Training Manual on Vegetable Production & Marketing

Training Manual
On
Vegetable Production & Marketing
Prepared by:
CEAPRED
USAID/Nepal’s Education for Income

Generation in Nepal Program
laifo ;'lr
laifox? k]h g=
!= a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg k|ljwL tflnd =================================================================!
@= df6f] lgd{nLs/0f tflnd (Soil Solarization) ==========================================================@
#= g;{/L Aoa:yfgf tflnd (Nuresery Management Training) ====================================#
$= g;{/L pTkfbs tflnd (Nursery Growers Training) =============================================$
%= Plss[t zq'hLj Joa:yfkg -cfO{=lk=Pd=_ k2tL] tflnd ============================================%
^= lj?jfsf] Plss[t vfBtTj k|0ffnL -cfO{=lk=Pg=P;=_ tflnd =======================================^
&= t/sf/L jfnLsf] jfnL s6fgL pk|fGt ul/g] k|lawL tflnd =========================================&
*= a]df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|lawL tflnd ==================================================================*
(= cu'jf s[ifs jfnL Aoj:yfkg ====================================== ======================================(
!)= ;]jf k|bfoLx?sf] nflu k|lawL Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd =============================================!)
!!= jfnL pTkfbg of]hgf / jfnL kfqf] agfpg] tflnd ================================================!!
!@= ;fdflhs kl/rfnssf] Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd =======================================================!@
!#= ;fdflhs kl/rfng tflnd ==============================================================================!#
!$= Joa;flos ljsf; ;]jf÷e]n'r]g k2tL tflnd ====================================================!$
!%= a]df};dL t/sf/L jfln pTkfbg k|ljlw ===============================================================!%
!^= df6f] lgd{nLs/0f (Soil Solarization) ===============================================================@)
!&= t/sf/L g;{/L pTkfbg k|ljlw ===========================================================================@@
!*= Plss[t zq'hLj Aoa:yfkg -cfO{=lk=Pd=_ ==========================================================@^
!(= jfnLdf Plss[t vfBtTj Joj:yfkg =================================================================#&
@)= Plss[t vfBtTj Joa:yfkg ===========================================================================#(
@!= hldgsf] pTkfbsTjdf c;/ kfg]{ TfTjx? ===========================================================$#
@@= Tf/sf/L jfnL pTkfbg pk|fGt ul/g] k|ljwL ========================================================$$
@#= a]df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|ljwL ==========================================================================%!
@$= h}ljs dn / /f]u tyf sL/f gfzs h}ljs ljiffbL ===============================================%%
@%= t/sf/Ldf nfUg] /f]u sL/f Joa:yfkg / afnL lj?jfsf] vfBtTjsf nuL
“lultdn’’/emf]ndn ====================================================================================^@
@^= Knfli6s 3/df t/sf/L v]tL =============================================================================^#
@&= ;fdflhs kl/rfng (Social Mobilization) ========================================================^%
@*= ;d'xsf] sfdsf] cfwf/df ;Dk{sdf cfpg] lgsfox? =============================================&!
@(= ;d'x kl/rfng =============================================================================================&%
#)= ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] ;:yfut ljsf;sf] nfuL ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{gLltx? ================*%
#!= Joj;flos ljsf; ;]jf ;xIf]q ljZn]if0f =============================================================*^
#@= t/sf/L pTkfbgsf] clGtd ahf/ (End Markets for high Value Vegetable CCrops) ====(@
##= ;x If]q gSzf (Sub Sector Map) ====================================================================(#
#$= of]hgf (Action Plan) ===================================================================================!)!
#%= g]kfn l;dL kl/of]hgfn] ckgfPsf] e]n'r]gsf] Ps emns ====================================!)@
1
a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg k|lawL tflnd
(Off Season Vegetables Production Technology Training)
zLif{s a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg k|lawL tflnd
♦ a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] dxTj af/] hfgsf/L

tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ s[ifsx?sf] a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg k|lawLsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{
!%–@) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / ;d"x :t/
cjwL ! lbg
tflnd x'g] 7fp+ s[ifssf] v]tjf/L
♦ a}df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbgsf] kl/ro / o;sf] dxTj
♦ a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg of]hgf tyf jfnL kfqf] agfpg]
♦ t/fO{ / kxf8 pRr d"No kg]{ a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] v]tL ug]{ k|lawL
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ t'ngfTds kmfO{bf / k|lt:k|wfTds
♦ a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] kf]i6xfe]{i6 x]08ln+u
♦ a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] ahfl/s/0f
tflnd ;fdfu|L a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, dfl:s+u 6]k, kf]i6/, kDkn]6 cfbL
tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s
s[ifsx? Af]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{, pTkfbg of]hgf / afnL kfqf]

ck]lIft cfzf
cfbL ;DaGwL ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
tflnd Dofg'on
;Gbe{
1
df6f] lgd{nLs/0f tflnd
(Soil Solarization)
zLif{s df6f] lgd{nLs/0f tflnd
♦ s[ifsx?sf] df6f] lgd{nLs/0f jf/] 1fg j[ g]df6f]8, df6f]af6 x'g] /f]u /

tflndsf] p2]Zo df6f] d'gL al; gf]S;fg ug]{ sL/fx?sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
!%–@) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / s[ifs ;d"x
cjwL ! lbg
♦ df6f] lgd{nLs/0fsf] kl/ro / o;sf] dxTj

♦ df6f]af6 x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf] /f]u tyf sL/fx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f
♦ df6f] lgd{nLs/0f ug]{ a]8 s;/L tof/ ug]{ / o;sf] x]/rfx
♦ df6f] lgd{nLs/0fsf] Joaxfl/s cEof;
a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, dfl:s+u 6]k, @%)–#)) u]hsf] Knfli6s l;6,

tflnd ;fdfu|L sf]bfnf] / xhf/L cfbL
tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s
s[ifsx?n] df6f] lgd{nLs/0f ljwLaf/] hfgL cfkm}n] cKgfpg] 5g\ .

ck]lIft cfzf
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
2
g;{/L Joa:yfkg tflnd
Nursery Management Training
zLif{s g;{/L Joa:yfkg tflnd
s[ifsx?n] g;{/L Joa:yfkgsf] nflu pko'St hUuf 5gf}+6 ug]{ zLksf]

tflndsf] p2]Zo ljsf; x'g] 5 . s[ifsx?sf] :j:y lj?jf pTkfbg ug]{ 1fg / zLksf] sf]
ljsf; x'g]5 .
;xefuL ;+Vof !%–@) hgf
cawL ! lbg
♦ g;{/L Joa:yfkgsf] kl/ro / dxTj

♦ g;{/L j]8 agfpgsf] nflu hUufsf] 5gf}+6
♦ g;{/L j]8 tof/ ug]{ tl/sf
♦ df6f] pkrf/ / dnvfbsf] Joa:yfkg
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ aLp 5g]{ tl/sf
♦ g;{/L j]8df jfnL ;+/If0f ug]{ pkfo
♦ g;{/L j]8 agfpg cEof; ug]{
♦ lj?jf arfpg u'df}h ÷ 5fkf]sf] k|of]u
♦ Knfli6s y}nfdf g;{/L pTkfbg ug]{ tl/sf
♦ g;{/Laf6 lj?jf pv]Nbf cKgfpg' kg]{ ;hutf
tflnd ;fdfu|L a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, aLp, dfl:s+u 6]k, sf]bfnf], Knfli6s l;6 cfbL
tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Aoaxfl/s
ck]lIft cfzf s[ifsx? g;{/L j]8 tof/ ul/ To:sf] Aoa:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ .
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
3
g;{/L pTkfbs tflnd
Nursery Growers Training
zLif{s g;{/L pTkfbs tflnd
tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ s[ifsnfO{ -g;{/L wgL_ ;]jf k|bfossf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
cjwL ! lbg
tflnd x'g] 7fp+ tflnd xn / s[ifssf] v]t
♦ g;{/Lsf] kl/ro / dxTj

♦ g;{/L Aoa:yfkg tl/sf / df6f] pkrf/
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ lj?jfsf] ahfl/s/0f ug]{ tl/sf
♦ lj?jfsf] Jofkf/ of]hgf tof/
♦ Eofn' r]gdf g;{/L wgLsf] e"ldsf
♦ g;{/L Joa:yfkg / lj?jf k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfsf] Aoaxfl/s cEof;
tflnd ;fdfu|L a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, aLp, dfl:s+u 6]k, kf]nL Jofu, sf]bfnf], Knfli6s
l;6 cfbL
ck]lIft cfzf g;{/L pTkfbs x?n] :j:y lj?jf pTkfbg u/L a]Rg ;Sg] x'g] 5g\ .
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
4
Plss[t zq'hLj Joa:yfkg -cfO{=lk=Pd=_ k2tL] tflnd
(Intregrated Pest Management Training)
zLif{s Plss[t zq'hLj Joa:yfkg -cfO{=lk=Pd=_ k2tL jf/] s[ifsx?nfO{

hfgsf/L lbg] tflnd
tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ s[ifsx?nfO{ cfO{=lk=Pd= ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg] / :yflgo tj/df

kfO{g] ag:ktLsf] k+|of]u u/]/ zq'hLjsf] Joa:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]
♦ ljiffbLaf6 :jf:ydf x'g] vt/f / /;folgs ljiffbLsf] ;'/lIft k|of]u
cjwL ! lbg
♦ cfO{=lk=Pd= k2tLsf] kl/ro / dxTj
♦ cfO{=lk=Pd=sf] l;4fGt -jfnLsf] b}lgs lgl/If0f, :j:y lj?jf x'sf{pg],
ldq'hLjsf] ;+/If0f, s[ifsx?nfO{ bIf agfpg] / /;folgs ljiffbLsf]
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f k|of]u sd u/fpg]_
♦ cfO{=lk=Pd= tl/sf -h}ljs, v]tL k|0ffnL, oflGqs, sfg'gL / /;folgs
tl/sf_
♦ :yflgo ag:ktLaf6 ljiffbL agfpg] tyf k|of]u ljwL
♦ ca}1flgs tl/sfn] ljiffbLsf] k|of]uaf6 dfgj :jf:ydf kg]{ c;/
a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, dfl:s+u 6]k, No"/, :yflgo ;fwg -ufO{ ÷ e};Lsf]
tflnd ;fdfu|L lk;fj, ltt]kftL, lgd, c;'/f] cfbL
s[ifsx?n] cfO{=lk=Pd=k|ljwL af/] hfg]/ / :j:y lj?jf pTkfbg ug]{5g\ .

ck]lIft cfzf
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
5
lj?jfsf] Plss[t vfBtTj k|0ffnL -cfO{=lk=Pg=P;=_ tflnd
(Integrated Plant Nutrient Management Training)
zLif{s lj?jfsf] Plss[t vfBtTj k|0ffnL -cfO{=lk=Pg=P;=_ tflnd
tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ s[ifsx?nfO{ cfO{=lk=Pg=P;= af/] hfgsf/L u/fO{ pTkfbg a9fpg]

♦ k|fu+ fl/s dn k|of]u u/]/ df6f]sf] pj{/fzlSt sfod /fVg hfgsf/L
u/fpg] .
cjwL ! lbg
♦ cfO{=lk=Pg=P;=sf] kl/ro / o;sf] dxTj

♦ vfBtTjsf] lsl;d, df6f]sf] lk=Pr= / o;sf] dxTj, afnL lj?jf
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f x's{gdf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] dnsf] dfqf
♦ sDkf]i6 vf8nsf] tof/L, lutLdn, emf]ndn / sDkf]i6 agfpg
k|efjsf/L z'IdhLjsf] dxTj
♦ emf]ndn agfpg k|of]u ul/g] :yflgo ag:ktLsf] hfgsf/L
♦ yf]kf l;rfO{åf/f ufO{j:t'sf] lk;fj k|of]u
♦ jfnL pTkfbg ug{ df6f]sf] bLuf] Joa:yfkg
a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, dfl:s+u 6]k, O{=Pd, :yflgo ;fwg -ufO{ ÷ e};Lsf]
tflnd ;fdfu|L lk;fj, ltt]kftL, agdf/f, c;'/f], h}ljs dn cfbL_
s[ifsx?n] cfO{=lk=Pg=P;==k|ljwL af/] hfg]/ / :j:y lj?jf pTkfbg

ck]lIft cfzf ug]{5g\ .
6
t/sf/L jfnLsf] jfnL s6fgL pk|fGt ul/g] k|lawL tflnd
(Post Harvest Handling Techniques)
t/sf/L jfnLsf] jfnL s6fgL pk|fGt ul/g] k|lawL tflnd

zLif{s
♦ s[ifsx? jfnL s6fgL pk|fGt ul/g] k|lawLx? hfGg]5g\ .

tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ s[ifsx?sf] t/sf/Lsf] :t/Ls/0f, Kofls+u, e08f/0f / 9'jfgL ;DaGwL
1fg a9\g] 5 .
!%–@) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
cjwL ! lbg
♦ jfnL s6fgL pk|fGt ul/g] k|ljwLsf] kl/ro / jfnL s6fgL kl5sf]
gf]S;fgL
♦ jfnL l6Kg] eof] ls ePg eg]/ hfGg] tl/sf .
♦ :t/Ls/0f, Kofs]lh+u, ;'/lIft 9'jfgL, e08f/0f / cGo Joa:yfkg
;DaGwL hfgsf/L
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ ljleGg ahf/ tyf pkef]Stfsf] rfxgf jf/] hfgsf/L
♦ :yflgo tj/df cKgfO{g] jfnL pk|fGt ul/g] k|ljwLx?
♦ t/sf/Lsf] a}sNkLs pTkfbg
♦ 3/df vfgsf] nflu df6f]sf] ef8f k|of]u u/L ;'GozlStdf t/sf/L
e08f/0f ug]{ tl/sf
tflnd ;fdfu|L a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, dfl:s+u 6]k, ljleGg cfsf/sf kmnk"mnx?sf] gd"gf
t/sf/L jfnL l6k]kl5 t/sf/Lsf] gf]S;fg sd ug{ s[ifsx?n] ljleGg

ck]lIft cfzf
lsl;dsf lawLx? cKgfpg] 5g\ .
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
7
a]df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|lawL tflnd
(Off Season Onion Production Training)
zLif{s a]df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|lawL tflnd
tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ s[ifsx?nfO{ a]df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|lawL ÷ zLk lbg] .
!%–@) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
cjwL ! lbg
♦ a}df};dL Kofh pTkfbgsf] kl/ro / o;sf] dxTj
♦ a]df};dL Kofhsf] pko'St hft jf/] hfgsf/L
♦ a]df};dL Kofh v]tL ug]{ tl/sf
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ a]df};dL Kofh v]tL ug{ cfO{=lk=Pd= k2tLsf] k|of]u
♦ a]df};dL Kofhsf] Joa:yfkg
♦ a]df};dL Kofh pTkfbgsf] Joaxfl/s tl/sf
s[ifsx? A].df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|lawLåf/f Kofh pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd

ck]lIft cfzf
x'g]5g\ .
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
8
cu'jf s[ifs jfnL Joa:yfkg tflnd
(Leader Farmers Crop Management Training)
zLif{s cu'jf s[ifs jfnL Joa:yfkg tflnd
♦ ;]jf k|bfoL ?kdf cu'jf s[ifs tof/ ug]{ .

tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ cu'jf s[ifssf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{
!%–@) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
nlIft ;d"x / tx cu'jf s[ifs lhNnf :t/
cjwL ! lbg
tflnd x'g] 7fp+ tflnd sIf
♦ g]kfn l;dLsf] k2tL jf/] hfgsf/L lbg] .
♦ t/sf/L pTkfbg s[ifs ;d"xdf cu'jf s[ifssf] e"ldsf
♦ g;{/L Joa:yfkg
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ cfO{=lk=Pd= / cfO{=lk=Pg=P;= af/] hfgsf/L
♦ df6f] lgd{nLs/0f
♦ Jofkf/ ljsf; ;]jf tyf t/sf/Lsf] afx\o ahf/ k2tL jf/] hfgsf/L
♦ t/sf/L jfnL pTkfbg of]hgf
tflnd ;fdfu|L a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, dfl:s+u 6]k, kf]i6/, sfo{kq, k|df0f–kq cfbL
cu'jf s[ifsx? l;dL k2tL jf/] hfg]/ cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{

ck]lIft cfzf
l;sfpg] 5g\ .
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
9
;]jf k|bfoLx?sf] nflu k|lawL Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd
(Service Providers Capacity Building Training)
zLif{s ;]jf k|bfoLx?sf] nflu k|lawL Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd
♦ Pu|f]e]6x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{

tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ Pu|fe
] ]6x?sf] ;fdfu|L pknAw u/fpgdf k|efjsf/L Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{
♦ ;dflxt (Embedded) ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
!%–@) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
nlIft ;d"x / tx Pu|f]e]6 lhNnf :t/
cjwL ! lbg
♦ g]kfn l;dLsf] k2tL jf/] hfgsf/L lbg] .
♦ cfk"lt{ ;fËnf]sf] ljsf;
♦ u'0f:tl/o aLpsf] dxTj / ;+/If0f
♦ /;folgs dnsf] u'0f:t/ ;+/If0f
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ k|f+ufl/s dn / h}ljs ljiffbL, ljiffbL ;DaGwL at{dfg sfg'g, ljiffbL
l8n/ s;/L lng] ;DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
♦ ljiffbLsf] ;'/lIft k|of]u / ljleGg ljiffbL k|of]u u/]kl5 kv{g] ;do
jf/] hfgsf/L
tflnd ;fdfu|L a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, dfl:s+u 6]k, kf]i6/, ljleGg gd'gf cfbL
ck]lIft cfzf Pu|f]e]6sf] ;dflxt ;]jfsf] Ifdtfdf ljsf; e} s[ifsx?nfO{ ;]jf lbg] 5g\
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
10
jfnL pTkfbg of]hgf / jfnL kfqf] agfpg] tflnd
(Crop Production Planning and Crop Calender Preparation Training)
zLif{s jfnL pTkfbg of]hgf / jfnL kfqf] agfpg] tflnd
♦ s[ifsx?sf] t/sf/L jfnL pTkfbg of]hgf / jfnL kfqf] agfpg]

tflndsf] p2]Zo Ifdtfdf ljsf; ug]{ .
!%–@) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / s[ifs ;d"x :t/
cjwL ! lbg
♦ pRr d"No kg]{ t/sf/L jfnL ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
♦ pRr d"No kg]{ ljleGg t/sf/L jfnLx?sf] v]tL k|0ffnL
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ ahf/df a]df};dL t/sf/L jfnLsf] dfu
♦ jfnL of]hgf
♦ jfnL kfqf]sf] tof/L
ck]lIft cfzf s[ifsx?n] jfnL kfqf] / pTkfbg of]hgf agfpg ;Sg]5g\ .
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
11
;fdflhs kl/rfnssf] Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd
(Social Mobilizers Capacity Building Training)
zLif{s ;fd'bflos kl/rfnssf] zLk ljsf; tflnd
♦ ;fd'bflos kl/rfnsx?sf] ;fdlhs kl/rfng, Eofn' r]g k2tL,

tflndsf] p2]Zo ahf/ /0fgLlt, n}+lus /0fgLlt / jfnL pTkfbg ;DaGwL Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
%–!) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
nlIft ;d"x / tx g]kfn l;dLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L lhNnf :t/
cjwL ! lbg
♦ ;fdflhs kl/rfng
♦ Eofn' r]g k2tL
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ ahf/ /0fgLlt
♦ n}+lus / pk]lIft ju{nfO{ pT;flxt kfg]{ /0fgLlt
♦ jfnL pTkfbg k|ljwL
;fdflhs kl/rfnsx?sf] ;fdflhs kl/rfng, Eofn' r]g k2tL, ahf/

/0fgLlt, n}+lus / pk]lIft ju{nfO{ pT;flxt kfg]{ /0fgLlt, jfnL pTkfbg
ck]lIft cfzf
k|ljwL ;DaGwL Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g]5 . .
tflnd Dofg'on
;Gbe{
12
;fdflhs kl/rfng tflnd
(Social Mobilization Training)
zLif{s ;fdflhs kl/rfng tflnd
♦ ;xefuLx?n] ;fdflhs kl/rfng k|s[of jf/] 1fg xfl;n ug]{ 5g\ .

tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ ;xefuLx?n] ;d"x u7g / kl/rfng ;DaGwL 1fg k|fKt ug]{ 5g\ .
!%–@) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
cjwL @–# lbg

tflnd x'g] 7fp+ Tfflnd xn
♦ ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] kl/efiff
♦ ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] cfjZostf
♦ ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf r/0fx?
♦ ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf tTjx?
♦ ;fdflhs kl/rfnssf u'0fx?
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ ;d"x / ;d"x u7g k|s[of
♦ ;d"x kl/rfng k|s[of
♦ ;d"x leq kfO{g] Joaxf/
♦ bLuf] ;d"xsf ljz]iftfx?
♦ ;+:yfut ljsf;
;xefuLx?n] ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] dxTj a'lem bLuf] ;d"xsf] ljsf; Pj+

ck]lIft cfzf
;+rfng ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . .
13
Joa;flos ljsf; ;]jf ÷ e]n'r]g k2tL tflnd
(Business Development Services/Value Chain Training)
zLif{s Joa;flos ljsf; ;]jf ÷ e]n'r]g k2tL tflnd
♦ ;xefuLx?n] e]n'r]g k2tL jf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ 5g\ .

tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ ;xefulx?n] e]n'r]g k2tL cKgfP/ sfo{qmd ljsf; ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
!%–@) hgf
;xefuL ;+Vof
nlIft ;d"x sd{rf/L, ;]jf k|bfos / ;fgf pBdLx?
cjwL @–# lbg

tflnd x'g] 7fp+ Tfflnd xn lhNnf ;b/ d'sfd
♦ Jofa;flos ljsf; ;]jfsf] kl/efiff
♦ e]n'r]gsf] kl/efiff / r]gsf] pbfx/0f
♦ Jofa;flos ;]jfsf l;4fGtx?
♦ Jofa;flos ;]jfsf lsl;d
♦ ;xIf]q / ;xIf]q ljZn]if0f
♦ ;xIf]q ljZn]if0fsf r/0fx?
ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f ♦ ;xIf]qsf] 5gf}6
♦ ;xIf]qsf] gS;f+|sg
♦ ;xIf]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnf (Stakeholder) sf] ;d:of / cj;/sf]
klxrfg
♦ ;xIf]qnfO{ cfjZos ;]jfsf] klxrfg
♦ ;xhsfo{sf] klxrfg Pj+ ljzn]if0f
♦ sfo{ of]hgf

;xefuLx?n] e]n'r]g k2tL cg';f/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;xIf]qnfO{ sfo{ of]hgf
ck]lIft cfzf
agfpg ;Sg] 5g\ .
;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on
14
a]df};dL t/sf/L afnL pTkfbg k|ljlw
!_ a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] kl/ro / dxTj
s[ifsx?sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg a9L d'No hfg] afnLx? vf;u/L a]df};dL t/sf/L
v]tLtk{m clek|]l/t u/L qmdz Aoj;flostf tk{m cu|;/ u/fpg' kb{5 .
a]df};dL t/sf/L eGgfn] ahf/ / pkef]Qmfsf] rfxgf cg'';f/ df};dL pTkfbg ;do eGbf s]xL
;do cl3 / kl5 pTkfbg ug]{ k2lt xf] . s[ifsx?n] pko'Qm of]hgf agfO{ t'ngfTds nfesf]
cfwf/df j]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL ul/ pNn]vlgo ?kdf cfDbfgL a9fOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
@_ afnL of]hgf / jfnL Sofn]08/ agfpg] t/Lsf

• afnLsf] gfd
• xfjfkfgL
• j]gf{ /f]Kg] ;do
• hftx?
• ljp, a]gf{, /f]kgL, s7\7fsf] hfgsf/L
• b'/L nfOg–nfOg , af]6–af]6
• cfjZos dnvfb uf]j/dn, o'l/of, l8=P=kL=Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f;
• pTkfbg dlxgf kxf8–t/fO{
• nfut cfDbfgLsf] lgwf{/0f
#_ a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLsf kmfO{bfx?
• df};dL t/sf/L jf cGo afnL eGbf k|lt OsfO{ hldgdf a9L gub cfDbfgL x'g]
• tfhf t/sf/L ;w} cfk'lt{ x'g]
• /f]huf/sf] cj;/x? ;[hgf x'g]
• tfhf t/sf/L lgof{t ;Defjgfdf a[l4 x'g]
• o; v]ltaf6 a9L cfDbfgL eO cGo v]tLsf] pTkfbg a9fpg dnvfb, lap, ljiffbL
cflb v/Lb ug{ ;lsg]
$_ a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLsf] nfuL cfjZos zt{x?
• l;+rfOsf] e/kbf]{ Aoj:yf
• oftfoftsf] /fd|f] Aoj:yf
• ;'xfpbf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]qsf] 5gf]6 tyf pkof]u
• a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf pko'Qm hftx?sf] pknAwtf
• a]df};dL t/sf/L v]ltsf t/Lsfx?, lj?jf k|bfos / k|lalwaf/] 1fg
• ahf/ Aoj:yfkgsf] nfuL afnL sf6\g] tl/sf, u|]l8ª, k]lsª\, 9'jfgL ;DaGwL 1fg
15
%_ pTkfbg of]hgf jgfpbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?
• s'gafnL nufpg]
• slt If]qkmndf nufpg]
• s;/L nufpg]
• sxLn] nufpg]
• sxfFaf6 k|fljlws ;xof]u kfpg]
• sxfFaf6 dn, ljp ljiffbL k|fKt ug]{
• sxf uP/ ljqmL ug]{
• nfut vr{ / cfDbfgL sf] hfgsf/L
^_ kxf8sf nfuL pko'Qm a]df};dL] t/sf/L jfnL k|0ffnL

(Production plan for Mid Hills 700 - 1200 m)
s|
;
jfnL nufpg] dlxgf tof/ x'g] dlxgf pko'Qm hftx?
h]i7 – c;f/ ebf} – c;f}h u|]:sf], l; Pn !!#!, lj P; P; @)
! uf]ne]8f ebf }– c;f}h d;L/– kf}if Pr cf/ 8L !–!^ :g]xntf, t';L, gljg, g'tg,
df3 – kmfu'g a};fv – h]i7 cljgf;, dlg;f, gljg, g'tg, Pg – ^%
c;f/– ;fpg ebf} – sflQs l;Ne/ sk ^), l;Ne/ d'g %%, 6«lksn $% lbg],
k';f sflQsL, /fdL, XjfO{6 ˆnf;
ebf} – c;f}h d;L/ – kf}if :gf]qmfpg, :gf]lsª, , :gf]jn !^, sf7df08f} nf]sn
@ sfpnL
sflQs – dzL/ r}q – a};fv ;'j|f, dfw'/L, :gf]ld:6Ls
c;f/ – ;fpg c;f}h – sflQs ;'k/u|Lg, l6 ^@!, h]lgy, u|Lg:6f]g, Pg P; @!

# aGbf
ebf} – c;f}h dl;/– kf}if u|Lg:6f]g, u|Lgsf]/f]g]6, ;]G6, cnu|Lg
kf}if– df3 (6g]n leq) r}q – a};fv eQmk'/ nf]sn, lgGhf, dx]sf] u|Lgnª
$ sfqmf] ebf} – c;f}h lgGhf, dflngL
a};fv– h]i7
kf}if – df3 (6g]nleq) r}q – a};fv dx]sf] u|Lg, emfn/L, ljhf], ;]tf]nfdf]
% ltt] s/]nf ebf} – c;f}h dx]sf] u|Lg, emfn/L, ljhf], ;]tf]nfdf]
a};fv – h]i7
kf}if – df3 kmfu'g – r}q a'nd xfp; -u|Lg an kml:f{ klg nufpg pko'Qm_
^ :Sjf;
(6g]n leq)
ebf} – c;f}h kmfu'g – r}q Soflnkmf]lg{of jG8/, j]n jG8/
& e]8] v';f{gL kmfu'g – r}q h]i7 – c;f/ xfQL ;'8], Soflnkmf]lg{of jG8/, j]n jG8/
h]i7 – c;f/ ebf} – c;f}h xfQL ;'8], Soflnkmf]lg{of jG8/, j]n jG8/
kmfu'g – r}q h]i7 – c;f/ Hjfnf ;"o{d'vL, Pg= P;= nfOg -gfdwf/L_
* lk/f] v';f{gL
ebf} – c;f}h sflQs d+zL/ Hjfnf, ;"o{d'vL, Pg nfOg, Pg= P;= nfOg-gfdwf/L_
kmfu'g – r}q h]i7 – c;f/ rf}df;], s]t'sL jG8/, sG6]g8/, P;–(, /fhdf
( l;dL h]i7 – c;f/ sflQs– d+zL/
!) Kofh c;f/ – ;fpg c;f]h – d+;L/ Pu[kmfpG8 8fs{ /]8, Pu[ kmfp08 nfO6 /]8
!! e06f a}zfv – Hf]i7 ;fpg – ebf} lgnd, lglw, lk= lk= Pn=, ;f}/e, lj= O= &)^
!@ af]8L cfiff9 – ;fpg ebf} – c;f}h k|sfz, cfsfz, s:dL/L n+u, ;nf{xL tg]
16
&_ t/fO{ If]qsf nflu pko'Qm a]df};dL] t/sf/L afnL k|0ffnL
nufpg] tof/ x'g] pko'Qm hftx?

qm=;+= afnL
dlxgf dlxgf
;fpg – ebf} sflt{s – d+l;/ /fdof, OG8d – (%), (%)!, (*)@, :g]xntf,
! uf]ne]8f
c;f]h– sflt{s r}q – a}zfv gljg dlgiff, ?kfnL, gljg– @))),;]n]S;g– @@
;fpg – ebf} c;f]h – sflt{s k'iff sftL{sL , l;Ne/ sk– ^), l;Ne/d'g – %%,
c;f]h– sflt{s kf}if – df3 :g]fsLª, :gf]SjO{g, 6«lksn–$% lbg] . :gf]an–!^,
@ sfpnL :gf]s|fpg, lxdntf
d+;L/ – kf}if kmfu'g – r}q dfw'/L, :gf]ldi6Ls
;fpg – ebf} sflt{s – d+;L/ l6–^@!, h]gLy, ;]G6, ;'k/ lu|g, k|fO8 ckm
c;f]h– sflt{s d+l;/ – kf}if OG8Lof, uf]N8]g Ps/, l6–^@!, sf]kg x]ug, k|fO8
# aGbf
ckm OG8Lof, uf]N8]g Ps/, lu|g sf]/]g]6, l6 –^@!,
sflt{s – d+l;/ df3 – kmfu'g lu|g:6f]g
nx/]jfnL d+;L/ – kf}if r}q – h]7 sfs|f] – lgGhf, dflngL, dlxsf]u|Lg, km}hfjfbL
sfs|f], s/]nf, ltt]s/]nf– km}hfjfbL, ;]tf] nfdf], hf}gk'/L, sfj]/L,
$
:jf; dlxsf], ljhf]
-6g]n leq_ :Sjf; – And xfp;, u|] h'sLgL
*_ t/fO{ / dWo kxf8df nufOg] ljleGg a]df};dL t/sf/L afnL pTkfbg ug]{
tl/sf
a]df};dL t/sf/L afnLaf6 a9L eGbf a9L kmfObf lng ;aeGbf klxn] plrt sfo{ of]hgf
agfpg' kb{5 . s'g ;dodf s'g t/sf/L afnLsf] d"No ahf/df a9L 5 ;f] af/]df hfgsf/L
lng' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu sfpnLsf] df]n c;f]h sflt{s dlxgfdf kxf8df a9L x'G5 eg]
t/fO{df kmfu'g r}q dlxgfdf a9L kfOG5 . To;}u/L uf]ne]8fnfO{ c;f]h sflt{s dlxgfdf
kxf8df a9L d"No kb{5 eg] t/fO{df kmfu'g—r}q dlxgfdf a9L d"No kfOG5 . To;}n] ubf{
a]df};dL t/sf/L afnL nufpg] ;do klg t/fO{ / kxf8df km/s km/s x'G5 . sfpnLnfO{
kxf8df a]df};dL v]tL ubf{ c;f/– ;fpgdf nufOG5 eg] t/fO{df ;fpg—ebf}df nufOG5 .
To;}u/L kxf8df uf]ne]8f c;f/ ;fpgdf nufOG5 eg] t/fOdf ;fpg ebf}df nufOG5 .
sfqmf]nfO{ a]df};dL v]tL ubf{ k'if df3df kxf8df nufOG5 eg] t/fO{df d+;L/–k';df u'df}h
leq nufOG5 .
a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL ubf{ ls;fgx?n] lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbPdf a9L eGbf a9L kmfObf lng
;Ifd x'g]5g\ .
17
s= g;{/Ldf j]gf{ pTkfbg ug]{
a]df};dL t/sf/L afnLnfO{ g;{/Ldf a]gf{ tof/ u/]/ /f]Kg' kmfObfhgs x'G5 . g;{/L agfpbf
df6f] lgd{nLs/0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . df6f] lgd{nLs/0f k|ljlwn] df6f]sf] tfkqmd a9fp5 /
:j:y lj?jf pTkfbg x'g'sf] ;fy;fy} 8]DkLª ckm / cGo df6f] hGo ls/fx? Pj+ /f]ux?sf]
lgoGq0f x'G5 . g;{/Ldf a]gf{ v;fNbf @ ;]=dL sf] ulx/fO{df / nfOgsf] -xf/sf]_ b'/L % ;]=dL
x'G5 . Knfi6Ls y}nfdf a]gf{ pdfg]{ xf] eg] y}nf]df eg]{ le>0f kgL /fd|f] ;+u tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
v= /f]u tyf ls/fsf] lgoGq0f Pj+ /f]syfd
df};dL eGbf a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLdf /f]u / ls/fsf] a9L cfs|d0f x'G5 . /f]u / ls/fnfO{
Plss[t ;q'lhj Joj:yfkg / Plss[t /f]u Joj:yfkg ljlwaf6 lgoGq0f Pj+ /f]syfd ug{
;lsG5 . To;}sf/0fn] ubf{ a]df};dL t/sf/L afnL nufpg] ls;fgnfO{ Plss[t zq'hLj
Joa:yfkg / Plss[t /f]u Joa:yfkgsf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g' h?/L 5 .
u= dnvfb Joj:yfkg
a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL ubf{ dnvfbsf] Joj:yfkg klg dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . lj?jfnfO{ cfjZos
vfB tTjx? ;lhn} pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu dnvfb Joj:yfkgn] ;f]em} c;/ ub{5 . a]df};dL
v]tL ubf{ k|fuf]/Ls / /;folgs dn b'j} dnsf] l;kmfl/; adf]hLd k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . Ps /f]kgL
hUufdf a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL ubf{ lgDgcg';f/ dnvfbsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
• uf]a/dn – !@)) s]=hL ÷ /f]kgL,
• sDKn]S;fn – # s]=hL=÷ /f]kgL,
• o'/Lof – % s]=hL= ÷ /f]kgL,
• kf]6f; – @=% s]=hL= ÷ /f]kgL
t/ of] dfqf df6f]sf] dnLnf]kg stL 5 ;f] cg';f/ yk36 ug{ ;lsG5 .
3= l;rfO{ Joj:yfkg
a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLsf] pTkfbgdf l;rfO{n] dxTjk"0f{ e"dLsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . a]df};dL
v]tL ubf{ ;/n yf]kf l;rfO{ k|ljlw, :k|LÍn/ l9sLkDk h:tf l;rfO{sf k|ljlwx¿ k|of]u u/]/
sd kfgL ePsf] cj:yfdf l;rfO{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
18
ª= t'ngfTds nfe / k|lt:k|wtf (Comprative Advantage and Competitiveness)
a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL ubf{ d'Vo Wofg lbg'kg]{ kf6f] eg]sf t'ngfTds nfe xf] . s'g t/sf/L
v]tL ubf{ s'g ;dodf a9L eGbf a9L cfDbfgL x'G5 ;f] af/]df hfgsf/L u/L afnL nufpg]
of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 . xfjfkfgLsf] km/s, ef}uf]lns cj:yfn] ubf{ ePsf] ljljwtfnfO{ pkof]u
ug{ ;s]df a9L kmfObf x'G5 . h:t} aif{ftdf kxf8df uf]ne]8f v]tL ubf{ t'ngfTds ?kdf
a9L cfDbfgL x'G5 .
To;}u/L a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLsf] csf]{ d'Vo kIf eg]sf] k|lt:k|lwtf klg xf] . htL w]/}
ls;fgx?n] a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL u¥of] ptLg} k|lt:k|lwtf a9\b5 . h;af6 /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf]
pTkfbg ug{ ls;fgx? clek|]l/t x'G5g eg] pkef]Qmfn] klg /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] pTkfbg v/Lb
ug{ kfp5g . sd nfutdf u'0f:t/Lo t/sf/L lg/Gt/ ?kdf pTkfbg ug{;s] ahf/df
k|lt:klw{ x'g ;xof]u ldNb5 .
r= afnL s6fO / s6fO{ kl5sf k|ljlwx? - kf]i6 xfe]{i6 k|ljlw_

t/sf/L afnLnfO{ l6kL;s]kl5 plrt t/Lsfn] Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 . h;nfO{ afnL s6fg /
s6fO kl5sf k|ljlw -kf]i6 xfe]{i6 k|ljlw_ elgG5 . pQm k|ljlwdf lgDgs'/fnfO{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'
kb{5 .
!= afnL l6kfO{
@= ;l6{ª\
#= u|]l8Ë
$= Kofs]lhË
%= :6f]/]h
^= 9'jfgL
&= k|f];]l;+Ë
dfly lnlvt kf]i6 xfe]{i6 k|ljlwx?sf] hfgsf/L x'g' cToGt} h?/L 5 . kf]i6 xfe]{i6 ljlwsf]
hfgsf/L lnPdf ls;fgx?n] a]xf]b}{ cfPsf] #) Ü hlt Iflt sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
19
df6f] lgd{nLs/0f (Soil Solarization)
!_ df6f] lgd{nLs/0f
• df6f] lgd{nLs/0f eg]sf] zf}o{ zlQmjf6 df6f]sf] pkrf/ ug]{ ljlw xf]
• o;df kf/bzL{ Knfli6ssf] k|of]u u/L df6f]nfO{ 5f]lkG5
• sDtLdf # xKtf ;Dd 5f]lkG5
• Knfli6sn] 5f]k]sf] df6f] aflx/sf] eGbf !)–!@ l8 ;] n] al9 x'G5
• o;n] sfpnL, jGbf, uf]ne]8f, efG6fdf nfUg] h'sf (Nematode), sfpnLsf] h/fdf
nfUg] ufF7] /f]u (Club Root) / ls/fx?sf] lgoGq0f ub{5
• g;{/Ldf emf/kftsf] lgoGq0f u/L df6f]nfO{ km'sf] agfp+5
@_ df6f] lgd{nLs/0f ug]{ tl/sfx¿
• wfg / t/sf/L jfnLsf] g;{/Ldf r}q—a}zfv / efb|—cflZjg dlxgfdf ug]{

