………………………………….

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 3. “Who will be umpiring the match?” asked the coach.
………………………………………………………………………...
4. “Do puppies travel free?” asked a dog owner. “Can I bring
my dog in compartment with me?”, she asked.
………………………………………………………………………..
5. “Please fill up this form”, the secretary said. “Read it before
you sign it”, she added.
………………………………………………………………………
6. “Don’t put your hands near the bars”, the zookeeper warned
children. “Stand clear of the cages”, he added.
………………………………………………………………………..
7. “Why shall we wait till tomorrow”, said the advert, “Let’s
post the coupon at once”.
…………………………………………………………………………
8. “If I lose my traveler’s cheques, will the bank repay me?” she
asked.
…………………………………………………………………………
9. “If the noise gets worse, you’d better complain to the police,”
he said.
………………………………………………………………………….
10. “What will happen if the strikes must continue?” asked the
reporter.
………………………………………………………………………..
II. Translate into English
1. Martora a declarat că nu îi este frică să spună adevărul.
…………………………………………………………………………
2. Mi-a spus că a participat la multe conferinţe, dar niciodată nu
a luat cuvântul.
…………………………………………………………………………
3. El a declarat poliţiştilor că vecinii lui se ocupau de spălatul
banilor.
………………………………………………………………………..
4. Cei cinci suspecţi au recunoscut că participaseră la un jaf
armat.
…………………………………………………………………………

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 5. La controlul anti-doping atletul a negat că luase acele
medicamente interzise.
………………………………………………………………………..
6. Secretara a spus că directorul fabricii nu va negocia cu
muncitorii grevişti.
………………………………………………………………………..
7. Şoferul a declarat că autocarul părăsise şoseaua cu 100 de
metri înainte să se ciocnească de pom.
………………………………………………………………………..
8. Prezentatoarea buletinului meteo a spus că, mâine, vremea va
fi schimbătoare.
………………………………………………………………………..
9. Reporterul a spus că i-a fost interzisă intrarea deoarece
legitimaţia lui era expirată.
………………………………………………………………………..

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 UNIT 12

BUSINESS AND MONEY

I. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space
WORD OF MOUTH IS NOW TALK OF THE TOWN
IN ADVERTISING
(1) …… of the world’s leading advertising buyers is (2) …… its clients
to change radically their approach to campaigns and focus on getting
consumers to talk about producers, either in conversations or online.
Word-of-mouth recommendations, made easier as e-mail and online
connections increase the speed that information is passed on and
shared, have long played a (3) ……… role in increasing sales.
However, conversations have been hard to track and their impact
difficult to quantify. New research used by Starcom Media-vest, an
agency that advises companies such as Procter & Gamble on where
and how to (4) ………, has measured the (5) ……… on conversations
about brands and shows talk is even more important than previously
thought. Procter & Gamble, the world’s biggest advertiser, has
(6) ……… word-of-mouth strategies for numerous campaigns
including for Swifter dusters and Old Spice aftershave.
By (7) ……… customers incentives such as coupons or free music
videos, marketers hope to push the consumer into passing on
information (8) ……… than passively absorbing messages – the
formula used with much television advertising. In an analysis of
discussions, (9) ……… on data collected by Talk-track, Starcom has
found that 76 per cent of people talk (10) ……… at least one brand
once a day. Advertisers are already seeking more such feedback.
(Financial Times, 2006)

II. Fill each of the blank spaces with a suitable word or phrase:
1. As the manager ………………………………………..………….
backing, the company went into liquidation.
119
2. The economic situation is disastrous, and it looks …………………
improve for at least a few more weeks.
3. The bank adviser told his client that she had little ……………..…..
if she rushes into a new business at that moment.
4. If this branch of the company ………. ……………..…….………...
even this month, the managers will be more than satisfied.
5. In spite of substantial investment, the company is still bleeding red
…………………… and drastic action is likely before the term end.
6. They started this kind of business because nobody ever tried it so
they just saw ……...
7. The new company still have some …………………….. troubles
with product development.
8. No ………………………… hard the manager tries, he never seems
to win the support of his staff
9. The current financial crisis means that public services will be cut
and many shops will be……………………. with closure.
10. The manager’s involvement in that corruption scandal ……..…….
his reputation.
III. Match the words in the box to the definitions below:
acquire acquisitions demand divident industry loss
manufacturer profits share treble turnover
a) companies taken over
b) producer of goods in large numbers
c) grow three times as large
d) money earned in a business after paying costs
e) one equal part of the ownership of a company which can be
bought by members of the public
f) amount of money handled by a company in a specific period
of time
g) desire for a particular product
h) purchase
i) amount of money paid regularly to share-holders (investors)
in a company
j) money lost in a business after paying costs
k) one type of business

120
 IV. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. They declared they weren’t serious investors, but they liked to
… in the stock market.
a) splatter b) splash c) paddle d) dabble
2. When the stock market crashed, the traders were … to beggary.
a) inclined b) collapsed c) ruined d) reduced
3. By … trading it is possible for many speculators to make a
fortune on the stock exchange.
a) judgement b) judgemental c) judicious d) judge like
4. The company has serious financial difficulties and the
shareholders have been considering some ways of keeping it ….
a) aboard b) afloat c) aloft d) abreast
5. Their eagerness of starting their own company has been …
somewhat by the amount of red tape they have to deal with.
a) dampened b) doused c) moistened d) sprinkled
6. The manager had let his business … down to the point where
most of the employees had to be laid off.
a) burn b) die c) run d) tear
7. The Managing Director seems not be involved in the day -…-
day running of business.
a) after b) at c) in d) to
8. Many people try to predict which company is going to do well
and buy shares … it.
a) at b) in c) to d) within
9. The whole company is … with corruption and someone can’t
get on without bribing the manager.
a) brimmed b) instilled c) riddled d) trimmed
10. Following today’s announcement that two important petrol
companies are raising their prices, it’s only a matter of time before the
other companies …
a) follow suit b) imitate them c) mimic them d) plagiarise
them
V. Write a new sentence using the word given:
1. They employ extra staff to work for their restaurant in the summer.
on
Extra staff ……… to work for their restaurant in the summer
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2. It seems that the company will go bankrupt.
odds
………………..……….. that the company will go bankrupt.
3. The manager really knows how to get people involved.
very
The manager ……………….………………………………….other
people involved.
4. Provided this is the case, the client’s money will be refunded.
so
If…………………………………………………will be given.
5. The company has proved successful, thanks to the manager’s hard
work.
made
As a result of his hard work, the manager…………..……………
……..…his company.
6. The president of the company always makes everything look so
difficult!
weather
The president ….……………………………………………………
…………………..
7. Interest rates have fallen sharply this week.
decline
There …………………………………………………this week.
8. The final date of the meeting is still undecided, according to the
marketing committee.
on
The marketing committee……………………………………...……
….……………………………
VI. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it
means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
1. The employees believe that the accountant stole the company’s
pension fund money.
The accountant ……………………………………………
2. The fund-raisers have not officially stated where to send the
proceeds of the auction.
No ………………………………………………………………
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 3. The specialists say that the communication industry will be
the money spinner of the future.
The communication industry……………………………………
4. The workers will only withdraw their threat of strike action
when the management agree to drop their proposals.
Only ……………………………………………………………..
5. For accountancy and marketing economic skills are needed.
Subjects …………………………………………………………
6. His grandfather first set up the company in 1935.
It was …………………………………………………………….
7. The Finance Minister’s involvement in that corruption scandal
has tarnished his reputation.
The Finance Minister is under a ………………………………...

MONEY
I. Read the text, put a line through each unnecessary word and
then write the word in the space provided at the end of the line.
Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick against the
line number
The symbol for the euro it is the capital E with two parallel horizontal
……….
lines through it. It comes back from the Greek letter ‘epsilon’ as a
reference both ………
to Greece as the cradle of the Europan civilization and to the first
letter of the ………
word ‘Europe’.
One side of euro coins is decorated by an individual countries, while the
………
other has a common European design. The 1,2 and 5 cent coins
illustrate Europe’s ……...
place in the world, the 10, 20 and 50 stress the unity of EU countries,
while the 1 ………
and 2 euro coins will show Europe without frontiers. ………
Euro notes are at the same on both sides in all countries, with designs
that ………

123
symbolize Europe’s architectural heritage. One side has windows and
gateways ………
as symbols of the openness and in co-operation among Europe’s
nations, while the ……..
other shows historic bridges, which representing communications
among the …….…
different peoples of Europe, and also with the rest of the world.
………
The name of ‘euro’ is the same in all participating Member States of
the ………
EU. The pronunciation, however, may vary from one country to
country. ………

II. Match the words in box to their meanings:

1. capital 2. counterfeit money 3. exclusive 4. fiscal
5. (in) instalments 6. an invoice 7. to be overdrawn
8. royalties 9. turnover 10. well-to-do
11. well-heeled 12. windfall
a) the amount of money earned by a business during a particular
period of time
b) to be in debt to the bank because you have spent more money
than you have in your account
c) the amount of money you need to start a business
d) (informal) rich and often belonging to a high social class
e) small monthly payments
f) related to government or public money especially taxes
g) (informal) very rich
h) false money, copied to look like real money
i) a large amount of money you receive unexpectedly
j) so expensive that very few people can afford to go to/use/buy
k) the money a writer/musician receives annually from the sales
of their book(s)/music
l) a bill sent to you by a company or organization to tell you how
much you owe for a service or for sth that you have bought

