

  Different canvases
  Different sheeting(Dyed, printing and bleached
  Denims
  Military uniforms (plain and rib stop)
  Polyester cotton blend twills
  100% cotton twills (dyed and bleached
 Chino trouser
WORK FLOW IN THIS SECTION

Gray
Weaving Singeing&De Scouring
inspection processing Customer
department sizing &bleaching

Rolling&Fold
Dryer Stenter 1,2 Printing Loop steamer Stenter 1,2 Inspection
ing

Garment

Mercerizing Washing Stenter 1,2 Dyeing Washing Stenter 1,2 Sanforizing

Rolling&Fold
Garment Inspection
ing

Customer
Process flow chart
TWILL
DYED P/
D/COTTEN PRINTED DYED PRINTED BLEACH OPT---
COTTEN -

Singeing
Singeing& Singeing& Singeing& Singeing&
&
desizing desizing Desizing Desizing
Desizing

Half Half Half Dry Half Half

bleach bleach bleach Widden bleach bleach

Mercerizi Mercerizi
Drying Dry Drying
ng ng

Heat Opt
M/wash Tint Heat set
setting bleach

D/widden Dyeing Print Dying Finish

Dyeing D/wash Curring D/wash Insection

D/wash D/dry Finish D/dry

D/dry Finish Inspection Repellant

Finish Inspection Print

Inspection Curring

Finish

Inspection
 Working Activities

As a company almeda textile company participates on many activities, such as, spinning, weaving,
processing, knitting, garmenting and so on. But we stay in almeda textile company to gather experience on
the processing department and we work in detail on these activities on the process of how to control over
flow of water or chemicals feed in the tank.

During staying time the site supervisor made us to participate in many woven processing related activities as
an example in developing the aware of knowhow about the application of plc in the level control , method
study and method study procedures, how to perform the efficiency of the company, e.t.c.

When we joined in to the project the site supervisor gives us a lecture about all activities that take place in
the project for one week. After a week we try to participate on simple activities with the electricians But
after two weeks the site supervisor gives us a theoretical assignment relative to the structure that helps us to
do well. Such as overview of the seven departments.

In addition to the above activities, I also have been executing on the following work tasks .
 
 On the operation of level control
 
 Flame control
 
Mixer control

Procedure and methods used

 
 The main procedures and the work tasks are:-
 Direct observation and attending in the whole processes and activities of a controlling
mechanism.

 Finding the problems faced in processing department related to control & instrumentation
stream.

 Selecting the main problems to be researched

 Finding the best solution of these problem .
  the main procedures and methods were:-


select the electrical components such as plc controller, Temperature controller,
potentiometer , pressure switch, air valve solenoid, level controller, taco generator ,ac/dc
motor , ac/dc converter, timer, contactors, relays, inverters, bridge rectifier e.t.c.
 
 understanding the function & characteristics of each devices.
 
Advantage & disadvantage of these devices

Challenges facing in work tasks

As we expected, we have faced so many problems in our staying in the internship program some of the
difficulties are.


 when we joined in to the project the name of woven processing material made
Site language-
 confusion.

Work flow- since our site is too vast one worker (employee) can work in many or more than one
works. Thismake us confused to separate the workers to communicate with us or to help us by their
 profession.

Experience of the employee-while asking a question they lose a 
confidence, since they are not
experienced. They have not able to communicate freely with us.

Measures to solve challenges

As we mentioned, we were faced with a lot of challenges, we had look alternatives to solve them. To solve
these problems or challenges we have taken the following measures.


To solves the challenges regarding to site language we decide to create a good relationshipwith
 the daily workers of the department. All things are simple to know on process after a time.

To know the work task of each employees we decided to arrange a program that meets with the
employeefor each then the problem is solved and they are volunteer (responsible) to accept our
program.
 
The challenges regarding to experience as explained above we have good friend ship with all the
workers or employees, so it helps to build a confidence and to communicate with
us freely, at that
time we get a good experience form the employee and from the skilled persons.