• df6f]nfO{ /fd|/L vghf]t ug]{
• Aof8 /fVgsf] nfuL df6f]nfO{ km'sf] agfO{ ;Dofpg]
• !—!.% dL rf}8f / cfjZostf cg'';f/sf] nDafO{ ePsf] Aof8 agfpg]
• Aof8sf] rf/}lt/ gfnf agfO{ lgsf; agfpg]
• Knfli6sn] 5f]Kg' eGbf klxn] slDtdf ^ O{Gr uxL/f] df6f]nfO{ /fd|/L lehfpg] h;n]
ubf{ ;"o{sf] tfkn] df6f] tft] kl5 df6f]af6 tftf] jfkm lg:sG5 / df6f]df ePsf /f]usf
lhjf0f' zfsf0f' / sL/fx? db{5g\
• @%)–#)) u]hsf] kf/bzL{ Knfli6sn] 5f]Kg]
o 5f]Kbf v]/L Knfli6s vK6g' x'+b}g
o Knfli6s RofltPsf] / Kjfn k/]sf] x'g' x'+b}g
o Aof8sf] rf/} lt/ gfnLdf Knfli6snfO{ /fd|/L k'g'{ kb{5
o olb Knfli6s Kjfn k/]sf] eP kf/bzL{ 6]kn] 6fNg]
#_ df6f] lgd{nLs/0fsf] kmfO{bfx¿
• 5f]kLPsf] df6f]sf] tfkqmd a9fpg

• df6f]nfO{ xflgsf/s ls/f Pj+ /f]u af6 arfpg
• z+fsf0f' ( Nematode) ljz]if ul/ ldnfO{8f]ufO{gf lgo+q0f ug{
• Ps k6s pkrf/ u/]kl5 df6f] ^ dlxgf ;Dd /f]u ls/faf6 d'Qm x'G5
• lapsf] pdf/ zlQm a9\5
• Aof8df a]gf{ dg]{ ;d:of sd x'G5 kmn:j?k k|lt ju{ dL6/ a]gf{ w]/} pTkfbg x'G5
• a]gf{ :j:y x'G5g\
• la?jfsf] j[l4 b/ /fd|f] x'G5
20
$_ df6f] lgd{nLs/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?
• /fd|/L 3fd nfUg] df};ddf slDtdf # xKtf ;Dd lgd{nLs/0f ug'{ kb{5
• lgd{nLs/0f ug]{ hUuf /fd|/L vghf]t u/L ;DofO{ df6f] w'nf] agfpg] h;n] ubf{
Knfli6snfO{ Rofltgaf6 hf]ufp+5
• Aof8 agfp+bf ;fwf/0ftof !—!.% dL rf}8f agfO{ rf/}lt/ gfnL agfpg]
• lgd{nLs/0f ug'{ eGbf klxn] xNsf l;+rfO{ ug]{ .
• ;kmf / kf/blz{ Knfli6sn] 5f]Kg] . 5f]Kbf kftnf] Knfli6s -@%)–#)) u]h_ sf] k|of]u
ug'{ kb{5 t/ Hofbf kftnf] eof] eg] Rofltg] 8/ x'G5
• lardf ghf]8LPsf] Knfli6sn] 5f]Kg' kb{5 . xfjf rn]sf] ;dodf 5f]Kg' x'b}g
• Knfli6ssf] b'j} 5]p+ Jof8sf] lsgf/df ePsf] gfnLdf k'g'{ kb{5 . o;/L Aof8df
Knfli6s cf]5\ofp+bf xfjf gl5g]{ u/L cf]5\ofpg' kb{5
• Knfli6sdf s'g} Kjfn k/]df To:t} kf/bzL{ 6]k jf cGo To:t} Knfli6sn] 6fNg' kb{5
• o;/L 5f]lkPsf Kn6x? leq dflg; jf cGo hgfj/x?nfO{ k:gaf6 hf]ufpg' k5{ . olb
s'g} Kjfn 6fNg jf cGo k|of]hgsf] nfuL Jof8df hfg' k/]df vfnL v'§f jf g/d ;f]n
ePsf] h'Qf k|of]u ug'{ kb{5
• xfjf rn]sf] a]nf Knfli6s xNnLg / Rofltg af6 arfpg s]xL xNsf lrhn] Knfli6s
lyRg ;lsG5 . o;/L 5f]Kg] lrh ltvf] / Knfli6s Roflt lbg] lsl;dsf] x'g' xb}g .
21
t/sf/L g;{/L pTkfbg k|ljlw
!_ p2]Zo
k|foMh;f] t/sf/L afnL pTkfbgsf nfuL klxnf a]gf{ tof/ u/]/ pko'St ;do Pj+ pko'Qm
7fpFdf nu]/ j]gf{nfO{ /f]lkG5 . a]gf{ pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u u/]sf] hldgnfO{ g;{/L elgG5 .
ljpnfO{ df};d cg';f/ ;f]em} hldgdf cyjf g;{/L agfP/ /f]lkG5 . aflx/L aftfj/0fsf]
k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePdf 6g]ndf cyjf u'df]h ldq klg g;{/L /fVg ;lsG5 . o; k|sf/sf]
k|of]u k|foMM u/]/ a]df};dL nx/] t/sf/L afnLsf] nflu -h:t}M sfs|f, km;L{ ,s/]nf cfbLdf_
ul/G5 . g;{/Lsf] cfsf/sf] lgwf{/0f slt hUufdf t/sf/L nufpg] eGg]df lge{/ /xG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu olb Ps /f]kgLdf uf]ne]8f nufpg] xf] eg] #–% j=dL= If]qkmnsf]
uf]ne]8fsf] g;{/L /fVg' kb{5 .
@_ g;{/Lsf kmfO{bfx?
t/sf/LafnL nfO{ klxn] g;{/L agfO{ lj?jf tof/ ePkl5 /f]Kbf lgDglnlvt kmfO{bfx? x'G5g .
• aLpsf] pdf/ zlQm a9L x'G5
• aLp sd nfUg'sf] ;fy} lj?jf rf8} pd|G5
• dx+uf] aLpsf] /fd|f] k|of]u
• a]gf{sf] x]/rfx ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5
• k|lts'n df};ddf klg lj?jf tof/ ug{ ;lsG5
• a]gf{ dlxgf lbg leq} tof/ x'g] xF'bf sd ;dodfg} a]gf{ ljqmL ljt/0f u/]/ cfDbfgLsf]
;|f]t a9fpg ;lsG5
• /f]u ls/fs]f k|sf]k sd x'G5 .
#_ g;{/Lsf k|sf/x?
s_ 6fF8] g;{/L – aiff{bdf kfgL hDg] If]qsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 .
v_ 8\ofª p7fP/ agfPsf] g;{/L – (Raised bed Nursery)
u_ 8\ofª gp7fO{ agfPsf] g;{/L – (Flat bed Nursery)
3_ hldg tn agfPsf] g;{/L – (Sunken bed Nursery)
ª_ Knu 6|] df /flvg] g;{/L – vf]k ePsf] Knfli6ssf] ef8f]
r_ Knfli6s u"df]h leq a]gf{ pdfg]{ – lxpb ofdsf] nflu pko'St x'G5
5_ pRr 5fk|f] jf cw{ u"df]h cfsf/sf] g;{/L – aiff{ofdsf] nflu pko'St x'G5
22
h_ Knfli6s y}nfdf a]gf{ tof/ ug]{ t/Lsf
• Knfli6s y}nfsf] ;fOh M $Æ– ^Æ
• y}nf]sf] km]bdf @–$ j6f Kjfn agfpg] .
y}nf eg]{ ld>0f
• dlnnf] ;se/ v]tL gu/LPsf] 7fpsf] df6f]–@ efu
• /fd|/L s'lxPsf] uf]a/ dn – @ efu
• lrD6\ofOnf] df6f] ePdf afn'jf – ! efu
• t/ anf}6] bf]d6 df6f] ePdf afn'jf ld;fpg' kb}{g .
• y}nf]df @ j6f jLp /f]Kg]
• @–# j6f ;SsnL kftx? cfPkl5 5f6]/ Pp6f lj?jf dfq /fv]/ @ k|ltztsf] o'/Lofsf]
3f]n 5s{g]
$_ g;{/L pTkfbg ug]{ k|ljlwx?

-s_ df6f] lgd{nLs/0f
g;{/L pTkfbg ug]{ 7fpsf] df6f] lgd{nLs/0f u/]/ dfq ljpnfO{ g;{/Ldf /f]Kg' kb{5 . df6f]nfO{
lgd{nLs/0f k|ljlw k|of]u u/L lgd{nLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] cnjf cGo ljiffbLx?sf] k|of]u
u/L df6f]df ePsf] /f]u ls/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
-v_ ljp pkrf/
aLpnfO{ g;{/Ldf /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] a]leli6g -Bevistin_ @ u|fd÷s]=hL sf] k|of]u u/]/ aLp
pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ lj?jfdf /f]usf] k|sf]k sd x'G5 . aLpnfO{ ly/fd jf SofK6]g
h:tf ljiffbL k|of]u u/]/ klg pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ g;{/L j]8sf] tof/L
• df6f] lgd{nLs/0f u/]sf] 7fpdf g} g;{/L /fVg' kb{5
• g;{/L /fVg] 7fpnfO{ /fd|f];+u vghf]t ug'{ kb{5
• emf/kft /fd|f];+u lgsfn]/ df6f] a'a'{/fpbf] kfg'{ kb{5
• aif{fbdf g;{/L /fVg] xf] eg] g;{/L j]8nfO{ hldgsf] ;tx b]lv cnL dfly p7fP/
agfpg' kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof !% ;]=dL= df6f] p7fpg' kb{5
• lxpbdf g;{/L /fVbf 6g]n÷u'df}h leq g;{/L /fVg' kb{5
23
• g;{/L /fVbf obL df6f] lgd{nLs/0f u/]sf] 5}g eg] wfg v]tsf] df6f] k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f]
x'G5 .
-3_ g;{/Ldf ljp /fVg]÷/f]Kg] t/Lsf
• g;{/L j]8sf] rf}8fO{ lt/af6 % ;]=dL=sf] km/sdf nfO{g agfpg]
• aLpnfO{ g;{/Ldf @ ;]=dL= sf] ulx/fO{df /f]Kg' kb{5
• aLp g;{/Ldf /fv]÷/f]k] kl5 dfyLaf6 xNsf ;+u df6f]n] 5f]Kg]
• To;dfyL /fd|/L ;'s]sf] k/fn jf 3f+;n] xNsf 5fkf] xfNg] h;n] ubf{ g;{/Ldf tftf]kg
tyf df6f] lr:ofg /xL /xG5 / aLp rf8} pd|G5
• aLp pd|] kl5 5fk|f] x6fO{ lbg] .
-ª_ dnvfb Joj:yfkg
g;{/Ldf dnvfb Joj:yfkgn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . ;f] sf/0fn] ub{f g;{/Ldf plrt
dnvfbsf] Joj:yf x'g' h?/L 5 . a]gf{ /fd|f] ;+u pd|g, a9\g ljleGg lsl;dsf kf]ifs tTjsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof g;{/Ldf /fd|f];+u s'lxPsf] uf]a/dn a/fj/ dfqfdf ld;fP/
df6f]df /fd|f];+u ld;fpg' kb{5 . g;{/Ldf lj?jf /f]kL;s]kl5 olb lj?jf /fd|f] ;+u gj9]df !–
@ k|ltzt o'l/ofsf] emf]n agfO{ g;{/Ldf :k|] ug'{ kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ lj?jfsf] a9g] qmd l56f]
x'G5 . g;{/Ldf xfn cfP/ c? ljleGg lsl;dsf emf]ndnx?sf] k|of]u klg k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf]
5.
-r_ a]gf{ tof/ x'g] ;do
g;{/Ldf /f]k]sf] a]gf{ ;fwf/0ftof @)–@% lbgdf tof/ x'G5 . t/ of] ;do t/sf/L afnL
cg';f/ s]xL km/s klg x'g ;Sb5 .
-5_ a]gf{ a]rljvg
• a]gf{ pTkfbg ug]{ ls;fgn] g;{/L tof/ ubf{ nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{x?sf] lx;fj /fVg' kb{5
. vr{x? eGgfn] h:tf] dnvfb stL nfUof] < ljp stL k};fsf] nfUof] < ljiffbLx?sf]
vr{ < sfdbf/sf] Hofnf cfbL ;a} lsl;dsf] vr{ hf]8]/ To;df s]xL k};f gfkmf /fvL
ljqmL ljt/0f ug'{kb{5 . j]gf{sf] d"No lgwf{/0f klg ;fwf/0f tof/ dfly pNn]lvt vr{
cg';f/ /fVg] u/LG5 .
• a]gf{ obL :yfgLo ahf/df ljqmL ljt/0f u/L af++sL /x]df afXo ahf/df nu]/ klg
ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
24
-h_ ahf/ of]hgf agfpg] t/Lsf
a]gf{ pTkfbsn] a]gf{ pTkfbg ug'{ cufj} ahf/ of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 . ahf/ of]hgf agfp+bf
lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
• s'g t/sf/L afnL / stL If]qkmndf a]gf{ pTkfbg ug]{
• a]gf{ tof/ slxn] / s;/L ug]{
• a]gf{ pTkfbgsf] nflu dn, ljp, ljiffbL sxf+af6 Nofpg]
• a]gf{ pTkfbgsf] nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u sxf+ uP/ lng]
• sxfF uP/ j]gf{ ljqmL ug]{ / cfDbfgL÷vr{sf] lx;fj lstfj s;/L /fVg]
dfly pNn]lvt a'bfx?sf] /fd|f];+u hfgsf/L ePdf a]gf{ pTkfbs a9L eGbf a9L kmfO{bf
lng ;Sb5 .
-em_ Eofn'r]g Pk|f]rnfO{ a9fjf lbg a]gf{ pTkfbsn] ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?
g;{/L pTkfbssf] e"ldsf ufpF3/df lgs} 7"nf] x'G5 . g;{/L pTkfbsn] cfkm"n] dfq g;{/L
pTkfbg gu/L cfkm\gf] ;d'xdf ljleGg ;b:o;+u ;dGjo u/]/ hfg' kb{5 . g;{/L pTkfbsn]
Eofn' r]g Pk|f]rnfO{ k|jw{g ubf{ lgDg lnlvt kmfObfx? x'G5 .
• :jf:Yo lj?jfsf] ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ / u/fpg]
• ahf/ af/] hfgsf/L /fVg] / c?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]
• g;{/L pTkfbsn] cfk'lt{ ;fdfu|L k|bfos sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{
• ;]jf u|fxL ls;fgsf] ;+Vof a9\b5
• ls;fgsf] / g;{/L pTkfbs b'j}sf] cfDbfgL a9\b5
• g;{/L pTkfbsn] cfkm\gf] ;d'x leq dfq geP/ c? ;d'xdf ;d]t ;]jf k|bfossf] e'ldsf
lgjf{x ub{5 .
25
Plss[t zq'hLj Aoa:yfkg -cfO{=lk=Pd=_
(Integrated Pest Management)
!= kl/ro
afnL ;+/If0f cGt{ut kof{a/0fnfO{ gvNaNofO{ cfly{s gf]S;fg :t/nfO{ ga9fO{ jfnLx?nfO{
gf]S;fg k'/\ofpg] xfgLsf/s /f]u, sL/f, emf/kft, d';f cflbnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] Joa:yfkg
ug'{ g} Plss[t zq'hLj Joa:yfkg xf] . o;n] aftfa/0fnfO{ oyf]lrt Wofg lbb} k|fs[lts
>f]tsf] kl/rfng u/L s[ifssf] k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u u/]/ lbuf] s[lif ljsf;df
;xof]u k'/\ofp5 .
Psflt/ cfO{=lk=Pd=sf] l;4fGt canDag u/]/ v]tL ubf{ jftfa/0fsf] ;+/If0f x'G5 eg]
csf]{lt/ t/sf/L jfnLnfO{ zq'hLjaf6 arfO{ :j:y t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . vf;ul/sg
cfO{=lk=Pd k|ljwL s[ifsx?nfO{ s[ifs kf7zfnf dfWodaf6 jfnL cawLe/ s[ifs kf7zfnf
;~rfng ul/ bIf agfO{G5 .
@= cfO{=lk=Pd= sf] cfjZostf
• aLiffbL /lxt k|f+ufl/s pTkfbg a9fpg k|f]T;fxg ug{

• /;folgs aLiffbLx?sf] k|of]u sd u/L h}ljs aLiffbLsf] al9 k|of]u u/]/ zq'hLjsf]
Aoa:yfkg ug{
• /;folgs aLiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ k/]df hyfefjL k|of]u gu/L nlIft zq'hLjnfO{ dfq k|of]u
ug]{
• ldq' sL/f / hLjf0f'sf] ;+/If0f ug{
• pTkfbg nfut 36fpg .
#= cfO{=lk=Pd=sf rf/ l;4fGtx?
-s_ :j:y lj?jf x'sf{pg'M
/fd|f] pTkfbg u/L plrt cfDbfgL ug{ pko'St ahf/ / aLpsf] 5gf}+6, df6f] dnhnsf]
;'xfp+bf] Joa:yfkg, emf/kft /f]u sL/fsf] Joa:yfkg cflb slt cfjZoskbf]{ /x]5 eGg]
ljifodf s[ifs cfkm}n] klxrfg ul/ ;Ifd eP/ :j:y lj?jf pTkfbg ug]{ .
-v_ ldqhLjx?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{
cfkm\gf] v]tjf/Ldf zq'hLjx?nfO{ gfz ug]{ ldqhLjx?sf] klxrfg u/]/ ;'/Iff ug{];Sg',
ldqhLjx?sf zq'hLjx? ePtf klg pTkfbgdf sdL gcfpg] tYo klxrfg ug{ s[ifs cfkm}
;Ifd x'g] .
-u_ jfnLgfnLsf] lgoldt cjnf]sg÷lg/LIf0f ug'{M
jfnLgfnLsf] /fd|f] Joa:yfkgsf] nflu lgoldt ?kn] cjnf]sg u/L cfkm\gf] jfnLdf df};d,
kfgL, dn, emf/kft, lj?jfsf] cj:yf, /f]u sL/fsf] cj:yf cflbsf] cWoog ul/ s'g
;d:ofnfO{ s] ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o lng ;Ifd x'g] .
26
-3_ s[ifsnfO{ g} bIf agfpg]
jfnL aftfj/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ / cfk'mn] lgoldt ?kdf cjnf]sg ubf{ kfO{Psf
;d:ofx? dfly 5nkmn u/L ;xL Joa:yfkg ug{ lnO{Psf] lg0f{ox?n] s[ifs cfkm}nfO{ bIf
agfpg ;3fp k'/\ofpg] 5 .
$= Plss[t jfnL Joa:yfkgsf tl/sfx?M
s= h}ljs tl/sf (Biological)
k|fs[lts zq'x?sf] k|of]u u/]/ /f]u tyf sL/fsf] lgoGq0f ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ h}ljs tl/sf
elgG5 .
l;sf/L sL/fsf k|of]uM
k|s[ltdf kfO{g] l;sf/L sL/fsf] k|of]u u/]/ klg xfgLsf/s sL/fx?nfO{ Joa:yfkg ug{
;lsG5 .
l;sf/L sL/fx?sf] s]xL pbfx/0f
qm=;+ l;sf/L sL/fsf] gfd l;sf/ vfg] Ifdtf
nfef{n] @))–#)) j6f /
;ft yf]Kn] vk6] (Lady
!= bird beetle)
nfxL sL/f jo:sn] %) j6f nfxL
ls/fnfO{ k|lt lbg vfG5 .
@= Carabid beetle df6f]df j:g] sL/fx?
#= Crysoperia
nfxL sL/f !))–^)) uf]6f nfxL ls/f
;]tf] lem+ufsf] Ko"kf #@( Ko"kfsf] lem+uf vfG5
nfxL sL/f Pp6f nfef{n] $)) j6f
$= Syrphid fly
nfxL ls/f vfG5
%= Spider df]y, ldm+uf, nfxL cfbL % j6f 7'nf df]y vfG5
^= Preying Mantid ;j} sL/fx?
Kof/f;fO{6sf] k|of]uM
logLx?n] sL/fsf] k'mn jf nfef{ leq cfkm\gf] k'mn kfg]{ c+u leq 3';fP/ k'mn kfb{5 / kl5
lt k'mnaf6 nfef{ lg:sLP/ vfG5 .
Kof/f;fO{6;sf] s]xL pbfx/0f
qm=;+ Kof/f;fO{6;sf] gfd l;sf/
x]nLsf]ekf{, O6a'§] cflb k'tnLsf]
!= Tricogmma spp. (egg parasitoids)
k'mnx?
aGbfsf] k'tnL / O{6a'§] k'tnLsf]
nfef{ -#%–%) k|lt lbg / lhjg
@= Cotesia spp. (Wasp Larvae parasitoids)
el/df !))) uf]6f O{6a'§]
k'tnLsf] nfef{_
27
sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]uM
-s_ ljo'lel/of a]l;ofgf ( Beuveria basiana )
of] Ps k|sf/sf] 9';L lhjf0f' xf] . o;n] lhjf0f' sL/fsf] z/L/ leq / jflx/ km}lnP/
sL/fnfO{ /f]uL agfO{ dfb{5 . df6f] lr;f]kgf, cg's'n ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf / plrt tfkqmd
ePdf 5/]sf] !@ 306f b]lv g} sfd ug{ yfNb5 . o;n] nfxL, ;]tf] lem+uf, ly|K;, aGbfsf]
k'tnL, O{6a'§] k'tnL sfpnL tyf uf]ne]+8fdf nfUg] xl/of] nfef{ cfbLnfO{ lgoGq0fsf nflu
k|of]u ug{ ;ls5 .
dfqfM % u|fd lhjf0f'nfO{ % u|fd ;Vv/ jf lrgL / ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g'{ kb{5 .
-v_ Pg=lk=eL= (Nuclear Polyhydrosis Virus)
of] efO{/; hGo h}ljs ljiffbL xf] . o;n] 5/]sf] %–& lbg d} ;a} vfn] sL/fx?sf]
nfef{nfO{ /f]uL agfO{ dfb{5 . dl/;s] kl5 sL/fsf] z/L/ ;8]/ hfG5 / efO{/; klg db{5
h;n] ubf{ aftfj/0fnfO{ klg c;/ ub{{}g .
dfqfM $–% yf]kf ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ a]n'sL kv 5g]{ .
-u_ lj=l6= (Bacterial Thurngiensis)
of] AofS6]l/ofo'St ljiffbL xf] . o;n] O{6a'§] k'tnL / uf]ne]+8fsf] ujf/f]sf] nfef{nfO{ dfb{5
-3_ el6{l;lnod n]sfgL
of] Ps k|sf/sf] 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL xf] . o;n] nfxL, ;]tf] lem+uf, ;'n;'n] h:tf
r';fxf sL/fsf] aRrf tyf jo:snfO{ dfb{5 .
dfqfM bdg le=Pn= !) u|fd / !) u|fd u|fd ;Vv/ jf lrgL ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ a]gf{
;f/]kl5 !% lbgsf] km/sdf # k6s 5g'{ kb{5 .
-ª._ d]6«flhod Plg;f]lKnof
of] 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLn] wld/f, v'd|] h:tf df6f] d'gL a;]/ gf]S;fg ug]{ sL/fnfO{
dfb{5 .
dfqfM bdg s] !)) u|fd / !)) u|fd ;Vv/ jf lrgLnfO{ @) s]=hL= sDkf]i6df ld;fO{
hldgdf 5/L t'?Gt vghf]t ug'{ kb{5 jf lj?jf ;fg]{ vf8ndf Ps Ps d'7Lsf b/n]
/fvL lj?jf ;fg'{ kb{5 .
/f]u lgoGq0f ug{ h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]uM
!= 6«fO{sf]8df{ lel/8L / lg;u{
of] Ps k|sf/sf] /f]u gfzs 9';L xf] . t/sf/Lsf] Jof8df nfUg] a]gf{ s'lxg] /f]u, eG6f,
uf]ne]8f tyf v';f{gL k'mhfl/odaf6 x'g] af]6 cf]O{nfpg] / cfn' tyf uf]ne]+8fdf nfUg]
89'jf tyf yf]Kn] /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
28
dfqfM a]gf{ /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] !)) u|fd ;+lhjgL / !)) u|fd ;Vv/ jf lrgL @) s]=hL=
sDkf]i6df ld;fpg] / v]tjf/Ldf 5/]/ hf]tfO{ ug]{ jf j]gf{ ;fg]{ vf8ndf Ps Ps d'7Lsf
b/n] /fvL j]gf{ ;fg]{ .
@= sNr/n tl/sf jf s[lif sd{df cfwfl/t tl/sf
k/Dk/fut v]tL ub}{ cfO{/x]sf tl/sfdf s]lx km]/jbn u/]/ /f]u tyf sL/fsf] Joa:yfkg
ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ sNr/n tl/sf elgG5 .
s_ jfnL rqm
Pp6} v]t jf jf/Ldf w]/}{ jif{ ;Dd Ps} kl/jf/sf] t/sf/L jfnL nufO{ /x+bf /f]u tyf
sL/fsf] k|sf]k b]lvG5 . h:t}M Knfli6s 3/ leq jf jflx/ nuftf/ Ps jif{ eGbf al9
uf]ne]+8f v]tL u/]df g]df6f]8 / AofS6]l/on ljN6sf] ;d:of b]lvg ;S5 . lo /f]ux?sf]
lhjf0f' df6f]df af+lr/xg] x'+bf cfsf]{ jif{ uf]ne]+8f v]tL ubf{ km]/L of] /f]usf] k|sf]k al9
b]lvG5 . ctM o;af6 arfpgsf] nflu afnL rqm cKgfpg' h?/L x'G5 .
v_ pko'St hftsf] aLp k|of]u
s]xL t/sf/Lsf] aLp /f]u tyf sL/f ;xg ;Sg] hftsf klg x'G5g\ . o;tf hftsf aLp
5gf}+6 u/]/ v]tL ubf{ klg /f]u tyf sL/fsf] gf]S;fgLaf6 sd ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M Pg–!^@
/ >[hgf hftsf] uf]ne]+8fdf cf]O{nfpg] /f]u ;xg] ;Sg] Ifdtf kfO{Psf] 5 .
u_ nufpg] ;dosf] x]/km]/
d'VoM ;dodf nufPsf] jfnLdf /]fu tyf sL/fsf] cfqmd0f al9 ePsf] klg b]lvG5, o:tf
jfnLx?nfO{ d'Vo ;do eGbf cuf8L jf k5f8L nufP/ klg /f]u tyf sL/fsf] cfqmd0fnfO{
5Ng ;lsG5 . h:t} dWo kxf8L efusf] vfN6f] k/]sf] hldgdf k'; df3df s'lx/f] nfUb5
o:tf 7fp+df Psdlxgf l9nf] u/L uf]ne]+8f nufp+bf 89'jf sd nfU5 .
3_ jfnLsf] nufpg] b'/L
t/sf/L jfnLx? l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] b'/L eGbf sd b'/Ldf nufpbf klg jf]6sf] em\ofË
glhs eO{ /f]u tyf sL/f a9L nfUg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . h:t} jiff{df uf]ne]+8f glhssf]
b'/Ldf nufpbf 89'jf /]fu al9 nfUb5 .
ª_ vghf]tM
v]tjf/Ldf jfnL sfl6 ;s]kl5 ulx/f] hf]tfO{ u/]/ df6f]nfO{ 3fddf ;'sfp+bf klg df6f]
leq n's]/ gf]S;fg ug]{ sL/fsf nfef{ tyf k"mnx? / s]lx 9';Lx? ;"o{sf] tfkqmdn] gi6
eP/ hfG5 .
29
r_ v]tjf/Lsf] ;/;kmfO{
v]t jl/kl/ ;kmf /fVg' Psbd dxTj k"0f{ s'/f dflgG5 . v]t jl/kl/ 3f+;} 3f+; jf klxn]
nufOPsf] jfnLsf] 7'6fx? ePdf /f]u tyf sL/f /xL/xG5 eg] n'Sg / a:gsf] nflu klg
cf>o x'G5 . To; sf/0f v]tjf/L tyf v]t jl/kl/ ;kmf /fVg' kb{5 .
#= ef}lts tl/sf
ef}lts tl/sf eGgfn] t/sf/L jfnLnfO{ gf]S;fg ug]{ 7'nf vfn] sL/fx?nfO{ ljxfg 3fd
nfUg' eGbf cuf8L g} ;dft]/ gi6 ug{ ;lsG5 eg] sL/fn] kftdf kf/]sf k'mn tyf ev{/}{
lg:s]sf] nfef{nfO{ hDdf ul/ gi6 ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} kml;{ sf+qmf hftdf nfUg] /ftf]
vk6] sL/fnfO{ ljxfg ;dft]/ dfg{ ;lsG5 eg] aGbf / sfpnLdf nfUg] aGbfsf] k'tnLsf]
k'mnnfO{ hDdf ul/ gi6 ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} ul/ kmf}hLsL/f÷;'lt{sf] kftvfg] nfef{nfO{
klxnf] cj:yfdf g} gi6 ug{ ;s]df s'g} klg ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g .
$= sfg'gL tl/sf
of] ;/sf/n] nfu' ug]{ sfg'gL tl/sf xf] . s'g} klg b]zdf csf]{ b]zaf6 cfoft jf lgof{t
x'g] s[lif hGoj:t'x?nfO{ l;df If]qdf cjl:yt KnfG6 Sjf/]g6fO{g r]skf]i6n] hf+r ub{5 /
olb cfoft ul/g] b]zdf Tof] /f]u jf sL/f gof+ lsl;dsf] b]lvPdf Tof] j:t'nfO{ leqLgaf6
/f]lslbG5 .
x'g t cGo d'n'sx?df d'n's leq klg o:tf lsl;dsf sfg'g nufPsf] kfO{G5 . o;f] ubf{
Ps 7ff+df ePsf] /f]u tyf sL/f csf]{ 7fp+df ;g{ kfpb}g . xfd|f] b]zdf o:tf] lsl;dsf]
sfg'g gePsf] x'+gfn] s[ifsx?n] w]/} gf]S;fg Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] pbfx/0f k|;:t kfO{G5 . h:t}M
eStk'/ lhNnfsf] k|d'v ?kdf sfpnL aGbfdf b]lvPsf] Sna ?6 -uf+7] /f]u_ dsjfgk'/
lhNnfsf] kfn'Ëdf lelqPsf] 5 .
cfn'sf] hf]tfxf sL/f (Potato Tuber Moth) klg aflx/L b]zaf6 lelqPsf] xf] .
%= /;folgs tl/sf
/f]u nfUg' eGbf cuf8L aLp pkrf/ / /f]u nflu ;s]kl5 /;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .
sfpnL aGbf ;d"xdf nfUg] sL/f tyf ltgsf] Joa:yfkg

s'g} klg t/sf/L jfnLnfO{ df6f] d'gL j;]/ / af]6df j;L gf]S;fg ug]{ b'O k|sf/sf
sL/fx? x'G5g\ . df6f] d'gL j;]/ gf]S;fg ug]{ sL/fx?n] h/f tyf hldgsf] ;txaf6 8fF7
sf6L gf]S;fg k'/\ofp5g\ . /ftf] sldnf, wld/f, v'd|] / km]b s6'jf k|d'v x'g .
30
sL/fsf]
gf]S;fg ug]{ tl/sf Joa:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf
gfd
/fd|f] ;+u s'lxPsf] dn k|of]u ug]{ .
h/f tyf 8f+77sf] af]qmf vfO{lbG5
kf;f] jfnLsf] ?kdf ufh/ nufpg] .
/ jf]6 cf]O{nfp5 eg] cfn'sf]
;'Vvf df6f]df al9 nfUg] x'+bf /fd|f] ;+u df6f] lehfpg]
xsdf cfn'sf bfgf vfO{ b'n} b'nf]
/ftf] agfO{ vfg of]]Uo x'b}g . jfnL nufpg' cuf8L ltt]kftL, agaf/f, c;'/f], s]t'sL cfbL s'g}
sldnf Ps dl;gf] sf6]/ df6f] leq ldnfpbf sd nfU5 .
wld/f ! efu ufO{sf] ux'+tdf ^ efu ld;fP/ agfPsf] 3f]ndf % u|fd
;'lt{sf] w'nf] ld;fO{ af]6 jl/kl/ /fVbf of] sL/fsf] k|sf]k lgs} sd
x'G5, lgd jf lrp/Lsf] lkgf df6f]df k|of]u ug]{ . /;folgs
ljiffbL, k|of]u ug'{ k/]df 8;{jfg k|of]u ug]{ .
jo:sn] d'gf tyf kft vfG5 eg] jo:snfO{ alQsf] kf;f] yfKg], sfrf] uf]j/ k|of]u gug]{, v]tjf/L
v'd|]n] df6f] d'gL j;]/ h/f vfO{ ;kmf /fVg], jfnL lnO{ ;s]kl5 ulx/f] hf]Tg] .
v'd|]
lbG5 / lj?jf db{5 sfpnL aGbfdf uGw cfpg] jfnL h:t] uf]ne]+8f, n;'g, wlgof
sL/f
cfbL
9';LhGo h}ljssf] ljiffbL -h:t} d]6«flhod_ k|of]u ug]{ .
km]b of] sL/fn] slnnf lj?jfnfO{ j]n'sf 7fp+ 7fp+df 3f+;sf] y'k|f] /fVg] / ljxfg uO{ Toxf+ hDdf
s6'jf hldgsf] ;txaf6 sf6L lbG5 ePsf sL/fnfO{ dfg]{ .
af]6df j;]/ gf]S;fg ug]{ sL/fx?M

logLx?n] af]6df a;L kft tyf 8f+7 vfO{ lj?jfnfO{ gf]S;fg ub{5g\ .
sL/fsf]
gf]S;fg ug]{ tl/sf Joa:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf
gfd
logLx?n] ;d"xdf 8f“7, slnnf kft ! efu ufO{sf] ux"tdf % efu kfgL ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
tyf d'gfdf a;]/ /; r';]/ gf]S;fg ;ef]{ gfds ljiffbL ! ln6/ kfgLdf !) Pd=Pn= ld;fO{
nfxL ub{5g\ eg] csf]{ tkm{ efO{/; ;fg]{ 5g]{
sfd klg ub{5 . lgdhGo ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
yfof]8fg ! ln6/ kfgLdf @–# Pd=Pn= ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
udL{ df};d ;'? x'g] ljlQs} logLx?sf] k'mn jf nfef{nfO{ hDdf ul/ gi6 ug]{
dfp k'tnLn] kftsf] tNnf] efudf v]tjf/L ;kmf /fVg] .
aGbfsf]
kx]nf k'mn kfb{5g / nfef{ lg:s]kl5 nfef{ dfg{sf] nflu lgdhGo jf ;ef]{sf] k|of]u ug]{ jf
k'tnL
;d"xdf j;L kftsf] xl/of] efu vfO{ dfnflyog ! Pd=Pn= ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
b'n} b'nf] agfO{ lbG5g\ .
logLx?sf] nfef{n] sfpnL aGbfsf] kft k'mn tyf ev{/ lg:s]sf] nfefnfO{ vf]hL gi6 ug]{ .
;'lt{sf] kft vfO{ l5ofl5of agfO{ lbG5 . vf; kf]yLdfpsf] nflu km]/f]d]g 6«ofk÷-df]xgL kf;f]_ :kf]8f]
vfg] nfef{ ul/sg a]df};dL jfnLdf o;sf] k|sf]k No"/ k|of]u ug]{ .
÷kmf}hLsL/f al9 b]lvG5 . ;ef]{ jf lgdhGo ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{
kftsf] ;txdf j;L xl/of] efu k/hLjLsf] k|of]u -6«fO{sf]u|fdf_