124
 III. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. The tourists cannot use their national bank notes to buy things
in these shops because it is not legal ….
a) currency b) money c) payment d) tender
2. They need to be more … if they are going to save money for a
trip around the world.
a) mean b) miserly c) thrifty d) tight
3. At the height of the real estate boom, even the outskirts
houses … huge sums of money.
a) came on b) got at c) made out d) went for
4. In the long … he will probably make quite a lot of money out
of the business.
a) future b) term c) time d) way
5. The two multi-millionaires had … huge sums of money in the
new business and were devastated when it proved to be unsuccessful.
a) dealt b) invested c) dabbled d) traded
6. As the prices of the apartments in this area ebbed and …
many people grew rich.
a) flowed b) floundered c) fluctuated d) fell
7. As the … owner of the land property, he would be able to sign
the application for credit.
a) solitary b) sole c) lonely d) lone
8. It was … when their check bounced that the bank accountant
realized that they had no money at all.
a) just b) simply c) only d) merely
9. The charity organization felt they had to help the three old
men, who had no visible … of support.
a) methods b) means c) ways d) resources
10. Claims for compensations could … run into billion of dollars.
a) well b) much c) most d) far
11. The collapse of the leather market left the manufacturers
financially ….
a) dejected b) destitute c) desolate d) derelict
125
 IV. Match the expressions connected to money to their meanings:
1. to be rolling in it
2. to be tight-fisted
3. (to) eke out a living
4. to go halves on smth.
5. to live in the lap of luxury
6. to make ends meet
7. to run up a bill
8.to tighten one’s belt
9. to cost a (small) fortune/
a bomb/the earth
a) to cost a lot of money
b) to earn just enough money
to survive
c) to manage financially
d) to owe money, aquire debts
e) to try to spend less than usual
f) (informal) to be very rich
g) (informal) to be mean,
to dislike spending money
h) to have lots of money and lead
a very comfortable life
i) to share the cost of something

“IF CLAUSE”
- uncertain events and situation: things which may or may not
happen which may or may not be true:
If I talk to him I will let you know. (I may or I may not talk to him)
- an “if” clause often refers to a condition – something which
must happen first, so that something else can happen
If they get there before half past eleven, we can catch the last bus.
- there are sometimes sentences constructed with if…then to
emphasize that one thing depends on another:
If he goes to the press conference, then I’ll ask him to write about it.
- if meaning “if it is true that” or “if it is the case that”
If you were in town, why didn’t you attend the conference?
- an if-clause can come at the beginning or end of a sentence.
When an if-clause comes first, it is often separated by a comma:
If the press conference starts at 2 o’clock, it will end about 3.
- in a formal style, subject + be is sometimes left out after if:
If in doubt, ask for help.
- after if, there can be used so and not instead of repeating or
negating a clause that comes before:
Are you busy this evening? If so, we will stay indoors.
She might go to the theatre tonight. If not, she’ll visit us.
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 First Conditional Main Clause
present future
If the show begins at 8 o’clock, the guests will come about 7.
Second Conditional Main Clause
past present conditional
(would + verb–infinitive)
If the show began at 8 o’clock, the guests would come about 7.
Third Conditional Main Clause
past perfect past conditional
(would+verb–past participle)
If the show had begun at 8 o’clock, the guests would have come about 7.

- if…will is used when we are talking about later results rather

than conditions (when if means “if it is true that”:
They will pay him if he will get a good article.
- if it was/were not for = this structure is used to say that one
particular event or situation changes everything:
If it wasn’t his position for the former job, he’d never be ….
- if is sometimes left out at the beginning of a sentence in a
conversational style
Were he my boss (= If he were my boss), I’d tell him about this
thing.
- unless = has a similar meaning to if not, in the sense of
‘except if’
I’ll take the job unless the pay is too low. (if/except the pay isn’t
too low)
- ‘if only’ = it is used when we would like things to be
different. It means the same as I wish…, but is more emphatic. The
clause with if only often stands alone, without a main clause. We use
the same tenses after If only…! as after I wish
- past to talk about the present: If only I knew more people!
- Were is used instead was. This is considered more correct in a
formal style.
If only he were more attentive!
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses
1. The police …………………… (arrest) him if they catch him.
127
 2. More tourists ……………………….. (come) to this country
if it had a better climate.
3. They ………………………(buy) shares in that company if
they trusted the manager.
4. If you ……………………. (not belong) to a union you
couldn’t get a job.
5. What you ………………………(do) if you found a burglar in
your house?
6. If we had more rain our crops …………………………(grow)
faster.
7. If they …………………… (ban) the sale of the alcohol at
football matches there might be less violence.
8. They’ll have to move upstairs if the river ……………………
(rise) any higher.
9. If they had known that the river was dangerous the tourists
………………... (not try) to swim across it.
10. He would have been arrested if he ……………………..
(try) to leave the country.
11. No one bathes here. The water is heavily polluted. If they
……………………(bathe) in it they ……………………..(be) ill.
II. Translate into English:
1. Ar fi terminat mai repede campania antidrog dacă ar fi ajutat-o şi
ceilalţi.
………………………………………………………………………..
2. Nu s-ar fi înrolat în armată dacă ar fi ştiut că este atât de greu.
………………………………………………………………………….
3. Teroristul ar fi ales altă ţintă dacă ar fi fost şeful bandei.
………………………………………………………………………..
4. Procurorul ar fi acordat mandat de percheziţie dacă poliţia ar
fi cerut asta.
…………………………………………………………………………
5. Acuzatul ar fi pledat “nevinovat” dacă avocatul l-ar fi sfătuit
să o facă.
…………………………………………………………………………
6. Armata filipineză ar fi intervenit dacă ar fi ştiut că are acordul
americanilor.
………………………………………………………………………….
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 7. Partidul comunist uzbec ar creşte cotizaţiile dacă ar avea mai
mulţi simpatizanţi.
…………………………………………………………………………
8. Bush ar fi atacat mai devreme Irakul dacă nu ar fi întâmpinat
opoziţia Naţiunilor Unite.
………………………………………………………………………..
9. Martorul ocular ar da o declaraţie dacă ar primi o recompensă.
………………………………………………………………………..
10. Strategia Pentagonului s-ar schimba dacă Arabia Saudită ar
fi de acord cu propunerile Casei Albe.
………………………………………………………………………..
11. Tony Blair ar avea mai puţine probleme dacă nu i-ar sprijini
necondiţionat pe americani.
…………………………………………………………………………
12. China ar încerca să intimideze din nou Taiwanul, dacă
guvernul de la Taipei s-ar înarma cu ultimul tip de rachete.
………………………………………………………………………….

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 UNIT 13

WORLD OF SPORTS
I. Choose from the list A-I the best phrase to fill each of the spaces
BIRTH OF THE OLYMPICS
It all began in 776 BC, with a simple foot (1) … . Every four
years from then, (2) … there for a festival in honour of the god Zeus.
Apart from foot racing, the event (3) … wrestling, boxing and
pentathlon. Winners became overnight heroes (4)… to mark a span of
four years which they called the Olympiad.
The games lasted for nearly 1200 years, until AD 393, when the
Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I (5) …. A millennium and a
half later, (6) … of good-natured but serious competition. Baron
Pierre de Coubertin’s (7) … an officer in the French Army. But de
Coubertin believed that the cause of peace would be better served by a
regular meeting (8) … to realizing his dream. During the 1890s he
(9) … and at last persuaded them to revive the name and the spirit of
the ancient Olympic Games.
a) family wanted him to become
b) a French baron began a campaign to recreate that spirit
c) made speech after speech to international sports associations,
d) race of about 200m held at Olympia in Greece.
e) came to include
f) athletes as well as poets and artists met
g) banned all such ‘pagan’ celebrations
h) and the festival merited a permanent place in the Greek calendar
i) of amateur, world-class athletes and dedicated his energy
II. SPORTS IDIOMS. A number of English idioms have their
origin in sports. Here are some idioms originating in different sports:
archery, boxing, chess, cricket, football, riding, sailing. Match the
idiom on the left with its definition on the right.

