ECE316 Tutorial for the week of May 18-22

Problem 6 – Page 50: refer to lecture notes – part 1 – slide 3,7

A hospital administrator codes incoming patients suffering gunshot wounds according to whether they
have insurance (coding 1 if they do and 0 if they do not) and according to their condition, which is rated
as good (g), fair (f), or serious (s).

Consider an experiment that consists of the coding of such patients.

(a) Give the sample space of this experiment.

(b) Let A be the event that the patients is in serious condition. Specify the outcomes in A.
(c) Let B be the event that the patients is uninsured. Specify the outcomes in B.
(d) Give all the outcomes in the event ‫ܤ‬஼ ∪ ‫ܣ‬

Solution:

a) The sample space is S={(0,g),(0,f),(0,s),(1,g),(1,f),(1,s)}.

b) A={(0,s),(1,s)}.
c) B={(0,g),(0,f),(0,s)}.
d) BC = {(1,g),(1,f),(1,s)}, so ‫ܤ‬஼ ∪ ‫{ = ܣ‬ሺ1, gሻ, ሺ1, fሻ, ሺ1, sሻ, ሺ0, sሻ}

Problem 11 – Page 51: refer to lecture notes – part 1 – slide 11

A total of 28 percent of American males smoke cigarettes, 7 percent smoke cigars, and 5 percent smoke
both cigars and cigarettes.

(a) What percentage of males smokes neither cigars nor cigarettes?

(b) What percentage smokes cigars but not cigarettes?

Solution:

Let...

P(A) = 0.28 A B

P(B) = 0.07

P(A∩B) = 0.05

a) ܲ ሺሺ‫ܤ ∪ ܣ‬ሻ஼ ሻ = 1 − ܲ ሺ‫ܤ ∪ ܣ‬ሻ = 1 − {ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ + ܲ ሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ − ܲሺ‫ܤ ∩ ܣ‬ሻ} = 0.7

b) ܲ ሺ‫ܣ ∩ ܤ‬஼ ሻ = ܲ ሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ − ܲሺ‫ܤ ∩ ܣ‬ሻ = 0.02

Problem 12 – Page 51: refer to lecture notes – part 1 – slide 8,11

An elementrary school is offering 3 language classes: one in Spanish, one in French, and one in German.
The classes are open to any of the 100 students in the school. There are 28 students in the Spanish class,
26 students in the French class,, and 16 in the German class. There are 12 students that are in both in
Spanish and French , 4 that are in both Spanish and German, and 6 that are in both French and German. In
addition there are 2 students taking all 3 classes.
 (a) If a student is chosen randomly, what is the probability that he or she is not in any of the language
classes.
(b) If a student is chosen randomly, what is the probability that he or she is taking exacly one
language class.
(c) If 2 students are chosen randomly, what is the probability that at least 1 is taking a language class

Solution:
s

P(s) = 28/100 = 0.28 f

P(f) = 26/100 = 0.26 14 10
10

P(g) = 16/100 = 0.16 2

P(s∩f) = 12/100 = 0.12 2 4

P(s∩g) = 4/100 = 0.04

P(g∩f) = 6/100 = 0.06 8
g 50

P(s∩f∩g) = 2/100 = 0.02

a) ܲ ሺሺ‫݃ ∪ ݂ ∪ ݏ‬ሻ஼ ሻ = 1 − ܲሺ‫݃ ∪ ݂ ∪ ݏ‬ሻ

= 1 − {ܲሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ + ܲሺ݂ሻ + ܲ ሺ݃ሻ − ܲ ሺ‫݂ ∩ ݏ‬ሻ − ܲሺ‫݃ ∩ ݏ‬ሻ − ܲ ሺ݃ ∩ ݂ሻ + ܲሺ‫݃ ∩ ݂ ∩ ݏ‬ሻ} = 0.5
b) From Venn’s diagram, we have 14+10+8 = 32 students attending exactly one language class.
So the probability would be = 32/100 = .32
c) Probability that at least one is taking a language class implies that one of the two students OR
both the two students are taking language classes (one class, or 2 or the 3 classes)  so it would
be easier to think of this as follows,
Probability that at least one student is taking a language class = 1 – probability that none of the 2
‫ۍ‬ ‫ې‬
‫ێ‬ቀ50ቁ ‫ ۑ‬ଵସଽ
students is taking any language classes = 1 − ‫ ێ‬2 ൙ 100 ‫ = ۑ‬ଵଽ଼ = 0.753
‫ێ‬ ቀ ቁ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ 2 ‫ۑ‬
‫ۏ‬ ‫ے‬

Problem 28 – Page 52: refer to lecture notes – part 1 – slide 12,16

An urn contains 5 red, 6 blue, and 8 green balls. If a set of 3 balls is randomly selected, what is the
probability that each of the balls will be (a) of the same colour? (b) of different colours? Repeat under the
assumption that whenever a ball is selected, its colour is noted and it is then replaced in the urn before the
next selection. This is known as sampling with replacement.

Solution:
ହ ଺ ଼
ቀ ቁାቀ ቁାቀ ቁ
ଷ ଷ ଷ
a) p = ଵଽ
ቀ ቁ
ଷ
ହ ଺ ଼
ቀ ቁቀ ቁቀ ቁ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
b) p = ଵଽ
ቀ ቁ
ଷ
 Sampling with replacement ..

ହ ଷ ଺ ଷ ଼ ଷ
a) p = ቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ
ଵଽ ଵଽ ଵଽ
ହ ଺ ଼
b) p = ቀ × ଵଽ × ଵଽቁ
ଵଽ

Problem 29 – Page 52: refer to lecture notes – part 1 – slide 12,16

An urn contains n white and m black balls, where n and m are positive numbers.