O{6a'§]
vfO{lbG5g\ / kl5 kftx?df ljleGg l;kmfl/; u/] cg';f/sf] dn / b'/L k|of]u ug]{ .
k'tnL
cfsf/sf] Kjfn} Kjfn x'G5 .
31
sfpnL aGbf ;d"xdf nfUg] /f]u tyf ltgsf] Joa:yfkg
/f]usf]
nIf0f Jo:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf
gfd
klxnf kftsf] dflyNnf] ;txdf :j:y jLpsf] k|of]u .
;fgf ;fgf sfnf] bfu b]vf k5{ / ;Gt'lnt dnvfbsf] k|of]u tyf plrt l;rfO{ Joa:yfkg .
kl5 of] bfu a9\b} uO{ kft 89]sf] 8fO{y]g Pd—$% @–# u|fd ! s]=hL=aLpdf ld;fO[ pkrf/ ug]{ .
cN6/g]l/of h:tf] b]lvG5 . /f]usf] k|sf]k 8fO{y]g Pd—$% @–# u|fd ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
yf]Kn] ePkl5 kft gl5lKkb} emb{5 ;fy}
sfpnLsf] k'mndf klg b]vf kb{5
h;n] ubf{ sfpnL vfg of]Uo
x'b}g .
df6f] ;tx glhs} sfpnL jf :j:y aLpsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
aGbfsf] 8f“7 kfgLn] leh]sf] /f]u nfu]sf] v]tdf 3'lDtjfnL cKgfpg] .
h:tf] b]lvG5 / kl5 9';Lsf] 9';Lsf luvf{x? gi6 ug{ ! dlxgf ;Dd kfgL hdfpg] .
8f+7 s'lxg] TofGb|f b]lvG5 . 9';L af]6sf] leq
leq km}lnb} uO{ 8f“7 s'lxG5 ;fy}
8f“7sf] leqL efudf 9';Lsf]
sfnf sfnf luvf{x? b]lvG5g\ .
d"Vot ;fgf j]gf{df nfUb5 . emf/kft, /f]u nfu]sf] lj?jf tyf k'/fgf 7'6fx? x6fO{ ;kmf
;fgf slnnf kftdf ;–;fgf /fVg] .
dl;gf a}hgL /+usf] yf]Knfx? w]/} afSnf] j]gf{ g/f]Kg] .
b]lvG5g\ / kl5 lt gof“ kftdf hldg tof/ ubf{ ulx/f] vghf]t ug]{ .
;b}{ hfG5 / k'/f kftnfO{ 89fO{ 3'lDt jfnL cKgfpg] .
8fpgL lbG5 . kftsf] tNnf] ;txdf 8fO{y]g Pd–$% jf yfO{/fO{8 @–# u|fd k|lt s]=hL=sf b/n]
ldN8\o' ;]tf w'nfsf s0f h:tf] jf skf; aLp pkrf/ ug]{ .
h:tf] 9';L b]lvG5 . /f]usf] g;{/Ldf aLp 5/]kl5 @ u|fd lqmNofS;Ln ! ln6/ kfgLdf
k|sf]k al9 ePdf sfpnLsf] ld;fO{ df6f] leHg] ul/ 5g]{ .
k'mndf ;d]t lo 9';L b]vf kb{5g\ /f]u b]lvPdf 8fO{y]g Pd–$% @–# u|fd jf lqmNofS;Ln @ u|fd
! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
of] /f]usf] lhjf0f'n] g;{/Lsf g;{/L Jof8df kfgL lgsf; /fd|f] x'g' kb{5
slnnf lj?jf dfb{5 . lj?jfsf] /fd|f] ;+u kfs]sf] dn k|of]u ug]{ .
km]+bdf 3fp b]vf kb{5 ;f] a9\b} v]tjf/L ;kmf /fVg] .
uP/ 8f+7 s8f / dl;gf] eO{ d/]sf j]gf{ tyf s'lxPsf aGbfnfO{ gi6 ug]{ .
a]gf{ dg]{ / ;'s]/ db{5 . of] /f]usf] lhjf0f'n] 3'lDt jfnL cKgfpg] .
km]b ;'Sg] aGbfsf] km]+b, h/f tyf aGbfsf] a]leli6gn] aLp pkrf/ ug]{ .
x]8 -sf]aL_ klg s'lxG5 . o;/L ;f+em kv l;rfO{ gug]{ .
/f]u nfu]sf] aGbfsf] kft / /f]u nfu]sf] b]vgf ;fy a]leli6g ! u|fd ! ln6/ kfgLdf
sf]aLdf 9';Lsf r]K6f v}/f ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
luvf{x? aGb5 .
/f]uL af]6sf] kftdf c+u|]hL ' V ' aLpaf6 ;g]{ /f]u ePsf]n] /f]uL If]qsf] aLp k|of]u gug]{ .
cfsf/sf kx]nf] bfu b]vf kb{5 / v]tjf/L ;kmf /fVg] .
sfnf] leqsf g;fx? sfnf] ePsf] x'G5 zLt jf kfgLn] jf]6x? leh]sf] j]nf sfpnL tyf aGbfsf]
s'lxg] /f]u . kl5 lt bfux? ;'s]/ hfG5 / v]tdf sfd gug]{ . 3'lDt jfnL nufpg] .
(Black g;f sfnf]kg a9\b} ufO{ kftsf]
rot) d'Vo g;f / af]6 s'lxG5 . o;/L
s'lxPsf] 8f+7sf] g/fd|f] uGw
cfp+5 .
32
/f]u nfu]sf] jf]6sf] h/f 8Nnf /f]uL 7fp+sf] j]gf{ k|of]u gug]{ .
jGb5 / ;xfos h/fx? cf}nf df6f]sf] lk=Pr= ^=%–&=@ ;Dd k'/\ofpg] .
h:tf] df]6f df]6 x'G5g\ . lbgdf kfO{Pdf j]gn]6 % u|fd gkfO{Pdf j]leli6g @ u|fd k|lt ln6/
h/fdf uf+7] cf]O{nfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ljxf kfgLdf ld;fO{ agfPsf] emf]ndf a]gf{ ;fg'{ eGbf cuf8L !%–@)
kg]{ /f]u j]n'sf cf]O{nfPsf] b]lvb}g . ldg]6 ;Dd 8'jfP/ /f]Kg] .
jfnLsf 7'6f s'lxg' cuf8L g} pv]n]/ gi6 ug]{ .
jfnL rqm cKgfpg] .
al9 ePsf] kfgLsf] lgsf; /fd|f] ug]{ .
Sd+qmf km;L{ ;d"x t/sf/LjfnLdf nfUg] sL/f tyf ltgsf] Joa:yfkg
sL/fsf] gfd gf]S;fg ug]{ tl/sf Aoa:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf
kf]ly lem+ufn] cfk\mgf] k'mn s'lxPsf] k'mn tyf kmnnfO{ hDdf ul/ sl/j ! xft ulx/f]
kfg]{ c+unfO{ slnnf k'mn vf8n vgL s'g} klg ;Dks{ ljiffbL 5/L jf kfgLdf 8'afP/
tyf kmn leq 5]8]/ k'mn k'l/lgbg] . efn] lem+uf dfg{sf] nflu So" No"/ jf AofS6f];]/f
kfl/lbG5 . kl5 lt k'mnaf6 gfds kf]yLsf] uGw cfpg] No"/sf] k|of]u ug]{ . lo lem+ufn]
kmn s'xfpg]
aRrfx? lg:s]kl5 kmn leq u'nLof] dg k/fpg] x'b+ f kfgLdf clnslt lrgL ld;fO{ !
cf}+;f
a;]/ kmnsf u'bL vfG5g\ / ln6/sf] emf]n agfO{ To;df cfwf rDrf dfnflyog /fvL
kl5 tL kmn s'lxg yfN5 . agfPsf] emf]nnfO{ sfqmf kml;{ nufPsf] jf/Lsf] 7fp+ 7fp+df
5l/ lbg] .lem+ufnfO{ dg gkg]{ uGw cfpg] h:t} lgd, ;'lt{
jf cb'jfsf] emf]n 5g]{ .
jo:s vk6]n] kft, nx/f of] vk6] ljxfg 3fd gnfu] ;Dd p8\g g;Sg] x'+bf xftn]
tyf k'mn vfG5 eg] o;sf] l6k]/ dfg{ ;lsG5 . af]6 jl/kl/ emf/kft ;kmf ug'{ kb{5 .
nfef{n] h/f Kjfn kf/L u'bL lgdhGo ljiffbL % Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ &
/ftf] vk6]
vfO{ lbG5 . df6f]df 5f]Psf] lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ . olb k|sf]k al9 ePdf dfnflyog jf
kmnnfO{ nfef{n] Kjfn agfO{ kmf]lnlyPg @–# Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ &
vfG5 / kmn s'lxG5 . lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .
lo sL/fx?n] d'gfsf slnnf ;'n;'n] /f]syfd ug{sf] nflu lgdhGo ljiffbL % Pd=Pn=
kftdf j;L /; r':b5g\ / jf ;ef]{ :k|] !% Pd=Pn=k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
;'n;'n]
kftdf efO{/; nfu] h:tf]
u'hd'Hh b]lvG5 .
sfqmf] kml;{ ;d"xdf nfUg] /f]u tyf ltgsf] Joa:yfkg
/f]usf]
nIf0f Joa:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf
gfd
kftsf] dflyNnf] ;txdf ljleGg aLp j]leli6gn] pkrf/ u/]/ /f]Kg] . v]tjf/Lsf] ;/;kmfO{
cfsf/sf] lkmsf kx]+nf yf]Knf ug]{ . /f]u b]Vg} ljlQs} lqmNofl;n gfds ljiffbL ! ln6/
zLt] 9';L b]lvG5g\ / kl5 lt yf]Knfx? kfgLdf ld;fO{ kftsf] tNnf] ;tx ;d]t leHg] ul/ 5g]{ .
/f]u 7'nf eO{ k'/} kft kx]+nf] b]lvG5 ljiffbL 5g'{ cufl8 tnlt/sf] /f]u nfu]sf] kftx? x6fP/
(Downy
Mildew)
/ k'/f kft 89\b5 . To:tf 5/]df /fd|f] x'G5 . lj?jfsf] b'/L al9 /fVg] .
kftsf] tNnf] ;txdf KofhL
KofhL /+usf] 9';L b]lvG5 .
kftsf] ;txdf v/fgL ;]tf] a'9f kftx?df klxnf b]lvg] x'+bf /f]u nfu]sf] kftx? l6kL
/+usf] 9';Lx? k|;:t b]lvG5 . ulx/f] vf8ndfk'g]{ . /f]u nfu]sf] ;'? cj:yfdf ufO{sf] ux'+t
/f]usf] k|sf]k ePdf ;a} j]f6sf] ! efudf % efu kfgL ld;fP/ kft /fd|f] ;+u leHg] ul/
v/fg] /f]u kftdf k'/} ;]t} b]Vg ;lsG5 . 5/]df klg of] /f]usf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . /;folgs
ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ k/]sf] v08df Sof/fy]g jf
;fdfwfg @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ /fd|f] ;+u
5g'{ kb{5 .
33
efO{/; slnnf] d'gfx?sf] ;–;fgf r';fxf sL/fn] -nfxL tyf ;]tf] lem+uf_ ;fg]{ ePsf] x'+bf
kftx? u'hd'Hh b]lvG5 . logLx?sf] cjnf]sg ul/ /f]syfd ug{sf] nflu ux'+t !
efudf % efu kfgL ld;fP/ 5g]{ jf lgdhGo ljiffbL %
Pd=Pn ! ln6/kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ jf/f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt
! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
uf]ne]+8fdf gf]S;fg ug]{ sL/fx? / ltgsf] Aoa:yfkg
sL/fsf] gfd gf]S;fg ug]{ tl/sf Aoa:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf
nfef{n] kmn nfUg' cuf8L efn]nfO{ dfg{sf] nflu -km]/f]d]g 6«ofk÷df]xgL kf;f]_ x]ln
kft vfG5g\ . t/ kftnfO{ No"/sf] k|of]u ug]{ .
eGbf k"mn / kmnnfO{ al9 nfef{nfO{ xftn] ;dft]/ dfg]{ .
uf]ne]+8fsf] ?rfpg] x'+bf kmn x]nL Pg=lk=le=!=% Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/
kmndf nfUg] nfuL;s]kl5 kmnnfO{ Kjfn agfPsf] emf]n ck/fGxdf 5g]{ .
ujf/f] kf/]/ cfwf zl// kmn aflx/ lgdhGo ljiffbL % Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{
/fvL u'bL vfG5g\ . ;okqL k"mn jf c;lkm{ k"mn kf;f] jfnLsf] ?kdf nufpg] .
;fO{k/d]ly|g jf ;'ldl;l8g gfds ljiffbL @ Pd=Pn= k|lt !
ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .
kftdf ;'?Ë slnnf kftdf ;'?ËagfO{ v]tjf/L ;kmf /fVg] .
vGg] sL/f leq kl; xl/of] efu ;ef]{ !)—!% Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ . jf
vfO{lbG5 . al9 ePdf k'/} /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
kftx? v}/f] eO{ ;'Sb5 .
logLx?n] kftdf a;]/ /; v]tjf/L ;kmf /fVg] .
r':5 / kft kx]+nf] x'g yfN5 ;ef]{ !)–!% Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ . jf
;]tf] lem+uf
. ;fy} o;n] efO{/; klg ;fg]{ lgdhGo ljiffbL % Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
sfd ub{5 . ;fO{k/d]ly|g @ Pd=Pn+ k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
kmn s'xfpg] logLx?n] kmn leq a;L u'bL v]tjf/L ;kmf /fVg] .
cf}+;f vfG5 / kmn s'lxg yfN5 . AofS6f];]/f No"/÷km]/f]d]g 6«ofksf] k|ofu ug]{ .
uf]ne]+8fdf nfUg] /f]ux? tyf ltgsf] Joa:yfkg
/f]usf] gfd nIf0f Joa:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf
;'?df kftsf] 5]p jf kftsf] 6'Kkf kfgLn] /f]uL kft tyf kmnx?nfO{ hDdf u/L hnfpg] .
leh]sf] h:tf] v}/f] jf xNsf sfnf] bfu lj?jfx? afSnf] g/f]Kg] .
b]lvG5 . lhjf0f'sf] nflu cg's'n tfkqmd, gfef] lj?jfx? x6fpg] .
cfb|tf kfPdf tL bfux? l56f] l56f] a9\b5 lj?jfsf] sf+65f+6 ug]{ .
89'jf
/ ;a} kftx? 89fO{ lbG5 . To;} ul/ 8f+7 jfnLsf] lgoldt cjnf]sg ug]{ / /f]u b]lvPdf
/ kmn tyf kmnsf] e]6\gf]df klg v}/f] jf &–!) lbgsf] km/sdf lqmNofS;Ln @–# u|fd
sfnf] bfu kf/L af]6x? ;'s]/ dg{ yfNb5g\ k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{
eg] kmnx? emb{5 . kftsf] b'j} ;tx leHg] ul/ 5g'{ kb{5 .
of] /f]u 8f+7 tyf kmndf b]lvG5 . 8f+7df /f]u nfu]sf] kmn l6Kg] / tfdfo'St ljiffbL
nfu] leq leq s'lxG5 eg] kmndf nfu]df wg'sk jf cg'sk jf AnfO{6S; @ u|fd ! ln6/
kmn / 8f+7df kmn sfnf] eO{ emb{5 . kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
nfUg] sfnf] 8f+77df sfnf] bfu b]lvPdf ;kmf rSs' jf
/f]u klQn] lr/]/ leq s'lxPsf] u'bL lgsfNg] / dfly
pNn]lvt s'g} Ps ljiffbLsf] dnxd agfO{ ;f]
3fp tyf sfnf] bfudf n]k nufpg] .
:j:y b]lvPsf] lj?jf klg PSsf;L /f]u nfu]sf] 7f+psf] j]gf{ k|of]u gug]{ .
af]6
cfO{lnG5 . of] /f]u ;'?sf] cj:yfdf /f]uL jf]6nfO{ pv]n]/ gi6 ug]{ .
cfO{nfpg]
b]lvPtf klg k"mn k'mNg] / kmn nfUg] kfgL hDg glbg cUnf] 8\ofË agfO{ lj?jf ;fg]{
34
a]nfdf al9 b]lvG5 . al9 tfkqmd / kfgL 3'lDtjfnL cKgfpg] .
k/]sf] j]nf of] /f]u b]lvG5 . cfO{nfPsf] /f]u ;xg ;Sg] hft h:t} Pg–!^@, Chgf tyf
jf]6sf] 8f“7nfO{ sf6]/ l;;fsf] Unf;df Pr=cf/=l8= hftsf] nufpg] .
;kmf kfgL /fvL sf6]sf] efu 8'jfpbf ;]tf] lk|e]G6n ! u|fd k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{
wfuf] h:tf] nx/f h:tf] zfsf0f' au]sf]
b]lvG5 .
h/fdf luvf{x?sf] ljsf; x'G5 / a[l4df /f]uL jf]6 gi6 ug]{ .
/f]sfj6 cfO{ jf]6 kx]+nf] eP/ cGtdf db{53'lDt jfnL nufpg] .
;okqL, ;"o{d'vL jf sfnf] tf]/L ljr ljrdf
nufpg] .
g]df6f]8
lj?jf ;fbf{ lgdsf] lkgf k|lt /f]kgL @%
s]=hL=sf b/n] k|of]u ug]{ .
lj?jf /f]Kg] vf8ndf @–# u|fd sfjf]{km\o"/fg
/fvL lj?jf ;fg]{ .
kft / d'gf a6fl/G5 ;fy} kft ;fu'l/G5 . /; r':g] vfnsf sL/fn] ;fg]{ ePsf] x'+bf nfxL,
;]tf] lem+ufnfO{ lgoGa0f ug{ug'{ kb{5 .
sL/f /f]syfd ug{ ;ef]{ !)–!% Pd=Pn= k|lt !
lnkmsn{
ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO[ 5g] . jf
efO{/;
yfof]8fg jf /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ! ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fO{ !) lbgsf] km/sdf g;{/L b]lv g}
5g'{ pko'S5 x'G5 .
kftsf] g;f xl/of] x'G5 . cGo efu kx]nf] of] klg r';fxf sL/fn] ;fb{5 ctM dfly
x'G5 / kftsf] cfsf/ klg ;fgf] x'G5 . pNn]lvt ul/P cg';f/ sL/fsf] Joa:yfkg ug]{ .
! ln6/ kfgLdf sf+rf] b'w !) Pd=Pn= ld;fO{
df]hfO{s !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5bf{ /f]u a9\g sd ePsf]
efO{/; kfO{Psf] 5 .
lk|e]G6n ! u|fd ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ Jof8df
Ps k6s / j]gf{ ;f/]sf] !% lbgsf] km/sdf @
k6s 5bf{ klg sd ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
^= ufp+3/df kfO{g] ag:ktLaf6 ljiffbL tof/L / k|of]u
• ! s]=hL= Kofh sf6\g] / To;df pdfn]sf] kfgL cfwf ln6/ ld;fO{ agfPsf] emf]ndf !%
ln6/ kfgL ld;fO{ !) lbgsf] km/sdf 5bf{ sTn]sL/f, ly|K; ;'n;'n] /f]syfd ug{
;lsG5
• uf]ne]+8fsf] kftnfO{ tftf]kfgLdf lehfpg] / lehfPsf] kftnfO{ lgrf]/]/ cfPsf] /;
5gf{n] aGbfsf] k'tnLsf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5
• ! efu ux'+tdf % efu kfgL ld;fO{ agfPsf] emf]ndf % u|fd ;'lt{sf] w'nf] ykL agfPsf]
emf]n k|ltjf]6 lrof Unf;sf] cfwf Unf; lj?jfsf] km]+bdf xfNbf /ftf tyf af]6df
5gf{n] sldnf, nfxL, ;'n;'n] sd gf]S;fg ub{5
• ! efu v/fgL / ! efu r'g ld;fO{ ljxfg zLt cf]jfpg' eGbf cuf8L 5bf{ pk|mg]
vk6] sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5
• ! efu ufO{sf] ux't / % efu kfgL ld;fO{ 5bf{ v/fg] /f]u lgoGq0f x'G5
• ! /f]kgLdf !)–!% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL lrp/Lsf] lkgf xfNbf df6f] d'gL a;]/ gf]S;fg
ug]{ sL/f h:t} v'd|], /ftf] sldnf, wld/f, km]+b s6'jf cfbL lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5
35
• ! s]=hL=d]jfsf] tfhf kft lk:g] / !) ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fpg] To;df @ rDrf dl§t]n
s] s]xL ;fa'gsf] w'nf] ld;fO{ Ps/ft ;Dd /fVg] / ef]nL kN6 5bf{ nfxL tyf km8\sf]
sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5
• ! s]=hL= l;:g'nfO{ 6'qmf 6'qmf kfg]{ / *–( ln6/ kfgL ld;fpg] uld{ ;dodf !@–!% /
hf8f] ;dodf !%–@) 306f ;Dd lehfpg] / 5fg]/ 5g]{ . o;f] ubf{ e'ml;nsL/f, nfxL
cfbLsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5
• @%) u|fd lk/f] v';f{gLsf] w'nf] sk8fdf /fvL ( ln6/ kfgLdf @$ 306f ;Dd Pp6f
ef8f]df lehfpg] / csf]{ ef8fdf # lrD6L ;fa'gsf] w'nf] ! ln6/ kfgLdf @$ 306f
;Dd lehfpg] . @$ 306fkl5 dflysf b'j}nfO{ lgrf]/]/ 5fGg] / b'j}nfO{ /fd|f] ;+u
ldnfO{ 5/]df nfxL sL/fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5
• n;'gnfO{ dl;gf] 6'qmf kfg]{ / dl§t]n ld;fO{ n]bf] agfO{ @ lbg ;Dd /fVg] . To;df
!% u|fd w'nf] ;fa'g ldnfO{ 5fGg] / To;df !% ln6/ kfgL ld;fO{ t'?Gt k|of]u ubf{
klg nfxL sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|of]u ubf{ !)–!$ lbgsf] k/sdf ug{ kb{5
• %) k|ltzt sf+rf] b'w / %) k|ltzt kfgL ld;fO{ 5gf{n] sf+qmf kml;{df nfUg] v/fg]
/f]u sd x'G5 .
&= ljiffbLsf] k|of]u / dfgj :jf:ydf o;sf] c;/
/;folgs ljiffbL l;kmfl/; ul/P cg';f/sf] dfqf eGbf sd jf w]/}, w]/} k6s k|of]u,
h'gkfof] ToxL ljiffbLsf] k|of]u, w]/} s8f ljiffbLsf] k|of]u, ljiffbL 5bf{ ;fjwfgL gx'g',
hyfefjL k|of]u, ljiffbLsf] k|of]u kZrft t'?Gt pkof]u cfbL sf/0fx?n] ubf{ aftfj/0fnfO{
k|b'if0f agfp5 eg] csf] tkm{ dfgj k|fl0fnfO{ l;w} c;/ ub{5 . dfgj tyf k|fl0fx?nfO{
ljiffbLn] @ lsl;daf6 c;/ k'/\ofO{ /x]sf] 5 .
s= k|ToIf c;/M
ljiffbLsf] c;fjwfgL k|of]u, rflxg] eGbf s8f ljiffbLsf] k|of]u, c;fjwfgL k|of]u cfbLn]
ubf{ dfgj k|ffl0fsf] gfs, d'v, 5fnfsf] Kjfn, ;f; k]mbf{ zl//df k'Ub5 h;n] ubf{
dflg;nfO{ 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]u, 5f/] /f]u cfbL b]v kg{ ;S5 eg] t'?Gt klg dg{ ;Sb5
eg] csf]{ tkm{ zq'hLsf] ;fy;fy} nfebfos sL/fx? klg db{5g .
v= ck|ToIf c;/M
dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ ljiffbLsf] hyfefjL k|of]u ubf{ aftfj/0fnfO{ xfjf, kfgL, df6f]
k|b'lift agfp5 . k|b'lift aftfa/0fdf pTkfbg ePsf ag:klt hut / vfBfGgdf ljifsf]
c;/ /x]sf] x'G5 eg] b'lift xfjfkfgLn] ubf{ klg dfgjnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ k'/\ofO{ /f]uL
aGg k'Ub5 . hyfefjL ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ubf{ dfgj k|fl0fnfO{ rflxg] :j:y xfjf, kfgL,
df6f] cfbLsf] cefjn] ubf{ dfgj k|fl0f /f]uL aGg k'Ub5 . ljiffbLo'St vfBj:t'x? pkof]u
ubf{ dfgj k|f0fLx?sf] t'?Gt d[To' t x'b}g t/ zl//df ljif yf]/} yf]/} dfqfdf vfO{/x]sf]
x'G5 . o;/L vfO{/x]sf] ljiffbL dfgj k|fl0fsf] zl//df ePsf] jf];f], sn]hf], kmf]S;f],
d[uf}nf, d'6'df hDdf e} /x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L hDdf ePsf] ljiffbLn] s]Gb«Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL,
sn]hf],kmf]S;f], d[uf}nf d'6' tyf kfrg k|0ffnLdf u8a8L x'g], 5fnfdf SofG;/ cfbL
ljsf/x? pTkGg x'g] ;fy ;fy} efjL ;Gtfgdf o;n] gsf/fTds k|efj b]vfp5 h:tf]
;Gtfg hGdbf g} ckfËx'g] cfbL . o; sf/0f ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ubf{ nlIft ;q'hLjsf] nfuL
36
aftfj/0fnfO{ c;/ gkg]{ ul/ l;kmfl/; ul/P cg';f/ a8f] xf];Lof/L ;fy k|of]u ug'{
lgtfGt cfj:os 5 .
/;folgs ljiffbL al9 jf sd k|of]u ubf{ ;q'hLjx?df k|lt/f]wfTds zlQmsf] ljsf; eO{
gof+ ;d:of yKg ;Sb5 . To;}n] o:tf] lsl;dsf] g/fd|f] c;/af6 6f9} /xg ufp+3/df
kfO{g] ljleGg :yflgo ag:ktL k|of]u u/]/ ;q'hLjsf] Joa:yfkg ug'{ a'l4dfg x'G5 .
37
jfnLdf Plss[t vfBtTj Joj:yfkg
(Integrated Plant Nutrient System)
!= kl/roM
afnLnfO{ rflxg] tTjx?nfO{ k'/f ug{sf] nflu ljleGg >f]tx? h:t} k|fËl/s ;|f]t, jfnL
jfnL:yfkg / /f;folgs >f]tx?nfO{ k|of]u u/]/ df6f]sf] Jofj:yfkg ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ æPsLs[t
jfnL vfBtTj Joj:yfkgÆ elgG5 . PsLs[t vfBtTj Jofj:yfkgdf lgDg lnlvt ;|f]tx?sf]
k|of]u åf/f jfnL lj?jfsf] vfWotTjsf] cfk'lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= uf]7]dn÷sKkf]i6dnsf] k|of]u
g]kfndf w]/}h;f] k|of]u x'g] dn uf]7]dn g} xf] / o;sf] k|of]u cGo ;|f]tx? eGbf a9L g} 5 .
uf]7]dnsf] k|rlnt Jofj:yfkgdf vfBtTjsf] cToflws If]tL x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; uf]7]dnn]
df6f]sf] jgfj6df ;'wf/ Nofp5, df6f]df kfgL c8\g ;Sg] Ifdtf a9fpg], ;'Id h}ljs
s[ofsnfk a9fpg], :yflgo >f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] aflx/L vr{ nfUb}g . ufO{
j:t'n] vfPsf] vfgfaf6 @) efu dfq j:t'x?df kf]if0fdf k|of]u x'G5 . *) efu lkzfj /
uf]j/df aflx/ cfpb5 . o;df klg gfO6«f]hgsf] *) k|ltzt / k:kmf]/;sf] ^!–*& k|ltzt /
kf]6f;sf] *@–(@ k|ltzt uf]j/ / d'qaf6 aflx/ kms{G5 . uf]j/sf] bf]Jj/ ux'taf6 vfBtTj
jflx/ cfpb5 . vfWotTjsf] lx;fjn] ux't dxTjk'0f{ 5 .
# sf];]jfnLsf] cGt/jfnL
lj?jfnfO{ rflxg] gfO6«f]hgsf] k|d'v ;|f]t jfo'd08n / k|fËl/s kbfy{ x'g . jfo'd08nLo
gfO6«f]hgnfO{ l:yl/kms u/fO{ jfnLnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] sfd sf];]jfnLsf] h/fdf a:g] Ps
k|sf/sf] z'Id lhjf0f'n] ug{] x'bf sf];]jfnL bLuf] df6f] Jofj:yfkgdf w]/} dxTjk'0f{ 5 . sf];fdf
kmn nfUg] jfnLnfO{ sf];]jfnL elgG5 t/ ;j} o:tf jfnL sf];] jfnL xf]Ogg\ . sf];]jfnLsf]
h/fdf lhjf0f'åf/f jgfOPsf luvf{x? x'G5g\ . xfd|f] nflu pkof]udf cfpg] d'Vo d'Vo
sf];]jfnLx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
bfnjfnLM– e6\df;, jf]8L, rgf, d';'/f], df;, d'uL, /x/, as'nf, l;dL, ux“t, d6/, abfd cflb
$= xl/of]dnsf] k|of]u
s'g} klg lj?jfsf] xl/of] efu -kft÷8f7_ nfO{ xl/of] cj:yfd} df6fdf ld;fPkl5 Tof] s'lxG5
/ df6fdf vfBtTj ylkG5, o;}nfO{ xl/of] dn elgG5 . xl/of] dn d'Vo u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ .
-s_ h'g hdLg df]Ng] xf] ;f]xL hdLgdf pdf/]/ To;}df ldnfpg] . h:t} b}+rf, l;N6'Ë cflb .
o:tf sf];]jfnL hftsf xl/of dnnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ Ps t logsf kft÷8f“7df j9L
gfO6«f]hg x'G5 eg] csf{] logn] jfo'd08nLo gfO6«f]hg klg l:y/ ub{5g\ .
-v_ jg h+unaf6 jf cGoqaf6 sf6]/ NofP/ hdLgdf ldnfpg] xl/of] dnx? . h:t} c;'/f],
ltt]kftL, asfOgf]sf kft / 8f+77nfO{ sf6]/ hdLgdf NofO{ xl/of] cj:yfd} k|of]u ul/G5
.
38
%= 5fkf]sf] k|of]u
5fkf]sf] k|of]u ubf{ jiff{sf] kfgLaf6 x'g] e"–IfonfO{ /f]Sb5 lsgsL kfgL leq ;Dd ;f]l;G5 .
5fkf]sf k|of]un] emf/kft cfpgaf6 /f]Sb5 , df6f]af6 kfgL jflikms/0f x'g] gf]S;fgL 36fp+b5
. 5fkf]] k|of]u u/]sf] kbfy{ s'x]kl5 :jtM df6f]df k|fËl/s kbfy{ ylkG5 .
^= 3'Dt]jfnL k|0ffnL ckgfpg]
Ps} 7fp+|df ;w} Pp6} hftsf jfnLx? nufO{ /x+bf df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm klg sdL x'G5 ;fy} /f]u,
ls/fsf] k|sf]k klg a9\b5 . To;}n] 3'Dt] jfnL k|0ffnL ckgfpg h?/L x'G5 . 3'Dt]jfnL
nufpbf Pp6f l;hgdf sf];]jfnLsf] k|of]u ug{'kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ pj{/fzlQm klg a9\b5 .
&= df6f]sf] clDnokg tyf Iff/Lokgf ;'wf/ ug{]
t/sf/L v]tL ug{sf] nflu df6f]df /x]sf] lk=Pr= n] klg 7"nf] e'ldsf v]Nb5 . df6f]df olb
clDnokgf / Iff/Lokgfsf] u'0f jl9 ePdf df6f]df pTkfbg zlQm 36\b5 . olb df6f]df
clDnokgf al8 ePdf s[lif r'gsf] k|of]u ug{'kb{5 / Iffl/okgf jl9 ePdf lhK;d kfp8/sf]
k|of]u u/]/ df6f]sf] /f;folgs u'0fdf ;'wf/ ug{'kb{5 . tyf sd dnvfBdf klg ;Gtf]ifhgs
pTkfbg lbg] vfnsf jfnLx? 5gf]6 ug{'kb{5 . df6f]df cfjZostf cg';f/ k|fËfl/s kbfy{sf]
k|of]u u/]df klg df6f]sf] clDnokgf tyf Iff/Lokgf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
*= /;folgs dnsf] k|of]uM
dfly pNn]lvt ;j} ;|f]t tyf pkfox?n] gk'u]sf] v08df dfq /f;folgs dnaf6 yk
vfBtTj cfk'lt{ ug{'kb{5 . Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L lj?jfsf vfBtTjx?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg
/;folgs tl/sfn] tof/ kfl/Psf] dnnfO{ /;folgs dn elgG5 . /;folgs dnsf] k|of]u
ubf{ lgDg lnlvt kmfObfx? x'G5g\ .
• yf]/} dfqfn] klg lj?jfsf vfBtTjx? pknAw x'G5g\ .
• 9'jfgL tyf k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] / sd vlr{n]f x'G5 .
• jfnL l56f] / xnSs a9\b5g\ cyf{t dnsf] c;/ l5§} b]lvG5 .
39
Plss[t vfBtTj Joa:yfkg
• df6f]]sf] a'gf]6 tyf
agf]6
lg0ff{os cj:yfx¿
• lk=Pr=
• ahf/sf] kxF'r • k|fËfl/s kbfy{
df6f]]sf] cj:yf
• sfdbf/sf] pknJwtf • r'xfj6
• ;fdflhs l:ylt • e"Ifo
• k|fs[lts ;|f]t • vfBtTjsf] pknAwtf
• k/Dk/fut 1fg / ;Lk
• PsLs[t vfBtTj
vfBtTj Joj:yfkg df6f]] Joj:yfkg
• uf]7]dn÷sDkf]i6dn
• xl/of]dn • e"Ifo 36fpg]
• k|fËfl/s kbfy{÷afnLsf • lk=Pr= ;Gt'ng ug]{
cjz]if Joj:yfkg • k|fËfl/skbfy{sf]
• h}ljs l:y/Ls/0f ;Gt'ng
• /f;folgsdn • r'xfj6 36fpg]
• 3/fo;L kmf]x/ afnL Joj:yfkg
• vfBtTjsf] pknAwtf
• afnL rqm a9fpg]
• nlIft pTkfbgsf] cg'dfg
• afnLn] lng] vfBtTjsf] cg'dfg
• pko'Qm hftsf] 5gf}6
• cGt/afnL k|0ffnL
• /f]Kg] ;do / tl/sf
• lr:ofgsf] Joj:yf
• em/kft, /f]usL/fsf] Joj:yfkg
(= uf]7]dn Joaj:yfkgsf d"Vo ;d:ofx?M

• d"qsf] b'¿kof]u
• 3fdkfgLaf6 Iflt
• gkfs]sf]÷lj3l6t gePsf] dnsf] k|of]u
• v]taf/Ldf dn n}hfg' cl3 ;'sfpg] ul/g'
• v]taf/Ldf k'¥ofPkl5 ;'sfpg] ul/g'
• ufO{{a:t' 5f8f 5f]8\g'
40
!)= ljleGg k|fËfl/s a:t'x¿df kfOg] gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf tyf sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft
gfO{6«f]hg k|ltzt
qm=;+= ;fdu|L
-;'Vvf_
! ufO{{ a:t'sf] d"q !%-!*
@ ;'Vvf /ut !)-!$
# lkgf #-(
$ xl8\8sf] r"0f{ @-$
% slnnf] 3fF; @ -$
^ zx/L kmf]xf]/d}nf M
a9L ;fukft ePsf] @–#
a9L sfuh ePsf] )=^– !=#
& hns'DeL @=@-@=%
* ufO{{uf]?sf] uf]j/ !-!=*
( ;F'u'/sf] dn !=(
!) s'v'/fsf] ;'nL $
!! ux'Fsf] 5\afnL )= ^
!@ wfgsf] k/fn )=%&
!# sf]bf]sf] gn )=&
!$ ;'s]sf kts/ )=$-!
!% pv'sf] kft )=#
!^ sf7sf] w"nf] )=!
d"qsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ pkfox¿