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a) to be at the helm 1) to encourage someone
b) to be out of the count 2) to have a long successful
c) to rock the boat life/term of office
d) to be champing at the bit 3) to act on one’s own initiative
e) to have had a good innings 4) to get a stage in a dispute
f) to spur someone on to something where no action can be taken by
either side
g) to give someone free rein 5) to disturb someone’s
self-confidence
h) be on the ball 6) to be quick and alert
i) to have more than one string 7) to have an alternative open to one
to one’s bow 8) to allow someone to do what
they want
j) to take the wind out of 9) to be in charge
someone’s sails 10) to disturb a pleasant situation
k) to reach stalemate 11) to be impatient to get started
l) to do something off one’s own 12) to be exhausted, deeply
bat asleep
III. Choose one of the idioms from Exercise II to complete the
sentences below. You may need to make slight changes to make the
idioms fit grammatically in some cases
1. The parents were very impressed by the way their little son
has tidied up his room. He did it entirely ………………
2. We suppose these athletes are exhausted from all the
marathon. They are really…..…
3. She had been the chairperson for the charity committee for ten
years when she called it a day last year. She had certainly
…………………………………. ………….
4. This professor lets students approach the project in their own
way. He thinks it’s better to ………………
5. She has been attending the optional training course because
she thinks she will….……. in her career.
6. With the new president …….………the company’s business
reached a peak.
7. Everything was going smoothly at project presentation until
the new manager ………
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 8. They had to leave the party because their children were
already ……………………..
9. The new engineer deserves to get the job. He’s really
………..unlike other applicants.
10. The politician was addressing the audience quite happily
when a journalist …………by asking him a question that absolutely
floored him.
11. Unfortunately the talks about reaching a verdict ……………
12. She made a career on the stage only because her family …
………….……
IV. Match the following idioms about fair play to their meanings:
a. add insult to injury 1. be an unfair or cowardly act
b. be a good sport 2. do something very bad without
being punished
c. be a hit below the belt 3. criticize sharply
d. fair shake 4. be severely wronged
e. get away with murder 5. be someone who has a good
sense of fair play
f. get burned 6. make bad trouble worse
g. give someone the ax 7. surprise someone in an
unpleasant way
h. rake someone over the coals 8. honest treatment
i. throw someone a curve 9. fire an employee without warning
V. Choose one of the idioms from Exercise IV to complete the
sentences below:
1. In the divorce settlement, Alice ………. Her ex-husband got
everything and she got nothing.
2. The football coach ……… John ………. He assured John he
would be picked up for the team, but in the end, he told him he
was not well trained.
3. When Jim failed the test for the third time, his German teacher
told him he would never learn to speak German. The teacher’s
comment was ……….
4. When Tim smashed his car, the insurance company gave him a…
…… They gave him enough money to repair his car.
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5. When the little boy broke his grandma’s vase, she ………him
………. He told him he was a clumsy and naughty boy.
6. The manager of the company ……… Peter ……… . One day
Peter came to work, and with no warning, he was fired.
7. Mary wanted to go for a picnic but all her friends decided to see a
movie. She ………and accepted the decision of the group.
8. Nancy didn’t send the letters her boss had given to her in the
morning. He really got mad and ………, he told her that she
would be fired.
9. He used to steal his parents’ money and …… …for many years
because his parents didn’t say anything to him.
VI. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each space
Watching television can be harmful for your health, (1) ………
when you factor in the weight of modern remote control gadgetry.
(2) ……… was offered by Rio Ferdinand, English soccer’s new $27
million rated defender, who stained a tendon bending over to change
channels. He (3) ……… a long list of sport stars who have come a
cropper in unusual circumstance, (4) ……… former Chelsea
goalkeeper Dave Beasant, who dropped a jar of mayonnaise and broke
his foot (5) ……… to trap it, and English cricketer Derek Pingle who
pulled a hamstring writing a letter. However the first prize must
(6) ……… to the US soccer trainer for the 1930 World Cup match
(7) ……… Argentina, who sprinted out onto the (8) ……… to treat an
injured player, fell over in spectacular fashion and in the process
broke a bottle of chloroform he was (9) ………. The chloroform
rendered him totally unconscious and he had to be dragged off the
field (10) ……… his feet. (Sport Business, 2001)
VII. Answer the following questions:
1. What kind of music do you enjoy? Choose from the types of
music listed here: rock, blues, reggae, classical, country and western,
rock and roll, musical, soundtrack, jazz, heavy metal
2. What’s the difference between these pairs of words: a) composer/
conductor, b) song/tune c) orchestra/band, d) compilation/double album,
e) single/album?
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 VIII. Read the text below and cross out the unnecessary words:
Ten minutes of Mozart can to improve your intelligence by
almost 10 per cent, scientists have report today. Unfortunately the
effect is temporary and it only lasts about 15 minutes long.
Psychologists said that anyone can improve their IQ after been
listening to a complex composition. They found that 10 minutes of
Mozart’s Sonata for the two pianos in D major improved the IQ scores
of 36 of volunteers by an average of nine points more. When the same
volunteers were listened to simple sounds such as relaxation tapes, or
experienced silence, there had been very little change, the researchers
report in the science journal, Nature.
Although the researchers could offer no explanation for their
finding, but they said there had long been a belief that people who are
interested in music are tend to perform better at intellectually
demanding tasks. The theory is that a complex musical patterns
stimulate the nerves in the brain. Listening to Mozart for long periods
of time, however, he still only gives a temporary improvement.
IX. That’s show business. Complete the extracts with the
expressions from the box below.
a) cast b) encore c) entertainer d) revival
e) first night/opening night/premiere f) megastar
g) performances h) preview i) sell-out
j) played to full/packed house
k) supporting actor/actress l) extra
m) rapturous/thunderous applause
n) reviews (bad reviews/mixed reviews/rave reviews)
o) run p) shows r)starlet
s) leading actor/actress t) blockbuster

1. When the producer David Johnson put on Arthur Miller’s “Death of

a Salesman” last Thursday, it ……… while Tom Hanks was in the
……… and the ………had to be extended.
2. Madonna’s first London concert was cancelled off yesterday. The
……… of her ……… of three ……… on the stadium was
postponed until tomorrow.

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3. Vanity Fair could, according to industry estimates, make 5 million $
for the 55 old …… next year. Last Friday, more than 250,000 people
paid 50 $ each to watch Cheer on the stage in New York. She was
off to ….………. in Boston and Philadelphia.
4. The audience showed their appreciation at the end of the performance
by ……… and demanded an ………
5. The first ……… of a play or opera or showings of a film are often
………
6. It’s amazing how this young lady turned into a ……, a living legend,
after having been a poor ……… for many years.
7. A play or opera, or an opera production, may be new, or it may be a
………
8. If some critics like something and others don’t, it gets ………, even
if this expression is often used when the ……… are mainly, or even
only, bad.
9. This famous actor started his career as an ………, when the director
saw him and cast him for the ……… and the movie was even a
………
X. Which words in the box:
1) banner headline 2) chat show/talk show 3) classified
4) game show 5) God slot 6) gossip column 7) home
8) masthead 9) obituary 10) phone-in 11) quiz show
12) scoop 13) sitcom 14 ) soap opera/soap
are television programmes: ……………….………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
or words to name the parts of a newspaper: ………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….
XI. Now use some of the words in the box to complete the
following sentences:
1. Her fiction was derived from “Young and Restless” and other
glossy ……… which are consumed in United States. She is also
going to write scripts for comedies. The first one will be a ………
about an “ordinary” rich family.
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2. While interviewing a priest in the ………, the host tripped over
some wires and the programme was live and during prime-time.
3. Everybody enjoyed The Liberty’s front page headline – under its
new red ………
4. She was often accused of having taken an excessive interest in the
private lives of celebrities. By the mid-nineties she had her
……… in that tabloid.
5. By combining the ……… with the ………, he was able to win the
rating battle with his interactive show.
6. He is a good host of the show because he always knows his
contestants very well. High audience figures for his ………
attracted more advertising/commercials.
7. “The National” ran an interesting article on the journalist who
died in the blast. There is a touching ……… about his life and
career in the 8th page.

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

I. The can be used for many different reasons. Match each
reason with an example sentence or phrase
1. There was a terrible winter. a. when only one exists
The winter was very long.
2. The earth goes round the sun. b. when the object is known
by everybody
3. They didn’t like the house c. with musical instruments
they saw yesterday.
4. Where’s the car? (the car that d. when the person or the object
used to be parked there) is mentioned for a second time
5. Almost all the students are e. when we make something
in the yard. definite by adding extra
information
6. The violinist plays the piano too. f. with adjectives to describe
a class or a group
7. It was the most interesting site g. when location means only
the tourists have visited one thing is being referred to
8. The poor and the unemployment h. with titles and place names
were the main subjects of the that have the idea of
conference.
9. The president of The United States i. with superlatives
of America is visiting Romania.
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 II. When do we not use the article? Match the examples with
their description
1. beauty, love
2. Dogs are faithful.
3. butter, milk, petrol, wood
4. home, hospital, work
5. Bucharest, Brussels
6. Dinner is served.
7. Queen Mary
8. tennis, football, red, blue
9. Regent Street; Hyde Park;
20, Regent St.
a. most names of towns, cities, countries
b. names of meals
c. titles with proper names
d. names of sports, activities, colors
e. streets, parks, addresses
f. uncountable nouns
g. countable objects in general
h. abstract nouns
i. some places/locations

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

I. A/An can be used only with singular countable nouns. A/An
can be used for many different reasons. Match each reason with an
example sentence or phrase
1. distance/fuel a) This cheese costs 90p a pound
2. distance/speed b) A quarter of twelve is a three.
3. fractions c) This board measures exactly a meter across.
4. frequency/time d) The child had a terrible toothache.
5. illness e) This old car can go at 70 km an hour.
6. money f) The workers have two breaks a day.
7. price/weight g) A thousand of poor people got free gifts for
Christmas.
8. weight/measures h) He can ride his car for 30 miles a gallon.
9. whole numbers i) He received only one dollar for having carried
a huge bag.

II. Complete the following sentences with either a, an, the

or nothing
1. … pollution is destroying … environment.
2. … president is going to visit ….. France and ….. United
Kingdom.

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 3. …. price of … petrol is going down. … petrol they have sold
this morning was … cheapest in … area.
4. … timber is more expensive than it used to be. In fact, … timber
they used to make … furniture for … restaurant was 10$ … meter.
5. … life seems to be easier for … rich.
6. … zoo has many examples of … wildlife especially …
fishes and … fox.
7. He is … interesting person. He was … leader of …
Conservative Party.
8. … sulphur dioxide is produced by … power stations.
9. … Britain is one of … worst polluters.
10. … greenhouse effect will cause droughts in … entire world.
11. There is …little evidence to show these gases have … bad
effect on … development of … babies.
12. … most people in … Italy choose to have … pet rather than
have … children.
13. They used to have two holiday homes, one in … mountains
and one at … seaside.
14. Many people believe that … government has … limited
responsibility.
15. Almost all … men who live in this town work in … mine.