(a) If two balls are randomly withdrawn, what is the possibility that they are the same colour?
(b) If a ball is randomly withdrawn and then replaced before the second one is drawn what is the
probability that the withdrawn balls are the same colour?
(c) Show that the probability in part (b) is always larger than the one in part(a).

Solution:
௡ ௠ ೙! ೘!
ቀ ቁାቀ ቁ ା ሺ௡ሻ×ሺ௡ିଵሻ×଴.ହାሺ௠ሻ×ሺ௠ିଵሻ×଴.ହ ൫௡మ ି௡ା௠ మି௠൯
p = ௡ା௠ =
ଶ ଶ
= = ሺ௡ା௠ሻ×ሺ௡ା௠ିଵሻ =
మ!×ሺ೙షమሻ! మ!×ሺ೘షమሻ!
a) ሺ೙శ೘ሻ! ሺ௡ା௠ሻ×ሺ௡ା௠ିଵሻ×଴.ହ
ቀ ቁ
ଶ మ!×ሺ೙శ೘షమሻ!
൫௡మ ା௠ మ൯ିሺ௡ା௠ሻ
ሺ௡ା௠ሻ×ሺ௡ା௠ିଵሻ

௡ ଶ ௠ ଶ ൫௡మା௠ మ൯
b) p = ቀ௡ା௠ቁ + ቀ௡ା௠ቁ = ሺ௡ା௠ሻమ

c) To compare the 2 probabilities, we need to have a common denominator which will be

ሺ݊ + ݉ ሻଶ × ሺ݊ + ݉ − 1ሻ, so now we will be comparing the following 2 quantities
Part-a : ሺ݊ଶ + ݉ ଶ ሻ × ሺ݊ + ݉ ሻ − ሺ݊ + ݉ ሻଶ
Part-b : ሺ݊ଶ + ݉ ଶ ሻ × ሺ݊ + ݉ − 1ሻ = ሺ݊ଶ + ݉ ଶ ሻ × ሺ݊ + ݉ ሻ − ሺ݊ଶ + ݉ ଶ ሻ
Note that this term ሺ݊ଶ + ݉ ଶ ሻ × ሺ݊ + ݉ ሻ is common, so we will be comparing
Part-a : −ሺ݊ + ݉ ሻଶ = −݊ଶ − ݉ ଶ − 2 × ݊ × ݉
Part-b : −݊ଶ − ݉ ଶ
Also note that the term −݊ଶ − ݉ ଶ is common. Now we can see that {−2 × ݊ × ݉} < {‫}݋ݎ݁ݖ‬,
and hence it could be concluded that probability in part-b is always greater than that in part-a.

Problem 35 – Page 53: refer to lecture notes – part 1 – slide 12,16

Seven balls are randomly withdrawn from an urn that contains 12 red, 16 blue, and 18 green balls. Find
the probability that

(a) 3 red, 2 blue, and 2 green balls are withdrawn.

(b) At least 2 red balls are withdrawn.
(c) All withdrawn balls are the same colour.
(d) Either exactly 3 red balls or exactly 3 blue balls are withdrawn.

Solution:
 ଵଶ ଵ଺ ଵ଼
ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ
ଷ ଶ ଶ
a) p = ଵଶାଵ଺ାଵ଼
ቀ ቁ
଻
b) Probability that at least 2 red balls are withdrawn; i.e. 2 or 3 or ... or 7 red balls. So it would be
ଵ଺ାଵ଼ ଵଶ ଵ଺ାଵ଼
ቀ ቁ ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ
easier to think of it as {1-(prob_none_red+prob_one_red)}= 1 − ቊ ଵଶାଵ଺ାଵ଼
଻
+ ଵ
ଵଶାଵ଺ାଵ଼ ቋ
଺
ቀ ቁ ቀ ቁ
଻ ଻
ଵଶ ଵ଺ ଵ଼
ቀ ቁାቀ ቁାቀ ቁ
଻ ଻ ଻
c) p = ଵଶାଵ଺ାଵ଼
ቀ ቁ
଻
d) p = prob_3_red_4_any_other_colour + prob_3_blue_4_any_other_colour
– prob_3_red_3_blue_1_any_other_colour
ଵଶ ଵ଺ାଵ଼ ଵ଺ ଵଶାଵ଼ ଵଶ ଵ଺ ଵ଼
ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁାቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁିቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ
ଷ ସ ଷ ସ ଷ ଷ ଵ
p= ଵଶାଵ଺ାଵ଼
ቀ ቁ
଻

Problem 23 – Page 52: refer to lecture notes – part 1 – slide 12,14

A pair of fair dice is rolled. What is the probability that the second die lands on a higher value than does
the first die?

Solution:

We have total of 6 × 6 = 36 total possibilities. For second dice to have a higher value than the first one,
we may the following possibilities {(1 , 2:6), (2 , 3:6),(3 , 4:6),(4 , 5:6), (5,6)}
ହାସାଷାଶାଵ ଵହ ହ
= ଷ଺ = ଵଶ
଺×଺
p=

Problem 33 – Page 53: refer to lecture notes – part 1 – slide 12,16

A forest contains 20 elks, of which 5 are captured, tagged and then released. A certain time later, 4 of the
20 elks are captured. What is the probability that 2 of these 4 have been tagged? What assumptions are
made?

Solution:
ହ ଶ଴ିହ
ቀ ቁ×ቀ ቁ
ଶ ଶ
p= ଶ଴
ቀ ቁ
ସ

It is assumed that all possibilities of selecting 4 out of 20 elks are of equal probability.