• esf/f] ;'wf/ ul/ d"qsf] r'xfj6 36fpg]
• d"q ;ª\sng ug]{ vf8n jf 6\ofÍL agfpg]
• ;ª\slnt d"qnfO{ ;Lw} af/Ldf jf dnvf8ndf ld;fpg]
• a9LeGbf a9L ;f]Q/ k|of]u ug]{
!!= ljleGg sf];]afnLdf gfO6«f]hg l:y/ ug]{ Ifdtf -s]=hL=÷x]S6/ k|lt afnL k|ltaif{_
afnL gfO6«f]hg
s_ bnxg sf];]afnL
uxt (Horse gram) $%–%%@
/x/ (Pigeon pea) !^*–@*)
af]8L (Cow pea) &#–#%$
d'uL (Mung bean) ^#–#$@
e6df; (Soyabean) ^)–!^*
rgf (Chick pea) !)#
d';'/f] (Lentil) **–!!$
41
abfd (Groundnut) &@–!@$
s]/fp (Pea) %@–&&
l;dL (Bean) $)–&)
v_ 3fF; tyf xl/of] dn
Sofnfkf] (Calapo) #&)–$%)
Ujf/ (Guar) $!–@@)
n';g{ (Lucern) $%–%%@
l6s Snf]e/ (Tick Clover) !^*–@*)
9}+rf (Sesbania) &#–#%$
Olkn–Olkn (Leucaena) ^#–#$@
;]G6«f] (Centro) ^)–!^*
cNkmf–cNkmf (Alfa Alfa) !)#
;a Snf]e/ (Sub Clover) **–!!$
8]:df]l8od (Desmodium) ()) ;Dd
Nofl8gf] Snf]e/ (Ladino Clover) &@–!@$
;]tf] Snf]e/ (White Clover) %@–&&
:6fOnf] (Stylo) $)–&)
e]r (Vetch) #&)–$%)
;|f]tM La Rue and Patterson (1981) & Nutman (1981)
!@= v]tLkftLdf sf];]afnLsf] dxTj
• sf];]afnLsf] bfgf tyf af]6df cGgafnLsf] t'ngfdf a9L dfqfdf k|f]l6g x'g] xF'bf
dflg; tyf kz'k+IfLsf] kf]if0fsf nflu logsf] a9L dxTj x'G5 .
• k|f]l6gsf cnfjf e6df; / abfd h:tf sf];]afnLdf k|;:t dfqfdf -@)–#) k|ltzt_
t]n x'g] xF'bf lognfO{ cf}Bf]lusafnLsf] ?kdf klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
• sf];]afnLdf h}ljs gfO6«f]hg l:y/ ug]{ Ifdtf x'g] xF'bf df6fsf] pAhfpzlQm
a9fpFb5g\ . To;}n] sf];]afnLnfO{ ægfO6«f]hg pTkfbg ug]{ d]lzgÆ klg eGg ;lsG5.
• cfkm}n] xfjfaf6 gfO6«f]hg lnO{ l:y/ ug]{ xF'bf cGo afnL pTkfbg ug{ ufx|f] x'g] ?vf]
df6fdf klg sf];]afnLn] s]xL pTkfbg lbg ;S5g\ / df6fsf] gfO6«f]hgdf sd lge{/
x'G5g\ .
• sf];]afnLsf af]6 / kftx? xl/of jf ;'Vvf rf/fsf] ?kdf ufO{j:t'nfO{ v'jfpFbf
kf]lifnf] x'gfsf] ;fy} ufO{j:t'sf] dnd"qaf6 klg a9L gfO6«f]hg k|fKt x'G5 .
• cGgafnLsf] afnLrqmdf sf];]afnL ;dfj]z ubf{ pQm afnLk|0ffnLdf /f]u, sL/f Pj+
´f/kftsf] k|sf]k s]xL xb;Dd sd x'G5 .
• cGgafnLx?;Fu sf];]afnLnfO{ cGt/afnLsf] ?kdf nufpFbf cGgafnLsf] pTkfbg
g3l6sg sf];]afnLsf] yk pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .
• sf];]afnLn] hdLg /fd|f];Fu 9fSg] x'Fbf vf;u/L kxf8L e]udf sf];]afnLn] e"–Ifo
36fpg klg d2t u5{ .
• sf];]afnLsf h/f tn;Dd k'Ug] xF'bf cGo cGgafnLn] lng g;s]sf vfBtTjx?
;lhn} lng ;Sb5g\ .
42
• 5f]6f] ;dodf afnL kfSg] x'gfn] cfsl:ds ?kdf s'g} k|fs[lts k|sf]k e}xfn] klg
s]xL g s]xL afnL leq\ofpg ;lsG5 .
• sf];]afnLsf] pTkfbg cGo vfBfGgafnLsf] t'ngfdf sd b]lvg] ePtf klg o;sf]
k|f]l6g / lrNnf]kbfy{sf] lx;fj ubf{ sf];]afnLsf] pTkfbg a9L kmfObfhgs x'g cfpF5
!#= xl/of] dnsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg k|hfltsf la?jfx¿ / ltgdf kfOg]
vfBtTjsf] ljj/0f
kfOg]÷nufpg vfBtTj k|ltzt
:yfgLo
j}1flgs gfd ;lsg] prfO{
gfd gfO6«f]hg km:kmf]/; kf]6f;
-ld6/;Dd_
c;'/f] Adhtoda vascia !#)) $=#) )=** $=$(
tLt]kftL Artemisia vulgaris @))) @=$) )=$! $=()
asfOgf] Melia azadirach !%)) #=@$ )=!( !=&^
sfnf] Albizia lebbeek !$)) @=*( )=^% @=%(
lz/Lif
l;lKnsfg Crateeva unilocularis !#)) #=^( )=#^ @=@&
k8\s] Albizia spp. @))—*)) #=^@ )=!^ )=($
lz/Lif
cfFvLt/] Walsura trijuga %))—!@)) @=&& )=$( @=$)
lv/f]{ Sapium insigne !#)) @=&) )=&( @=*(
;lhjg Jatropha curcas !))) @=&^ )=#@ @=@&
l;dnL Vitex negundo !@)) @=)* )=!$ )=%^
6'gL Toona ciliata *))—!$)) @=$$ )=!^ )=&!
lrnfpg] Schima wallichii $))—!^)) !=^* )=)( )=#&
wf]qm] km"n Brugmansia suaveolens !$)) !=#$ )=!& @=&%
;]]tf] Eupatorium antidysentrica *)) @=(! )=#% @=^*
agdf/f
sfnf] Eupatorium adenophorum !*)) !=#$ )=!& @=&%
jgdf/f
em';] tLn Guizotia abyssinicia !^)) $=$% )=#^ #=$$
d:ofË Vigna umbellata !@)) @=(! )=@* !=*$
9}Frf Sesbaniia aculeda !@)) @=*& )=@@ !=)&
43
hldgsf] pTkfbsTjdf c;/ kfg]{ tTjx¿
df6f]sf ef}lts, df6f]sf] df6f]sf

/f;folgs / lsl;d lr:ofg
h}ljs s0fx¿
hldgsf]
pTkfbsTj
hnjfo' afnLsf] pTkfbg

/f]u÷sL/f Ifdtf
44
t/sf/L jfnL pTkfbg pk|fGt ul/g] k|ljwL
(Post harvest handling Technologies in Vegetables Crops)
!= kl/ro
t/sf/L pTkfbg÷vfg of]Uo jf jfnL lng ;'? ePkl5 pkef]Stfn] pkef]u gu?Gh]n ;Dd
ljrsf] ljleGg sfo{x? ul/g' g} t/sf/L jfnL pTkfbg pk|fGt ul/g] k|ljwL xf] . o; k|ljwL
cGt{ut jfnL l6Kg], lr:ofpg], ;kmf ug]{, alu{s/0f ug]{, KoflsË ug]{, So"l/+u ug]{, 9'jfgL ug]{
e08f/0f ug]{ cfbL sfo{x? kb{5g\ .
@= dxTj
tfkqmd, cfb|tf, l6kfO{, /f]u tyf sL/f, u]|l8Ë / ;/;kmfO{df nfk/jfL, KoflsË /fd|f] gx'g',
oftfoftsf] c;'ljwf, plrt kf]i6xfe]{i6 k|ljwL 1fgsf] sd x'g', ahf/ Aoa:yfkg /fd|f] gx'g'sf]
sf/0n] ubf{ l6k]sf] t/sf/L gf]S;fg x'g' hfG5 . of] gf]S;fgLnf Go"gtd u/fO{ s[ifsx?sf]
cfodf a[l4 x'g hfg] ePsf] x'+bf kf]i6 xfe]{i6 k|ljlw cKgfpg' clt g} h?/L 5 . t/sf/L jfnL
l56f] gf]S;fg eP/ hfg] :jefjsf s[lifhGo j:t' ePsf] x'+bf pk/f]St s'/fx?nfO{ Wofg bg'
h?/L x'G5 .
kf]i6xfe]{i6 k|ljwLn] jfnL l6k]kl5 gf]S;fgL 36fpb+5, u'0f:t/ sfod /fVb5, /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ a9fp5, lgof{t ug{ ;lsG5, ljb]zL d'b|f leqfp ;lsG5 eg] :jb]zL k};f aflx/ hfb}g,
a]df};ddf pkef]Stfsf] dfu cg';f/ t/sf/L cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 ;fy} ;fgf s[ifsx?sf]
cfo>f]tdf yk a[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= ljleGg t/sf/Lx?sf] l6kfO{ jf s6fO{
kf]i6xfe]{i6 x]08lnË k|ljwLx? dWo] of] Psbd dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf] . jfnL l6Kbf slxn] / s'g
;dodf l6Kg] eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg] xf] eg] klg gf]S;fgnfO{ w]/} sd ug{ ;lsG5 . jfnL
slxn], s;/L s'g ;dodf l6Kg] eGg] s'/f jfnLx?sf] pkef]u ul/g] efu / cj:yfdf e/ kb{5
pkef]u ul/g] efusf] cfwf/df $ ca:yfdf l6Kg÷l6Kg ;lsG5 .
s= afg:ktLs cj:yfM
o; cGt{ut k|foM xl/of] kft tyf h/f vfg] t/sf/L jfnLx? kb{5g\ h;nfO{ kftx?
gl5lKkb} l6lkG5 . h:t}M /fof]sf] ;fu, kfn'+uf], rD;'/. :jL;rf8{, wlgof, lh/Lsf] ;fu,
s'l/nf], aGbf, n'8]sf] ;fu, d'nf, ufh/, ;nud, tf]/Lsf] ;fu, d]yLsf] ;fu cfbL .
v= l5lKkg' eGbf klxnfsf] cj:yfM
o; cGt{ut kmn, k"mn / sf];f t/sf/L jfnLx? kb{5g\ . h:t}M lel08, sf+qmf], kml;{,
l;dL, af]8L, e6df;sf] sf];f, e06f, e]8]v';f{gL, sfpnL, a|f]sfpnL, s]/fpsf] sf];f,
l3/f}nf, s/]nf, nf}sf, s6x/, lrlr08f cfbL
45
u= l5lKkPsf] cj:yfM
o; cGt{tu l5lKkg' eGbf klxnfsf] cj:yfdf k/]sf t/sf/Lx? kb{5g\ . h:t}M lk/f]
v';f{gL, sf+qmf], kml;{, s]/fp, l;dL, af]8L, cfn', lk8fn' cfbL
3= kfs]sf] cj:yfM
o; cGt{ut kmn kfs]kl5 pkef]u ul/G5 . h:t}M uf]ne]+8f, kml;{, sf+qmf cfbL .
$= jfnL l6Kg] j]nf eof] eg]/ s;/L hfGg] <
s= jfnLnfO{ x]/]/M
jfnLsf] /+u, cfsf/ cfbL x]/]/ klg klg l6Kg] ;do eP gePsf] Plsg ug{ ;lsG5 .
v= jfnLnfO{ 5f]P/M
jfnLnfO{ 5f]P/ g/d jf s8fkgsf] cg'ej u/]/ l6Kg] ;do ePsf] gePsf] hfGg ;lsG5 .
h:t}M ?vs6x/
u= jfnLnfO{ ;'3]/M
jfnLsf] af:gfsf] cfwf/df klg l6Kg] ;do ePsf] gePsf] hfGg ;lsG5 .
3= jfnLsf] :jfb rfv]/M
jfnLnfO{ rfv]/ u'lnof] of cldnf] :jfbsf] cfwf/df klg jfnL l6Kg] ;dosf] Plsg ug{
;lsG5
ª= jfnL nufPsf] ;do jf k"mn k'mn]sf] ;dosf] cfwf/dfM
klIf0f jf cg'ejsf] cfwf/df jfnL nufPsf] lbg / klxnf jfnL l6k]sf] lbgsf] km/sdf
klg jfnL l6Kg ;lsG5 .
r= /;folgs kl/If0f u/]/M
ljleGg tTjx?sf] k|ltzt jf kl/df0f /;folgs kl/If0f u/]/ klg jfnL l6Kg] ;dosf]
olsg ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= jfnL l6Kbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?
• ;s] ;Dd jfnL l6Kbf s}+rLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
• jfnL l6Kbf e]6\gf] nfdf] /fVg' x'b}g .
• 8f“7 x'g] t/sf/L l6Kbf 58\sf] tyf ltvf] wfl/nf] x'g] ul/ sf6\g' x'b}g .
• df6f]d"gL kmNg] t/sf/LnfO{ rf]6 gnfUg] ul/ vGg' kb{5 .
• zLt jf rsf]{ 3fddf l6Kg' x'b}g .
• l6Kgf ;fy /fd|f] / g/fd|f] 5'§fpg' kb{5 .
• t/sf/L l6k]/ 8f]sf], 6f]s/L jf jf]/fdf t/sf/L /fVbf rf]6 gnfUg] ul/ /fVg' kb{5 .
• l6k]kl5 ;kmfO{ ug'{ kb{5 .
• ahf/ nfg l9nf] x'g] ePdf 5fof+df lkmhfP/ /fVg' kb{5 .
46
s]xL d'Vo d'Vo t/sf/L jfnL l6Kg] ;do / tl/sf
t/sf/L l6Kg] ;do / tl/sf
6f9f ahf/sf] nflu kl/ksj ePsf] xl/of] cj:yfdf l6Kg] .
glhssf] ahf/sf] nflu xNsf kx]+nf]÷;]tf] -6lg{Ë_ cj:yfdf l6Kg] .
uf]ne]+8fM uf]ne]+8f l6Kbf laxfgsf] zLt cf]efPkl5 jf a]n'sf l6Kg' kb{5 .
kfgL k/]sf] j]nfdf l6Kg' x'b}g .
l9nf] ksfpg e]6\gf] ;lxt l6Kg] / rf8f] ksfpg e]6\gf] x6fP/ l6Kg] .
sfpnLsf] k"mn k'msL sl;Psf] cj:yfdf l6Kg' kb{5 .
;f“em sf6]/ 5fof“df /fVg] .
sfpnL
/fd|f] wf/ ePsf] xltof/n] k"mn 5f]lkg] ul/ s]xL kft ;lxt /fvL 8f“7 ltvf] gx'g]
ul/ sf6\g] .
cuf}6] hftsf] sf“qmf kmn nfu]sf] !)–@) lbgdf l6Kg nfos x'G5 .
sf+qmf
s}rL jf l;s]r/sf] k|of]u ul/ e]6\gf] ;lxt l6Kg] .
^= u|]l8Ë -:t/Ls/0f_
t/sf/L l6k]kl5 pkef]u ul/g] efusf] cfsf/, rf]6k6s nfu]sf], /Ë / tf}nsf] cfwf/df tx
5'§fpg] sfdnfO{ u|]l8Ë elgG5 .
u|]l8Ë gul/ /fd|f] g/fd|f] ;j} Psd'i6 ahf/df ljlqm ug{ n}hf+|bf /fd|f] d"No kfpb}g eg] s'x]sf],
rf]6k6s nfu]sf] t/sf/Ln] c? /fd|f] t/sf/LnfO{ ;d]t ljufg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 .
t/sf/L jfnLnfO{ tk;Lnsf] cfwf/df u]|l8Ë ug{ ;lsG5 .
/+u, ;fgf 7'nf, rf]6 k6s nfu]sf] gnfu]sf], kfs]sf] gkfs]sf], bfu nfu]sf] gnfu]sf] cfwf/df
ug'{ kb{5 .
&= Kofs]lhË
u|]l8Ë u/]sf] t/sf/LnfO{ glylrg], rf]6k6s gnfUg] ul/ pko'st ef+8f]df /fvL ahf/ k'/\ofpg
tof/ ul/g] Kofs]lhË elgG5 . Kofs]lhË ug{ sf7, af+;, Knfli6ssf] Sof/]6 cfbL k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . /fd|f] tl/sfn] Kofs]lhË u/]sf] v08df s[ifssf] jf/L jf ;+sng s]Gb|af6 s[lif pkh
ahf/ tyf pkef]Stf ;Dd k'/\ofp+bf x'g] gf]S;fgL sd x'G5 ;fy} u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpb}g.
pko'St tl/sfn] Kofs]lhË u/]df s[lif pkh nfdf] ;do ;Dd tfhf /fvL e08f/0f ug{
;lsG5 .
Kofs]lhË sfo{n] x'g] kmfO{bfM
rf]6k6s tyf 9'jfgL ubf{ x'g] gf]S;fgL sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
• /fVg] lemSg] sfd ;lhnf] x'G5 .
• ahf/df u'0f:tl/o eO{ cfs|if0f a9fO{ d"No al9 kb{5 .
47
KoflsË ug]{ ;fdfu|Lsf] 5gf}6
• g/d / bx|f] .
• vK6fP/ /fVg ldNn] vfnsf] .
• #)–$) s]=hL= ;Dd tf}n c6\g] x'g' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ nf]l8Ë tyf cgnf]l8Ë ug{ ;lhnf]
x'G5
• kfgL ;f]:g] vfnsf] x'g' x'b}g .
• cfsif{s,+ lskmfotL, xn'sf / vKg] x'g' kb{5 .
*= 9'jfgL
pTkfbg ynf] jf ;+sng s]Gb|af6 ljlqm:yn ;Dd jf yf]sahf/ ;Dd n}hfg] k|s[ofnfO{ 9'jfgL
elgG5 . 9'jfgL ubf{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fwgx?nfO{ k|of]u ul/G5 . h:t}– aonuf8f, ufl8,
dfgL; cfbL_ s[lif pkhx? 9'jfgL ubf{ ;'/lIft tj/n] gf]S;fgL sd x'g] ul/ ug'{ kb{5 .
9'jfgL ubf{ cfO{kg]{ ;d:ofx?M–
• ;dodf 9'jfgLsf] ;fwg gkfO{g] .

• ;fwg pko'St gx'g' .
• 9'jfgL ubf{ af6f]df w]/} 7fp+df lgl/If0f x'g' .
• 7'nf ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ uGtJo :yfg ;Dd hfg glbg' .
• w]/} :yfgdf s/ ltg'{ kg]{ .
• ef8f dx+uf] x'g' .
• ;8ssf] cj:yf /fd|f] gx'g' .
• ;8ssf] k"jf{wf/ cefjn] ubf{ cGo ;fwgaf6 9'jfgL ubf{ dx+uf] kg]{ .
• pko'St ef+8fdf KoflsË gul/g'
(= e08f/0fM
l56} gi6 eP/ hfg] s[lif hGoj:t' ePsf]n] ;fdfGo tfkqmddf nfdf] ;do ;Dd /fVg ;lsb}g .
slt tfkqmddf e08f/0f ug]{ xf] eGg] s'/f t/sf/Lsf] lsl;ddf lge{/ kb{5 .
;fwf/0ftof !)–!% l8u|L ;]N;Lo; / *%–(% k|ltzt ;fk]lIft cfb|tf ePdf @–# xKtf ;Dd
e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ xl/of] ;funfO{ eg] Ps xKtf ;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 .
!)= ahf/sf] lsl;d / pkef]Stfsf] rfxgf
ahf/ eg]sf] Tof] ynf] xf] hxf+ laqm]tf / qm]tf hDdf x'G5g\ / ;dfgsf] lsg j]r x'G5 . g]kfndf
ahf/ ljleGg lsl;dsf 5g\ .
• :yflgo :t/sf] ahf/
• lhNnf :t/sf] ahf/
• If]lqo :t/sf] ahf/
• /fli6«o :t/sf] ahf/ /
• cGt{/fli6«o :t/sf] ahf/
48
:yflgo :t/sf] ahf/M
:yflgo :t/df jf ahf/sf] ;]/]fkm]/f]df pTkfbg ePsf s[lifhGo j:t'x?sf] :yflgo pkef]Stf ljr
lsg a]r x'G5 .
ahf/sf ljz]iftfx?M
• pTkfbg If]qaf6 glhssf] ahf/
• ;fgf] kl/df0fdf j]rlavg x'g] .
• k|lt:k|wf sd x'g] .
• u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgdf sd Wofg lbO{g] .
• df]ndf]nfO{ sd x'g] .
ahfl/s/0fsf] lsl;dM
pTkfbs 8f]s] pkef]Stf
pTkfbs 8f]s] vb|f Aofkf/ pkef]Stf
lhNnf :t/Lo ahf/M
lhNnf :t/Lo ahf/df lhNnfdf kfos kg]{ jf oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] :yfgx?af6 s[lif
hGoj:t'x? lsg j]rsf nflu NofO{G5 .
ahf/sf ljz]iftfx?M
• pTkfbg If]qaf6 nueu %–$) ls=ld 6f9fsf] ahf/
• slDtdf lhkdf 9'jfgL ug{ k'Ug] pTkfbgsf] cfjZoStf kg]{ .
• k|lt:k|wf al9 x'g] .
• u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg' kg]{ .
• df]ndf]nfO{ al9 x'g] .
ahfl/s/0fsf] lsl;d
pTkfbs — ;+sns — yf]s Jofkf/L — v'b|f Aofkf/L — pkef]Stf
pTkfbs — ;sng s]Gb| — yf]s Jofkf/L — v'b|f Jofkf/L÷7]nf — pkef]Stf
pTkfbs — xf6ahf/ — yf]s Aofkf/L÷bnfnL — v'b|f Jofkf/L÷7]nf — pkef]Stf
pTkfbs — xf6ahf/ — v'b|f Jofkf/L÷7]nf pkef]Stf
pTkfbs — xf6ahf/ — pkef]Stf
If]qLo :t/s]f ahf/
ahf/df kfos kg]{ w]/} h;f] lhNnfdf ;+sng ePsf s[lif hGoj:t'x?sf] lsg j]r x'G5 .
ahf/sf ljz]iftfx?M
• pTkfbg If]qsf] lhNnf÷bf]>f] lhNnfsf] ahf/-kf]v/f, a'6jn, gf/fo0fu9, g]kfnk~h cfbL_
• 6«snfO{ nf]8 k'Ug] pTkfbgsf] cfjZoStf kg]{ .
• k|lt:k|wf{ al9 ug'{ kg]{ .
• u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgdf d"Nodf cfwfl/t x'g] ahf/ .
49
• df]ndf]nfO{ al9 x'g] .
ahfl/s/0fsf] lsl;dM
pTkfbs — ;+sns — If]qLo:t/ yf]s Jofkf/L— lhNnf :t/sfyf]s Jofkf/L — v'b|f
Jofkf/L÷7]nf— pkef]Stf
pTkfbs —;+sngs]Gb| — If]qLo:t/ yf]s Jofkf/L — lhNnf :t/sfyf]s Jofkf/L — v'b|f
Jofkf/L÷7]nf —pkef]Stf
pTkfbs — xf6ahf/— yf]sJokf/L÷bnfn— lhNnf :t/sfyf]s Jofkf/L—v'b|f Jofkf/L÷7]nf
—pkef]Stf
/fli6«o :t/sf] ahf/
ljleGg lhNnf :t/Lo ahf/af6 /fli6«o :t/sf] ahf/df s[lif hGoj:t'x? Joal:yt tl/sfaf6
Kofs]lhË ul/ 6«saf6 9'jfgL u/L NofO{G5 .
ahf/sf] ljz]iftfx?
ljleGg lhNnf ÷ If]qaf6 Aoal:yt tl/sfn] 9'jfgL ul/ NofO{g] -sf7df08f}sf] sfnLdf6L_
sd;]sd 6«sdf nf]8 k'Ug] pTkfbgsf] cfjZoStf jf 7'nf] kl/df0fdf ljlqm x'g] .
al9 eGbf al9 k|lt:k|wf x'g] .
u'0f :t/Lo pTkfbgdf d"No lgwf{/0f x'g] .
cGt{/fli6«o ahf/
ljleGg lhNnfx?df pTkfbg ePsf u'0f:t/Lo s[lif hGoj:t'x? ljleGg d'n'sx?sf] dfu /
rfxfgf cg';f/ k7fO{G5 . lo s[lifhGo j:t'x? k}7f/L ubf{ kf]i6xfe]{i6sf ;a} l;4fGtx?
cKgfO{Psf x'G5g\ ;fy} lt j:t'x? /f]u tyf sL/f d'St x'g' clt g} h?/L x'G5 . of] :t/sf
ahf/ 7'nf 7'nf Jofkf/Lx? dfq ;+nUg x'G5g\ . -;fN6 6«]l8Ë_
ahfl/s/0fsf] lsl;dM
pTkfbs—+;sns—If]qLo:t/ yf]s Jofkf/L—s]Gb«Lo:t/ yf]sAofkf/L—v'b|fJofkf/L÷7]nf—
pkef]Stf
!!= :yflgo tj/df cKgfO{Psf pTkfbg pk|fGt ul/g] k|ljwLx?M
w]/} h;f] s[ifsx?n] pTkfbg pk|fGt ul/g] k|ljwLx? h:t} ;dodfg} jfnL s6fgL, u|]l8Ë,
Kofs]lhË (Postharvest handling) gcKgfPsf sf/0fn] ubf{ sd d"Nodf g} lrQ a'emfpg
k/]sf] 5 . x'g t s[ifsx?nfO{ o; k|ljwL af/] 1fg sdL ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ gcKgfPsf] klg
x'g ;S5 tfklg g]kfn l;dL cGt{utsf s[ifs t/sf/L pTkfbs ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ o:tf
k|ljwLx? l;sfpb} cfO{/x]sf] x'+bf s]xL xb ;Dd u|]l8Ë / Kofs]lhË ug{ ;'?jft eO{/x]sf] 5 .
sfpnL aGbf ;d"xsf t/sf/Lx?
s'g cj:yfdf s6fgL ug]{ eGg] s'/f olsg gePsf] x'gfn] gof+ s[ifsx?n] l7s ;dodf s6fgL
ub}{gg\ jf k'm;{bsf] ;dodf s6fgL ug]{ rng 5 . sltj6f kft /fVg' kg]{ xf], slt nfdf] 8f+7
/fVg] xf], s'g ;dodf s6fgL ug]{ xf], u|]l8Ë, Kofs]lhË cfbL k|lawLx?nfO{ Wofg lbb}gg\ . eg]
9'jfgL ubf{ 8f]sf], jf af]/fdf /fv]/ ub{5g\ . pk/f]St s'/fx?n] ubf{ s[ifsx?n] plrt d"No
kfpb}gg\ .
50
sf+qmf, kml;{ cfbL nx/] ;d"x t/sf/L jfnLx?
k|foM h;f] s[ifsx?n] kmn 7'nf] agfO{ xftn] 3'dfO{ e]6\gf] r'8fnL s6fgL ub{5g\ eg] /fd|f]
g/fd|f] :t/Ls/0f ug]{ rng klg sd} kfO{G5 h"g pkef]Stfx?n] dg k/fpb}gg\ . 9'jfgL ubf{
8f]sf]df g} ug]{ rng 5 h;n] ubf{ 6f9f ahf/ ;Dd k'/\ofp+bf bfu nfuL sd d"Nodf kfp5 .
uf]ne]8f
s'g ahf/df a]Rg] xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofg} glbO{ uf]ne]+8f l6Kg] rng 5 . 6f9fsf] ahf/df nfg]
xf] eg] xl/of]af6 ;]tf] /+u ePkl5 / glhssf] ahf/df nfg] xf] eg] xNsf /ftf] ePkl5 l6Kg]
rng sd} kfO{G5 . :t/Ls/0f klg sd} s[ifsn] u/]sf] kfO{g5 .
8'jfgL ubf{ Knfli6ssf] Sof/]6df /fvL ug'{ kg]{df 8f]sf]df g} /fvL ub{5g\ . 8f]sf]nfO{ 9f8df
af]sL 6f9fsf] ahf/÷;+sng s]Gb| ;Dd k'/\ofpbf s]xL g s]xL gf]S;fg ePsf] kfO{G5 .
df6f]sf] 3}6f] k|of]u ul/ e08f/0f ug]{ tl/sf
of] e08f/0f :yflgo :t/df kfO{g] df6f]sf] ef+8faf6 agfpg ;lsG5 . of] k|ljwLaf6 e08f/0f
ul/Psf] t/sf/L /]lk|mh]/]6/df e08f/0f ul/Psf] eGbf al9 u'0f:t/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . of]
tl/sf k|of]u u/]/ ;fgf ls;fg, pkef]Stf / v'b|f Kofkf/Lx?n] t/sf/L e08f/9f ug{ pko'St
x'G5 .
df6f]sf] 3}6f agfpg] tl/sf
• bO{j6f df6f]sf] ef+8f .
• ef+8f Pp6f ;fgf] / csf]{ 7'nf] -;fgf] ef+8f] c6\g]_ x'g' kb{5 .
• 7'nf] ef+8f leq ;fgf] ef+8fnfO{ /fVg] .
• b'O{j6f ef+8fsf] ljrsf] vfnL 7fp+df jfn'jf eg'{ kb{5 .
• jfn'jfnfO{ lgoldt ?kdf kfgL /fvL lr:ofg agfpg' kb{5 .
!@= jfnL pTkfbg, pTkfbg of]hgf Pj jfnL kfqf] lgdf{0f
pRr d"Nosf jfnL
To:tf jfnLx? h;sf] dfu ahf/ / pkef]Qmfdf ;w} e} g} /xG5 / pkef]Qmfs]f rfxgf
cg'?ksf] u'0f:t/ eof] eg] pgLx?n] h'g;'s} d'No ltg{ klg tof/ /xG5g\ . t/ ltgLx?nfO{
nfdf] ;do ;Dd e08f/0f u/]/ /fVg g;lsg] ePsf]n] t/fO{ / kxf8df pknAw laleGg
xfjfkfgL / df};dsf] pkof]uu/L pTkfbg / pknAw lgoldt ?kdf u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}M
uf]ne]8f, sfpnL, jGbf, d'nf, e]8]v';f{gL, sf+qmf, s/]nf,nf}sf cfbL pRr d'No cGt{utsf jfnL
kb{5g\ .
!#= jhf/df j]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] dfu
s[ifssf] p2]Zo hlxn] klg yf]/} ;|f]t ;fwg -hUuf, nufgL, ;do_ af6 w]/} cfDbfgL ug]+ eGg] x'G5 .
h;sf] nfuL s'g} klg pTkfbLt t/sf/Ln] /fd|f] jhf/ efp kfpg' kb{5 . To;}n] t/sf/L pTkfbg ug'{
eGbf klxn] s[ifsn] t/sf/Lsf] dfu x'g] jhf/ / pkef]Qmfsf] cWoog ug'{ kb{5 . t/sf/L nufpg]
:yfgsf] xfjfkfgL cg's'n / vkt x'g] :yfgsf] xfjfkfgL k|lts'n ePsf sf/0fg} t/sf/L vkt x'g]
:yfgsf] nfuL pknJw t/sf/L j]df};dL xf] . To;}n] t/sf/L vkt x'g] :yfgsf] pkef]Qmfsf] 3gTj,
t/sf/Lsf] hft k|ltsf] rfxgf, c? 7fpjf6 cfpg] t/sf/Lsf] dfqf cfbLsf] hfgsf/L cl3Nnf] aif{sf]
/]s8{af6 lng' kb{5 / To;} cg';f/ jfnL pTkfbg of]hgf jgfpg' kb{5 . h:t} M h]7 b]vL dzL/
;Dd t/fO{df uf]ne]8f pTkfbg ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n] ToxfF kxf8df pTkfbg ePsf] uf]ne]+8fsf] dfu
51
a9L x'G5 . To:t} u/L t/fO{df >fj0f b]lv sflt{s;Dd kxf8df pTkfbg ePsf] sfpnL aGbfsf] dfu
a9L x'G5 .
52
a]df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|ljwL
!= kl/ro
efb| b]vL kmfNu'0f;Dd g]kfnsf] ahf/df Kofhsf] dfu al9 x'g] t/ k'lt{sf] nfuL ef/taf6
cfoft ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] g]kfndf g} pTkfbg u/L pQm dfunfO{ k'/f ug{ ;lsof]; / ef/t af6
cfoft ug{ gk/f]; eGg] x]t'n] d'Vo df}zd eGbf cl3 (c;f/—d+zL/;Dd ) ul/g] Kofh
v]tLnfO{ a]df}zdL Kofh v]tL elgG5 .
@= dxTj
• Kofhsf] dfu al9 x'g] dlxgf (c;f}h–dzL+/) df pkef]QmfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]
• ;]6af6 klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] afnL l56f] tof/ ug{ ;lsg]
• ef/taf6 cfoft ug{ gkg]{
• al9 cfDbfgL lng ;lsg]
• /f]huf/sf] cj;/ k|fKt x'g]
• :yflgo ;|f]t ;fwg / cg's'n xfjfkfgL pkof]u u/L d'gfkmf lng ;lsg]
#= v]tL ug]{ t/Lsf
of] @ tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 .
s= ;]6 /f]kL
hft – gf;Ls /]8, gf;Ls /]8 – %#, Pu«kmfp08 8fs{ /]8
v= a]gf{ /f]kL
hft – Pu«kmfp08 8fs{ /]8
s_ ;]6 /f]kL v]tL ug]{ t/Lsf M
;]6 pTkfbgsf] nfuL lap 5g]{ ;do : c;f]h !%– sflQs !% (dWo kxf8 !#^) dL)
lap b/ : !–!.% s]= lh= k|lt /f]kgL
Jof8 : @) – #) au{ dL k|lt /f]kgL
Jof8 tof/L
• Aof8 hldgaf6 s]xL dfly p7]sf] x'g'kg]{ t/ anf}6] hUufsf] nflu p7fpg gkg]{
• hldgsf] ;txaf6 !%–@) ;]=ld= cUnf] ePdf /fd|f]
• Aof8sf] rf}8fO{ &% ;]=ld= b]lv ! ld6/ / nDjfO{ cfjZostf / ;xhtf x]/L # – % ld=
/fVg]
• df6f] j'j{/fpbf] kf/L uf]7]dn jf sDkf]i6 ldnfpg' k5{
• @)–@% SjLG6n uf]j/ jf sDkf]:6 dn $ ls=u|f= o'l/of / ^ ls=u|f= l8PkL / % lsnf] u|fd
kf]6f; dn /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] ldnfpg]
53
• ljp %– & ;]=ld= nfO{gdf ! b]vL !=% ;]=ld= ulx/fO{df /f]Kg] .
• /f]Kg' cl3 lapnfO{ ly/fd jf j]leli6g @ uf|d÷ls=u|f= sf] b/n] pkrf/ ug]{ .
• Aof8nfO{ gpld|Gh]n ;Dd ;'s]sf] k/fn jf 3f;n]] 5f]Kg] .
• j]gf{ ^ b]vL & xKtf ;Dddf tof/ x'G5 .
;]6 tof/L
r}q !% – h]7;Dddf k|To]s jf]6df ;–;fgf u'R5f h:tf ufgf b]lvG5g\ / k|To]s af]6 cfkm}
9n]kl5 dfq} pv]n]/ Ps b'O{ lbg kft 8fF7 gsf6L 3fddf ;'sfpg] . To;kl5 df6f] kft /
8fF7nfO{ x6fpg] .
;]6 u|]l8Ë, e08f/0f
• rf/ kfFr u|fd ;fOhsf] ufgf 5'§fpg] .
• of] eGbf 7"nf] ePdf ufgf km'6\g] tyf km'Ng] x'G5 / ;fgf ePdf 8Nnf gaGg], ag] klg
;fgf] aGg] x'G5 .
• ;fu pTkfbgsf] nflu xf] eg] 7"nf] /f]Kg' kb{5 . /f]k]sf] #) b]lv #% lbgdf ;fuf
vfgfsf] nflu tof/ x'G5 .
• ;]6nfO{ xfjf gl5g]{ :yfgdf kftnf] u/L lkmhfP/ e08f/0f ug]{ .
;]6 /f]Kg] tl/sf
jiff{tsf] kfgL ghDg] / xn'sf df6f] ePsf] hldgdf Ps ld6/ rf}8f / #) ;]= ld= cUnf] 8ofË
agfpg] . b'O{ 8ofËsf] aLrdf #) ;]= ld= sf] s'n];f] agfpg] .
/f]Kg] ;do M
t/fO{ – !% efb| b]lv z'? c;f}h
dWo kxf8 -!%)) ld_ – dWo cfiff9 b]lv z'? efb|
;]6sf] dfqf M
^) – &) s]= lh= k|lt /f]kgL
;]6 /f]Kg] b'/L
xf/ – xf/ @) ;]= ld=
;]6 – ;]6 !% ;]= ld=
;]6 /f]Kbf k'/} ;]6 df6f]n] k'g]{ t/ w]/} ulx/f]df ;]6 g/f]Kg] .
dnvfb Joj:yfkg
• ;]6 /f]k]sf] @) – @% lbgdf / #% – $) lbgdf %÷% s]= lh= o'l/of k|lt /f]kgLsf
b/n] lbgfn] ufgf] a95 jf ufO{sf] uxF't Ps efudf kfFr efu kfgL ld;fO{ af]6sf] km]b
j/Lk/L !) lbgsf b/n] 5g]{ .
• ! ld= ln= k'df %%% jf # ld= ln= lhKn]S; k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld:ffO{ !% lbgsf]
km/sdf # k6s 5g]{ .
• ! ld= ln= P6f]lgs % ln6/ kfgLdf lk;fO{ !% lbgsf] km/sdf # k6s 5g]{ .
• @ yf]kf Pr= lj= !)! k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !% lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s 5g]{ .
54
uf]8d]n M
• h/f sd ulx/f] x'g] x'bf w]/} ulx/f] vg]/ uf]8d]n ug'{x'b}g / @—# k6s uf]8d]n ug'{k5{
l;rf+O{
• anf}6] df6f] ePdf @–# bgsf] km/sdf l;+rfO{ lbg'k5{
• ufgf] nfUg] a]nfdf jf/Djf/ l;+rfO{ lbg'kb{5 .
/f]u ls/f lgoGq0f M
• dfnflyog ! ld=nL k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fv]/ 5/]df ly|K; ls/fsf] /f]syfd x'G5 v}/f] ws]{
/f]usf] nfuL OG8f]lkmn Pd—$%, @ u|fd÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ !)—!% lbgsf] km/sdf
5g]{ .
afnL leqfpg]
• ;]6 /f]k]sf] ^% – &% lbgdf afnL tof/ x'G5 .
• glhs ahf/ 5 / ;fu a]Rg] xf] eg] #) – #% lbgdf tof/ x'G5 .
• ufgf] dfq t'?Gt} laqmL ug'{ 5 eg] Kofh pvn] kl5 8fF7 sf6]/ ufFgf laqmL ug]{ .
• cln l9nf] u/L laqmL ug]{ xf] eg] Kofh pv]n]/ kft / 8fF7 ;lxtsf] ufgf b'O{ tLg lbg
3fddf ;'sfO{ af]6 ;'s] kl5 dfq 8fF7nfO{ sf6L ufgfnfO{ 5'§fpg' kb{5 .
v_ a]gf{ /f]kL pTkfbg ug]{ tl/sf M
Hfft M Pu|L kmfp08 8fs{ /]8
• /fli6o jfujfgL cg';+wfg Pj+ ljsf; k|lti7fg gfl;saf6 ;g\ !(** df ljsf;
ul/Psf] hft
• jif]{ jfnL t/sf/Lsf] ?kdf nufpg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] hft .
• ufgf], /ftf], uf]nfsf/ / kqx? sl;Psf] x'g] .
• lap 5/]sf] !$) b]vL !$% lbgdf tof/ x'g] .
• 5?jf jfnLsf] ?kdf klg nufpg ;lsg] .
• !@–!% lSjG6n k|lt /f]kgL pTkfbg lng ;lsg] .
g;{/L /fVg] ;do
jif]{ M– ljp h]i7 –c;f/df 5g]{
lxpb] M– t/fO{ / tNnf] kxf8df Aof8 /fVg] ;do sflt{s dlxgf / pRr kxf8df r}qdf lap
5g]{ .
lap b/ M $)) – %)) u|f=÷/f]kgL
Aof8sf] tof/L
• Aof8 hldgaf6 s]xL dfly p7]sf] x'g'kg]{ t/ anf}6] hUufsf] nflu p7fpg gkg]{ .
• hldgsf] ;txaf6 !%—@) ;]=dL= cUnf] ePdf /fd|f] .
• ;]6 /f]Kg] tl/sfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
55
hUuf tof/L
• hUuf vghf]t u/L ;s]kl5 !=% b]vL !=* ld ;Dd rf}8fO{sf] Kn6 agfpg] / 5]pdf
s'n];f] /fVg] .
• jif{ftsf] ;dodf /f]Kg] 7fpsf] df6f] s]xL p7fpg' k5{ .
• @)—@% SjLG6n uf]j/ jf sDkf]:6 dn $ ls=u|f= o'l/of / ^ ls=u|f= . l8PkL / %
lsnf] kf]6f; dn /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] ldnfpg] .
a]gf{ /f]kfO{ M
• nfO{g nfO{gsf] b'/L !% ;]=dL= / af]6 af]6sf] b'/L !) ;]= ld= sfod ug]{ .
• jif]{ jfnLsf] ?kdf efb}sf] klxnf] xKtfdf j]gf{ ;fg{ ;lsG5 .
• lxpb] jfnLsf] ?kdf k'; dlxgfdf a]gf{ ;fl/G5 .
• j]gf{ ;f/]kl5 xNsf l;{rfO{ ug'{ k5{ .
dnvfb Joj:yfkg
• ;]6 /f]k]sf] @) – @% lbgdf / #% – $) lbgdf %÷% s]= lh= o'l/of k|lt /f]kgLsf
b/n] lbgfn] ufgf] a95 jf ufO{sf] uxF't Ps efudf kfFr efu kfgL ld;fO{ af]6sf] km]b
j/Lk/L !) lbgsf b/n] 5g]{ .
• ! ld= ln= k'df %%% jf # ld= ln= lhKn]S; k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld:ffO{ !% lbgsf]
km/sdf # k6s 5g]{ .
• ! ld= ln= P6f]lgs % ln6/ kfgLdf lk;fO{ !% lbgsf] km/sdf # k6s 5g]{ .
• @ yf]kf Pr= lj= !)! k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !% lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s 5g]{ .
uf]8d]n M
h/f sd ulx/f] x'g] x'bf w]/} ulx/f] vg]/ uf]8d]n ug'{x'b}g / @—# k6s uf]8d]n ug'{k5{
l;rf+O{
• anf}6] df6f] ePdf @–# lbgsf] km/sdf l;+rfO{ lbg'k5{
• ufgf] nfUg] a]nfdf jf/Djf/ l;+rfO{ lbg'kb{5 .
/f]u ls/f lgoGq0f M
dfnflyog ! ld=nL k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fv]/ 5/]df ly|K; sL/fsf] /f]syfd x'G5
v}/f] ws]{ /f]usf] nfuL OG8f]lkmn Pd—$%, @ u|fd÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ !)—!% lbgsf] km/sdf
5g]{ .
afnL leqfpg] M
• ;]6 /f]k]sf] ^% – &% lbgdf afnL tof/ x'G5 .
• glhs ahf/ 5 / ;fu a]Rg] xf] eg] #) – #% lbgdf tof/ x'G5 .
• ufgf] dfq t'?Gt} laqmL ug'{ 5 eg] Kofh pvn] kl5 8fF7 sf6]/ ufFgf laqmL ug]{ .
56
• cln l9nf] u/L laqmL ug]{ xf] eg] Kofh pv]n]/ kft / 8fF7 ;lxtsf] ufgf b'O{ tLg lbg
3fddf ;'sfO{ af]6 ;'s] kl5 dfq 8fF7nfO{ sf6L ufgfnfO{ 5'§fpg' kb{5 .
57
h}ljs dn / /f]u tyf sL/f gfzs h}ljs ljiffbL
!= h}ljs
• hLljt k|f0fL
• dflg;, hgfj/, sL/f cfbL
• af]6, lj?jf, z'Id lhjf0f' cflb
!=! z'Id lhjf0f'
• cfFvfn] b]Vg g;lsg] ;–;fgf lhjf0f'
• df6f], xfjf / kfgL cflbdf kfOg]
!=@ z'Id lhjf0f'sf] k|sf/
• kmfObfn' jf ldq lhjf0f'
• xfgLsf/s jf zq' lhjf0f'
• t6:y lhjf0f'
!=# z'Id lhjf0f'sf] lsl;d
• 9';L (Fungus)
• JofS6]l/of (Bacteria)
• efO{/; (Virus)
• h'sf (Nematode)
=!=$ ldq z'Id h}ljs lhjf0f'sf] sfd
• dn ksfpg]
• df6f]sf] klnnf]kgf a9fpg]
• jftfj/0fsf] gfO{6«f]hg :yLl/s/0f ug{
• zq' lhjf0f'nfO{ bjfpg]
• zq' ls/fnfO{ dfg]{
!=% /f]u tyf sL/fsf] Joj:yfkgdf h}ljs ljlwsf] cfjZostf
• jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ .
• nlIft xflgsf/s hLjf0f' jf sL/fx? dfq dfg]{ .
• cGo k|f0fLsf nflu ;'/lIft .
• sL/fdf h:tf] ls6gfzs ljiffbL krfpg] zlQm logLx?df gx'g] .
• afnLgfnLsf] k/fu;]rg tyf kmn nfUg] k|lqmofdf c;/ gkfg]{ .
• afnL l6Kg nfdf] ;do kv{g' gkg]{ .
• cGo kmfObfhgs k|f0fLx? / r/fr'?ËL o;sf] c;/ gkg]{ .
• /f;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? 5g]{ ;fwf/0f :k|]o/af6 oL kbfy{x? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5
58
• k|of]ustf{sf nflu c;/ kb}{g / ;'/lIft klx/gsf] klg cfjZostf kb}{g .
• k|of]u ul/Psf] :yfg tyf j:t'df cjz]ifsf] ;d:of x'b}g .
!=^ zq' sL/fgf;s ldq lhjf0f'
• sL/fgf;s ldq 9';L lhjf0f' elgG5 .
• sL/fgf;s ldq JofS6]l/of ;fsfg klg elgG5 .
• sL/fgf;s h}ljs ljiffbL klg elgG5 .
• ljgf;L sL/fsf] zq' klg elgG5 .
s= ;]tf] 9';L -j|]e]l/of a]l;ofgf_
• nflx, ;]tf] lemËf, aGbfsf] k'tnL dfg{sf] nflu .
• cGo r';fxf sL/f / uf]ne]+8fdf nfUg] nfef{sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu .
v= lgnf] 9';L -d]6«flhPd :kf]l;;_
• v'd|] sL/f
u= b'w] 9';L -el6{l;lnod n]sfgL_
• nfxL, ;]tf] lemËf, ;'n;'n] h:tf r':g] sL/f
• hf]t'jf sL/f, ly|K;
3= a]l;n; yf]/]Gh;
• aGbfsf] k'tnLsf] nfef{
• uf]ne]8fsf] kmndf nfUg] nfef{
• cGo sL/fsf] nfef{ ;d]t
ª= Go"lSno/ kf]nLx]8«f]l; efO{/;
• ;a} afnLsf] nfef{nfO{ dfb{5 .
!=& zq' sL/fgf;s ldq' sL/f
s= ;fgf] af?nf] 6«fO{sf]u|fdfgf
• uf]ne]8f, skf;, /x/df nfUg] ujf/f]sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu .
• ujf/f]n] kf/]sf] c08fdf o;n] km"n kfb{5 / ;a} ujf/f]sf] c08f gsfd e} nfef{ kfpFb}g
v== zq' lhjf0f'gf;s ldq lhjf0f'nfO{ s] elgG5 <
• /f]ugf;s ldq lhjf0f' elgG5 .
• /f]ugf;s h}ljs ljiffbL klg elgG5 .
• /f]u Nofpg] lhjf0f'sf] lj/f]wL lhjf0f' klg elgG5 .
• s[ifssf] ldq lhjf0f' klg elgG5 .
u= ldq lhjf0f' s]–s] x'g\ <
• 9';L hGo ldq lhjf0f'
59
• JofS6]l/of hGo ldq lhjf0f'
3= zq' 9';L dfg]{ ldq' 9';L lhjf0f'