III. Put ”a”, ”an” or ”the” where necessary:

1. ………English are known for ………amount of ……… tea
they drink.
a) a b) an c) the d) –
2. The problem of … …… abandoned children is ……… one
that has puzzled ………government for years.
a) a b) an c) the d) –
3. The English tradition of hunting ……… fox is being called
into………question by ……… groups of protestors.
a) a b) an c) the d) –
4. ………people say that ……… rich have a duty to help
………homeless and those who are out of ……… work.
a) a b) an c) the d) –

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 5. Prince Charles has become involved in ………many activities
relating to ……architecture and ………arts in general.
a) a b) an c) the d) –
6. …Atlantic Ocean lies between …………Great Britain and
……… United States.
a) a b) an c) the d) –
7. This forest, which is ………home of ………rare species of
plants and wildlife, is under threat by ………developers.
a) a b) an c) the d) –
8. ………. expedition to …… Carpethians was held up due to
………several delays in ……… delivery of ……… supplies.
a) a b) an c) the d) –
9. During ……… First War World, ……… Germans swept
through ………Europe.
a) a b) an c) the d) –

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 UNIT 14

REVISION
I. Choose the word which best completes the sentence
(vocabulary):
1. It is very hard to find an antidot for this virus because there
are so many different … of the disease.
a) branches b) strains c) divisions d) species
2. The angry football supporters … their fists at the referee.
a) clenched b) pressed c) clasped d) gripped
3. At the height of her fame, the actress returned to her native
little town … a heroine.
a) at b) in c) like d) as
4. The TV station, in … to massive popular demand, decided not
to discontinue the sitcom.
a) answer b) reply c) response d) reaction
5. When the hijacked flight landed, the airline staff simply abandoned
the passangers and left them all … and dry at the wrong airport.
a) high b) safe c) warm d) down
6. The audience did not seem very … about the sudden changes
to the theatre program.
a) enthusiastic b) respectful c) sympathetic d) sarcastic
7. A government’s … support during its term of office may
become apparent during a by-election.
a) caretaker b) grassroots c) interim d) marginal
8. His parents wished they’d never bought him a box – all he
ever does it sit …to the box!
a) glued b) stuck c) sealed d) fixed
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 9. The reporters … over their ideas for several hours before
putting them in writing.
a) analyzed b) passed c) talked d) issued
10. The actress was very depressed towards the end of her life,
because although she had been successful, she had never felt that she
had really … it.
a) arrived b) climbed c) made d) reached
11. When a government is elected, there is often a … period
when people are not too critical of it.
a) crisis b) honeymoon c) political d) stand up
wilderness
12. On the news there was some dramatic … of the flood that
had been captured by an amateur cameraman.
a) landscape b) scenery c) footage d) shooting
13. No sooner had the refugees been evacuated from the resort
… the bombing started.
a) as b) than c) then d) when
14. Despite their initial objection about the concert, the
organizer soon … them playing together.
a) had b) made c) organized d) persuaded
15. The manager tried to … a straight face but he couldn’t help
laughing at the candidate.
a) hold b) keep c) maintain d) take
16. The Military Forces may … power in a coup d’état, putsch
or military takeover and impose martial law, or military control, on the
country.
a) depose b) handover c) seize d) take
17. The actor had such a feeble voice that his audience just …
into laugher every time he spoke.
a) dissolved b) fell c) melted d) went
18. All the audience fell … laughing when the singer tripped
over her microphone.
a) about b) in c) out d) through
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 19. If, in a system usually dominated by two parties, neither party
gets an overall majority, commentators talk about a … parliament.
a) breakaway b) fringe c) hung d) splinter
20. Measles is a catching disease characterized … high fever and
skin eruption.
a) at b) by c) of d) with
21. The book about the ambassador’s affair is finally … in
paperback.
a) down b) in c) out d) up
22. Is there any evidence that teenagers are turning … more
often?
a) down b) out c) to d) up
23. The situation is out of control, so they asked their colleague
to come …
a) between b) by c) in d) on
24. The firefighters … their hoses on the source of the blaze in
an effort to contain the fire.
a) drawn b) pulled c) rounded d) turned
25. The politicians of the Conservative Party want a … mandate
to raise value-added tax.
a) fresh b) good c) re-elect d) swing
26. Doctors are trying to discover why some old people are more
susceptible … illness than others.
a) about b) on c) to d) with
27. He advised her not to feel under any … to take on that job if
she really disliked the idea.
a) commitment b) duty c) obligation d) responsibility
28. Criminals can be broken … into two distinct types- the
hardened criminal and the opportunist.
a) down b) into c) out d) up
29. Ministers may be given new posts, or lose their posts, in a
cabinet …
a) quit b) reshuffle c) resign d) stand down
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 30. The man was arrested … suspicion … murder.
a) of/with b) on/of c) under/of d) with /of
31. When the son of the deceased heard the judge’s sentence he
poured … his grievance to the press.
a) down b) off c) out d) up
32. The suspects were … up for questioning by the police and
forced to hand over their possessions.
a) covered b) pulled c) rounded d) turned
33. When two parties or candidates have about the same amount
of support, they are said to be level …
a) coming b) going c) meeting d) pegging
34. Open plains are … of the geography of south Romania.
a) specific b) separate c) characteristic d) proper
35. When the crowd started to get …, the police moved in and
made a lot of arrests.
a) deregulated b) ruled out c) unregulated d) unruly
36. The witness said that she would have no … about reporting
the crime to the police.
a) concerns b) feelings c) qualms d) worries
37. The death penalty was … many years ago in this country.
a) aborted b) abolished c) absolved d) abstained
38. Thousands of pounds’ worth of … were stolen from the museum.
a) gifts b) goods c) treasures d) valuables
39. Whoever wins faces the prospect of leading a …
administration.
a) collapse b) crisis c) incumbent d) lame duck
40. There is a(n) … training period before you start work.
a) initial b) first c) primary d) beginning
41. There’s a … of coloured hats in the shop window.
a) scene b) view c) sight d) display
42. They wore thick gloves and scarves to protect them … the cold.
a) for b) by c) from d) at
143
 43. Many women want to … advantage of the sale at the shoe
shop while it’s on.
a) have b) make c) get d) take
44. A riot with fighting, stone-throwing, damage to vehicles and
buildings may be accompanied by …: breaking into shops or houses
during a riot to steal things.
a) burglarizing b) looting c) robbing d) stealing
45. The bank clerk asked for some … of woman’s identity, such
as passport or driver’s licence.
a) card b) notice c) note d) proof
46. A large number of people in this institution have stopped
smoking … recent years.
a) in b) for c) from d) since
47. The American Indians have sued the government for the
return of their … lands.
a) ancestral b) antique c) hereditary d) inherited
48. They will need to apply for a visa at least two months … of
their trip.
a) ahead b) in front c) before d) earlier
49. The shop assistant can’t give you your money back unless
you have a(n) … for the pullover.
a) bill b) invoice c) ticket d) receipt
50. The children were … despair when their cat went missing
from home.
a) about b) in c) on d) with
51. In some African countries there have been widespread
demands for the …of Safari hunting.
a) extinction b) annihilation c) extermination d) abolition
52. The lady was able to pick … one of the men who mugged
her in an identity parade.
a) down b) into c) out d) up
53. Having heard their president latest speech people realized he
got a real … with words.
a) conduct b) demeanour c) manner d) way
144
 54. Confidential documents leaked to the press have … speculation
that the president of the Conservative Party was going to resign.
a) developed b) enhanced c) fuelled d) raised
55. The president … five key politicians before announcing who
the new Minister of Economy was going to be.
a) sounded out b) brought into c) interrogated d) enquired
question
56. The Prime Minister accused the President of orchestrating a
…campaign against him.
a) jeer b) scorn c) smear d) sneer
57. After a career ..… forty years, the local councillor has just
retired.
a) lapsing b) pending c) ranging d) spanning
58. Many African people are so poor that they live from hand to…
a) hand b) leg c) head d) mouth
59. Race relations in that part of the country are unlikely to
improve until people overcome their … feelings towards Black
population.
a) internal b) inside c) interior d) innate
60. It’s dangerous to swim in this part of the river because of the
strong …
a) stream b) tide c) current d) flood
61. As you are non-resident in this country, you are … to vote.
a) inequitable b) illegible c) ilegal d) ineligible
62. After the revolution, many people eventually found a safe …
in America.
a) sanctuary b) haven c) asylum d) refuge
63. On reflection, the gossip columnist realized that she had
been …unfair in his harsh criticism of the musical.
a) somewhat b) anywhere c) whatever d) moreover
64. Movies sometimes overdo their portrayal of reality, …
example is this “war” film.
a) take b) one such c) such as d) like
145
 65. The crowds of teenagers ………the streets trying to catch
sight of the famous singer.
a) thronged b) flocked c) huddled d) overpopulated
66. The in-depth cultural news bulletins are aimed … an
educated audience.
a) at b) for c) to d) in
67. A new … of programmes on English history will be
broadcast on Channel 2 in the spring.
a) series b) sequence c) serial d) episode
68. The Iraqi president denied they were ……… nuclear
weapons.
a) collecting b) reserving c) stockpiling d) hoarding
69. The angry football supporters … their fists at the referee.
a) clenched b) pressed c) clasped d) gripped
70. The death penalty was … many years ago in this country.
a) aborted b) abolished c) absolved d) abstained
71. In all … there will be fraudulous elections in this country.
a) probability b) possibilities c) odds d) certainty
72. Motorway traffic was … after a lorry overturned and spilt its
load over the first lane.
a) deflected b) digressed c) diverged d) diverted
73. The bus skidded to a halt after … its headlights smashed in
the crash.
a) making b) doing c) having d) letting
74. They declared they weren’t serious investors, but they liked
to … in the stock market.
a) splatter b) splash c) paddle d) dabble
75. The mysterious case of the missing M P has become the …
of considerable interest of the press over the last days.
a) focus b) middle c) pin-point d) target
76. It’s unbelievable how many small children … in this country.
a) implore b) plead c) entreat d) beg

146
 77. Conversations people strike up with traveling acquaintances
usually tend to be ….
a) insufficient b) imperative c) indiscreet d) trivial
78. The delay to the flight was brought … by bad weather.
a) down b) up c) about d) in
79. The man known as Prince Paul claims that he is the … heir
of the royal family.
a) authentic b) correct c) rightful d) due
80. Managers of the companies have to consider the age of the
population when they are … new staff.
a) enrolling b) enlisting c) recruiting d) raising
81. The two men were … out of 200 applicants for the positions
of counselors.
a) short-handed b) short-listed c) short-sighted d) short-changed
82. The leader rehearsed his speech again and again until he was
sure that he was word ...
a) exact b) perfect c) accurate d) precise
83. The experts haven’t had time to complete their
investigations, but they have concluded … that the explosion was
caused by a bomb.
a) terminally b) tentatively c) tenuously d) temporally
84. Most of the European countries have … compulsory military
service.
a) annulled b) aborted c) abolished d) abstracted
85. A serious … of foot-and-mouth disease caused hundreds of
cattle to be destroyed.
a) attack b) incident c) outbreak d) sickness
86. Most popular magazines and tabloids have a(n) … page where
letters about difficulties with love, money and family are answered.
a) advice b) agony c) personal d) problem
87. It is almost unbelievable that so many young people complete
their education … learning to read properly.
a) apart from b) except c) unless d) without