Generally most of the challenges were solved through our effort after hard working.

Part two

Internship project

Chapter one
Controlling overflow of feed water tank

Introduction

Controlling overflow of feed water in tank is a crucial mechanism in our day to day activity.

In our surrounding it is common to observe that plentiful of water is wasted from tank. To

avoid such a problem we have tried to design a mechanism of controlling this overflow of

water using a concept of control & instrumentation. The level of liquid in a tank can be measured directly by
monitoring the position of the liquid surface or indirectly by measuring some variable

related to the height. One of the direct methods is floating mechanism by using mechanical actuators
we could, however, have controlled the liquid level by means of an electronic

Control system. We thus might have had a level sensor supplying an electrical signal which is

used, after suitable signal conditioning, as an input to a computer where it is compared with a

set value signal the difference between the error signal, then used to give an appropriate

response from the computer output. This is then, after suitable signal conditioning, used to

control the movement of an actuator in a flow control valve and so determine the amount of

water feed in to the tank.

Problem statement &justification
  There is plc control problem
  
There was no floating ball
  
Lack of differential amplifier
 
It is not automatic

Objective of the project

This project explains how to control the over flow of feed water tank by using electrical controlling system.
We design this controlling system by proper selection of mechanisms and components like:

Proper selection of sensors and signal conditioning element.

Proper selection of micro processor
Proper selection of actuator
Construction of Boolean circuit and
Proper PLC programming.

Methodology
An automatic control system for the control of feed water tank could involve a displacement sensor, after
suitable signal conditioning, feeding an electrical signal to the input of a computer where it is compared
with the set value and value of signal generated. This is then acted on by the computer to give at its output
a signal, which, after suitable signal conditioning, might be used to control a water over flow and hence the
water tank. Such a system can readily be programmed to give different level at different position of the
floating ball.
Here is the schematic flow diagram of the over flow controlling system of a feed water tank used to
maintain a constant water level in a tank. The reference value is the initial setting of the lever arm
arrangement so that it just cuts off the water supply at the required level. When water is drawn from the tank
the float moves downwards with the water level. This causes the level arrangement to move linearly and the
wiper in the potentiometer moves linearly over the resistance element to produce voltage.
 (A) Schematic diagram of water level control

(B)Block diagram of water level control

Controlling Mechanism
Over flow of water tank is controlled by using floating system. The working mechanism of the
controlling system is as follows.
When the water flows up ward the floating ball connected to the lever moves up ward. The lever also
connected to the wiper (slider) of potentiometer. When the floating ball moves up ward the lever pushes the
wiper so the potentiometer reads the distance covered by the lever and convert it to voltage. The error
voltage produced in potentiometer is amplified by differential amplifier and it is converted from analogue
input to digital out put (A/D) by successive approximations. The out put from ADC is processed in the
micro processer and gives an out put to the digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) called R-2R ladder network
converter.
The R-2R ladder network converts the digital in put to analogue out put (voltage or current), this current
also converted to pressure by a current to pressure converter in order to actuate the actuator valve. The valve
is push button valve with inside spring to return up the valve. If the pressure produced from the current to
 pressure converter is greater than the pressure of the spring, then it is closed. If not the valve is open.

Figure controlling system

Literature review

History of PLC
PLC were first introduced in 1960‟s. the primary reason for such adevice was eliminating the large
cost involved in replacing the complicated relation based machine control system.Bedford associates
proposed something called amodular digital controller(MODICON) to major US car manufacture. Other
companies at the time proposed computer based schemes.one of which of based up on PDP-S. the
MODICON OS4 brought the word‟s first PLC in to commertial production.
When aproduction requirements changed so did the control sytem. This becomes very expenssive
when the change is frequent, scincerelays are mechanical device that also have alimited life time which
required strict adhesion to maintenance schedule. Troubleshooting was also quite tedious when so many
relays are involved.