• lg;u{ – df6f], h/f, 8fF7, km]b / af]6df nfUg] 9';L /f]usf] nfuL
• lgk|f]6 – df6f], h/f, 8fF7, km]b / af]6df nfUg] 9';L /f]usf] nfuL
• ;+lhjgL – df6f], h/f, 8fF7, km]b / af]6df nfUg] 9';L /f]usf] nfuL
ª= zq' 9';Lgf; ug]{ ldq' AofS6]l/of
• ;]8f]df]gf; – df6f], h/f, 8fF7, km]b / af]6df nfUg] 9';L /f]usf] nfuL
• j]l;n; aj6fO{ln; – kft, 8fF7, kmndf 9';L /f]usf] nfuL
r= zq' g]df6f]8 dfg]{ ldq 9';L lhjf0f'
• el6{l;lnPd k]g]6«fG; – h/fdf nfUg] g]df6f]8 -luvf{_ sf] /f]syfd ug{
@= h}ljs dn
• ;–;fgf lhjf0f'n] jftfj/0fsf] dn tfgL af]6 lj?jf / df6f]nfO{ pknAw u/fpFb5g\ .

• df6f]df ePsf] c3'nglzn km:kmf]/;nfO{ 3'nglzn agfO{ lj?jfn] vfg] cj:yfdf
agfpb5g\ .
• x/df]g pTkfg u/L lj?jfsf] a[l4 / /f]usf] /f]syfd ug{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ .
s= h}ljs dnsf k|sf/
• Phf]6f] Kn; – gfO6«f]hgsf] nflu
• Phf]:kL – gfO6«f]hgsf] nflu
• kmf]:kmf]lkmS; – km:kmf]/;sf] nflu
• efd – km:kmf]/;sf] nflu
• ;]8f]df]gfh – dn, x/df]g / /f]u /f]syfdsf] nflu
v= k|of]u ug]{ dfqf
• %)–!)) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL
u= k|of]u ug]{ ljlw
• l;+rfO{ 4f/f
• af]6 jl/k/L 8«]lGrË ug]{ -Ps lunf;_
• @) s]=hL= sDkf]i6 dndf ld;fP/ lj?jf /f]Kg] vf8ndf /fVg]
• a]gf{sf] h/fdf
3= k|of]u ug]{ ;do
• /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] Ps k6s
• j]gf{ /f]ks
] f] @)–@% lbgdf bf]>f] k6s
60
ª= cGo dn ;+usf] ;DjGw
• df6f]df /fVg' eGbf klxn] /f;folgs dn;+u gld;fpg] .
• klxnf] afnLdf /f;folgs / uf]7]dn l;kmfl/; cg';f/ /fVg] / h}ljs dn yKg] .
• bf]>f] jfnLdf /f;folgs dn @)Ü s6f}tL ug]{ tyf uf]7]dn klxn]sf] h:t} /fVg] /
h}ljs dn yKg] .
• t]>f] jfnLdf /f;folgs dn $)Ü s6f}tL ug]{ tyf uf]7]dn klxn]sf] h:t} /fVg] /
h}ljs dn yKg] .
• rf}yf] jfnLdf /f;folgs dn ^)Ü s6f}tL ug]{ tyf uf]7]dn klxn]sf] h:t} /fVg] /
h}ljs dn yKg] .
• kfFrf} jfnLdf /f;folgs dn *)Ü s6f}tL ug]{ tyf uf]7]dn klxn]sf] h:t} /fVg] /
h}ljs dn yKg] .
• 5}7f} jfnLdf /f;folgs dn !))Ü s6f}tL ug]{ tyf uf]7]dn klxn]sf] h:t} /fVg] /
h}ljs dn yKg] .
r= h}ljs ljiffbLx? k|of]u ubf{ s] s''/fdf Wofg lbg' k5{ <
h}ljs ljiffbLx? hLljt a:t'df cfwfl/t a:t' ePsf]n] oLgsf] pTkfbg b]lv k|of]u ug]{
cj:yf;Dd tkl;nsf k|ljlws? ckgfpg' kb{5 .
v]t÷jf/Ldf k|of]u ubf{ M
• df6f]df lr;f]kgf x'g' kg]{ .
• lhjf0f' df6f] leq k'Ug' kg]{ / rL;f] df6f]n] k'l/lbg' kg]{ .
• 708L dlxgfdf sd k|efjsf/L x'g] .
• jf]6 lj?jfdf 5g'{ kbf{ # ah] kl5 dfq 5g]{ .
• /f;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u gug]{ .
• h}ljs ljiffbLsf] l;;L jf ks]6 Ps k6s vf]n]kl5 Ps} k6sdf k|of]u u/L ;Sg' kg]{ .
kl5sf] nfuL afFsL g/fVg] .
• h}ljs ljiffbL tof/ ubf{ cf]h]n jf 5fofF k/]sf] 7fpFdf ug}{, s8f 3fd jf kfgL kbf{
kb}{ gug]{
jLp pkrf/ ug{ pko'Qm h}ljs ljiffbL
k|efjsf/L lhjf0f' -O{=Pd=_
• jLp rfF8} pdfg{
• jLpsf] ;'if'Kt cj:yf tf]8\g
ljlw tyf dfqf
• O{=Pd= – !) Pd=Pn
• ;Vv/ – !) u|fd
• kfgL – ! ln6/
61
• jLp – dflysf] emf]ndf 8'Ag] u/L
• pkrf/ ug]{ ;do – ! b]lv @ lbg
o;/L pkrf/ ul/Psf] jLp cf]h]ndf #–$ 306f ;'sfO{ ta dfq jLp /f]Kg] .
6«fO{sf]8«df / ;]8f]df]gfh
• jLpdf nfu]sf] /f]u dfg{sf] nflu
• jLp rfF8} pdfg{sf] nflu
• h/f dha't / a9L agfpgsf] nflu
• a]gf{df /f]u vKg ;Sg] Ifdtf a[4L ug{sf] nflu
dfqf
• 6«fO{sf]8«df – !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL jLp
• ;]8f]df]gfh – !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL jLp
• ;Vv/ – @) u|fd
• kfgL – $) Pd=Pn jf %)) Pd=Pn
ljlw
• Ps efF8f]df cfjZos kfgL lng], ;Dej eP ttfP/ lr;f] agfPsf] kfgL .
• pQm kfgLdf 6«fO{sf]8«df, ;]8f]df]gfh / ;Vv/ ld;fpg] / 3f]Ng] tfsL ;a} j:t'
kfgLdf /fd|/L 3f]lnof];\ .
• pQm 3f]ndf jLp 8'jfpg] jf n]bf] agfPsf] 5 eg] pQm n]bf]df jLp df]Ng] .
• rf}lj; 306f pkrf/ ug]{ .
• To; kl5 jLpnfO{ cf]em]ndf ;'sfpg] / /f]Kg] .
Jof8 pkrf/
• df6f]sf] /f]usf lhjf0f' dfg{ .
• pkrfl/t jLpnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg .
• jLp Psgf;n] / rfF8} pdfg{ .
dfqf
• s'lxPsf] dl;gf] dn – @) s]=hL
• 6«fO{sf]8«df – !)) u|fd
• ;Vv/ jf lrgL – !)) u|fd
• lk=;'/Iff – !)) u|fd
• ;'Vvf dn ePdf kfgL – !) ln6/
ljlw
• dflysf ;a} ;fdfg /fd|/L ldnfpg] / ;]tf] Knfli6ssf] y}nf] agfO{ pQm ;fdfg /fvL
/fd|/L d'v afFWg] .
• !)–!% lbg ;Dd ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg] .
62
• Jof8 tof/ ePkl5 Ps ju{ ld6/ Jof8df %)) u|fdsf b/n] 5g]{ / Jof8sf] df6f] leq
lr;f] df6f]df kfg]{ .
• Knfli6s gePdf kfgL / 3fdaf6 hf]lug] :yfgdf y'k|f] nufO{ /fVg] / y'k|f]nfO{ af]/fn]
5f]Kg]] .
• oL sfd Jof8df jLp /fVg' eGbf !)–!% lbg klxn] ug'{ kb{5 .
• t/ jLp /fVg] a]nf l9nf x'g nfUof] / ;fdfg !)–!% lbg klxn] tof/ gu/]sf] eP .
• Jof8 tof/ u/]s} lbgdf, dflysf dn / ljiffbL tof/ u/L Toltg} a]nf Jof8sf] df6f]df
ld;fP klg x'G5 .
Jof8sf] a]gf{ pkrf/
Jof8sf] a]gf{df @–# kft cfP kl5 t/ a]gf{ Jof8af6 pv]Ng' eGbf !% lbg klxn]
• 6«fO{sf]8«df – % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL
• ;]8f]df]gfh – % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL
• ;Vv/ – % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL
• efd – !) u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL
dflysf ;a} ;fdfg kfgLdf 3f]nL Jof8sf] df6f] / a]gf{ k'/} leHg] u/L a]n'sLkv km"n emf/Ln]
l;+rfO{ ug]{ .
v]tLaf/Ldf a]gf{ /f]k]kl5 a]gf{ pkrf/

a]gf{ ;f/]sf] %–& lbg leq
• 6«fO{sf]8«df – % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL
• ;]8f]df]gfh – % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL
• ;Vv/ / lrgL – % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL
• dflysf ;a} ;fdfg kfgLdf 3f]nL Ps af]6df $)–%) Pd Pn kg]{ u/L a]gf{sf] l;w}+
km]bdf /fvL h/f;Dd k'Ug]u/L a]n'sLkv /fVg' kb{5 .
• o} 3f]nn] Ps k6s kft / 8fF7df kg]{ u/L :k|]4f/f 5bf{ cem /fd|f] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
lj?jfsf] kftdf yf]Kn] sfnf] /f]u b]lvg yfn] kl5 !% lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s 5g]{ .
• 6«fO{sf]8«df % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n]
• ;]8f]df]gfh % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n]
lj?jfsf] kftdf tyf 8fF7df kfp8/L ldN8\o"
8fpgL lkN8"o" ,l;w'/], 88'jf cflb vt/gfs /f]u nfu]df /f]u b]lvg] ljlQs} kl5 !) lbgs]f
km/sdf @–# k6s a]n'sL # ah] kl5 5g]{ .
• jfl;n; ;a6fO{ln; !) Pd Pn k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] .
63
;f/f+z
!= /f]u /f]syfdsf] nflu
!=! df6f] / jLpaf6 nfUg] h/f, km]b / 8fF7 /f]usf] nflu
• ;+lhjgL
• lk=;'/Iff
!=@ xfjf tyf cGo >]ftaf6 nfUg] kft, 8fF7, km]b, km"n / kmndf nfUg] /f]usf] nflu
• j]l;n; ;a6fO{ln;
• lk ;'/Iff
!=# h/fdf nfUg] luvf{ -g]df6f]8_ /f]usf] nflu
• el6{l;lnod k]g]6«fG;
• %) lbg;Dd ;okqL v]tL ug]{ / To} df6f]df k'l/lbg] .
• l;=lk=Pd b'wfn' 3fF; nufpg] .
• gLdfsf] lkgf % s]=hL k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] lbg] .
!=$ efO/; /f]usf] nflu
• ufO{ e};Lsf] b'w !) Pd Pnk|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] Jof8 b]lvg] !) lbgsf] km/sdf
$–% k6s 5g]{ .
• k|]eG6n ! u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] Ps k6s Jof8df bf]>f] k6s v]tdf lj?jf
;/]kl5 5g]{ .
• jfof]lnkm So/ ! Pd Pn k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] !) lbgsf] km/sdf $–% k6s
5g]{ .
• le/sf]g Pr # Pd Pn k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] !) lbgsf] km/sdf $–% k6s 5g]{
64
t/sf/Ldf nfUg] /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkg / afnL lj?jfsf] vfBtTjsf
nflu ælultdnÆ÷ emf]ndn
!= lutLdn
ufFp3/df ;hLn} kfO{g] jg:kltx? / cGo kbfy{ ld;fO{ agfO{Psf] emf]nnfO{ ælutLdnÆ eGg]
ul/G5 . o;nfO{ emf]ndn jf k|fª\ufl/s ljiffbL klg eGb5g\ . o;n] t/sf/LnfO{ nfUg] w]/}
k|sf/sf sL/f tyf /f]unfO{ Joj:yfkg u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
@= lutLdn agfpbf cfjZos kg]{ jg:klt / cGo kbfy{ tyf ltgsf] dfqf
af]emf]sf] kft cfwf lsnf] l6d'/sf] u]8f / kft !=% lsnf]
c;'/f]sf] d'06f cfwf lsnf] kt]gfsf] d'06f cfwf lsnf]
sfFrf]kftsf] kft / d'06f cfwf lsnf] ltt]kftL @ lsnf]
lgdsf] kft ! lsnf] agdf/fsf] kft / d'06f cfwf lsnf]
lkgf ! kfpm -@%) u|fd_ l;:gf]sf] kft / d'06f –@ lsnf]
gf]6 M dfly pNn]lvt jg:kltx? s]lx yk jf 5'6 jg:kltx? asfOgf], cf?sf] kft,
uf]ne]8fsf kft / d'G6f, c+u]/L, l;knL, lv/f]{, ;lhjg, cflb k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
kfgL – % ln6/
ux'Ft – !% ln6/
#= lutLdn agfpg] tl/sf
jg:kltsf kft / d'G6f -af]emf], c;'/f], lgd, l;:gf], l6d'/, kt]gf, ltt]kftL, sfFrf]kft,
agdf/f_ x?nfO{ dl;gf] -@ cf}+nf nfdf]_ 6'qmf agfO{ sfl6G5 .
lutLdn agfpbf uxF'tnfO{ klxn] Ps} 7fpFdf ;+sng u/]/ jf lbgx'+ yKb} k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
To:t} jg:kltnfO{ 6'qmf kf/L /flvG5 eg] 6'qmf gkfl/sg klg /fVg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
gf]6 M %) ln6/sf] 8«ddf hDdf *–!) lsnf] jg:ktLx?, @% ln6/ ux'Ft / # lsnf] lkgf dfq
/fVg ;lsG5 .
$= lutLdnsf] k|of]u
lutLdnsf] &÷& lbgsf] km/sdf afnL gl6k'Gh]n;Dd nuftf/ k|of]u ul/G5 . ! lunf;
lutLfdndf % lunf; kfgL yk]/ x/]s jf6{df ! lunf; k|of]u ug]{k5{ .
%= k|efjsf/Ltf
• o;n] t/sf/Ldf nfUg] ;a} lsl;dsf sL/fx?nfO{ eufpg] u5{ / /f]u nfUg klg lbb}g .
• o;sf] k|of]un] afnL lj?jfnfO{ vfBtTj k|fKt x'g uO{ pTkfbg a9fpg d2t ub{5 .
^= e08f/0f M
tof/L dnnfO{ @ dlxgf;Dd 5f]k]/ /fVg ;lsG5 .
65
Knfli6s 3/df t/sf/L v]tL
!= kl/ro
g]kfndf w]/} h;f] t/sf/L v]tL v'nf jftfj/0f df ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . v'nf 7fp+df v]tL ubf{
jflx/L jftfj/0fn]] jfnLsf] j[l4 / To;sf] pTkfbgdf k|ToIf ?kdf c;/ kb{5 . jftfj/0f
eGgfn] xfjfsf] tfks|d, ;fk]lIft cfb|tf, k|sfzsf] ;3gtf, sfj{g 8fOcS;fO8 Uof; cflbsf]
;ld>0f xf], ;fwf/0ftof #) l8u|L ;]= eGbf a9L / !) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 eGbf tnsf] tfks|dn]
lj?jfsf] j[l4 / pTkfbgsf] nfuL pko'Qm x'b}g, km]l/ clws jf sd aiff{, tftf] jf lr;f] xfjf
cflb tTjx? klg af]6 lj?jfsf] j[l4 / pTkfbgdf 7'nf] e'ldsf v]N5g\, g]kfndf df};dL jf
a]df};dL t/sf/L sfo{s|dn] ;fgf s[ifsx?sf] cfo cfh{g / ul/jL Go'lgs/0fdf dxTjk'0f{
e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 / Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tLsf] If]qkmn lbgx' a9\bf] 5 . v'nf u'0f:t/
o'Qm tfhf t/sf/L pTkfbg u/fO{ j9L cfDbfdL cfh{g ug{ vf;u/L kxf8df Knfli6s 3/df
t/sf/L v]tL jl9 pko'Q 5 .
@= Knfli6s 3/ leq v]tL ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx?
• Knfli6s 3/df cf]9fOPsf] Knfli6sn] jf]6 lj?jfnfO{ k|lts'n jftfj/0fjf6 hf]ufpb5

-d'Votof jiff{sf] kfgL_ .
• t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbsTj v'nf 7fpsf] eGbf $—% u'0ff ;Dd j9L x'G5 .
• jfnL l6Kg] ;donfO{ cufl8 jf k5fl8 ldnfpg ;lsG5 / j]df};dL tfhf t/sf/L
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
• /f]u / ls/fsf] k|sf]kjf6 jfnLgfnL hf]ufpg d2t ub{5 ;fy} xflgsf/s laifflbsf]
k|of]u sd x'G5 .
• yf]kf l;rfO k|ljlwsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
• v'nf7fpsf] eGbf s[lif pkhsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] x'G5 .
• ;fgf] If]qkmnjf6 a9L cfDbfdL lng ;lsG5 .
#= Knfli6s 3/
Knfli6s 3/sf] lgdf{0f jf+;, 8f]/L lsnf / Knfli6s sf] ;xfotfn] ;lhn} ;+u ug{ ;lsG5 ,
;fdfGotof @))—%)) u]hsf] kf/bzL{ -;]tf]_ Knfli6s 3/nfO 9fSg' kb{5, lr;f] df};ddf
Knfli6s 3/leqsf] tfks|d a9\5 eg] aiff{tsf] ;dodf kfgLjf6 hf]ufp5, Knfli6s 3/
leqsf] tfks|d ;fdfGotof aflx/sf] eGbf !) —!% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 ;Dd j9L x'G5, ;fwf/0f
Knfli6ssf] cfo' ^ dlxgf b]lv !=% jif{sf] x'G5 / l:fNkf]nLg Knfli6ssf] cfo' slDtdf % jif{
;Dd x'G5, Knfli6s 3/nfO jiff{ / lxpbdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . jiff{df v]tL ubf{ Knfli6s
3/ k'/} Knfli6sn] g5f]lksg s]jn 5fgfdf dfq Knfli6s cf]9fpg' kb{5, o;/L 5fgfdf dfq
Knfli6s cf]9fpbf jiff{sf] kfgLjf6 lj?jf nfO{ hf]ufpb5 .
66
lxpbdf eg] lr;f] vKg g;Sg] vfnsf] t/sf/Lx? sf+s|f], e+]8]v';f{gL cfbL h:tf t/sf/Lsf]
v]tL ubf{ eg] k'/} Knfli6s cf]9fpg' kb{5, Knfl:6s 3/ leqsf] tfks|d lbgdf a9\g] x'gfn]
9f]sf / leQflt/sf] Knfli6s lbp;f] vf]Ng] / /ftL ´fg]{ Aoj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 ,
$= Knfli6s 3/ jgfpbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?
• Knfli6s 3/sf] If]qkmn v]tLsf] p2]Zo / hUufsf] cfsf/df e/ kg]{ eP klg

;fdfGotof M @) ld6/ nDafO{ / % ld6/ rf}8fO{ sf] jgfpbf pko'Qm x'G5 .
• Knfli6s 3/ k'j{ klZrd km}lnPsf] x'g' kb{5, o;/L jgfOPsf] Knfli6s leq nfdf] ;do
;Dd ;"o{sf] k|sfz kb{5 .
• Knfli6s 3/ 5fof kg]{ 7fpdf jgfpg' x'b}g .
• cfjZostfg';f/ Knfli6s 3/ leq lr;f] jf tftf] -tfks|d_ df};d cg';f/ ldnfpg'
kb{5 .
%= Knfli6s 3/ jgfpg nfUg] vr{
@) dL6/ nDafO / % dL6/ rf}8fO hdLgdf Knfli6s 3/ agfpbf lgDg cg';f/sf] vr{
nfUb5
;fdfu|L ;+Vof b/ -?=_ hDdf -?k}of_
jf;sf] @) uf]6f !))=)) @)))=))
dl;gf] 8f]/L @ /f]n ()=)) !*)=))
Knfli6s -%)) u]hsf]_ !) s]=hL !%)=)) !%))=))
Knfli6s uf:g]÷hf]8\g] 6]k @ /f]n %)=)) !))=))
HofdL !% hgf !))=)) !%))=))
hDdf vr{ %@*)=))
Ps /f]kgL hdLgdf !)) ju{dL6/ If]qkmn a/fj/sf] nueu % j6f Knfli6ssf] 3/ jgfpg
;lsG5 h;sf] vr{ nueu @^,$)) kg{ cfp5 cem cfkm\g} / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] >d k|of]u
u/L cfkm\gf] 3/sf] jf; k|of]u ul/Psf] jf ;:tf] b/sf] af+; kfOPdf of] eGbf lgs} sd
nfutdf ;fwf/0f Knfli6s 3/sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
^= v'Nnf 7fp / Knfli6s 3/ leq ul/Psf] uf]ne]8fsf] pTkfbg / cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfTds
ljj/0f
Knfli6s 3/ leq Knfli6s 3/ jflx/
qm=;+= hft pTkfbg 6g cfDbfgL ?= pTkfbg 6g÷ cfDbfgL ?=
÷ /f]kgL k|lt /f]kgL /f]kgL k|lt /f]kgL
!= v'nf ;]lrt (OP) #=@ $*,)))÷– !=# !(,%))÷–
@= a0f{z+s/ (Hybrid) ^=! (!,%))÷– @=* $@,)))÷–
->f]t jfujfgL cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf, v'dN6f/_
67
;fdflhs kl/rfng (Social Mobilization)
dflg; Ps ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] . dflg;nfO{ ;dfhjf6 cnu, PSn} j;]/ hLjg lgjf{x ug{
sl7g k5{ . Ps} ef}uf]lns kl/j]z, ;dfg /xg;xg eO{ ;fgf] e'm08df j;]sf] j:tLnfO{{ ;dfh
elgG5 . dflg;nfO{ af+Rg, pGgtL ug{ Pj+ ljsf; ug{ ;dfh geO x+'b}g . ;dfh cfkm}df Ps
zlQm xf], pbfx/0fsf] nflu xftsf kf+r cf}+nfdWo] Ps cf+}nfn] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g t/ kfFr cf}+nf
s;]/ d'¶L kf¥of] eg] zlQm k}bf x'G5 / an Pslqt x'G5 . To;}u/L JolQm–JolQm ldnL ag]sf]
;dfhdf zlQm x'G5 / o;nfO{{ ;fd"lxs ?kdf kl/rfng ug{ ;s]df w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fdflhs kl/rfng eGgfn] :yfgLo ?kdf ePsf dfgj ;fwg tyf k|fs[lts >f]tnfO{ lbuf]
?kn] kl/rfng tyf ;+rfng u/fpg' xf] . JolQm cfkm} klg 3/fo;L cfo j[l4 ug{ cfo
cfh{gsf s[ofsnfkx?df nflu kg'{ ;fdflhs kl/rfng xf] eg] s;}n] s;}nfO{ cfo cfh{gdf
;+nUg x'g'kb{5 elg pTk|]/0ff u/fpg' klg ;fdflhs kl/rfng xf] . cfly{s lx;fjn] ;jeGbf
sdhf]/ kl/jf/ jf JolQmnfO{ cfo cfh{g Pj+ ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL u/fpg' g}
;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] Ps k|s[of xf] .
!_ ;fdflhs kl/rfng sf] kl/efiff

• ;fdflhs kl/rfng Pp6f k|s[of xf] h;n] ;dfhsf JolQmx?nfO{{ ;d"xdf cfj4
u/L ;dfhdf ePsf ljsf;sf ;Defjgf Pj+ cj;/x?nfO{{ lgwf{l/t nIf kl/k"lt{ ug{
sf] nflu pkof]u ug{ k|]l/t ub{5 .
• ;fdflhs kl/rfng jx'—cfoflds ;xefuLd'ns k|s[of xf] h;n] ;d'bfosf
JolQmx?nfO{{ lzIff, pTk|]/0ff / ;zlQms/0fsf] dfWodjf6 pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs Pj+
cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
• ;fdflhs kl/rfng Pp6f k|s[of xf] h;n] ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ c+ux? -dlxnf, k'?if,
hghftL, blnt_ nfO{{ k|hftflGqs ?kdf :jzfl;t ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g k|]l/t ub{5 .
o;af6 ;fd"lxs ?kdf cfkm\gf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ / ljsf;sf sfo{x?nfO{{
lbuf]?kdf ;+rfng ug{ ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?jf6 lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;]jf pknJw eO /fVb5
@_ ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf p4]Zox?