147
 88. They have just bought a house in the country and they are
often cut … civilization.
a) across b) down c) off d) out
89. In two month’s time their visa will have … out and they will
have to go back home.
a) been b) got c) run d) went
90. The environmental … for the future is mixed.
a) outline b) outset c) outcome d) outlook
91. The statistics show that traditional nuclear family is
something of a ….
a) legend b) story c) myth d) fabrication
92. The private detective who had been hired to … down the
missing children finally found them in Italy.
a) catch b) chase c) follow d) track
93. Many people think that successfully bringing up three
children on your own has been no … achievement.
a) mean b) pale c) poor d) slim
94. Mary and Tom seemed to …second thoughts about marriage.
a) have been b) being have c) be having d) being had
had
95. Although they have four children of their own, this couple
has …three others for the town authority.
a) supported b) fostered c) sustained d) upheld
96. The sudden movement of the train threw many passengers
… balance.
a) in b) off c) out d) with
97. The over-use of fertilizers and pesticides is one of the
greatest threats … wildlife today.
a) for b) at c) of d) to
98. As soon as the President stepped out of the car, guards
moved … action to hold back the crowds.
a) in b) into c) to d) with

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 99. The private school ran … financial trouble when 85% of the
staff went on strike.
a) into b) in c) on d) off
100. The price of shares in the company went up …over 50% when
they signed the agreement with the biggest oil company in the world.
a) at b) by c) to d) with

KEY:
(1. – b; 2. – a; 3. – d; 4. – c; 5. – a; 6. – b; .7 –b; 8.- b; 9. -c; 10 – c,
11. – b; 12. – c; 13. – b; 14. – a; 15. – b; 16. – c; 17. –a ; 18. – a; 19. – b;
20. – b; 21. – c; 22. – c; 23. – c; 24. – d; 25. - a; 26. – c; 27. – c; 28. – a;
29 – b; 30. – b; 31 – c; 32 – c; 33. – d; 34. – c; 35 – d; 36. - c; 37 – b;
38 – d; 39 – d; 40 – a; 41 – c; 42 – c; 43 – d; 44 – b; 45 – d; 46 – a;
47 – a; 48 – a; 49 – a; 50 – b; 51 – a; 52 – c; 53. – a; 54. – c; 55 – a;
56 – c; 57 – d; 58. – d; 59. – c; 60. – c; 61. – d; 62. – c; 63. – a; 64. – b;
65. – c; 66. –a; 67. – a; 68. – c; 69. – a; 70. – b; 71 – c; 72. – d; 73. – c;
74. – d; 75. – a; 76. – d; 77. – d, 78 – c; 79 – c; 80.- c; 81 – b; 82 – b;
83. – b; 84. -c; 85 - c; 86. – b; 87.- d; 88. – c; 89. c; 90. – b; 91. – c,
92.-d; 93. – c; 94. – c, 95. – b, 96. – b, 97. -d; 98. -b; 99. -a ; 100. – b.)

II. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (grammar):
1. The airplane in which the foreign delegation (travel) (crash)
soon after taking off.
a) is traveling, b) was traveling, c) has been traveling,
crashes crashed crashed
2. While he (make) his speech the minister suddenly (feel) faint.
a) makes, feels b) made, felt c) was making, felt
3. No sooner the president (start) his discourse than the crowd
(begin) to cheer.
a) started, began b) had started, began c) starts, begin
4. The spokeswoman (apologize) the minister because he
(miss) the meeting.
a) apologized/ missed b) apologized/ had c) apologizes/ had
missed missed
149
 5. George W. Bush (faint) while he (watch) a football match.
a) fainted/watched b) fainted/was c) faints/watched
watching
6. It is believed that Civil Servants (be) given short shrift by the
Government when they (submit) their latest pay claim.
a) will be/ submit b) will be/ will c) will be/ will have
submit submitted
7. The Member of Parliament (ask) what (be) the role of the
press in the election process.
a) asked /was b) was asking/was c) asked/had been
8. The members of the Democratic Party (state) they (not back)
that candidate any more.
a) stated/would not b) stated/will not c) were stating/will
back back not back
9. The spokesman (tell) that the MPs (be) under public pressure
to discuss the Bill.
a) told/ had been b) tells/had been c) told/were
10. They (finish) an opinion survey two days before the general
elections (take) place.
a) finished/took b) finished/had taken c) had finished/took
11. The chairman said the non governmental organization (be)
now in much better shape to face the future but they (not be) yet out
of the wood.
a) is/ had not been b) was/were not c) was/has not been
12. The secretary (tell) Ministry of Education the union’s
representatives (ring) up all he morning complaining about getting
low salaries.
a) tells/ring b) was telling/were c) told/had been
ringing ringing
13. The secretary (say) the Minister of Education (not negociate)
with the teachers on strike.
a) says/wouldn’t b) says/wouldn’t c) said/wouldn’t
negociated have negociate negociate
150
 14. The mayor (talk) again of building a new library for
children, but any plan (seem) unlikely to get off the ground, at least
for several years.
a) is talking/seems b) talks/seems c) has been
talking/seems
15. The Chairman of the Deputy Chamber (warn) politicians
(not miss) the meetings any more.
a) is warning/to not b) warned/to not miss c) warned/not to miss
miss
16. The President (admit) he (not run) for presidency any more
a) admitted/won’t run b) admitted/wouldn’t c) admitted/wouldn’t
have ran run
17. The District Attorney (issue) a search warrant when the
police (ask) for it.
a) would issued/ask b) would have c) will issue/ask
issued/has asked
18. Three men (fight) at a street corner and a policeman (try) to
stop them.
a) have been b) fought/tried c) were fighting/was
fighting/tried trying
19. A teenager (arrest) in Wales for alledgly hacking into
e-commerce Web sites (obtain) the credit cards of Bill Gates.
a) was arrested/had b) is arrested/had c) was
obtained obtained arrested/obtained
20. The examination just (begin) and the students (write) their
names.
a) had begun/were b) had begun/ wrote c) began/were writing
writing
21. The audience (not hear) what the lecturer (say).
a) aren’t hearing/is b) don’t hear/says c) don’t hear/is
saying saying

151
 22. The news presenter (announce) that a woman (come) in
hospital with a hurt abandoned child.
a) announces/come b) announced/comes c) announced/had
come
23. They (not vote) about this because one of the members
(miss).
a) didn’t vote, missed b) hadn’t voted, c) didn’t vote, had
missed missed
24. There (be) an accident and men (carry) the injured people to
an ambulance.
a) was/carried b) had been/were c) was/ were carrying
carrying
25. The prisoner (escape) by climbing the wall of the garden
where he (work).
a) was escaping, b) escaped, worked c) escaped, was
worked working

26. There (be) reason to think that if the employers (be) to make
the first move, the unions would be prepared to meet them half way.
a) is/were b) was/ are c) is/are
27. The employer (ask) how long (work) two of his employees
there.
a) asks/had worked b) asked/had been c) asked/were
working working
28. How long (they/dance) in international competitions when
they (retire)?
a) had been b) were c) have
dancing/retired dancing/retired danced/retired
29. That (be) the most interesting theatre play this director
(ever/write).
a) is/has written b) is/wrote c) was/was writing
30. The orator (not continue) until the audience (stop) talking.
a) hadn’t b) didn’t c) didn’t
continued/stop continue/hadn’t continue/stopped
stopped
152
 31.… had the curtain been raised than three actors made their
appearance on the stage.
a) Hardly b) Scarcely c) No sooner d) Barely
32. The manager (remind) her employees (not steal) any more
because they are surveillanced with video cameras.
a) reminds/to not b) reminded/to not c) reminds/not to
steal steal steal
33. The spokesman (say) the team (not win) a single match so
far.
a) says/didn’t win b) said/hadn’t won c) said/didn’t won
34. The hungry tourists (wait) for a restaurant table for an hour
before they finally (get) seated.
a) have been b) had been c) were waiting/got
waiting/got waiting/got

35. By the time the tourists (arrive) at the airport, their plane
(already/take) off.
a) arrived/ took b) had arrived/took c) arrived/had taken
36. Travelers (struggle) over the week-end to find the few trains
in Italy that (run) during a 24-hour strike, the latest in a string of
transport walkouts.
a) struggle/ run b) struggled/ were c) were struggling/
running ran
37. After these children (be) in Britain for their summer holiday
they (learn) to speak English well.
a) have been/were b) had been/learnt c) were/were
learning speaking
38. The passengers (fasten) their seat belts before the plane
(land).
a) had b) fastened/land c) were
fastened/landed fastening/landed
39. The tourists (walk) through the countryside when the storm
(hit).
a) were walking/hit b) walked/hit c) were walking/was
hitting
153
 40. The flight attendant (announce) the passengers the flight
(be) cancelled due to fog.
a) announced/ b) announced/will be c) is announcing/
would be would be
41. They (estimate) it (be) a fortune to spend a month in a
foreign country.
a) estimated/will be b) estimated/would be c) estimated/have been
42. They (not apply) for a loan because they (eke) out a living
for many years.
a) didn’t apply/had b) hadn’t c)didn’t apply/eked
been eking applied/were eking
43. They (intend) to set up a business but because they (not
have) any capital, they had to shelve the idea.
a) intended/hadn’t b) had c) had
had intended/haven’t had intended/didn’t have
44. They (go) bankrupt if they (borrow ) money from the bank.
a) will go/will not b) will be going/are c) will go/borrow
borrow not borrowing
45. The foreign tourists (visit) some new places before it (get)
dark.
a) are visiting/is b) are going to c) visit/is getting
getting visit/gets
46. The students (write) their multiple choice tests when the
teacher (tell) them to stop.
a) wrote/told b) were writing/was c) were writing/told
telling
47. Some of the employees (say) they (work) any more if the
manager hadn’t come to talk to them yesterday.
a) said/didn’t work b) say/don’t work c) said/wouln’t have
worked
48. The peasants (advise) to lower the price if they (want) to
sell all their vegetables.
a) have been advised/ b) were c) are advised/will
wanted advised/wanted want