• ;fd"lxs sfo{sf nflu Psh'6 x'g clek|]l/t ug'{
• ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;|f]t–;fwgx? klxNofO{ ;fd"lxs sfo{sf nflu pkof]u ug'{
• Ps cfk;df æ…dÆ jf6 æxfdLÆ eGg] efjgf hufpg'
• ljsf; sfo{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;]jfx? Ps} 7fpF df nlIft ug'{
• ;dfhsf x/]s ;b:ox?nfO{{ æd}n] s]xL ug{ ;lSbgÆ eGg] dgl:yltjf6 lzIff, pTk|]/0ff
/ ;zlQms/0fsf] dfWodjf6 æs]xL ug{ ;lsbf] /x]5Æ eGg] dgl:yltdf k'¥ofpg' .
68
æ;du|df eGg] xf] eg] ;dfhsf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;d"xdf cfj4 ug{, r]tgf clej[l4 ug{, pTk|]/0ff
hufpg, ;ZflQms/0f ug{ / ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg :yfgLo ;+3;+:yfx?sf] ljsf; u/fpg' g}
;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] ” .
#_ ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf r/0fx?

s_ ;fdflhs tof/L (Social preparation)
v_ Ifdtfsf] clea[l4 (Capacity development)
u_ ;+:yfut ljsf; (Institutional development)
s_ ;fdflhs tof/L
• s[ifsx?nfO{{ e]nf ug]{
• ufpF :t/Lo ;fwg>f]t / ;Lksf] Plsg ug]{
• ;dfg p2]Zo / cfjZostf ePsf s[ifsx?nfO{{ ;d"xdf cfj4 ug]{
• lgoldt a}7sx? ug{ nufO{ Ifdtf cg';f/ dfl;s / kflIfs ?kdf lgoldt jrt ug{
nufpg]
• cfof]hgfn] ug{ vf]h]sf sfo{x?nfO{{ kf/bzL{ tl/sfjf6 hfgsf/L lbg]
• ufpF :t/Lo ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx?nfO{{ klxNofO{, k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
ælgoldt k};fsf] jrt zlQm xf] Æ
v_ Ifdtfsf] clea[l4
• 1fg Pj+ ;Lkdf clea[l4 ug{ Jojxfl/s Pj+ ;Lkd"ns tflndx? ;+rfng ug]{
• b]v]/ pT;fx Pj+ cfTdljZjf; a9fpg] gd"gf 7fpFx?sf] cjnf]sg ug]{
• ;d"xut ?kdf cGt/s[ofx? u/fpg]
• ;d"xnfO{{ jlnof] agfpg n]vfk|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, g]t[Tj ljsf;, sfof{no Joj:yfkg Pj+
;d"x Joj:yfkg cflbsf] 1fg lbg] .
æ1fg / ;Lk g} zlQm xf] Æ
u_ ;+:yfut ljsf;
• ;d"xnfO{{ ;+:yfut :j?k lbg ;xof]u ug]{
• sfg"gL dfGotf lbnfpg] -lhNnf ;xsf/L, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf s[lif ljsf;
sfof{no cflbdf btf{ u/fpg]_
• ;dfg p2]Zo ePsf cGo ;+3 ;+:yfx?;Fu >f]t jf8kmf8 Pj+ ljsf; sfo{s|ddf
bf]xf]/f]kgf gcfpg] u/L ;dGjofTds ?kdf ;DjGw cufl8 a9fpg]
• ;dfg p2]Zo ePsf ;+:yfx?sf] ;+hfn (Networking) jgfpg] .
æPstf zlQm xf] Æ
69
$_ ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf k|efjsf/L tTjx?
s_ pTk|]/0ff (Motivation)
v_ ;+rf/ (Communication)
u_ ;xefuLtf (Participation)
3_ kf/blz{tf (Transparency)
ª_ g]t[Tj (Leadership)
r_ ;dGjo (Coordination)
s_ pTk|]/0ff (Motivation)
JolQm jf 3/ kl/jf/ cfkm} a'‰g] / ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ eg] cfkm} cfo cfh{g lqmofsnfkdf nfUb5g\
t/ sf]xL JolQm jf 3/kl/jf/x?n] s'g} sfo{ ;DalGw a'em]sf] t/ ug{ ghfg]sf] klg x'g ;Sb5 of
ga'em]sf] klg x'g;Sb5 . o; kl/l:yltdf pgLx?nfO{ sfo{qmd s;/L ug]{ eGg] af/] a'emfpg /
To;df ;+nUg x'g xf};nf a9fpg] sfo{ g} pTk]|/0ff xf] . pTk]|/0ff hufp+bf df5f df/]/ lbg] xf]Og
ls ædf5f kfng ug]{ / dfg]{ tl/sfx? l;sfpg' kb{5Æ .
;dfhdf ljleGg :jefj / k|s[ltsf dflg;x? x'G5g\ t/ d'VotofM b'O{ :jefjsf dflg;x?nfO{{
a'em]/ pTk|]/0ff hufpg' ;lhnf] x'G5 . dfgjLo :jefjsf] k|s[lt lgDg jdf]lhd kfOPsf]] 5 .
cfTdk/s :jefjsf JolQm k/lge{/ :jefjsf JolQm
• g;'g]sf] s'/f] ;'Gg rfxG5 • g;'g]sf] s'/f ;'G5 t/ kTofpb}g
• ;'g]sf] s'/f] ug{ rfxG5 • ;'g]sf] s'/f] lvlNndf p8fp5
• rfx]sf] s'/f u/]/ 5f8\5 • cfkm"n] ug'{ eGbf csf{n] ul/b]cf]; eG5
• ;'g]/ , b]v]/ u/]sf] sfd Ps rf]l6 ;kmn • s]xL u/L sfo{df nflu k/] klg 7"nf] d'gfkmfsf]
geP klg k'gM ug{ vf]Hb5 cfzf ub{5
• ;kmntf kfpg ;f]Wg], j'‰g], vf]Hg] x]g]{ / ug]{ • d'gfkmf x'g ;s]g eg] c?nfO{ bf]if lbg] ub{5
ub{5 • gsf/fTds wf/0ff /fVb5 .
• ;sf/fTds wf/0ff /fVb5 .
;fdflhs kl/rfnsn] tL cfTdk/s / k/lge{/ :jefj ePsf dflg;x? lrg]/ pgLx?nfO{ cfo
cfh{g lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g pTk|]/0ff hufpg' kb{5 . cfTdk/s JolQmnfO{ p;n] vf]h]sf]
rfx]sf] s'/fx? af/] hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5 eg] k/lge{/ JolQmnfO{ p;sf] :jefjnfO{ kl/jt{g x'g]
vfnsf s'/fx? u/]/, b]vfP/ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;fxg u/fpg' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf
nfuL æyf]kf yf]kf kfgLaf6 t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5” . ;sf/fTds :jefjsf] JolQmn]
rf;f] /fv]/ s]xL ug{ vf]H5 eg] gsf/fTds :jefjsf] JolQmn] yf]kf yf]kf kfgLaf6 s] x'G5
egL gsf/fTds l6Kk0fL ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] a]nfdf p;nfO{ ePsf] ;xL 36gf ;'gfpg] / b]vfpg]
klg ug'{ kb{5 . ;'g]/, b]v]/ p;sf] gsf/fTds ;f]rfO{ / u/fOdf kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sb5 .
pTk|]/0ff u/fpFbf s] ug]{ s] gug]{ <
pTk|]/0ff ubf{ ug{ x'g] s'/fx? pTk|]/0ff ubf{ ug{ gx'g] s'/fx?
• s'/f] ;'Gg] • lgb]{lzt ug'{ x'b}g
• xf};nf a9fpg] • s;}nfO{ klg xf]Rofpg' x'b}g, ;fgf] agfpg' x'b}g
• k|z+;f ug]{ • cfzf b]vfP/, nf]EofP/ pTk|]/0ff ug'{ x'b}g
70
• cfkm} nfuL kg]{ • hj/hl:t ws]n]/, tfg]/ pTk|]/0ff u/fpg] sfd
• hfg]sf s'/fx? atfpg] ug'{ x'b}g .
• pko'Qm ljj/0fx? lbg]
• x/]s lqmofsnfk tyf /sd ;DaGwL kf/bzL{ x'g]
• ;xeflutfTds sfo{ ckgfpg] .
pTk|]/0ff hufpFbf k'?ifx?sf] dfq ;xeflutf 5 eg] dlxnfx?nfO{ klg ;xefuL aGg k|f]T;fxg
ug'{' kb{5 . olb dlxnfx?sf] dfq afx'No ePsf] 5 eg] k'?ifx?nfO{ klg Toxf+ ;+nUg x'g k|]l/t
ug{' kb{5 .
;fdflhs / cfly{s sf/0fn] k5fl8 k/]sf JolQm jf 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf
;d]6\g ljleGg cfo cfh{gsf lqmofsnfkx? ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg], ljlwx? yfxf kfpg
;DalGwt JolQm jf 7fpFx? atfpg], tL lqmofsnfkx?df ;xefuL aGg cK7\of/f s'/fx? s] s]
5g\ kQf nufpg] ug'{ kb{5 .
v_ ;+~rf/
JolQmx? aLr ljrf/, hfgsf/L, efjgf / eg]sf s'/f cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;~rf/
elgG5 . ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?n] o; k|sf/sf] ;~rf/ Ps cfk;df, ;d'bfoaLr, afXo ;+:yfsf
;b:ox? / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?;+u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ ;~rf/ dfgjLo ultljlwsf] Ps
dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] . ljleGg JolQm jf ;d"x;+u k|efjsf/L lsl;dn] ;+~rf/ ug{ o;sf] k|lqmof
/ tf}/tl/sf af/] yfxf kfpg h?/L 5 .
o;sf p2]Zox? lgDg tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ M
• hfgsf/L lbg' tyf cg'kf]if0f lng'
• rf;f] hufpg'
• k|]l/t ug{'
;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' tyf cg'kf]if0f lng'
hfgsf/L lbg'sf] cy{ ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?nfO{ o;sf ultljlw / ;fGble{s gofF s'/f af/] cjut
u/fpg' xf] . To:t} cg'kf]if0f lbg'sf] cy{ ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?n] ef]u]sf / ;'g]sf s'/fx?sf]
hfgsf/L lng' xf] . ;+:yfdf sltko s'/fx?sf] cy{ cg'dfgsf] e/df nufOG5 / ;b:ox? aLr
dgd'6fj x'G5 . ;b:ox?aJr a/fj/ 5nkmn / ljrf/sf] cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 eg] o; k|sf/sf
dgd'6fj x6\b5g\ / ;+:yfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lhnf] k5{ .
;b:ox?sf] rf;f] hufpg'
rf;f] hufpg' eg]sf] s'g} sfd k|lt OR5f hufpg' xf] . ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? ljsf/sf] nflu
:yfkgf ePsf x'g . ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?nfO{ ljsf; sfo{df cu|;/ u/fpg s'g} s'/f]sf hfgsf/L
lbP/ dfq kof{Kt x'+b}g . o;sf] nfuL ;+:yfn] ug{ u/fpg rfx]sf] s'/f]df pgLx?sf] rf;f]
hufpg h?/L x'G5 . pbfx/0f, t/sf/L v]tLaf6 x'g] kmfObf, jg ;+/If0faf6 k|fKt x'g] nfe
cflb eGg ;lsG5 .
71
;b:ox?nfO{ k|]l/t ug'{
k|]l/t ug'{ eg]sf] gofF ljZjf; / dfGotf cKgfpg pT;flxt ug'{ xf] . ;+:yfnfO{ cfˆgf] nIo
kydf cufl8 a9fpg o:sf ;b:ox?nfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k|lt k|lta4 tyf pT;flxt u/fpg
h?/L x'G5 . pbfx/0f, dlxnf k'?ifn] ug]{ sfo{sf] ljefhg ;dfhn] agfPsf] xf] , o;df
kl/jt{g Nofpg' , 5'jf5't k'/fgf] ;f]rfO{ xf] . o;nfO{ 5f]8\g'k5{ cflb . ;~rf/ ug]{ ;Lk
k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g eg] ;d"x tyf ;d'bfonfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;kmn xF'b}g . ;~rf/ ubf{ ;'Gg],
af]Ng], n]Vg], k|:t't ug]{ sfo{ /fd|f] tyf k|i6 x'g' kb{5 . To;}n] s;/L ;~rf/ ug]{ eGg] af/]
/fd|/L a'‰g cfjZos x'G5 . ;~rf/ b'O{ k|sf/n] ug{ ;lsG5 .
!_ PstkmL{ ;~rf/ @_ b'O{tkmL{ ;~rf/
!_ Pstkm{L{ ;~rf/
PstkmL{ ;~rf/df k|]ifsn] cfˆgf] ;Gb]z ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|fks ;fd' k'¥ofpg] sfd ub{5 .
h:t} M/]l8of], cvjf/, ;dfrf/ s;}nfO{ 5f]8\g' cflb . o;df k|]ifsn] cfˆgf] ;Gb]z k7fPsf]
af/] k|fksaf6 k|ltlqmof -k[i7 kf]if0f_ lng] sfo{ ub}{g .
k|]ifs ;Gb]z dfWod k|fks

PstkmL{ ;~rf/
@_ b'O{tkmL{ ;~rf/
bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/df k|]ifsn] cfˆgf] ;Gb]z k|fks ;fd' k'¥ofP kl5 pQm ;Gb]z k|fksn] k|fKt u¥of]
u/]g, u/]/ a'‰of] a'em]g / a'em]/ :jLsf/ u¥of] u/]g ;f] sf] hfgsf/L cyf{t k[i7 kf]if0f lng]
sfo{ ub{5 .
k|]ifs÷k7fpg] k|fks÷kfpg]
;"rgf
;Gb]z
k[i7kf]if0f
b'OtkmL{ ;~rf/
;fdflhs kl/rfnsn]] ;~rf/sf] ljleGg dfWodaf6 ;d"x tyf ;d'bfodf sfo{qmd ;DaGwL
hfgsf/L lbg ;Sb5 / pgLx?sf] k|ltlqmof lng cfjZos x'G5 h;n] ubf{ ;xL lbzfdf
lgb]{zg eO/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g Tof] a'‰g ;lsG5 / ;fdfhLs kl/rfnsn] hlxn] klg b'O{tkmL{
;+rf/sf] tl/sf ckgfpg' kb{5 .
72
u_ ;dGjo
s'g} cfof]hgf jf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ljleGg JolQm, sfof{no / ;:+Yffx?n] cf–cfÏgf]
lhDd]jf/Lsf] sfo{sf] ;fy ;fy} c?nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfdx? klg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . sfdsf]
lx;fjn] cfk;df cGt/ ;DjGw x'g] ;a} JolQm, ;:+yf tyf sfof{nox? -uf+pdf g]t[Tj ju{,
afl;Gbf, ;DjlGwt sfo{fnox?, sfo{qmdsf] nflu /sd pknAw u/fpg] ;:+yf x? cflb _ /
cfkm' jLr ;f}xfb|tf >[hgf u/]/ s–s:fn] s'g ;dodf s] sfd ug]{ xf] , ToxL cg'?k ;'rf?
?kn] sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'g ;Sg] pko'St jftfj/0f agfpg'nfO{ ;dGjo elgG5 . cfof]hgf
leqsf ljleGg kIfx? jLrsf] cGt/ ;DjGw tyf ;dGjo /fd|f] ePdf ;a} kIfjf6 cfjZos
;xof]u kfpg ;lsG5, o;n] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;'rf? ?kn] cufl8 j9fO{ nIF xfl;n ug{ d2t
ub{5 .
;dGjo s] sf] nfuL
• :yfgLo ;d:of :yfgLo k|of;af6} ;'Nemfpgsf nfuL
• :yfgLo :t/df k|fKt >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfngsf nfuL
• aflx/L lge{/tf sd u/L :jfjnDjL / cfTdlge{/ aGgsf nfuL
• ;fd'lxs ;befjk'0f{ tyf ;fem]bf/L efjgff hfu[t ug{sf nfuL
• :yfgLo :t/df ljsf;sf] cu'jfO cfkm}n] ug{ ;lsG5 eGgsf nfuL
• ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] e/kbf]{ tyf lbuf] yfngL / Joj:yfkgsf nfuL
;dGjo j9fpg] pkfo
• ;DjlGwt ;a} kIf;+u /fd|f] ;DjGw x'g' kb{5
• cfof]hgf If]q, cfkmgf] Onfsfsf] ultljlw / rfn' sfo{qmdx?sf] /fd|f] 1fg xfl;n ug'{
kb{5
• cfkm'n] s] ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] :ki6 x'g' kb{5 / To; k|lt cle?rL x'g' kb{5
• ;xof]uLx? ;+u bf]xf]/f] ;DjGw /fVg lgoldt a}7s / 5nkmn ug'{ kb{5
• cfˆgf]] ;xof]uLx?sf] ;¥xfgf ug'{ kb{5 .
;dGjo sf] sf] jLr
k|To]s ;+3 ;:+yf tyf sfof{non] cfÏgf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu :yfgLo :t/df pknAw
lgsfox?sf] klxrfg ug'{ kb{5 . cfÏgf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf lgsfox?n] s] s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{ ;Sb5g ;f] sf] klg ljZn]if0f ug{‘' kb{5 .
• ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsf] ljsf; ;DjlGw sfo{df s'g s'g ;+:yfx? ;xof]uL x'g ;S5g
klxrfg ug{]
• klxrfg ePsf ;+:yf jf6 s] s:tf] vfnsf] ;xof]u x'g ;S5 , sfdsf] cfwf/df
ljZn]if0f ug{]
• ;fd'bflos ;+:yf /x]sf] 7f+pjf6 cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? s] slt 6f9f 5g egL b'/Lsf]
cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug{] .
73
;d"xsf] sfdsf] cfwf/df ;Dks{df cfpg] lgsfox?M
vf;u/L u|fdL0f :t/sf ;d"x ;+:yfn] s'g} klg sfd ug{sf] nfuL lgDg ;+:yfx? ;+u ;dGjo
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 , sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/L ;dGjo a9fpg' kb{5 .
g]kfn
;/sf/sf
sfof{nox? /fli6«o
u}/ ;/sf/L :t/sf
;+3÷;+:yf dxf;+3
;d"x÷
a}+s, ljlQo ;+:yf lhNnf
;+:yf :t/Lo ;+3
bft[ ;+:yf :yflgo

lgsfo
ljleGg ;+3;+:yf jLr cGt/ ;DaGw
3_ g]t[Tj
;+u7g ;+rfngdf g]t[Tjsf] Pp6f a]Un} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo k|flKt
ug{ s'zn g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . g]t[Tjn] ;+u7gnfO{ ;xLdfu{ lgb]{zg ub{5 , cfÏgf]
;d"x jf ;+u7gnfO{ g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ JolQmnfO{ g]tf elgG5 . ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu
Joj:yfksn] cfÏgf ;xfosx? Tfyf cg'ofoLx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfddf k|f]T;flxt u/L
;+u7g k|lt lgi7fjfg jgfpg] sfd ub{5 . ;du|df g]t[Tj eGgfn] ;d"xnfO{ ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo
k|flKt tk{m pGd'v u/fpg] Ifdtf xf] eGg ;lsG5 .
g]t[Tjsf ljz]iftf
g]t[Tj Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f cleGg c+u xf] . s'zn g]tT[ j lagf ;d"x ;+rfng ug{ sl7gfO{
kb{5 . g]t[Tjsf ljz]iftf lgDg jdf]lhd x'G5g\ .
• :ki6 nIfM g]t[Tjsf nflu :ki6 ?kdf nIfsf] ls6fg ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . g]t[Tj k|bfg
ug]{ kIfn] cfwf/e"t nIf Ps} p2]Zo kl/dfl0ft u/]/ cfÏgf] ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{
g]t[Tj k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 .
• ;femf pb]ZoM g]t[Tj ;a} ;b:ox?sf] ;dfg jf ;femf p2]Zo /x]sf] x'g' kb{5 /, ;femf
p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu g]t[Tj k|bfg ul/Psf]df dfq g]t[Tjsf] cg';/0f x'G5 .
• JolQmTj M g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ g]tfdf cf]hZjL JolQmTj x'g' kb{5 . cfsif{s Pj+ cf]hZjL
JolQmTjn] cfÏgf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;Sb5g\ .
74
• pbfx/0fLo cfr/0fM g]t[Tjdf pbfx/0fLo cfr/0f ePdf dfq ;+u7gnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg
;Sb5 . g]t[Tjsf] cfr/0f cg'?k ;b:ox?n] cfkm'nfO{ ult k|bfg ug]{ ePsf]n] g]t[Tjdf
pbfx/0fLo cfr/0f x'g' cfjZos 5 .
• ;sf/fTds wf/0ffM g]t[Tjdf ;sf/fTds wf/0ff /xg' klg g]t[Tjsf] ljz]iftf xf] .
;sf/fTds wf/0ff /x]sf] g]tfn] ;lhn} ;+u g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 .
• kl/l:ytL d'ns M g]t[Tj kl/l:ytL cg'?k rNg ;Sg] x'g' kb{5 . ;do ;fk]If rNg]
g]tfn] h:tf] ;'s} kl/l:ytLdf klg s'zn g]t[Tj lbg ;Sb5 .
• sfo{ ;DjGw M g]t[Tj / ;b:ox? aLr 3lgi6 sfo{ ;DjGw /xg' kb{5 . g]t[Tj 6f9f eO{
;Nnfx sd ePdf ;xof]u sf] sdL x'g ;S5 .
• ;xeflutfd'ns M ;a} ;b:ox?sf] ;xeflutfdf ljZjf; ug{] g]t[Tj a9L ;kmn x'g
;S5 . ;a}sf] ;xeflutf ePdf lg0f{o k|lt ljZjf; j95 .
• k|hftflGqs z}nL M o; z}nLdf ;+u7gsf ;a} ;xeflux? nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/fO lg0f{o
lnOG5 / ;a}sf] ;xeflutfdf kf; ul/g] lg0f{onfO{ ;a}n] cg';/0f ub{5g\ ;a}sf]
ljrf/nfO{ sb/ ug]{ z}nLnfO{ g} k|hftflGqs z}nL elgG5 .
ª_ hg;xeflutf
hg;xeflutf eg]sf] ufp+ 3/df ;+rfng x'g] ljleGg ljsf; sfo{qmdx?df ToxL uf+psf
hgtfn] sfo{qmdsf] z'?b]lv cGt ;Dd ;lqmo?kdf efu lng] k|s[of xf] .
hg;xeflutf lsg <
hg;xeflutf u|fld0f ;d'bfodf ul/g] s'g} klg ljsf;sf] sfdnfO{ ;kmntfk'j{s ;+rfng
ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kb{5 . h:t} vfg]kfgL, l;rfO{, :s'n jf jg, jf6f]3f6f] cflb
sfo{qmdx?df u|fdL0f hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf, ;s[o ;xeflutf ePdf r]tgf ljsf; x'g hfG5 /
ljsf; u'0f:t/Lo / lbuf] x'G5 .
hg;xeflutf s;/L <
u|fdL0f :t/df ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo / k|ltkmnaf/] /fd|/L hfgsf/L u/fP/
hgtfx?nfO{ To; sfo{df cu|;/ x'g pTk|]l/t u/L pgLx?sf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg' kb{5 . o;/L
hgtfx? nfO{ sfdsf] p2]Zo, k|ltkmn tyf pkof]]u ;DjlGw /fd|f] hfgsf/L ePdf pgLx? To;
sfd k|lt rf;f] /flv e/f];f ug]{5g / Ps cfk;df h'6]/ ;xefuL aGg cu|;/ ;d]t x'g]5g .
o;/L ug{ yflnPsf] ljsf; sfo{ To;} If]qsf hgtfsf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu xf] / ;f] ljsf; sfo{df
:yflgo hgtf ;d]tsf] ;xof]u ePdf dfq rf8f] / k|efjsf/L 9+un] of]hgf ;DkGg x'g'sf]
;fy} lbuf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ /fd|f];+u a'emfpg ;Sg' kb{5 .
hg;xefuLtf s] df <
s_ of]hgf th'{df sfo{df hg;xefuLtf
v_ of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf hg;xefuLtf
u_ of]hgf d'Nof+sgdf hg;xefuLtf
3_ k|ltkmn pkef]u sfo{df hg;xefuLtf
75
s_ of]hgf th'{df ubf{ hg;xefuLtf
;j{k|yd of]hgf th'{df sfo{df g} hg;xefuLtf h'6fpg' kb{5 . s'g} klg of]hgf lsg
sfof{Gjog ug{ nfluPsf] xf], To;af6 s;nfO{ slt kmfobf x'G5, o;sf] lgdf{0fdf slt nfut
nfUb5 cflb ljifosf] hfgsf/L ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{ u/fpg' kb{5, o;sfnfuL h'g;'s} sfo{
yfngL ubf{ klg ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnf (stakeholder) cyjf hg;d'bfosf] ;'emfj , ;Nnfx lnP/ lg0f{o ug'{ kb{5 .
v_ of]hgf sfo{Gjogdf ;xefuLtf
of]hgf kfl/t ul/;s] kl5 To;sf] sfof{Gjog ul/G5. k|f/lDes cj:yfdf hgtfnfO{ of]hgf
k|ls|ofdf ;+nUg u/fPkl5 pgLx? sfof{Gjog kIfdf ;d]t h'6\5g\, of] xfdLn] lg0f{o u/]sf]
of]hgf xf], o;n] xfdLnfO{ o;/L ;xof]u k'of{p5 eGg] efjgf hfu[t ePkl5 hgtfx?
dgf]j}1flgs 9+un] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog kIfdf klg ;l/s x'G5 .
u_ of]hgf d'Nof+sgdf hg;xefuLtf
tf]lsPsf] kl/of]hgf÷sfo{ k'/f ug{ hDdf slt ;do / nfut nfu]sf] lyof], ;f] /sd sxf+jf6
/ s;/L h'6fOof] To/sf] vr{ s;/L eof] . of]hgf cg'?k sfd eof], ePg, /sd ck'u eP
Tof] sxf+af6 h'6fpg] cyjf jrt eP sxf+ vr{ ug]{ cflb ljljw ljifodf ;DjlGwt hgtfnfO{
hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5 . t;y{ hgtfnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsf ;fy} cg'udg, d'Nof+sg sfo{df
;d]t ;+nUg u/fOg' h?/L 5 . o; lsl;dsf] kf/blz{tfjf6 gof+ kl/of]hgfdf hg>dbfg
h'6fpg ;lhnf] x'g'sf] ;fy} kl/of]hgfsf] dd{t ;+ef/ sfo{ klg ;/n x'g hfG5 .
3_ k|ltkmn pkef]u sfo{df hg;xefuLtf
clGtd r/0f k|ltkmn / pkef]u l;t ;DjlGwt 5 . ljsf; sfo{ cGt/ut h'g;'s} kl/of]hgf
;DkGg ul/Pklg To;sf] k|ltkmn ;DjlGwt ;j}nfO{ ;'ne x'g' kb{5 . hg ;xeflutf h'6fpg]
;Dk'0f{ ;xsdL{nfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] k|ltkmn pkef]u ug{ ;dfg cj;/ h'6fpg' kb{5.
hg;xefuLtf kl/rfng ug{ ;kmn g]t[Tj, kl/of]hgfsf] :t/ cfbL ljifon] lgs} 7'nf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ub{5 .
hg;xefuLtf jf6 kmfObf
• hg;xefuLtfn] ;dfhnfO :jfledfgL / cfTdlge{/ t'Nofp+5
• hg>dbfg nufot cGo ;|f]tsf] cToflws kl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5
• ;fd'lxs lg0f{o ug]{ k|j[ltsf] ljsf; x'G5
• hgtf ljr ;dembf/L / ;befjgf j[4L x'G5
• sfd ubf{ k/fd;{ lng] efjgf hfu[t u/fp+5
• Ps cfk;df ljZjf; / ;dGjo a95
• ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] nfut sd ug{ ;lsG5
• hgtfn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfddf cfˆgf]kg kfOG5
• ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lbuf] ?kn] cfufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5
• ;fd'lxs sfdsfnfuL cGo ;+3÷;+:yfaf6 C0f÷;xof]u lng ;lsG5 .
76
hg;xeflutf h'6fpg s] ug]{ <
• hfgsf/L ;+sng ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u ug{ nufpg]
• hgtfnfO{ g} pgLx?sf] ;d:of tyf cfjZostf klxNofpg nufpg]
• ;d:ofx?sf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ nufpg]
• ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Nnfx lbg nufpg]
• lg0f{o ug{ tyf of]hgf th'{df ug{ nufpg]
• cfof]hgf ;DjlGw vf; sfo{x?sf] lhDd]jf/L lng nufpg]
• :yfgLo tyf jflx/L >f]t h'6fpg nufpg]
• cfof]hgfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ug{ nufpg] .
;d:ofsf] klxrfg / To;sf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;Dk"0f{

cGt/lgxLtdf ;Dk"{0f hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf
hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf x'g'kb{5 x'g'kb{5
of]hgfjf6 k|fKt kmfO{bf jf ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf
;'ljwf ;a}nfO{ a/fj/ hg;xeflutf ;Dk"{0f hgtfsf]
?kdf pknAw u/fpg' ;+nUgtfx'g' kb{5
kb{5
d'Nof+sg / cg'udgdf sfo{qmd nfu' ug]{ ;dodf
hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf x'g' ;Dk"{0f hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf
kb{5 x'g' kb{5
hg;xeflutfsf] :j?k
77
;d"x kl/rfng
!_ ;d"x s] xf] <
;femf p4]Zon]
; ;dGjo /fvL
;d:ofx?sf]
;dfwfg u/L
;j}sf]
d" d'xf/
x xFl;nf] jgfpg]
;femf p4]Zon] jf nIo k|flKtsf] nflu cfk;L cGt/lqmofsf cfwf/df b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L
JolQmx? ldnL ag]sf] O{sfO{ jf em'08nfO{ ;d"x eGb5g\ .
@_ ;d'x lsg <