154
 49. Many commuters (complain) the reporter that their bus (be)
late every morning.
a) are complaining/ b) complain/has been c) are
was complaining/has been
50. If the company (launch) that new product they (lose) a lot of
money.
a) would launch/ lost b) launched/would c) launched/would
lose have lost

KEY:
(1. – b; 2 – c; 3. – b; 4. – b; 5. – b; 6. – a; 7. - c; 8. – a; 9. – a; 10. – b;
11.- b; 12. – c; 13. – c; 14. – c, 15. – c; 16. – b; 17.- c; 18. – c; 19. – a,
20. – a; 21. – c; 22. – c; 23. – c, 24. – b; 25. – c; 26. – a; 27. – b; 28. – a;
29. – c; 30. – b; 31. – a, 32. – c; 33. – b; 34. – b; 35. – c; 36. – b; 37.- b;
38. – a; 39. – a; 40. – a; 41. – b; 42. – a; 43. – a; 44. – c; 45. – b; 46. - c;
47. - c; 48. - b; 49. – c; 50. –b.)

155
 ANNEX 1
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Traducere
be was/were been a fi
become became become a deveni
begin began begun a începe
bite bit bitten a muşca
bleed bled bled a sângera
blow blew blown a sufla, a bate
break broke broken a sparge
bring brought brought a aduce
broadcast broadcast broadcast a emite / transmite
build built built a construi
burn burnt burnt a arde
burst burst burst a izbucni
buy bought bought a cumpăra
catch caught caught a prinde
choose chose chosen a alege
come came come a veni
cost cost cost a costa
creep crept crept a se târî
cut cut cut a tăia
deal dealt dealt a face afaceri
dig dug dug a săpa
do did done a face
draw drew drawn a desena
dream dreamt dreamt a visa
drink drank drunk a bea
drive drove driven a conduce
dwell dwelled/welt dwelled/dwelt a locui
eat ate eaten a mânca
fall fell fallen a cădea
feed fed fed a hrăni
feel felt felt a simţi
fight fought fought a lupta
find found found a găsi
fly flew flown a zbura
forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
forget forgot forgotten a uita

156
forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
freeze froze frozen a îngheţa
get got got /gotten a obţine
give gave given a da
go went gone a merge
grow grew grown a creşte
hang hung hung a atârna
have had had a avea
hear heard heard a auzi
hide hid hidden a (se) ascunde
hit hit hit a lovi
hold held held a ţine
hurt hurt hurt a răni
keep kept kept a păstra
knell knelt knelt a îngenunchia
know knew known a şti
lay laid laid a pune, a aşeza
lead led led a conduce
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt a învăţa
leave left left a pleca, a părăsi
let let let a lăsa, a permite
lend lent lent a da cu împrumut
let let let a lăsa, a permite
lie lay lain a zăcea, a se situa
light lit lit a aprinde
lose lost lost a pierde
make made made a face, a fabrica
mean meant meant a însemna
meet met met a (se) întâlni
pay paid paid a plăti
put put put a pune
read read read a citi
ride rode ridden a călări
ring rang rung a suna
rise rose risen a se ridica/înălţa
run ran run a alerga
say said said a spune
see saw seen a vedea
seek sought sought a cerceta, a căuta
sell sold sold a vinde

157
send sent sent a trimite
set set set a apune, a aranja
shake shook shaken a scutura
shine shone shone a străluci
shoot shot shot a împuşca
show showed shown a arăta, a indica
shut shut shut a închide
sing sang sung a cânta
sink sank sunk a (se) scufunda
sit sat sat a şedea
sleep slept slept a dormi
smell smelled/smelt smelled/smelt a mirosi
speak spoke spoken a vorbi
spell spelt spelt a ortografia
spend spent spent a petrece, a cheltui
stand stood stood a sta în picioare
steal stole stolen a fura
stick stuck stuck a lipi
sting stung stung a înţepa
strike struck struck a lovi
strive strove striven a se strădui
swear swore sworn a jura/înjura
swim swam swum a înota
take took taken a lua
teach taught taught a preda
tell told told a spune, a povesti
think thought thought a gândi, a crede
throw threw thrown a arunca
understand understood understood a înţelege
undertake undertook undertaken a întreprinde
wake woke woken a se trezi
wear wore worn a purta
withdraw withdrew withdrawn a se retrage
win won won a câştiga
write wrote written a scrie

158
 ANNEX 2
EURO ACRONYMS
ACP = African, Caribbean and Pacific countries party to the Lomé Convention
ASEAN= Association of South East Asian Nations
BEUC = The European Bureau of Consumer’s Unions
CADDIA = Cooperation in Automation of Data and Documentation for
Imports/Exports and Agriculture
CAN = Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
CCITT = Consultative Committee on Innovation and Technology Transfer
CCT = Common Customs Tariff
CENTO = Central Treaty Organization
CERD = European Committee for Research and Development
CMEA = Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CODEST = Committee for the European Development of Science and
Technology
COM/COMDOC = Commission Documents
COREPER = Committee of Permanent Representatives
CSCE = Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
DAC = Development Assistance Committee
EAEC = European Atomic Energy Community
EAGGF = European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund
EBRD = European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC = European Community
ECSC = European coal and Steel Community
ECU = European Currency Unit
EDC = European Defence Community
EEC = European Economic Community
EEOC = Equal Employment Opportunities Commission
EFTA = European Free Trade Association
EMS = European Monetary System
EMU = Economic and Monetary Union
ENEA = European Nuclear Energy Agency
EP = European Parliament
ERASMUS = European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of
University Students
ERDF = European Regional Development Fund
ESA = European Space Agency
ETUC = European Trade Union Confederation
EU = European Union
EVCA = European Venture Capital Association

159
FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization
GATT = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IDA = International Development Association
IMF = International Monetary Fund
IRDAC = Industrial Research and Development Advisory Committee
ISO = International Standards Organization
MCA = Monetary Compensatory Amount
MEP = Member of the European Parliament
MN = Merchant Navy
MORI = Market and Opinion Research Institute
NAACP = National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO = non-governmental organization
OCTs = Overseas countries and territories
OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OOPEC = Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
SEA = Single European Act
SEATO = South East Asia Treaty Organization
SHAPE = Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe
STC = Scientific and Technical Committee
SWAPO = South West Africa People’s Organization
TU = Trade Union/ TUC = (BE) Trade Union Congress
UN = United Nations
UNCTAD = United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNHCR = United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICE = Unions of Industries of the European Community (employers’
organization)
UNICEF = United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
UNO = United Nations Organization
WB = World Bank
WCC = World Council of Churches
WEU = Western European Union
WHO = World Health Organization
WWF = World Wildlife Fund
WWW = World Wide Web
YES = Youth exchange scheme for Europe

160
 ANNEX 3

ABBREVIATIONS
AAAA= American Association of Advertising Agencies
ABC = 1. American Broadcasting Corporation; 2. Associated British Cinema
a/c = account current
A.C. = ante Christum (before Christ)
A.D. = anno Domini
AGM = annual general meeting
a.k.a., AKA = also known as
a.m. = ante meridian (before noon)
AMEX = American Stock Exchange
a/o = account of
AOB = any other business
AP = Associated Press
APEX = advance purchase excursion
ASA = 1. American Standard Association; 2. Advertising Standard Authority
a.s.a.p. = as soon as possible
ASPCA = American Society for the Prevention to Cruelty to Animals
ATV = 1. (US) all terrain vehicle; 2. Associated Television
AYLI = as you like it
BA = Bachelor of Arts
BAFTA = Associated Academy of Film and Television Arts
B and B = (BE) bed and breakfast
BBC = British Broadcasting Corporation
BBQ = barbeque
B.C. = Before Christ
b./f, B/F = brought forward
BP = blood pressure
BR = British Railways
Bros = brothers
B.S.E. = bovine spongiform encephalopathy
C/A, c/a = current account
CBS = Columbia Broadcasting System
C & C = cash and carry
CC = 1. (c. of c.) Chamber of Commerce; 2. County Council
CCTV = closed-circuit television
CD = 1. compact disc; 2. Civil Defense
CEO = (US) chief executive officer
CIA = (US) Central Intelligence Agency
CID = Criminal Investigation Department
CNAA = Council for National Academic Awards
161
CNN = (US) Cable News Network
C of E = Church of England
CO = commanding officer; Co = company; c/o = care of
CORE = (US) Congress of Racial Equality
CPI = (US) Consumer Price Index
CSE = (BE) Certificate of Secondary Education
CUCme = see you, see me
CWO = 1. cash with order; = 2. chief warrant officer
DA = (US) District Attorney
dec. = deceased
Dem. = (US) Democrat
DHSS = (BE) Department of Health and Social Services
D.I. = 1. Donor insemination; 2. detective inspector
DIY = do it yourself
DJ = disk jockey
DMZ = demilitarized zone
DNS = domain name system
DOA = dead on arrival
d.o.b. = date of birth
DOE = (US) Department of the Energy; (BE) Department of the Environment
DP = data processing
DST = (US) daylight saving time
DT = data transmission
EA = (US) Educational age
ECG (BE)/ EKG (US) = electrocardiogram; EEG = electroencephalogram
EDI/EDP = electronic data interchange/processing
EFL = English as a Foreign Language
e.g. = for example
ENT = ear, nose, and throat
EOC = Equal Opportunities Commission
EOT = end of transmission
EPA = (US) Environmental Protection Agency
ESL = English as a Second Language
est. = established
ETA = estimated time of arrival
FAQ = frequently asked questions
FBI = (US) Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCO = Foreign and Commonwealth Office
FDA = (US) Food and Drug Administration
FE = further education
FIS = (BE) family income supplement
FM = 1. frequently modulation; 2. Foreign Minister; 3. Field Marshall
162
FO = (BE) Foreign Office
FPA = Family Planning Association
FYI = for your information
GC(S)E = (BE) General Certificate of (Secondary) Education
GDI/GDP = gross domestic income/product
GI = Government issue (soldier)
GMT = Greenwich Mean Time
GNP = gross national product
GP = general practitioner
HAND = have a nice day
HE = His/Her Excellency; HMS = His/Her Majesty’s ship/service
HH = His Holiness
HIV = human immune-deficiency virus
HND = higher national diploma
HP = hire purchase
HQ = headquarters
HR = (US) House of Representatives
HRH = His/Her Royal Highness
Http = hyper text transfer protocol
i/c = in charge of
ICU = intensive care unit
ID = identification
IDD = international direct dealing
Inc. = incorporated; Inc, incl = included/including/inclusive
I/O = input/output
IOU = I owe you
IQ = intelligence quotient
IRA = Irish Republic Army
IRC = Internet relay chat
IRS = (US) Internal Revenue Service
ISBN = International Standard Book Number
IT = information technology
ITC = 1. International Trade Center; 2. (BE) Independent Television Commission
IV = intravenous
IVF = in vitro fertilization
J.C. = Jesus Christ
JITP = just in time production
JP = Justice of Peace
JSA = job seeker’s allowance
Lab = Labor / lab = laboratory
lb = libra (= pound)
163
L /C = letter of credit
LP = long-playing (record)
Ltd = limited (liability)
MA = 1. Master of Arts; 2. (US) Military Academy
MASH = mobile army surgical hospital
MC = 1. Master of Ceremonies; 2 (US) Member of Congress; 3. military cross
MD = 1. Managing Director; 2. Doctor of Medicine
MFN = most-favoured nation
mfrs = manufacturers
mgr = manager
MHR = Member of the House of Representatives
MIA = missing in action
MO = medical officer / MOH (BE) medical officer of health
MP = 1. (BE) Member of Parliament; 2. Military Police
NAAFI = (BE) Navy, Army and Air-Force Institute
NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement
NASA = (US) National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NCCL = (BE) National Council for Civil Liberties
NHS = National Health Service
NSB = National Savings Bank
NSPCC = (BE) National Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children
OAP = old-age pensioner
OBE = Officer (of the order) of the British Empire
OHMS = (BE) On His/Her Majesty’s Service
OM = Order of Merit
OT = Old Testament
OXFAM = Oxford Committee for Famine Relief
p.a. = per annum (yearly)
p.c., pct = per cent; p/c = price current
PA = Personal Assistant, P.A. = Press Association
PAYE = pay-as-you-earn
PBX = private branch exchange
PC = 1. personal computer, 2. police constable; 3. politically correct
PD = 1. police department, 2. postal district; pd = paid
p & h = (US) postage and handling/ p & p = postage and packing
P & L = profits and loss
PG = 1. parental guidance; 2. post graduate
PM = Prime Minister
POS = point of sale
POW = prisoner of war
p.p. = 1. per procurationem; 2. post paid
PR(O) = public relations (officer)
PSV = public service vehicle
164
Pt = 1. pint; 2. point; 3. part
PTA = (BE) Prevention of Terrorism Act; Parent-Teacher Association
Pte = private
PTO/p.t.o. = please turn over
RC = 1. Roman Catholic; 2. Red Cross
R & D = Research and Development
Rep = 1. Republican, 2. Representative
RPI = Retail Price Index/ RRP = recommended retail price
s.a.e. = stamped addressed envelope
SAYE = (BE) save-as-you-earn
SEC = (US) Securities and Exchange Commission
Sen. = senator
Sgt = Sergeant
Soc. = society
SOP = standard operating procedure
S.O.S. = save our souls
Sr = 1. Senior; 2. sister
St = 1. street; 2. saint
STV = single transferable vote
TA = (BE) Territorial Army; (US) teaching assistant
TD = (US) Treasury Department
TM = 1. trademark; 2. transcendental meditation
VA = (US) Veterans Administrations
VAT = value-added tax
VC = vice-chancellor; VP = vice-president
Vet = 1. veterinarian; 2. (US) veteran
VIP = very important person
VISTA = Volunteers in Service to America
WASP = white Anglo-Saxon protestant
wk = week
w/o = without
WO = warrant officer
WORM = write only read many
WP = 1. word processor, 2. weather permitting, 3. Warsaw Pact
WPC = 1. World Peace Council, 2. (BE) Woman Police Constable
wpm = words per minute
WYSIWYG = what you see is what you get
Xmas = Christmas
yd. = yard
yr = year

165
 ANNEX 4

TELEVISION STYLE
Euphemisms. Some jargon words or phrases employed by politicians
and others to mask unpleasant or unpopular actions, or to avoid offence, have
crept into the language:
EUPHEMISM MEANING
air strikes/air support bombing
collateral damage civilian casualties
deprived areas/inner cities, substandard housing slums
developing countries, majority countries, Third World poor countries
downsize/streamline give people the sack
early/premature retirement redundancy
efficiently squeeze, reconstraction sackings
friendly fire killed by your own side
human resource people
interpersonal skills getting on with others
job losses redundancies
legitimate targets police, soldiers
lower income bracket poor
made aware of their responsibilities threaten with the sack
measured response retaliation
movement sheet diary
neutralize kill
re-ordering of priorities budget cuts
reporting guidelines censorship
senior citizen pensioner
soft targets defenseless civilians
take out kill