• a9L s[ifsnfO{ sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/fpg
• ;fgf tyf demf}nf s[ifssf] ;xeflutfdf a[l4 ug{
• k|ljlw lj:tf/ / k|efjsf/L ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{
• :yfgLo ;d:ofsf] :yfgLo tj/dfg} ;dfwfg vf]Hg
• :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{
• :yfgLo >f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{
• ;fd'lxs ?kdf Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
• ;fd'lxs ?kdf hgr]tgf a9fpg
• sfo{qmd k|lt cfTdljZjf; hufpg
• ;b:ox?df cfTd lge{/tf a9fpg .
#_ ;d"x ljsf;sf] cj:yfx?
s= lgdf{0fsf] cj:yf (Forming)
v= hfu/0fsf] cj:yf (Storming)
u= ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] cj:yf (Norming)
3= sfo{ut cj:yf (Performing)
75
s_ lgdf{0fsf] cj:yf (Forming)
• Dfflg;x? ;d"xleq cfkm\gf] kl/ro b]vfpg / c?nfO{ k|efljt kfg{ rfxG5g\
• ;Lldt / lxrlsrfj6k"0f{ ;xeflutf x'G5
• cf}lrTo vf]Hg], z+sf, 8/, lrGtf x'G5
• eljiodf ul/g] sfd / lg0f{osf] af/]df ;d"xn] lgod agfp+5
• s]xL ug{ klg c?sf] lgb]{zg / ;Nnfx vf]H5 .
v_ hfu/0fsf] cj:yf (Storming)
• ;d'xleqsf dflg;x? aLrdf ljjfb x'G5 / Pstf x'b}g . z'?sf d"n lgodx?, g]t[Tj
/ cfr/0fx? ablng ;S5g\
• cgfjZos tgfj pTkGg x'G5 / ts{ ljts{n] 7fp+ lnG5
• JolQmut :jfy{, k|ltikwf{, JolQmut arfp ug]{ k|j[lt b]vf kb{5
• ;b:ox?df w'la{s/0fsf] l:ylt b]vf k5{
• pbf;Lgtf, lzsfot cflb kfOG5, Go"gtd ?kdf sfo{ ;DkGg x'G5
• cfk;L ;DjGwdf l56f] l56f] ptf/ r9fj x'G5 .
u_ ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] cj:yf (Norming)
• 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm\gf] xslxtsf] nflu ;+u7g cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f :jLsf/
ub{5g\ / Ps csf{sf ljrf/x?sf] ;Ddfg ub{5g\
• a9L ;+ul7t x'g] jftfj/0f aGb5
• Ps csf{df ljZjf;sf] ;[hgf x'G5, ;femf ljrf/ / nIox? lgwf{/0f x'G5g\ .
• ;+ul7t tl/sfaf6 sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;xdlt x'G5
• ;fd"lxs ;+nUgtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
3_ sfo{ut cj:yf (Performing)
• klxn]sf tLgj6f r/0fx?nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s kf/ u/]kl5 dfq of] cj:yfdf k'Ug ;lsG5
• of] cj:ydf ;+u7g leq k"0f{ kl/kSjtf / w]/} ljsf; l:ylt cfp+5
• ;b:ox?sf nflu Ps csf{sf jLrsf] ;DjGw Pj+ ;f}xfb|tf dxTjk"0f{ aGb5
• ltgn] 6f]nLsf lqmofsnfkx? k"/f ug{sf] nflu cf–cfkm\gf] e"ldsf /fd|/L lgefp5g\
• e"ldsfx? nlrnf] / sfd ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf x'G5g\
• klxrfg u/]sf sfddf ;b:ox?sf] zlQm k|jflxt x'G5 .
$_ ;d"x u7g / kl/rfng
;d'x u7g ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
• p2]Zo lgwf{/0f
• gLlt lgod lgwf{/0f
• gfdfs/0f
• kbflwsf/Lsf] 5gf}6
76
• sfdsf] af+8kmf+8
• lxtsf]if kl/rfng
• ;d"x a}7s
• sfo{qmd jf/] 5nkmn / of]hgf lgdf{0f -pbfx/0fsf] nflu t/sf/L v]tL Pj+ of]hgf
agfpbf lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kb{5 _
– ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/ jfnL, hft / nufpg] If]qkmn lgwf{/0f
– pGgt u'0f:tl/o jLpsf] kl/df0f / >f]t, lgwf{/0f
– ;d"xut jLp vl/b
– ahf/ efpsf] cfwf/df v/Lb ljs|L d"No lgwf{/0f
– jfnL k|bz{g, tflnd, e|d0f tyf cGo k|fljlws sfd
– ;+sng s]Gb|÷ahf/ ;ldtLsf] lgdf{0f
• ;d"xsf] ljwfg tof/ ug]{
• ljwfg btf{ u/fpg]
• ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ .
%_ ;d"xsf g]tfdf x'g' kg]{ u'0fx?
• pT;fxL / b'/ufdL b[li6sf]0f
• hfu?s / sfo{ af]em lng OR5's
• pbfx/0fLo aGg] / cg's/0fLo Jojxf/
• eljiosfnflu g]t[Tj ljsf; ug]{
• /fd|f] cfr/0f, OdfGbf/
• ;a};+u ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{
• ;a}n] kTofpg] ,ljZjf;kfq / lg:jfy{ efjgf ePsf]
• gof+ cj;/ klxNofpg cu|;/ .
^_ ;d"xleq kfO{g] Jojxf/ ljZn]if0f / juL{s/0f
s= c;xof]uL Jojxf/
• ;d"x aGg glbg]
• u/LjnfO{ ;+ul7t x'g glbg]
• tNnf] ju{nfO{ cufl8 a9\g glbg]
• cfkm\gf] :jfy{ dfq x]g]{
• cfkm"nfO{ dfq cufl8 /fVg] / 7"nf] aGg]
• cfkm" klg gug]{ / c?nfO{ klg ug{ glbg]
• s;}n] /fd|f] ug{ vf]h] jfwf l;h{gf ug]{
77
v= ;xof]uL Jojxf/
• c?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] sfd ug]{
• u/LjnfO{ ;fx; lbg] / /Iff ug]{
• tNnf] ju{sf] enf] rfxg] / ;xof]u ug]{
• ;fd"lxs efjgfnfO{ a9fpg vf]Hg]
• Pstf / ;dGjodf k|fyldstf lbg]
u= ;fd"lxs Jojxf/sf] jlu{s/0f
• ef8 l;+x M k|ToIf gsf/fTds
• ljuf/ l;+x M ck|ToIf gsf/fTds
• u/ l;+x M ;sf/fTds
• ;kf/ l;+x M ;sf/fTds
• x]/ l;+x M t6:y
• efu l;+x M t6:y
&_ lbuf] ;d"xsf ljz]iftfx?
• :ki6 / ;j{dfGo p2]Zo
• ;d'xn] ;d"xsf] ljsf;sf rf/j6} r/0f kf/ u/]sf] x'g' kg]{
• ;dfg efiff, /xg;xg / ;+:s[lt ePsf] x'g' kg]{
• ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] lgefpg' kg]{ e"ldsf :ki6 x'g' kg]{ / cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Ljf6 gklG5g]
• ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] ;d"xsf] sfo{s|d / ;+u7lgs 9f+rf cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/jt{g
ug{ ;Sg]
• ;dfg p2]Zo ePsf cGo ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?l;t alnof] ;DjGw :yflkt
ePsf] .
*_ c;n ;fdflhs sfo{stf{df x'g' kg]{ u'0fx?
;xglzntf ,cfTdljZjf;, e]befj /lxt Jojxf/
lzi6 Jojxf/ Pj+ ;a}l;t k|efljt x'g ;Sg] / ;j}nfO{ k|efljt ug{;Sg]
;do cg';f/ rNg ;Sg]
ljifo j:t'df 1fg ePsf] / :ki6 jQmf
cfkm\gf p2]Zo / nIo :ki6 ePsf]
;sf/fTds ;f]rfO{ ePsf]
lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{
(_ ;d"xsf cfwf/x?
s_ ;dfg p2]Zo
v_ k/:k/ lge{/tf
u_ ;fd"lxs lg0f{osf] k|efjsfl/tf
3_ ;d'xsf ;b:ox?sf] ;fd'lxs lhDd]jf/L
78
s_ ;dfg p2]Zo /fVg'
u|fld0f ;d'bfodf ljleGg JolQmx?sf p2]Zox? ;dfg x'G5g\ . h:t}, cfly{s l:ylt ;'wfg]{,
;fdflhs l:ylt ;'wfg]{, jgh+un ;+/If0f ug]{ cflb . o:tf p2]Zox? u|fld0f :t/df Pp6}sf]
k|of;af6 k|fKt ug{ sl7g x'G5 / ;fd'lxs k|of; ePdf tL p2]Zox? ;lhn};+u Psh'6 eP/
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . xfd|f] ;Gb{edf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf ;+nUg JolQmx? ;d"xsf] ?kdf sfo{/t 5g\ .
ljleGg JolQmx?n] k|fKt ug{ vf]h]sf] p2]Zo Pp6} 5 eg] To;nfO{ ;dfg p2]Zo elgG5 .
v_ k/:k/ lge{/tf
s'g} sfo{ ug{ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] ;xof]usf] vf+rf] k5{ eg] To;nfO{ k/:k/ lge{/tf elgG5 .
cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug{ xf];\ jf c? s'g} klg nIf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ljleGg >f]t ;fwgsf]
vf+rf] kb{5 . h:t}M– sfo{ cg'ej, sfo{ Ifdtf / cGo >f]t ;fwg . o:tf s'/fx? ;d"xsf
ljleGg JolQmx?;+u x'G5g\ . t;y{ ;d"xsf] nIo k|fKt ug{ o;sf ;b:ox? Ps csf]{df lge{/
x'G5g\ .
u_ ;fd"lxs lg0f{osf] k|efjsf/Ltf
;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o ub{5g\ eg] To;nfO{ ;d"lxs lg0f{o elgG5 . o:tf]
lg0f{o k|efjsf/L x'G5 . u|fdL0f ljsf; ;DjlGw sfd ;d"x / JolQm b'j}n] ub{5g\ . JolQmut
?kdf sfd ubf{ lg0f{o JolQmn] lnG5 . ;d"xdf sfd ubf{ To;sf ;b:ox?n] 5nkmn u/]/
lg0f{o lnG5g\ . lsgsL ;d"xn] w]/}sf ljrf/x?nfO{ dGyg u/]/ lg0f{o u5{ . t;y{, ;fd"lxs
lg0f{o a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df klg ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
3_ ;d'xsf ;b:ox?sf] ;fd'lxs lhDd]jf/L
lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{ eg]sf] tf]lsPsf] sfd rf;f] lnP/ k"/f ug'{ xf] . ;:+yf jf ;d"xsf]
ljsf;sf] nflu To;df ;+nUg JolQmx?n] cfkm"nfO{ ;'xfp+bf] lhDd]jf/L lng, To;nfO{ jxg ug{
/ Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ h?/L x'G5 . h'g ;d"xdf of] s'/f] x'b}g Tof] cufl8 j9\g ;Qm}g .
;d"xdf k|To]s ;b:on] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] x'G5 / ;f] jxg ug{ pgLx? tTk/ x'\G5g\ . ;d"xsf
;b:ox? Ps–csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u klg ub{5g\ . ;d"xdf ;b:ox? lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ ;lqmo
/xg] ePsf]n] g} ;d"x cufl8 a9\5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ;'b"/ klZrdsf] ‘uf}/f gfr” nfO{ lng
;S5f}+ . o;df Pshgf dlxnfn] cu'jfO{ ul5{g / c? dlxnf ToxL tfndf rN5g\ .
!)_ ;d"xsf] sfo{
;d"xn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ lgDg sfo{x? ub{5 .
s_ nIo lgwf{/0f
v_ sfo{ k|lqmof to ug]{
u_ d"No dfGotf, lg0f{o tyf ;~rf/ k|lqmof to ug]{
3_ ;xof]uL jftfj/0f
ª sfo{ ;Dkfgsf] cfwf/df sb/ ug'{
r_ v'nf / kf/blz{ ?kdf 5nkmn u/fpg'
s_ ;do tf]sL nIo lgwf{/0f ug'{
eljiodf k|fKt ug{ rfx]sf] pknlAwsf] PsLg ul/ cfh lg0f{o ug'{ nIo lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf] .
;d"xnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg o;sf ;b:ox?n] cfk;df 5nkmn u/L nIox? lgwf/{0f ub{5g\ .
79
o;/L nIo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;b:ox?nfO{ s] ug]{ eGg] s'/f]df cndn x'b}g / ;fwg >f]t
kl/rfngdf s]lGb|t ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
v_ sfo{ k|lqmof to ug'{
sfo{ k|lqmof eg]sf] sfd ug]{ tf}/ tl/sf xf] . ljleGg ;d"x jf ;+:yfn] cf–cfkm\gf] sfo{
k|lqmof to u/]sf x'G5g\ . h:t} s'g} sfo{ ;d"x cfkm}+n] ug'{ jf c? ;d"x u7g u/L ug'{,
u/fpg', dlxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg', /fd|f];+u n]vfhf]vf u/]/ dfq sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{,
k|fs[lts >f]t Joj:yfdf Wofg lbg' cflb . o:tf] sfo{ kx'+r jf k|lqmof klxn] to ul/Psf] 5
eg] sfd ug{ ;xh / ;/n x'G5 .
u_ d'No dfGotf, lg0f{o tyf ;~rf/ k|lqmof to ug'{
;d"x ;~rfngdf d"Vo dfGotf, lg0f{o tyf ;~rf/ k|lqmofn] 7"nf] dxTj /fVb5 . d'Vo
dfGotf eg]sf] ;b:ox?n] ckgfpg] jf b]vfpg] Jojxf/ xf] . h:t}, ;dodf a}7sdf cpg],
Ps csf]{nfO{ cfb/k"j{s Jojxf/ ug]{ cflb . lg0f{o ax'dtsf] cfwf/df jf ;j{;Ddltsf]
cfwf/df ug{ ;lsG5 tfklg ;j{;Ddltsf] cfwf/df ul/g] lg0f{o pko'Qm x'G5 . To:t} ;b:ox?
aLr ;d"xsf] sfd, k|ult ;d:of cflb af/] a/fj/ hfgsf/L ug{' u/fpg pko'Qm ;~rf/
k|lqmofsf] vf+rf] kb{5 . t;y{ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] cKfgfpg] dfGotf, lg0f{o tyf ;~rf/
k|lqmof klxn] to x'g h?/L x'G5 .
3_ ;xof]uL jftfj/0f agfpg]
;xof]uL jftfj/0f eg]sf] sfd ubf{ Ps csf]{af6 ;xof]u kfpg] :yLlt xf] . o;sf] nflu
;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] rfxgf, cfjZostf / ljsf;nfO{ Wofg lbg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pgLx?sf]
efjgfnfO{ a'em]/ sfd ug'{ klg h?/L x'G5 . ;fy} ;d"x jf ;+:yfsf] afXo ;+:yfx?;+u ;DjGw
/fd|f] x'g' kb{5 . o;df ;d"xsf cu'jfsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . ;+If]kdf ;d"xnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
;xof]uL jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'g' h?/L 5 .
ª_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/df sb/ ug{'
s'g} sfdsf] tfl/km ug'{ eg]sf] sb/ ug'{ xf] . ;d"xdf jf ;+:yfdf ljleGg JolQmx? s]xL g
s]xL pNn]vgLo sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ljz]if pT;j cfof]hgf u/L jf ;:+yfsf] hGdf]T;j
dgfP/ jf ;f] cj;/df pNn]vgLo sfd ug]{ JolQmnfO{ k'/:s[t ug'{ kb{5 .
r_ 5nkmn ug]{ / u/fpg] tl/sf
• 5nkmnsf ljifox? Dffly kfn} kfnf] u/]/ af]Ng lbg]
• ;a}nfO{ 5nkmndf efu lng nufpg]
• ;a} ;xeflux?sf] dg;fo s] 5 To; af/] a'‰g] / k|:t't ug{ nufpg]
• 5nkmnsf ljifox? w]/} ePdf k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ / dxTjk"0f{ a'+bfdf lg0f{o lng]
• 5nkmn u/fpbf g]tfn] ;xlhs/0fsf] dfq e"ldsf v]Ng]
• 5nkmn a'+bfx?sf] lg0f{o ;xL ePdf lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ olb ;d"x tyf ;d'bfosf]
lg0f{o ;lx gePdf To;nfO{ s;f] ubf{ ;xL x'G5 To;a]nf g]t[TJf lbg]
80
!!_ ;d'x Joa:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
;d'xsf] nlIft p2]Zo xfF;Ln ug{ ;d'xdf pknAw l;ldt ;|f]tx?sf] s'zn / k|efjsf/L
pkof]u u/L ;d'xn] ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?sf] of]hgf th'{df ug]{, sfo{x?sf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ /
sfo{x?nfO{ ;+ul7t / lgoGq0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;d'x Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
;d'xsf] p2]Zo xfFl;n x'g ;Sg] u/L ;d'x ;+rfng ug{ ;lhnf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg]
b[li6sf]0fjf6 ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . h;df ;+rfns ;ldlt, cfjZostfg';f/ pk
;ldtx?sf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;fy} ;fwf/0f ;b:ox?sf] klg sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/sf]
pNn]v ePsf] x'g cfjZos 5 .
;d'x kbflwsf/Lx?sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
cWoIfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
• s]f/d k'u]kl5 ;dodf a}7s ;+rfng z'? ug'{
• cWoIftf u|x0f ug'{
• Ph]08f k]z ug'{
• cg'zf;g sfod /fVg'
• k|To]s ;b:onfO{ af]Ng] df}sf lbg'
• c?sf] s'/f ;'lg hfoh s'/f l:jsf/ ug'{
• kfn} kfnf] ul/ af]Ng lbg'
• 5nkmnnfO{ ljifosf] kl/lw leq /fVg'
• dxTjk'0f{ s'/f l6Kg', lg0f{o clen]v u/fpg'
• lg0f{odf ;a}sf] ;xdlt ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{
• ;dod} a}7ssf] cGTo ug{'[
• ;a}sf] ;xdltaf6 lg0f{o ug'{
pkfWoIfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
• cWoIfsf] sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
• cWoIfn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ leq /xL lnlvt ?kdf k|Tofof]lht u/]sf jf tf]s]sf] sfo{x?
ug{] .
• cWoIfsf] cg'kl:yltdf cWoIfn] ug{] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? ug{] .
;lrjsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
• cWoIosf] lgb]{zfg';f/ ;dodf a}7s af]nfpg'
• Ph]08f tof/ ug'{
• ;dodf a}7sdf efu lng'
• cg'zf;gdf /xg'
• 5nkmndf efu lng'
• c?sf] s'/f ;'lg hfoh s'/f :jLsf/ ug'{
81
• kfnf] lnP/ af]Ng'
• ljifosf] kl/lw leq /lx af]Ng'
• 5nkmndf ePsf] s'/f l6Kg'
• lg0f{o clen]v ug'{
• clelnlvt lg0f{o ;'gfpg'
• lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf ;lx u/fpg'
• lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg]
sf]iffWoIfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
• ;dod} a}7sdf efu lng'
• cg'zf;gdf /xg'
• k|:tfj k]z ug'{
• c?sf] hfoh s'/f ;'lg l:jsf/ ug'{
• laifosf] kl/lw leq /lx af]Ng'
• ;b:otf z'Ns, k|j]zz'Ns, b08 h/Lafgf cfbLaf6 p7]sf] /sdsf] lx;fj lstfa /fVg''
• ;d'xsf] sf]if j[l4 x'g] tkm{ k|oTgzLn x'g'
;b:osf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
• ;dodf a}7sdf efu lng'
• cg'zf;gdf /xg'
• k|:tfj k]z ug'{
• c?sf] hfoh s'/f ;'lg l:jsf/ ug'{
• kfnf] lnP/ af]Ng'
• ljifosf] kl/lw leq /lx af]Ng'
• lrQ ga'em]sf] s'/f eGg'
• ;ldtLsf] lg0f{ox? Kffngf ug'{
!@_ ;fd'bflos ;:+yfx?sf] ;:+yfut ljsf;
;+:yf eGgfn] To:tf] ;+:yf÷;+u7g xf] hxf+ ;dfhdf ljwdfg d"No dfGotfsf] ;DjGwnfO{ jf]w
ul/ o;sf] pTyfg / /Iffsf nfuL rfxLg] cfjZos :j?k lgdf{0f ul/G5 / tf]lsPsf] kl/lw /
sfo{If]qleq /xL ;]jf k|bfg ub{5 .
;+u7g lgdf{0f
;+u7g lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lgDg tTjx? clt cfjZos x'g, lo tTjx?sf] cg'kl:yltdf ;+u7g
lgdf{0f ;Dej b]lvGg .
M!_ l;4fGt
82
@_ g]t[Tj
#_ sfo{qmd
$_ ;|f]t
%_ cfGt/Ls :j?k
!_ l;4fGt
;j{k|yd s'g} klg ;+u7g s'g l;4fGt jf s'g p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sfnflu :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] k|i6
x'g' kb{5 , o;n] s] nIo xfl;n ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 / s'g sfo{;}nLaf6 cfˆgf] p2]Zo k'/f ug]{
nIo lnPsf] 5 eGg] jf/] af]w ul/g' kb{5 .
@_ g]t[Tj
;+u7gsf] csf]{ dxTjk'0f{ / zzQm kIf g]t[Tj xf], pko'Qm Ifdtfjfg / ;dlk{t g]t[Tjsf]
cefjdf ;+u7g ;+rfng x'g ;Sb}g . To;}}n] g]t[Tj rog ubf{ cfˆg} kmfObfjf/] a9L Wofg
lbg], cGo s'g} /fd|f] df}sf kfPdf cj;/jfbLsf ?kdf ;+u7g kl/Tofu ug]{, ;+u7g leq
gftfjfb, s[kfjfbsf] jfx'Notf a9fpg], lb3{sfnLg s'g} of]hgf sfo{s|daf/] ;f]r k'–ofpg
g;Sg] / cfkm'n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] cfjZos 1fg gePsf] / e|i6 g]t[Tjaf6 ;+u7gn] s'g} klg
sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g .
#_ sfo{qmd
tf]lsPsf] l;4fGtsf] clwgdf /lx jflif{s / bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ ultljlw af]w
ul/G5, ;+u7gdf ljBdfg ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng s] s;/L ug]{, cfd hgtfnfO{ cfˆgf] dfWodaf6
s] s:tf ;]jf cyjf cGo pTkfbg ;fdfu|L pknJw u/fpg] cflbjf/] lgSof}{n ul/G5, ;xL
sfo{s|dsf] rog gul/Pdf ;+u7gsf] l;4fGt lbzf ljxLg x'g ;Sb5 .
$_ ;|f]t
;|f]t eGgfn] ;+u7gsf] Input / Output b'j}nfO{ hgfp+5 ,;fwf/0ftof xfdL Ogk'6 ;|f]tsf
?kdf 3M+I ( Man, Money, Material & Information) cyf{t >d, cy{ / lgdf{0f
;fdfu|LnfO{ lnG5f} To:t} ;'rgfnfO{ klg ;|f]t s} ?kdf lnOG5 , lo ;a}sf] ;xL pkof]u ljgf
pTkfbg ;]jf ;Dej 5}g, ;+u7gn] pTkfbg u/]sf ;fwgx?nfO klg cfp6k'6sf ?kdf klg
lng ;lsG5 , tf]lsPsf] ;+u7gsf] cfp6k'6 csf]{ ;+u7gsf] Ogk'6 klg x'g ;Sb5 .
%_ cfGt/Ls :j?k
;+u7gsf] 9f+rf s:tf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ,;+u7g leq sfd ug]{ ljleGg OsfOnfO{ s] s:tf] clwsf/
k|bfg ug, s]lGb|os/0f jf ljs]GbLs/0f s'g :j?k cg'z/0f ug{, ;"rgfsf] k|jfx s] s;/L
ldnfpg], ah]6sf] af+8kmf+8 af/] s:tf] k|jGw ldnfpg], ;dGjo / lgoGq0f af/] s] s:tf ljlw
ckgfpg] af/] k|i6 lglt ckgfpg' kb{5 .
s'g} klg ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?sf] ljsf; ug{sf] nflu ;f] ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] nlIft
;d'bfodf nfdf] ;do ;Dd sf{o/t /xL ;b:ox?nfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs lsl;dn] ;]jfx? k|bfg
u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . cyf{t ;+:yfut ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] ;+:yf ;d'bfosf cfjZostfx? kl/k"lt{
ug{ ;kmn ePsf] x'G5 / ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] klg ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf / sfo{z}nLnfO{ dfGotf
lbPsf x'G5g\ . o;sf] nflu ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? cfkm\gf] sfo{Ifdtf a9fpgsf ;fy} ;+:yf
;+:yf aLrsf] ;~hfn ljsf; u/L cufl8 a9\g ;Sg' kb{5 . ;fy} nfdf] ;do;Dd pkl:yt
eO{ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfx? k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 .
83
;+:yfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos ;+:yfut tTjx?
s= ;jf]{k/L nIo M ;+:yfsf] kl/sNkgf -Woodf cfwfl/t d'Vo d'Vo nIox?_ . ;+:yfsf]
sfo{gLlt,sfo{qmd tyf ;a} lsl;dsf ;+:yfsf] ;jf]{k/L nIo cg';f/
to ul/Psf] x'G5 .
v= g]t[Tjz}nL M lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ kbx? cf]u6\g] JolQmx?sf] ;d"x h;n] ;+:yfsf]
cfGtl/s sfd sf/jfxL nfO lgb]{lzt ug'{sf ;fy} jfXo jftfj/0f
l;tsf] cGt/;DjGw klg ;'Joj:yf ub{5 .
u= /0fgLlt M ;+:yfsf] p2]Zox? xf+l;n ug{ to ul/Psf] sfo{qmdx?
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] dfu{bz{g, tf}/ tl/sf, ;fwg /
>f]t af+8kmf+8 cflb .
3= ;+/rgf M ;+:yf rnfpgsf nflu ;+:yf leqsf] cfjZos sfo{ ljefhg,
clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f tyf ;+rf/ ;+hfn lgdf{0f ug]{ .
ª= k4lt M b}lgs sfd ;'rf? ?kn] ;DkGg ug{ u/fpgsf nflu cfjZos
sfo{ljlw, o; cGtu{t j:t'sf] pTkfbg k|lqmof b]lv lnP/, ;+:yf
leqsf] ;"rgf k4lt, ah]6 th{'df k4lt, sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg
cflb Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ljlwx? kb{5g\ .
^= sd{rf/L M dfgjLo ;+zfwgx? ;+:yfdf sfo{/t JolQmx? tyf ltgLx?;+u
;DjlGwt kIfx? h:t} k|s[lt, cfTdljZjf; tyf Jojxf/ .
&= ;Lk M ;:+yfsf] k|wfgtf bIftf ePsf] ljz]iftf jf Ifdtf .
84
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{gLltx?
c;n zf;g÷ k|hftflGqs lg0f{o ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfdf

k|lqmof / kf/blz{ Joj:yfkg cfwfl/t sfo{qmd
• lnlvt sfo{ljlw • ;d'bfo;+u 5nkmn u/L sfo{qmd th'{df

• k|i6 e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/L ug]{
• :jfoQtf -c?af6 k|efljt gePsf]_ • ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfdf sfo{fGjg Joj:yf
• k|hftflGqs lg0f{o k|lqmof • pgLx?s} ;xeflutfdf cg'udg tyf
• clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg d"NofÍg
• dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] ;xeflutf
• Jojl:yt n]vf
k|efjsf/L ;"rgf k4ltsf] ljsf; bLuf] ljQLo Joj:yf
• ;b:ox?sf] ljj/0f dlxnf / k'?if • z'Ns p7fpgdf lg/Gt/tf

5'l§g] u/L /fVg] • ;~rfng vr{ wfGg ;Sg]
• ;+:yfn] ;DkGg u/]sf ljsf; sfo{sf] • cfkm\g} >f]taf6 klg s]lx sfo{x? ug{
ljj/0f k|sflzt ug]{ ;Sg]
• ;+:yfn] ug{ vf]h]sf] sfo{x?sf] ljj/0f
kf/blz{ ?kdf /fVg] ;DjGw lj:tf/
• ;+:yfn] u/]sf ljsf; sfo{sf] l:ylt
tyf k|efjsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ • :yfgLo :t/sf ;+:yf;+u
• lhNnf :t/sf ;+:yf;+u
• /fli6«o :t/sf ;+:yfx? ;+u
85
Joj;flos ljsf; ;]jf / ;xIf]q ljZn]if0f
(Business Development / Value chain Approach)
s= If]q (Sector)
If]q eGgfn] s'g} klg a[xt lasf;sf cfwf/nfO{ hgfpFb5 . h:t}M s[lif If]q, kz' If]q, jg If]q,
:j:Yo If]q .
v= ;xIf]q (Sub-sector)
sRrf kbfy{x?sf] cfk'lt{ u/L ltgLx?af6 ag]sf] ;fdfu|Lx?nfO{ lglZrt pkef]Qmf ahf/ ;dIf
k'¥ofpg ;+:yf jf AolQm ;lDdlnt ;+hfn g} ;xIf]q xf] .
;Dk"0f{ Joj;flos kmfd{x?n] Ps csf{ ;Fu s'g} cfsf/df (Form) tof/ ePsf] pTkfbg j:t'
of ;]jfx? lsGg] of a]Rg] u/L cGtdf t}of/L a:t' of ;]jfx? (Final products or services)
clGtd pkef]Qmf ;Dd k'/\ofpg] k|ls|ofnfO{ g} ;xIf]q eGg ;lsG5 .
(A subsector can be defined as all the firms that buy and sell from each other in order to
suppy a particular set of products or services to final consumers. Terms with similar meaning
include: Value Chain; supply chain etc.)
s'g} klg ;xIf]qdf ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ stf{ (Input supplier), pTkfbg stf{ (Producer) tyf
Jofkf/Lx? (Output Trader) t}of/L a:t'sf] nflu ldn]/ sfo{ ub{5g\ .
u= ;xIf]q laZn]if0fsf r/0fx?
r/0f *= r/0f !
;xhsfo{sf] ;xIf]q 5gf}6
5gf}6
r/0f &= r/0f @=

;xhsfo{sf] ;xIf]q
klxrfg lj:n]if0f
r/0f ^= r/0f #=
Jofj;flos ;xIf]qsf] jfwf
;]jfx?sf] c8rg /
cj;/x?
n]vf hf]vf klxrfg
r/0f ! r/0f %= r/0f $=

Joj;flos Joj;flos
;]jfx?sf] ;]jfx?sf]
5gf}6 klrfg 86
;xIf]qsf] 5gf}6 (Subsector Selection)
r/0f @
;xIf]qsf] laZn]if0f (Subsector Analysis)
r/0f #
5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;xIf]qsf] afwfc8rg / cj;/x?sf] klxrfg (Identification of
Constraints and Opportunities of Selected subsectors)
r/0f $
Aoj;flos ;]jfx?sf] klxrfg (Identification of Business Services)
r/0f %
Joj;flos ;]jfx?sf] 5gf}6 (Selection of Business services)
r/0f ^
5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;]jfx?sf] n]vf hf]vf÷;dfwfgsf] laZn]if0f
(Performance Measurement of Selected Business
Services)
r/0f &
;xhsfo{sf] klxrfg (Identification of
Intervention)
r/0f *
;xhsfo{sf] 5gf}6 (Selection of
Intervention)
e]n' r]g eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < (What is Value chain ?)

e]n' r]g eGgfn] pBdsf] ljleGg txdf x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ls|ofsnfkx? h;n] s'g} klg pTkfbg
(Product) of ;]jfx? (Services) af/]sf] cjwf/0ffjf6 lnP/ pTkfbgsf] ljleGg txjf6
(phases) j:t'nfO{ clGtd pkef]Qmf ;dIf k'/\ofFp5 / clGtddf pkef]u u/] kl5 km\oFflsG5
(The Value Chain describes the full range of activities which are required to bring a
product or service from conception, through the different phases of production (in
combination of physical transformation and the input of various services), delivery to
final consumer and final disposal after use.)
by Kaplinsky and Morris (2001)
;fdfu|L cfk'tL{ r]gsf ;Dk"0f{ ls|ofsnfkx?M clGtd pTkflbt j:t'sf nflu sRrf kbfy{
cfk'tL{jf6 lnP/ k|zf]wg, ljt/0f / v'b|f Jofkf/L;Dd k'/ofO{ clGtd pkef]Qmf .
;Dd k'Ug] ;Dk"0f{ k|ls|ofnfO{ ;fdfu|L cfk"tL{ r]g eGg ;lsG5 . h:t}M s[lif kmd{sf] 9f]sf
(gate) jf6 lnP/ pkef]Qmfsf] yfn (plate) ;Dd, v]tsf] pTkfbg jf6 xf]6nsf] 6]a'nsf]
sfF6f ;Dd, xl/of] 3fF; jf6 b"wsf] lunf; ;Dd .
(A vertical alliance or strategic network between numbers of independent business
organizations within a supply chain. The supply chain refers to the entire vertical chain of
activities: from input/raw material supply to production on farm through processing,
distribution and retailing to the consumer i. e. From gate to plate, farm to fork, grass to
glass.)
87
e]No"r]g Pk|f]r sf kmfObfx?
• a9L eGbf a9L ;fgf p2dL s[ifsx?sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 .
• a9L eGbf a9L b'u{d If]qsf ;fgf p2dL s[ifsx?nfO{ ;d]6\bF5 .
• o;df cGt/lgxLt ;]jfx?sf] (Embedded services) klxrfg / k|;f]wg ul/G5 h;n]
ljz]if ;fdfu|L cfk'tL{ stf{x?;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw a9fpFb5 .
• ;xIf]qsf] ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg / ;]jfx?df of] s]Gb|Lt /xG5 h;n] ubf{ ;fgf
p2dLsf] cfodf a[4L x'G5 .
!= ;xIf]q 5gf}6 (Subsector selection)
;fgf pBdLx?sf] cfo tyf /f]huf/L a[l¢ ug{sf] nfuL ;xIf]q 5gf}6sf] 7"nf] e'ldsf x'G5 .
ljleGg cfwf/x?sf] dfWodjf6 cfsif{s d]6«LS; (Attractive Matrix) / /]+GsLË d]6«LS;
(Ranking Matrix) 6'n x? k|of]u u/L pko'Qm ;xIf]q 5gf}6 ul/G5 cyf{t w]/} ;xIf]qjf6
sd ;xI].qdf (Narrow down) emfl/G5 .
;x If]qsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ k|lqmof (Process of Sub sector selection)
• ljleGg Joj;flos kfqx?jf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ;xIf]qsf]] ;'rL tof/ kfg]{
• ;xIf]qsf ;"rL] x? dWo] d'Vo d'Vo ;xIf]qsf] 5gf}6 ug]{
• ;xIf]q 5gf}6sf] nflu cfwf/x? (Criteria) tof/ kf/L k|fyldlss/0f ug]{
• klxn] 5gf}6sf cfwf/x?df laz]if u/]/ s[ifs÷pBdLsf] cfo a9fpg] / nlIft ;d"xsf]
;xeflutf÷;FVof a9fpg] b'O j6f d'Vo cfwf/x? lnO{ lgDg adf]lhdsf] cfsif{s
Dofl6«S; k|of]u u/L d'Vo d'Vo ;xIf]qsf] 5gf}6 ug]{
• cfs{ifs Dofl6«S; af6 5gf}6 ePsf d'Vo d'Vo ;xIf]qx?nfO{ /}+lsË Dofl6«S; 6'n
k|of]u u/L ljleGg Joj;flos kfqx?af6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ef/ (Weightage)
lbO{ k|To]s ;xIf]q nfO{ klg ef/ lbO{ k|fKt gDa/sf] cfwf/df k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L
;xIf]qsf] clGtd 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .
;xIf]qsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ tl/sf ( Methods of Sub sector selection)
s= cfsif{s Dofl6«S; (Attractive Matrix)
v= /}+lsË Dofl6«S; (Ranking Matrix)
s= cfsif{s Dofl6«S; df tof/ kfl/Psf] ;xIf]qx?sf] ;"rLjf6 d'Vo @ cfwf/x?
!= u|fld0f If]qsf] cfo a[l4 ug]{ ;Defjgf / @= nlIft au{sf] ;xeflutf ÷ ;+Vof nfO{
lnP/ lrq gDa/ ! df lbP cg';f/sf] Dofl6«S; k|of]u u/L 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;xIf]qsf]
;"rLnfO{ k|fyldls/0fsf] cfwf/df sd gDa/df NofO{G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu t/sf/L v]tL
;xIf]qjf6 u|fld0f If]qsf] cfo a[l4 ug]{ ;Defjgf klg w]/} ;fy} nlIft ju{sf]
;xeflutf÷;+Vof klg w]/} ePsf]n] of] ;xIf]q w]/} pko'Qm b]lvG5 . To:t} afv|f
kfngjf6 cfo w]/} x'G5 t/ nlIft ;d"x eg] dWod dfq ;d]6\b5, To:t} cu/aQL
;xIf]qn] eg] cfo dWod / nlIft ;d"x eg] w]/} ;d]6\b5 / s'v'/f kfng ;xIf]qn] eg]
cfo / nlIft ;d"x b'h} dWoddf kb{5 .
88
v= /}+lsË Dofl6«S; (Ranking matrix) df cfsif{s Dofl6«S; sf] cfwf/df 5flgPsf
;xIf]qx?nfO{ yk cfwf/x?nfO{ klg ljZn]if0f ul/ /}+lsË Dofl6«S; k|of]u u/L a9L
gDa/ of ef/ cfpg] ;xIf]qnfO{ 5fGg' kb{5 . h:tf] lrq gDa/ @ df b]vfPsf] 5 .
lrq gDa/M– ! cfsif{s Dofl6«S; (Attractive Matrix)
w]/}
cfsif{s
u|fld0f If]qsf] cfo a[l¢ ug]{ ;Defjgf
dWod
sd
cfsif{s gePsf]
sd dWod w]/}
nlIft ju{sf] ;xeflutf÷;+Vof
lrq gDa/ M ! cfsif{s Dofl6«S; (Attractive Matrix)

u|fld0f If]qsf] cfo a[l¢ ug]{ ;Defjgf
w]/} afv|f kfng t/sf/L v]tL
dWod
s'v'/f kfng cu/alQ agfpg]
Sd
cfsif{s gePsf]
sd dWod w]/}
nlIft au{sf] ;xeflutf÷;+Vof
89
lrq gDa/M @= /}+lsË Dofl6«S; ( Ranking Matrix )
;Defljt ;xIf]qx?
cfwf/x? ef/
cu/alQ
afv|fkfng t/sf/L v]tL s'v'/f kfng
agfpg]
ahf/sf] dfu % $ -@)_ $ -@)_ # -!%_ # -!%_
cfo a9fpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf $ % -@)_ % -@)_ $ -!^_ # -!@_
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ $ $ -!^_ % -@)_ # -!@_ # -!@_
s[ifs -p2dL_ x?sf] ;+Vof # $ -!@_ % -!%_ # -(_ @ -^_
;/sf/L tyf bft[ ;+:yf sf] ! # -#_ $ -$_ @ -@_ ! -!_

OR5f
hDdf cÍ !& @) -&!_ @# -&(_ !% -%$_ !@ -$^_

/]l6Ë M w]/} – %, $, dWod – #, sd – @, !
pko'{Qm ljZn]if0f sf cfwf/df t/sf/L ;xIf]q n] &( c+s kfO klxnf] ;xIf]qsf] ?kdf 5gf}6
ePsf] 5 eg] afv|fkfng, s'v'/f kfng / cu/alQ agfpg] Joj;fo bf];|f], t];|f] / rf}+yf]df
k/]sf 5 . olb xfdL;+u k|ofKt ;|f]t x? 5g\ / xfdL rf/j6} ;xIf]qdf sfd ug{ ;S5f} t/
Pp6f dfq} ;xIf]qdf sfd ug'{ k/]df t/sf/L ;xIf]qdf sfd ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
@= ;xIf]qsf] laZn]if0f (Subsector analysis)
;xIf]q laZn]if0fn] 5gf}6 ul/Psf ;xIf]q ;+u ;DalGwt laleGg Joj;foLx?sf] klxrfg
plgx?n] lbg] ;]jfx?sf] e'ldsf tyf ltgLx? aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw af/] laZn]if0f ub{5 .
o;sf nfuL ljleGg kfqx? ;Fu ;Fsng u/]sf] ;"rgfx?sf] cfwf/df ;xIf]q gS;f (Sub
sector map) tof/ ul/G5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu t/sf/L pTkfbgsf] clGtd ahf/ ;xIf]q gS;f (Sub sector map) lrq g+= #
df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
;xIf]q laZn]if0fsf] dxTj
• s'g} klg ;xIf]q klxrfg, To;df ;+nUg Joj;foL of pBdL, ltgLx?sf] e'ldsf tyf
Ps csf]{sf cGt/;DaGwx? af/]df laZn]if0f ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5
• clGtd ahf/ (End market) / ahf/ v08sf] (Market segment) klxrfg ug{ d2t
k'¥ofpF5
• ;xIf]q leqsf] ahf/ Rofgn (Market channel) / ahf/sf] rng rNtL (Market trend)
klxrfg ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5
90
• ;xIf]qsf] lasf; ug{sf nfuL cfpg ;Sg] afwf c8rgx?sf] klxrfg Pj+ laZn]if0f
ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5
• ;xIf]qsf] lasf; ug{sf nfuL laleGg cj;/x?sf] klxrfg ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5
• afwfc8rg of ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nfuL ;]jfx?sf] klxrfg ug{ d2t
k'¥ofpF5
• klxrfg ePsf ;]jfx?sf] dfFu / cfk'lt{ sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5
• dfFu / cfk'lt{df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf] nfuL ;xhsfo{x? klxrfg u/L sfo{ of]hgf
tof/ kfg{ d2t k'¥ofpF5
;xIf]q leq kg]{ sfo{x?
• ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ (Input supply)
• pTkfbg (Production)
• sfo{ k|ls|of (Processing)
• bnfnL (Brokering or Commission agency)
• yf]s lals| (Wholesaling)
• v'b|f lals| (Retailing)
• pkef]u (Consumption)
;xIf]q gS;f tof/Lsf r/0fx?
• ;xIf]q ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{x?sf] ;'lr tof/ kfg]{
• k|To]s sfo{;+u ;DalGwt kfqx? (Actors) sf] ;'lr tof/ kfg]{
• clGtd ahf/ of pkef]Qmf ktf nufpg]
• sfo{;+u ;DalGwt kfqx?sf] e"ldsf / ;VFof pNn]v u/L gS;f tof/ kfg]{
• laleGg kfqx? larsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ laZn]if0f ug{ tn b]lv dfly lt/ ;DaGw
nfOg sf]g]{
• k|d'v Rofgnx?sf] aofg ug]{
• ;xIf]q gS;f leqsf s[ofsnfk kfqx? ltgLx? ljrsf] cGt/;DaGw ( Function,
Actions & Relation 'FAR' @ :ki6 bzf{pg] )
91
t/sf/L pTkfbgsf] clGtd ahf/
(End Markets for High Value Vegetable Crops)
FUNCTIONS
Consumptions Consumers
Other neighboring Market

Buyers Support
Local (Kohalpur, Nepalgunj, Bardiya, Services
Market Surkhet, Butwal)
Market
90
5% 50
Retailers
Retailing
5% 50
Wholesaling
Wholesalers/ MIS services
Farmers
through CCI,
Commissi FM radio,
on Agents DADO etc
Local
Grading/Sortin 10 10 Traders
g/Packaging
(Processing)
30% 60%
Production
Small Farmers (Small Entrepreneurs)
Agrovets MIT Dealers Fertilizer LRPs

Input
N=12 (N=7) Dealers N=10
N=2
92
lrq g=+ # ;x If]q gSzf (Sub Sector Map)
sfo{x?
pkef]u pkef]Qmf
t/sf/L Aofkf/ gf/fo0fu9 sf7df8f}+ yf]s a'6jn yf]s gf/fo0fu9 c? glhssf]

v'b|f t/sf/L Aofkf/L -@)Ü_ Aofkf/L -@%Ü_ yf]s Aofkf/L - ahf/ -!)Ü_
Joj;foL -%Ü_ $)Ü_
t/sf/L bnfnL
t/sf/L s/f/ ug]{
las|L bnfn Aofkf/L
pTkfbg
;fgf s[ifs demf}nf 7"nf s[ifs
-()_ s[ifs -%%_ -#)_
s[lif ;fdfu|L s[lif