166
 ANNEX 5

COUNTRY, CAPITAL, LANGUAGE,

NATIONALITY AND CURRENCY
Country Capital Nationality Language Currency
AFGHANISTAN Kabul Afghani Afghani Afghani
ALBANIA Tirana Albanian Albanian Lek
ALGERIA Alger Algerian Algerian Dinar
ANDORRA Andorra la Vella Andorran Catalan Euro
ANGOLA Luanda Angolan Portuguese New Kwanza
ARGENTINA Buenos Aires Argentinean/ Spanish Peso
Argentine
ARMENIA Erevan Armenian Armenian Dram
AUSTRALIA Canberra Australian English Australian Dollar
AUSTRIA Vienna Austrian German Euro
AZERBAIJAN Baku Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Manat
BAHAMAS Nassau Bahamian English Bahamian Dollar
BANGLADESH Dhaka Bangladeshi Bengali Taka
BELARUS Minsk Belarusian Belarusian Rouble
BELGIUM Bruxelles Belgian Dutch, French Euro
BHUTAN Thimphu Bhutanese Tibetan Ngultrum
BOLIVIA Sucre Bolivian Spanish, Quechua Bolivian Peso
BOSNIA Sarajevo Bosnian Serbian Marka
HERZEGOVINA Croatian
BRAZIL Brasília Brazilian Portuguese Real
BULGARIA Sofia Bulgarian Bulgarian Lev
CAMBODIA Phnom Penh Cambodian Khmer Riel
CAMEROON Yaoundé Cameroon French, English Franc
CANADA Ottawa Canadian English, French Canadian $
CHAD Ndjamena Chadian French Franc
CHILE Santiago de Chile Chilean Spanish Peso
CHINA Beijing Chinese Chinese Renminbi
COLOMBIA Bogotá Colombian Spanish Colombian Peso
CONGO Brazzaville Congolese French Franc
COSTA RICA San José Costa Rican Spanish Colón
CROATIA Zagreb Croatian Croatian Kuna
CUBA Havana Cuban Spanish Peso
CYPRUS Nicosia Cypriot Greek, Turkish Cypriot Lira
CZECH REPUBLIC Prague Czech Czech Koruna
DENMARK Copenhaga Danish/Dane Danish Danish Krone
ECUADOR Quito Ecuadorian Spanish US Dollar
EGYPT Cairo Egyptian Arabic Egyptian Lira
167
EL SALVADOR San Salvador El Salvadorian
Spanish Colón
ENGLAND London English English £ Sterling
ESTONIA Tallinn Estonian Estonian Kroon
ETHIOPIA Addis Ababa Ethiopian Amharic Birr
FAEROE ISLANDS Thórshavn Faeroese Faeroese Krone
FIJI Suva Fijian Fijian, English Fijian Dollar
FINLAND Helsinki Finnish/Finn Finnish, Swedish Euro
FRANCE Paris French French Euro
GEORGIA Tbilisi Georgian Georgian Lari
GERMANY Berlin German German Euro
GHANA Accra Ghanaian English Cedi
GREAT BRITAIN London English English £ Sterling
GREECE Athens Greek Greek Euro
HONG KONG Victoria Hong Kong Chinese, English Hong Kong $
HUNGARY Budapest Hungarian Magyar Forint
ICELAND Reykjavik Icelandic Icelandic Krona
INDIA New Delhi Indian Hindi, English Rupee
INDONESIA Jakarta Indonesian Bahasa Rupiah
Indonesian
IRAN Teheran Iranian Persian Rial
IRAQ Baghdad Iraqi Arabic Dinar
IRELAND Dublin Irish Irish, English Euro
ISRAEL Tel Aviv Israeli Hebrew, Arabic New Sheqel
ITALY Rome Italian Italian Euro
JAMAICA Kingstone Jamaican English Jamaican Dollar
JAPAN Tokyo Japanese Japonese Yen
JORDAN Amman Jordanian Arabic Dinar
KAZAKHSTAN Alma Ata Kazakh Kazakh Tenge
KENYA Nairobi Kenyan Swahili, English Kenya Schilling
(NORTH) KOREA Phenian NorthKorean Korean Won
(SOUTH) KOREA Seul South Korean Korean Won
KUWAIT Al Kuwait Kuwaiti Arabic, Kuwaiti Kuwait Dollar
KYRGYZSTAN Bishkek Kyrkyz Kyrkyz, Russian Rouble
LATVIA Riga Latvian Latvian Lats
LEBANON Beirut Lebanese Arabic Lebanese Lira
LIECHTENSTEIN Vaduz Liech German Swiss Franc
LITHUANIA Vilnius Lithuanian Lithuanian Litas
LUXEMBOURG Luxembourg Luxembourg French Euro
LYBIA Tripoli Lybian Arabic, Italian, Dinar
English
MACEDONIA Skopje Macedonian Macedonian Macedonian Dinar
MALAYSIA Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Malaysian Ringgit
MALTA Valletta Maltese English, Maltese Lira
168
MEXICO Ciudad de Mexico Mexican Spanish Peso
MOLDAVIA Kishinev Moldavian Romanian Moldavian Leu
MONACO Monaco Ville Monacan French Euro
MONGOLIA Ulan Bator Mongolian Mongolian Tugrik
MOROCCO Rabat Moroccan Arabic Dirham
MOZAMBIQUE Maputo Mozambican Portuguese Metical
NAMIBIA Windhoek Namibian English Namibian Dollar
NEPAL Kathmandu Nepalese Nepalese Rupie
THE Amsterdam Dutch Dutch Euro
NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND Wellington Zealand / English/Maori New Zealand $
Zealander
NORTH IRELAND Belfast Irish Irish, English £ Sterling
NORWAY Oslo Norwegian Norwegian Krone
PAKISTAN Islamabad Pakistani Pakistani Rupee
PARAGUAY Asunción Paraguyan Spanish, Guarani Guarani
PERU Lima Peruvian Spanish, Quechua Nuevo Sol
PHILIPPINES Manila Philippine English, Spanish Philipine Peso
POLAND Warshaw Polish Polish Zloty
PORTUGAL Lisbon Portuguese Portuguese Euro
ROMANIA Bucharest Romanian Romanian Leu
RUSSIA Moscow Russian Russian Rouble
SAN MARINO San Marino San Marino Italian Euro
SAUDI ARABIA Riyadh Saudi Saudi Riyal
SCOTLAND Edinburgh Scottish Scottish, English £ Sterling
SENEGAL Dakar Senegalese French, Wolof Franc
SERBIA and Belgrad Serbian Serbian Dinar
MONTE NEGRO
SINGAPORE Singapore Singaporean Chinese, English Singaporean Dollar
SLOVAKIA Bratislava Slovak Slovak Koruna
SLOVENIA Ljubljana Slovenian Slovenian Tolar
SOMALIA Mogadishu Somali Somali Schilling
SOUTH AFRICA Pretoria South African English, Rand
Afrikaans
SPAIN Madrid Spanish Spanish Euro
SUDAN Khartoum Sudanese Arabic Sudanese Dinar
SWEDEN Stockholm Swedish Swedish Krona
SWITZERLAND Geneve Swiss French, German, Swiss Franc
Italian
SYRIA Damascus Syrian Arabic Lira
TAIWAN Taipei Taiwanese Chinese New Taiwan $
TAJIKISTAN Dushanbe Tajik Tajik, Russian Somoni
TANZANIA Dodoma Tanzanian Swahili Tanzanian
Schilling
169
THAILAND Bangkok Thai Thai Baht
TUNISIA Tunis Tunisian Arabic Dinar
TURKEY Ankara Turkish Turkish Turkish Lira
TURKMENISTAN Ashkhabad Turkmen Turkmen Rouble
UGANDA Kampala Ugandan English, Swahili Uganda Schilling
UKRAINE Kiev Ukrainian Ukrainian Hryvnia
UNITED ARAB Abu Dhabi Arab Arabic Dirham
EMIRATES
UNITED STATES Washington American English American $
OF AMERICA
URUGUAY Montevideo Uruguyan Spanish Nuevo peso
UZBEKISTAN Tashkent Uzbek Uzbek Rouble
VATICAN Vatican Latin, Italian Euro
VENEZUELA Caracas Venezuelan Spanish Bolivar
VIETNAM Hanoi Vietnamese Vietnamese Dông
WALES Cardiff Welsh Welsh, England £ Sterling
ZAIRE Kinshasa Zairean French Zair
ZAMBIA Lusaka Zambian English Kwacha
ZIMBABWE Harare Zimbabwean English Zimbabwe Dollar

170
 ANNEX 6
POLITICS
The British Government The American Government

The Prime Minister (PM) the Cabinet the Cabinet

the Lord Chancellor
the Chancellor of Exchequer
the Treasury
the Foreign Office the Home
Secretary/the Home Office
The British Parliament
the Attorney General
the Secretary of the Treasury
the Treasury Department
the State Secretary/Secretary of State
the State Department
The American Parliament

the House of Commons Congress

the House of Lords
a Lord, a Peer
The Romanian Government
a Congressman/Congresswoman
the House of Representatives
a Representative
the Senate a Senator
The Romanian Parliament

The Premier, The Prime Minister the Chamber of Deputies

(PM) the Cabinet a Deputy the Senate
the Minister/Ministry of Justice a Senator
the Minister/Ministry of Finance
the Minister/Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
the Minister/Ministry of the Interior
the Minister/Ministry of Culture
the Minister/Ministry of Agriculture
the Minister/Ministry of Defense
the Minister/Ministry of Education
the Minister/Ministry of
Employment
the Minister/Ministry of Health
the Minister/Ministry of the
European Integration
the Minister/Ministry of Trade
the Minister/Ministry of Research
the Minister/Ministry of
Environment

171
 ANNEX 7
AMERICAN ENGLISH/BRITISH ENGLISH
airplane aeroplane
anyplace, anywhere anywhere
apartment flat/apartment
area code dialing code (phone)
at present, presently at present
attorney, lawyer barrister, solicitor
auto (mobile) auto
baggage luggage
bill bank note
(to) broil (to) grill
busy engaged (phone)
cab/taxi taxi
call ring, phone
call collect reverse the charges (phone)
can tin
candy sweets
cart trolley
check/bill bill (in a restaurant)
check out check
chips crisps
coin-purse purse
cookbook cookery book
cookie, cracker biscuit
corn sweet corn, maize
crib cot
crazy mad
cuffs turn-ups (on trousers)
diaper nappy
do over do again
doctor’s office doctor’s surgery
drugstore chemist
dumb, stupid stupid
elevator lift
eraser rubber, eraser
faculty teachers, professors
fall, autumn autumn
faucet, tap tap
fender wing
first floor, second floor ground floor, first floor
172
flashlight torch
flat (tire)/blowout flat tyre, puncture
freight cargo
freight train goods train
French fries chips
garbage, trash rubbish
garbage can, trashcan dustbin, rubbish bin
gas (oline) petrol
gear shift gear lever (on a car)
grade form
grade mark
hi hello
high school secondary school
highway, freeway main road, motorway
hood bonnet (on a car)
hospitalized in hospital
intersection crossroads
janitor caretaker/nightwatchman
jelly jam
mad angry
mail post
mailman postman
mean nasty
meet with somebody meet somebody
men’s room gents
Monday through Saturday Monday to Saturday
morgue mortuary
movie, film film
movie theater cinema
muffler silencer
noplace nowhere
on (main street) in (main street)
one-way ticket single (ticket)
overpass flyover
pantyhose tights
pants, trousers trousers
pavement, sidewalk pavement, road surface
pavement tarmac
parking lot car park
pillar box mail box
pitcher jug
pocketbook, purse, handbag handbag
173
 precinct police station
principal headmaster
protest something protest against something
railroad railway
raise rise (in salary)
rent hire
rest room public toilet
review revision
rocks stones
schedule, timetable timetable
sedan saloon
sellotape Scotch tape
shorts (under) pants
(to be) sick (to be) ill
sneakers trainers (sports shoes)
soccer football
someplace somewhere
stand in line queue
station wagon estate car
stay at (home) stay (home)
stingy mean (opposite of “generous”)
store, shop shop
subway underground
stroller pushchair
student pupil
take a bath/shower have a bath/shower
talk with someone talk to someone
traffic circle roundabout
trailer caravan
transportation transport
truck van, lorry
trunk boot
two weeks fortnight, two weeks
vacation holiday(s)
windshield windscreen (on a car)
Yield Give Way
zee zed (the name of the letter “z”)
zip code postal code
zipper zip

174
 ANNEX 8
NEWSPAPER WORD MEANING
aid help, assistance
axe cut, remove
back support
ban prohibition
bar exclude, forbid
bid attempt
blast explosion
blaze fire
blunder mistake
boost incentive, encourage
boss / head manager, director
bug disease, infection, virus
chief leader
clash dispute
cop policeman
curb restrain, limit
cut reduction
dash hurried journey
deadlock failure to reach agreement
deal agreement
drama tense situation
drive campaign, effort
eye to investigate
flee to run away from smth.
gems jewels
haul gained, stolen, seized quantity of smth
hit affect badly
hold to detain in police custody
horror horrifying accident
jail to imprison
key essential, vital
kid child
lash to attack verbally
link connection
loom to approach in a threatening way
mob large gang, uncontrolled crowd
175
 move step towards a desire end
net to capture
ordeal painful experience
oust push out
peril danger
plea strong request
pledge to promise
plunge dramatic fall
poll election/public opinion survey
probe investigation
quit leave, resign
quiz question
raid to enter and search
rap strong criticism
riddle mystery, puzzling incident
row disagreement, argument
seek to request, look for, try to obtain
smash to break up, destroy
snub to turn down, to reject
soar to increase dramatically
storm violent disagreement
strife conflict
talks discussions
threat danger
toll number of people killed
vow promise, threaten
wed marry
woo to try to win the favor of

176