Pu|f]e]6 -!)_ xf8{j]o/ sfof{no, u}x|
l8n/ -#+ ;/sf/L
;+:yf
93
#= 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;xIf]qsf] afwfc8rg / cj;/x?sf] klxrfg
(Identification of Constraints and Opportunities of selected subsector)
o; r/0fdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;xIf]q ;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} kfO{nfx?sf d'Vo d'Vo afwfc8rg
tyf cj;/x?sf] klxrfg ul/G5 . afwfc8rg / cj;/x? klxrfgsf] nflu ljleGg
txx? ;Fu ;DalGwt kfqx? (Actors) l;t 5'§f 5'§} cGt/ls|of ug'{ kb{5 .
;fgf pBdLnfO{ kg]{ afwfc8rg / cj;/x? nfO lgDg jdf]lhd juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
• k|ljlw÷pTkfbg lasf; (Technology / Product Development)
• ahf/sf] kx'Fr (Market Access)
• ;+:yfut tyf Joj:yfkg (Organization and Management)
• lgtL lgod÷jsfnt (Policy/Advocacy)
• ljQLo (Access to Finance)
• ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ (Input Supply)
• k"j{fwf/ (Infrastructure)
• ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts (Social and Culture)
afwfc8rg tyf cj;/x? -pbfx/0fsf] nflu_

k|sf/ (Category) afwfc8rgx? (Constraints) cj;/x? (Opportunities)
k|lalw pTkfbg ;'wfl/Psf] s[lif ;fdfu|L x? ;'ne ?kdf ;fgf ahf/df ;'wfl/Psf s[lif ;fdfu|L
lasf; (Technology pBdLx?nfO{ pknAw gx'Fbf pTkfbgdf sld ;'ne d'Nodf kfpg] 7fFp / o;
/ Product cfpg' . ;DalGw tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx?
Development) pknAw .
ahf/sf] kx'Fr 7"nf] Aofkf/Lx? ;+u ;Dks{ gx'gfsf] sf/0f ;fgf :yflgo ;F3 ;F:yfx?n] o;
(Market Access) pBdLx?sf] las|L ug]{ cj;/ sd x'g' ;DaGwL ;]jf lbg ;Sg] .
ef}lts ;+/rgf af6f], lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g cfbL ;/sf/L lgsfodf pknAw
;+:yfut / ;fgf pBdLx?;+u n]vf tyf clen]v /fVg] / o; ;DalGw tflnd lbg] ;F:yfx?
Joj:yfklso Joj;flos of]hgf agfpg] lzk gx'g' pknAw .
(Organization and
Management)
;fdfu|}L cfk'lt{ (Input u|fld0f :t/sf pBdLx?sf] ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{df sd :yfgLo >f]t JolQmn] d2t ug{
Supply) kx'Fr ePsf] x'Fbf pTkfbgdf sdL ;Sg] .
;fgf pBdLx? ;+u lwtf] /fVg ;Sg] x}l;ot s[ifs p2dL ;d"xnfO{ g} lwtf]
ljQLo (Finance) gePsf] x'Fbf C0f lng] kx'Fr sd x'g' /fvL C0f k|jfx lbg] ljQLo
;F:yfx? pknAw
o;} u/L afwfc8rgx?nfO{ lgDg # kIfdf klg x]g{ ;lsG5 .

s= ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ kIfsf afwfc8rgx? (Input Supply side constraints)
• s[lif ;fdfu|L cfk'tL{df -aLp, ljiffbL, dn, l;FrfO cflb_ 1fg / zLksf] sld
• s[lif ;fdfu|L cfktL{df r'FuLs/ sf] sf/0fn] ef/t / g]kfnsf] ;fdfu|Lsf] d"Nodf w]/}
km/s kg]{
• cfk'tL{stf{ / s[ifsx?df /fd|f] ;DaGw gx'g'
• df6f] kl/If0fsf] 1fg / zLk gx'g' ;fy} sxfF kl/If0f ul/G5 yfxf gkfpg'
94
v= pTkfbg kIf txsf afwfc8rgx? (Production side constraints)
• ;fgf pBdLx?nfO{ pGgt hftsf t/sf/Lx?af/] 1fgsf] sld
• l;rFfO{sf ;fdfu|Lx? dxËf]
• cfk'tL{sf ;fdfu|L dxËf], lapsf] csF'/0f Ifdtf klg sd, ;fdfu|L klg ;dodf gkfpg]
• C0f lbg] ;:yf yfxf gePsf]
• k|fljlws ;xof]usf] sld ;fy} k|fljlws JolQm ;do ;dodf x]g{ gcfpg]
• cfk'tL{ stf{ ;fy} afXo Jofkf/Lx? ;Fu ;DaGw /fd|f] gx'g'
u= afXo ahf/ kIfsf afwfc8rgx? (Output market side constraints)
• ahf/ ;"rgf kxF'rsf] sld,
• ahf/sf] dfFu cg';f/ pTkfbg ug{ ;fy} Jofkf/LnfO{ cfk'tL{ ug{] Ifdtf gePsf],
• ahf/ ;u+7Lt gePsf]
• pTkfbgsf]] kl/df0f tyf lg/Gt/ cfk'tL{ af/] hfgsf/Lsf] sld
• ahf/Ls/0f ;DalGw 1fgsf] sld
$= Joj;flos ;]jfx?sf] klxrfg (Identification of Business services)
o; r/0fdf t];|f] r/0fdf klxrfg ul/Psf afwfc8rgx? ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos
;]jfx?sf] klxrfg ul/G5 .
Jofkfl/s Joj;flos ;]jfx? eg]sf] s] xf] < (What is Commercial Business Service?)
p2dsf] a[l4, k|lt:k|wf ug]{ Ifdtf, ahf/sf] kxF'r cflbsf] nflu cfjZos lbuf] ;]jfx?df
lghL If]qsf] kfqx?nfO{ klg ;FnUg u/L sf/f]af/ u/L gfkmf u/]df o;nfO{ Jofkfl/s
Joj;flos ;]jfx? eGg ;lsG5 .
(A service that is sustainable through private sector transactions and improves the
performance of the enterprise, its access to markets and its ability to compete.)
Jofkfl/s ;]jfx? klxrfg ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zox?
• afwfc8rgnfO{ lbuf]?kdf ;'Nemofpg, (Ensure sustainable solutions to constraints)
• laBdfg ahf/ glau|g] ul/ ahf/ Jojf:yfkg ug]{, (Avoid market distortion)
• Joj;flos ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] ;Vof / Ifdtf a[l4 ug]{, (Expand outreach through
number of providers)
• lghL If]qx?n] lbg ;lsg] ;]jfx?df Wofg k'/ofpg], (Forces you to look at where the
service might exist in the private sector.)
95
;xIf]qsf afwfc8rg / Aoj;flos ;]jfx? -pbfx/0fsf] nflu_
k|sf/ (Kinds) afwfc8rgx? (Constraints) Aoj;flos ;]jfx? (Business services)
k|lawL ÷pTkfbg lasf; ;fgf p2dLnfO{ s[lif pTkfbg ug{ ;fgf pBdLnfO{ s[lif pTkfbg ug{ 1fg /
(Technology 1fg / zLksf] sdL zLk a9fpgsf] nflu tflnd / k|rf/ k|;f/
/Product ;]jf
Development)
7"nf Aofkf/Lx? / ;fgf Aofkf/Lx? 7"nf tyf ;fgf Aofkf/Lx? / ;fgf pBdLx?
ahf/sf] kx'Fr (Market lar ;Dks{ gx'gfsf] sf/0f ;fgf lar ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ug]{ k|s[ofsf] ;]jf
Access) pBdLsf] lals| ug]{ cj;/ sd x'g'
af6f], lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]gsf] af6f] 3f6f], lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g dd{t ;+ef/sf]

k"j{fwf/ c;'ljwfsf sf/0f ls;fgsf] pTkfbg nflu ;]jf
(Infrastructure)
;dodf ahf/df gk'Ug'
;fdfu|L cfk'lt{df u|fld0f :t/sf ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{df kx'Fr a9fpg] ;]jf
;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ (Input pBdLx?sf] kx'Fr sd ePsf] x'Fbf
Supply) pTkfbgdf sdL
- ;fgf p2dLx? ;+u n]vf tyf - ;+:yfut lasf;sf] nfuL n]vf tyf
clen]v /fVg] lzk tyf ;dosf] clen]v ;DalGw tflnd tyf k|flalws
;+:yfut / Aoj:yfkg sdLn] ubf{ ls;fgx?sf] n]vf ;xof]usf] Aoj:yf
(Organization and tyf clen]v b'?:t gx'g' - Aoj;flos of]hgf agfpg] k|flalws
Management) - ;fgf p2dLx? ;+u Aoj;flos tflndsf] Aoj:yf
of]hgf agfpg] lzk gx'g'
;]jf # lsl;dsf x'G5g\

!= z'Ns lt/]/ lng] ;]jf (Fee for Service)
@= cg'bfg af6 lng] ;]jf (Subsidized Service)
#= cGt/lglxt ;]jf (Embedded Service)
%= Joj;flos ;]jfx?sf] 5gf}6 (Selection of Business services)
o; r/0fdf klxrfg u/]sf ;a} ;]jfx? cfly{s, ;do ;fy} >f]t JolQsf] sdLn] ubf{
Ps}k6sdf nfu' ug{ ufx\f] x'G5 t;{y oL klxrfg ePsf ;]jfx?nfO{{ ljleGg cfwf/x?sf]
dfWodjf6 km]/L klg cfqmlift d]6«LS; (Attractive matrix) / /}+lsË (Ranking) 6'n k|of]u
u/L dxTjk"0f{ ;]jfx? k|fylds/0f u/L 5'6\ofO{G5, h;n]ubf{ sfo{s|ddf w]/}g} /fd|f] k|efj
(Leveraged) kb{5 .
Joj;flos ;]jfx?sf] 5gf}6 u/L ;s] k5L ;'rgf ;+sngsf nflu laleGg :t/df ;e]{If0f
ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} Secondary data klg ;Fsng u/L ;e]{If0fjf6 k|fKt tYof° ;Fu 7Ls 5 ls
5}g egL ?h' ug'{ kb{5 .
96
Joj;flos ;]jfx?sf] laZn]if0fdf lgDg pNn]lvt s'/fx?sf] hfgsf/L ;+sng ug'{ kb{5 .
• xfn ahf/df pQm ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ AolQm, ;+:yf 5 sL 5}g .
• 5 eg] ;]jf d'No lnP/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 sL l;Q}df k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
• pQm ;]jfsf] ahf/ Joj;fosf] cfsf/ s:tf] 5 .
• ;fgf p2dLx? af6 pQm ;]jfsf] dfFusf] cfsf/ s:tf] 5 .
• ;fgf pBdLx? pQm ;]jf af6 slt ;Gt'i6 5g\ .
• ;fgf pBdLx?nfO{ pQm ;]jf af/]df hfgsf/L 5 sL 5}g .
- ;]jfsf] d'No
- ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/
Joj;flos ljsfz ;]jf (BDS) sf] kfqx? / ltgLx?sf] e"ldsf
(BDS Actors and Their Roles)
;fgfpBdL (Small entrepreneur or SE):
;]jfx? lng] t{km of] /x]sf] x'G5, logLx? gfkmf sdfpg] tk{m cled'vL x'G5g, Jofj;flos
;]jfx? lbg]x?sf] jf:tljs / ;DefJo u|fxs x'g, g]kfn ;LdLdf t/sf/L v]tL u/L las|L
ug]{ pBdLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . (Demand side of the market, they are profit oriented, actual
or potential clients of BDS providers. SEs in SIMI are small holders growing vegetables
for sale.)
Joj;flos ;xhstf{ (BDS Facilitators):
Jofj;flos ljsfz ;]jf lbg],nfO{ ;xof]u ub{5, ;]jf lbg]sf] Ifdtf a[4L ug]{ ub{5,
logLx?klg dfFu tkm{ sfd ub{5, logLx?n] goFf ;]jf pTkfbgsf] ljsfz ug{ ;Sg] 5,
pTkfbg k|af]4g ub{5 . o;dfM u}/ ;/sf/L ;F:yf, pBf]u, dhb"/ ;F3 ;F:yf, ;/sf/L
lgsfox? kg{ ;Sb5 . (Support BDS providers, building providers capacity. They can
also work on demand side. Can develop new service products, promoting good practices.
They are: NGOs, Industry or employers association, Government agencies.)
bfqL ;F:yfx? (Donors)
h;n] Jofa;flos ljsf; ;]jf kl/of]hgfx? / sfo{s|dx?sf] nflu cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg
ub{5, s'g}a]nf bfqL ;F:yfsf] ;xhstf{x?n] klg kl/of]hgf sfof{no dfkm{t x'g ;Sb5 .
(Who provides funding for BDS projects and programs. Sometimes, the facilitator is the
project office of a Donor
;/sf/L lgsfox? (Government Agencies)
;/sf/L lgsfox?n] klg Jofj;flos ljsf; ;]jf sfo{s|dx?df cfly{s ;xof]u lbg] ub{5,
o;sf] ;fy} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] d'Vo e"ldsf eg]sf] hlt klg ;fgf pBdL / Jofj;flos
ljsfz ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] nflu ;'lgolrt lgtL lgdf{0f ul/lbg], z'ne lgod sfg"gx?sf]
jftfj/0f agfO{ lbg] ;fy} hgtfsf] nflu af6f] 3f6f]sf] lgdf{0f, lzIffsf] Joj:yf cflb klg
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . (Principal role is to provide and enable policy, legal and regulatory
environment for SEs and BDS providers as well as public goods such as infrastructure or
education etc.)
97
Joj;flos ;]jfx?nfO{ lgDg cg';f/sf] cfsif{s Dofl6«S;sf] cfw/df 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5
cfsif{s Dofl6«S; (Attractive matrix), pbfx/0fsf] nfluM

7"nf tyf ;fgf Aofkf/Lx? / ;fgf p2dLnfO{ s[lif pTkfbgdf
u|fld0f If]qsf] cfo a[l¢ ug]{ ;Defjgf ePsf]
;fgf pBdLx? lar ;Dks{ / 1fg / zLk a9fpgsf] nflu

w]/} ;dGjo ug]{ k|s[ofsf] Aoj:yf tflnd / k|rf/ k|;f/ ;]jf
af6f] 3f6f], lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{df kx'Fr
dWod dd{t ;+ef/sf] nflu ;]jf a9fpgsf] ;]jf
;+:yfut lasf;sf] nfuL n]vf
tyf clen]v ;DalGw tflnd
sd tyf k|flalws ;xof]u ;]jf
Aoj;flos of]hgf agfpg]
k|flalws tflnd ;]jf
sd dWod w]/}
nlIft au{sf] ;xeflutf÷;+Vof
^= 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;]jfx?sf] n]vf hf]vf ÷ ;dfwfgsf] ljZn]if0f

(Performance measurement / solution analysis of selected Business services)
o; r/0fdf 5gf}6 ePsf ;]jfx?sf] dfFu tyf cfk'lt{ kIfsf] (Demand and supply side)
nflu laZn]if0f ul/G5 . 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;]jfx?sf] n]vf hf]vf ÷ ;dfwfg ljZn]if0fsf] nflu
lgDg kmNff] rf6{ (Flow chart) cg';f/ sfo{ ug{' kb{5 .
;xIf]q÷Joj;flos ;]jfsf]
laZn]if0fsf] nflu k|ZgfjnL
;xIf]qsf] afwfc8rgx?sf] klxrfg
Aoj;flos ;]jf klxrfg
Aofj;flos ;]jf k|bfossf] nflu Aoj;flos ;]jf pkef]u ug]{sf] nflu k|ZgfjnL
k|ZgfjnL -;]jf cfk'lt{ kIf_ -;]jf dFfu kIf_
Aoj;flos ;]jf n]vfhf]vf
98
sfo{s|d th{'dfdf Jofj;flos ;]jfx?sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ lsg dxTjk0f{ 5
• Joj;flos ;]jfsf dFfux? af/] a'em\g

• ;Defljt ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] klxrfg ug{
• s'g 7fFpdf ;xhsfo{ (Intervention) u/]df al9 k|efjsf/L (Leverage effect) x'G5
yfxf kfpg
• Joj;flos ;]jfx?sf] ;DefAotf x]g{
• ljBdfg Joj;flos ;]jfx?sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg]{
• ;]jfx? lng] u|fxsx?sf] (Consumers) ;"rL tof/ kfg]{
• cfk'tL{ / dfFu tkm{sf] jfwfc8rgx?sf] nflu pko'Qm ;]jfx? 5gf}6 ug]{
• ;]jfx?jf6 x'g] nfex?af/] r]tgf hufpg]
• ;]jfx?sf] ;DefJotf (Feasibility)] hfgsf/L ug]{
;]jfx? n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu s:tf] ls;Ldsf] hfgsf/L lng' kb{5
• ljBdfg ;]jfk|bfosx? (Existing Service Providers)
• ahf/sf] ;fO{h (Market size) / s;/L l5g]{ (Penetration)
• slQsf] gDa/df pkof]u ub{5 (Frequency of use)
• dfFu / cfk"tL{ tkm{sf] afwfc8rg / cj;/x? (Demand side and supply side
constraints and opportunities)
• ;]jfx? b]lv ;Gt'li6 (Satisfaction with services)
• ;]jfx?sf] dxTjaf/] r]tgf (Awareness of service)
• k|:tfljt ;]jf k|bfosjf6 lbg ;lsg] ;xhsfo{x? (Proposed providers to target for
intervention)
• ;]jfx?sf] ;DefJotf cyf{t ;]jfx?sf] d"No ul/G5 (Feasibility of the service and costs
for the services)
Joj;flos ;]jfx? n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu cfjZos hfgsf/Lx? ;Fsng s;/L ug{ ;lsG5
• s]Gb|Lt ;d"xx? (Focus Groups) ;+u 5nkmn u/]/
• ;j]{If0f / k|ZgfjnL tof/ (Survey and Questionnaire) u/]/
• Joj;flos of]hgf (Business Plan) tof/ kf/]/
• kfOn6 kl/If0f (Pilot testing) u/]/
&= ;xhsfo{sf] klxrfg ( Identification of Intervention )
o; r/0fdf Joj;flos ;]jfdf b]lvPsf d'Vo afwfc8rgx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg]
;xhsfo{x?sf] klxrfg ul/G5 .
;xh sfo{sf] klxrfg tyf 5gf}6 ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?
• nfeflGjt x'g ;Sg] ;fgf pBdLx?sf] ;+Vof a9fpg]df ;xhsfo{ ug]{
• ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf of AoflQmsf] bIftfdf a[l4 ug]{
• ;xhsfo{n] Jofj;flos ;]jfnfO{ lbuf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg]
• ;j{z'ne, ;:tf] tyf k|efjsf/L ;xhsfo{ x'g' kg]{
99
• ;xhsfo{ ug{sf] nflu ;do, ah]6df klg Wofg k'/ofpg]
• pknAw >f]tx?sf] kl/rfng ug]{
• ;xhsfo{ / ;]jfx?sf] tfnd]n ldnfpg]
*= ;xhsfo{x?sf] 5gf}6 (Selection of Intervention)
o; r/0fdf ;'xfFpbf] vfnsf] d'Vo d'Vo ;xhsfo{sf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 / sfo{ of]hgf (Action
Plan) tof/ kfl/G5 .
;xhsfo{sf] 5gf}6sf cfwf/e't cjwf/0ffx?
• ahf/sf] cj;/sf nflu ahf/ ;DaGw ;xhsfo{df hf]8 lbg]
• ;xhsfo{x? ahf/ lasf;df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;+u d]n vfg] vfnsf] x'g' kg]{
• ahf/ glaufg{sf nfuL yf]/} ;xhsfo{x? 5gf}6 ug'{ kg{]
• k|ltZk|wfsf nfuL w]/} ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf÷AolQmx?sf] lasf; ug'{ kg]{
• Aofj;fo lasf; ;]jfsf] ahf/ / ;fgf pBdLx? nlrnf] x'g' kg]{
• cGo Aoj;fo lasf; ;]jf lbg] ;/f]sf/jfnf x? ;+u ;dGjo x'g' kg]{
Joj;flos ljsf; ;]jf ;xhsfo{sf] lgb]{lzt l;4fGtx?
(Guiding principles for Business Service Development Intervention)
• Joj;flos ljsf; ;]jf x?sf] ;xhsfo{ ug]{
• Joj;flos ;]jfx?sf] n]vfhf]vf, afwfc8rg / cj;/sf cfwf/x?nfO{ ;]fem} ;dfwfg
ug]{ u/L klxrfg ug]{
• ;xhsfo{x? cu|Ld (Pre) / k"j{ (Post) ;]jf lbg] r/0fdf (Service delivery phases)
nlIft x'g'kg]{
• lbuf] Jofj;flos ;]jf k'/\ofpg] k|i6 kl/b[li6 (Vision) /fv]/ 5'§} lgsfz /0fgLlt (Exit
strategy) agfpg' kg]{
• Joj;flos ;]jf lbg] / ;xhst{fsf] e"ldsf 5'6\ofpg] (Separate the roles of business
service provider and facilitator)
• Joj;flos ;]jfx?df k|jw{gsf nflu k|lt:k|wL / l56f] 5l/tf] x'g' kg]{ (Promote
competition and efficiency in the provision of business services)
• Joj;flos ;]jfx?sf nflu Joj;fo cled'lvs/0fsf] ljsfz ug]{ (Develop a
commercial orientation with business service providers)
• sfo{s|dx? nrsbf/ / cj;/nfO{ 5'g] ls;Ldsf] agfpg] (Make programs flexible
and responsive to opportunities).
• bfqL ;F:yfx? ;Fu ;dGkjo ug]{ (Coordinate donor efforts)
• Joj;flos ;]jfsf] nufgL / ;]jf k|bfossf] lardf /sdsf] afF8kmf8sf] lx;fadf
ljZjf; / k|i6 x'g' kg]{
• Joj;flos ;]jfsf] x/]s ;xhsfo{sf] ls|ofsnfksf] nflu ;]jf k|bfos / ;xhstf{sf]
lardf lnlvt ;Demf}tf x'g' kg]{
100
;xh sfo{sf] klxrfg tyf 5gf}6sf pbfx/0fx?
ahf/sf dfu kIf / ;d:of ;Defljt ;xhsfo{x?
!= pkef]QmfnfO{ ;]jf af/] yfxf gx'g' Joj;flos lasf; ;]jf ;DalGw ;'rgf d'ns
hfgsf/L tof/L ug'{ kg]{
@= pkef]Qmfx? ;+u ;]jfsf] nfuL z'Ns ltg]{ Ifdtf cfk'lt{ stf{ x?nfO{ z'Ns ltg]{ lasNkx?sf] vf]hL
gx'g' ug{ kxn ug]{
;xh sfo{sf] klxrfg tyf 5gf}6sf pbfx/0fx?

ahf/sf cfk'lt{ kIf / ;d:of ;Defljt ;xhsfo{x?
cfk'lt{ stf{x? ;+u Joj;fo ug]{ k|flalws lzk gx'g' cfk'lt{ stf{nfO{ tflnd / k|flalws ;xof]u ug]{
ahf/df rflxbf] dfqfdf cfk'lt{ gx'g' cfk'lt{ stf{nfO{ cGo 7fpFaf6 NofO{ rflxbf] cfk'lt{
ug{ nufpg]
sfo{ of]hgf (Action Plan)

hDdf nIo hDdf ah]6 a}zfif h]7 c;f/ >fj0f
l;=g+= ;xhsfo{x? ls|ofsnfkx?
nIo ah]6 nIo ah]6 nIo ah]6 nIo ah]6
101
g]kfn l;dL kl/of]hgfn] ckgfPsf] e]n'r]gsf] Ps emns
!= g]kfn l;dLn] t/sf/L ;xIf]qnfO{ lsg 5gf}6 u¥of] <
• b]z leq / aflx/ t/sf/Lsf] ahf/ ePsf]
• yf]/} ;dodf ;fgf ls;fgx?sf] cfo a9fpg ;lsg]
• o; ;xIf]qdf ;xefuL ;+Vof a9L x'g]
• dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9L x'g ;Sg]
• /f]huf/L a9fpg ;Sg]
• bft[;+:yf O{R5f
• ef}uf]lns ?kn] k|fyldstf kfPsf]
@= g]kfn l;dLdf klxrfg ePsf t/sf/L ;xIf]qsf kfqx?
dnvfb l;FrfO{
cfk'lt{ ahf/
lap C0f
afnL ;+/If0f k|fljlws

zLk÷1fg
;'rgf
t/sf/L pTkfbg ug]{ ;fgf
p2dL ls;fgx?
sldzg Ph]06
afXo ahf/ v'b|f las|]tf
Aofkf/Lx? yf]s las|]tf
#= t/sf/L ;xIf]qsf laleGg kfqx? tyf ltgLx?s]f e'ldsf

ahf/ kfqx? kfqsf] e'ldsf
;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ -;fgf l;+rfO[ agfpg] ˆofS6«L, ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ ÷ k|lalw cfk'lt{ h:t] aLp, dnvfb,
AoflQm, yf]s las|]tf, v'b|f las|]tf, ld:qL, cfk'lt{ ls6gfzs cf}iflw, ;fgf l;+rfO{ tyf cGo ;]jf h:t}
lat/s, Pu|f]e]6, cu'jf s[ifs h8fg ug][ tyf dd{t ;+ef/ ug]{
;fgf p2dL ls;fgx?n] t/sf/l pTkfbg tyf tfhf t/sf/L pTkfbs
las|L ug]{
pTkflbt a:t'sf] Aofkf/L (Output Trader) - yf]s las|]tf tyf v'b|f las|]tf
ahf/ Aoj:yfkg ;d'x Aofkf/L yf]s las|]tf,
v'b|f las|]tf_
102
$= cj;/ klxrfg
klxrfg ePsf cj;/x?sf] s]xL pbfx/0fx?
• ef}uf]lns tyf xfjfkfgLsf] t'ngfTds kmfObf
• tfhf t/sf/Lsf] ahf/ :yflgo, If]lqo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/df /fd|f] x'g' h:t}
ef/tsf] af]8{/ ahf/x?
• ;'xfpFbf] / ls;fgn] lsGg ;Sg] ;fgf l;+rfO{ k|ljwLsf] pknAwtf
%= ;d:ofsf] klxrfg
;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ txsf] ;d:of
• u'0f:t/Lo aLp, dn, l;+rfO{ tyf ls6gfzs cf}iflwx? dfly kx'Fr gx'g'
• s[lif ;DalGw k|flalws cfk'lt{sf] 1fg / lzk gx'g'
• ef/taf6 cfk'lt{ / cfoft ug]{ k|ls|of cK7\of/]f x'g'
• ls;fg / cfk''lt{ stf{ lar /fd|f] ;DaGw gx'g'
• df6f] hfFrsf] nfuL 1fg lzk / ;fdfu|L gx'g'
pTkfbg txsf] ;d:of
• ;fgf ls;fgx? ;+u t/sf/L v]tLsf] 1fg / lzksf] sdL
• l;+rfO{ k|lalw dx+uf] x'g'
• dx+uf], aLp lahg tyf aLpsf] pd|g] k|ltztdf sdL tyf laZjfl;nf] gx'g'
• C0fsf] kx'Fr gx'g'
• ef}lts ;+/rgf h:t} af6f], 6]lnkmf]gx? k|ofKt gx'g'
pTkfbg ahf/ (Output Market) sf] ;d:of
• ahf/ ;'rgfsf] kx'Fr gx'g'
• ;fgf ls;fgx?n] Aokf/Ln] tf]s]sf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/sf] ;fdfu|L pTkfbg / cfk'lt{ ug{ g;Sg'
• ahf/sf]nfuL ;+:yfx? gx'g', a:t'sf] dfusf] af/]df yfxf gx'g'
• ahf/ Joj:yfkg gx'g'
• 9'jfgL vr{ a9L nfUg'
;d:of ;dfwfgsf nfuL ;]jx?sf] klxrfg -;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ tx_
;d:ofx? Joj;flos ;]jfx? cfk'lt{ stf{ sf] nfuL
u'0f:t/Lo aLp, dn, l;+rfO{ tyf ls6gfzs cf}iflwx? dfly u'0f:tl/o aLp, dn, ;fgf l;+rfO{sf] Joj:yf x'g'
kx'Fr gx'g'
aLp÷dn÷ls6gfzs cf}iflwsf] k|flalws 1fg / zLk gx'g' ;fgf ls;fgx?nfO{ /fd|f] ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbgsf nflu cfk'lt{
stf{nfO{ k|flalws tflndsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{
r'FuLs/ (Tax) n] ubf{ cfk'lt{sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] d'No g]kfn / r'FuL s/ 36fpgsf nfuL kxn ug'{ kg]{
ef/tsf] ahf/df w]/} km/s x'g'
ef/taf6 s[ifL ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ cfoft ug]{ k|ls|of cK7\of/f] s[lif ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{sf ;fdfgx? ;/n k|ls|ofaf6 cfoft
x'g' ug{sf nful kxn x'g' kg]{
;fgf pBdL ls;fg / cfk'lt{ stf{ lar ;DaGw /fd|f] gx'g' ;fgf p2dL ls;fgnfO{ cfk'lt{ stf{ ;+u ;DaGw la:tf/ ug]{
Joj:yf x'g' kg]{
df6f] hfFrsf] nfuL 1fg zLk / ;fdfu|L gx'g' df6f] hfFr ug]{ ls6sf] Joj:yf ;fy} Pu|f]e]6nfO{ df6f] hfFr
;DaGwL tflndsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{
103
;d:of ;dfwfgsf nfuL ;]jfx?sf] klxrfg -pTkfbg tx_
;d:ofx? ;]jfx?
;fgf pBdL ls;fgx? ;+u t/sf/L v]tLsf] 1fg / ;'wfl/Psf t/sf/L v]tL ;DalGw tflnd / k|rf/
zLk sf] sdL k|;f/sf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{
dx+uf], aLp lahg tyf aLpsf] pd|g] k|ltztdf ;fgf pBdL ls;fgn] Joxf]g{ ;Sg] ;fgf l;+rfO{
sdL tyf laZjfl;nf] gx'g' l;+rfO{ k|lalw dx+uf] x'g' h:t} l9sL kDk, yf]kf l;+rfO[sf] Joj:yf, u'0f:tl/o
aLp, dn tyf cGo cfk'lt{sf] Joj:yf
ltg{ ;Sg] C0fsf] kx'Fr gx'g' ;fgf p2dL ls;fgx?nfO{ C0fsf] kx'Fr x'g' kg]{
ef}lts ;+/rgf h:t} af6f], 6]lnkmf]gx? k|ofKt gx'g' u|fld0f af6f] 3f6f] tyf ;+rf/sf] dd{t tyf ;'wf/sf]
nflu kxn x'g' kg]{
;d:of ;dfwfgsf nfuL ;]jfx?sf] klxrfg -pTkfbg ahf/sf] tx_
;d:ofx? klxrfg ePsf ;]jfx?
ahf/sf] ;'rgfsf] kx'Fr gx'g' ahf/sf] ;'rgfdf kx'Fr u/fpg'
;fgf pBdL ls;fgx?n] Aokf/Ln] tf]s]sf] u'0f:t/ Jofkf/Ln] vf]h]sf] u'0f:t/ cg';f/sf t/sf/L
cg';f/sf] ;fdfu|L pTkfbg / cfk'lt{ ug{ g;Sg' pTkfbg ug]{ Aoj:yf x'g' kg]{
ahf/sf]nflu ;+:yfx? gx'g' a:t'sf] dfFusf] af/]df ahf/sf] nflu ;+:yfx? h:t} ahf/ ;d'xx? v8f
yfxf gx'g' ug]{ Aoj:yf x'g' kg]{
;fgf p2dL ls;fgx?nfO{ ahf/ dFfusf] af/]df ;fgf pBdL ls;fgx?nfO{ ahf/ dFfusf] af/]df
;'rgf pknAw gx'g] ;'rgf pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf x'g' kg]{
ahf/ Joj:yfkg gx'g' ahf/sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg x'g' kg]{
9'jfgL vr{ a9L nfUg' :yflgo r'FuL s/x? (Taxes) 36fpgsf nfuL af6f]
agfpg tyf dd{t ug{sf nfuL kxn x'g' kg]{
^= Joj;flos ;]jf laZn]if0fsf] nfuL rf6{

;x If]q laZn]if0fsf] nfuL k|ZgfjnL
;xIf]qsf] ;d:of klxrfg
Aofj;flos ;]jf klxrfg
Aofj;flos ;]jf k|bfossf] nfuL Aofj;flos ;]jf k|bfossf] nfuL k|ZgfjnL -

k|ZgfjnL -cfk'lt{ kIf_ dfu kIf_
Aofj;flos ;]jf laZn]if0f
104
&= Joj;flos ;]jf laZn]if0f
• xfn ahf/df pknAw ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf of AolQmsf] ;'lr tof/
• ;]jf pkef]u ug]{ pkef]Qmfsf] ;'lr tof/
• dFfu tyf ;fdfu|L cfk'lt{ kIfsf nfuL 5gf}6 ePsf Aoj;flos ;]jfx?sf] ;d:ofx?
• ;fgf pBdL s[ifsx? nfO{ pQm ;]jf af/]df hfgsf/L 5 sL 5}g
• ;]jfsf] dFfu tyf u'0f:t/
*= ;xhsfo{sf] 5gf}6sf cfwf/e't cjwf/0ffx?
• ahf/sf] cj;/sf nfuL ahf/ ;DaGw ;xh sfo{df hf]8
• ;xh sfo{x? ahf/ lasf;df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;+u d]n vfg]
• ahf/ glaufg{sf nfuL yf]/} ;xh sfo{x? 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5
• k|ltZk|wfsf nfuL w]/} ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf÷AolQmx?sf] lasf;
• Aoj;fo lasf; ;]jfsf] ahf/ / ;fgf pBdL x? nlrnf]
• cGo Aoj;fo lasf; ;]jf lbg] ;/f]sf/jfnf x? ;+u ;dGjo
105

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Training Manual

USAID/Nepal’s Education for Income

zLif{s a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg k|lawL tflnd

♦ a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] dxTj af/] hfgsf/L

nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / ;d"x :t/

tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s

s[ifsx? Af]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{, pTkfbg of]hgf / afnL kfqf]

zLif{s df6f] lgd{nLs/0f tflnd

♦ s[ifsx?sf] df6f] lgd{nLs/0f jf/] 1fg j[ g]df6f]8, df6f]af6 x'g] /f]u /

nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / s[ifs ;d"x

♦ df6f] lgd{nLs/0fsf] kl/ro / o;sf] dxTj

a|fpgk]k/, dfs{/ k]g, dfl:s+u 6]k, @%)–#)) u]hsf] Knfli6s l;6,

tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s

s[ifsx?n] df6f] lgd{nLs/0f ljwLaf/] hfgL cfkm}n] cKgfpg] 5g\ .

;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on

zLif{s g;{/L Joa:yfkg tflnd

s[ifsx?n] g;{/L Joa:yfkgsf] nflu pko'St hUuf 5gf}+6 ug]{ zLksf]

;xefuL ;+Vof !%–@) hgf

nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / ;d"x :t/

♦ g;{/L Joa:yfkgsf] kl/ro / dxTj

tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Aoaxfl/s

;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on

zLif{s g;{/L pTkfbs tflnd

;xefuL ;+Vof !%–@) hgf

nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / s[ifs ;d"x

♦ g;{/Lsf] kl/ro / dxTj

tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Aoaxfl/s

;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on

zLif{s Plss[t zq'hLj Joa:yfkg -cfO{=lk=Pd=_ k2tL jf/] s[ifsx?nfO{

tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ s[ifsx?nfO{ cfO{=lk=Pd= ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg] / :yflgo tj/df

;xefuL ;+Vof !%–@) hgf

nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / s[ifs ;d"x

tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Aoaxfl/s

s[ifsx?n] cfO{=lk=Pd=k|ljwL af/] hfg]/ / :j:y lj?jf pTkfbg ug]{5g\ .

;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on

zLif{s lj?jfsf] Plss[t vfBtTj k|0ffnL -cfO{=lk=Pg=P;=_ tflnd

tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ s[ifsx?nfO{ cfO{=lk=Pg=P;= af/] hfgsf/L u/fO{ pTkfbg a9fpg]

;xefuL ;+Vof !%–@) hgf

nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / s[ifs ;d"x

♦ cfO{=lk=Pg=P;=sf] kl/ro / o;sf] dxTj

tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Aoaxfl/s

s[ifsx?n] cfO{=lk=Pg=P;==k|ljwL af/] hfg]/ / :j:y lj?jf pTkfbg

t/sf/L jfnLsf] jfnL s6fgL pk|fGt ul/g] k|lawL tflnd

♦ s[ifsx? jfnL s6fgL pk|fGt ul/g] k|lawLx? hfGg]5g\ .

nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / s[ifs ;d"x

tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Aoaxfl/s

t/sf/L jfnL l6k]kl5 t/sf/Lsf] gf]S;fg sd ug{ s[ifsx?n] ljleGg

;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on

zLif{s a]df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|lawL tflnd

tflndsf] p2]Zo ♦ s[ifsx?nfO{ a]df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|lawL ÷ zLk lbg] .

nlIft ;d"x / tx s[ifs / ;d"x :t/

tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Aoaxfl/s

s[ifsx? A].df};dL Kofh pTkfbg k|lawLåf/f Kofh pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd

;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on

zLif{s cu'jf s[ifs jfnL Joa:yfkg tflnd

♦ ;]jf k|bfoL ?kdf cu'jf s[ifs tof/ ug]{ .

nlIft ;d"x / tx cu'jf s[ifs lhNnf :t/

tflnd lawL ;}4flGts / Aoaxfl/s

cu'jf s[ifsx? l;dL k2tL jf/] hfg]/ cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{

;Gbe{ tflnd Dofg'on

zLif{s ;]jf k|bfoLx?sf] nflu k|lawL Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd

♦ Pu|f]e]6x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{

nlIft ;d"x / tx Pu|f]e]6 lhNnf :t/