These “new controllers” also had to be easly programmed by maintenance are plant engineers.the life
time had to be long and programming changes easly performance. They also had to servive the harsh
industrial enviroment.

What is a PLC?
A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC is a digital computer used for automation of industrial processes,
such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed
for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and
resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed
or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in
response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.
A PLC (i.e. Programmable Logic Controller) is a device that was invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for
machine control. The PLC works by looking at its inputs and depending upon their state, turning on/off its outputs. The user enters
a program, usually via software, that gives the desired results. PLC are used in many “real world” applications. If
there is industry present, chances are good that there is a plc present. Almost any application that needs
some type of electrical control has a need for a PLC.

A programmable logic controller, commonly known as PLC, is a solid state, digital , industrial
Computer using integrated circuits instead of electromechanical devices to implement control functions. It
was invented in order to replace the sequential circuits which were mainly used for machine control. They
are capable of storing instructions, such as sequencing, timing, counting, arithmetic, data manipulation and
communication, to control machines and processes.
PLC have many definitions for example: According to NEMA(National Electrical Manufacture‟s
Association ,USA),the definition of PLC has been given as “Digital electronic devices that uses a
programmable memory to store instructions and to implement specific functions such as logic ,
sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic to control machines and processes.”

Figure below illustrates conceptual diagram of PLC application

Fig 2.1 PLC conceptual application digram

Basic parts of PLC:-

All programmable controllers contain a CPU, memory, power supply, I/O modules, and programmable
devices. Basic parts of the PLC are as follows:-
  
Processor
  
Memory
  
Input/output devices
  
Programming panel or unit
 
Power supply
Those can be shown in block diagram as shown below:

Fig 2.2 basic parts of PLC

Processors module:-
Processor module is the brain of the PLC. Intelligence of the PLC is derived from microprocessor being
used which has the tremendous computing and controlling capability. Central processing –unit (CPU)
performs the following tasks:-
  
Scanning
  
Execution of program
  
Peripheral and external device communication
 
Self- diagnostic

Power of PLCs depends on the type of microprocessors being used. Small size PLCs use 8-bit
microprocessors where as higher order controllers use bit-slice microprocessor in order to achieve faster
instruction execute. Modern day PLCs vary widely in their capabilities to control real world devices, like
some processors are able to handle the I/O devices as few as six and some are able to handle 40000 or more.
The no. of input/output control of PLCs depends on the, hardware, software, overall capacity and memory
capability of the PLCs.
 The CPU upon receiving instruction from the memory together with feedback on the status of the I/O
devices generates commands for the output devices. These commands control the devices on a machine or
a process. Devices such as solenoid valves, indicator lamps, relay coils and motor starters and typical loads
to be controlled.
The machine or process input elements transmit signal to input modules which in turn, generates
logic signal to the CPU.CPU monitors the input like selector switches, push buttons etc.

Operating system is the main workhouse of the system and hence performs the following tasks:-
 Executions of application program
 Management of memory
 Communication between programmable controller and other units
  i/o handling of interfaces
 resource sharing
 diagnostics
Note:- operating system stored in ROM(non –volatile) memory, whereas application program are stored in
RWM(read-write memory).

There are many types of input modules to choose from. The type of input module selection depends upon
the process, some example of input modules are limit :-switches, proximity switches and push buttons etc.
nature of input classification can be done in three ways, namely:-
  
low/high frequency
  
analog/digital (two-bit, multi-bit)
  
maintained or momentary
 
5V/24V/110V/220V switched
Some most industrial power systems are inherently noisy:- electrical isolation is provided between the input
and the processor. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) can cause
severe problems in most solid state control systems. The component used often to provide electrical
isolation within I/O cards is called an optical isolator or opto-coupler. Typically, there are 8 to 32 input
points on any one input modules. Each input point is assigned a unique address by the processor.

Output modules:-

Output modules can be used for devices such as solenoids, relays, contractors, pilot lamps and led
readouts. Output cards usually have 6 to 32 output points on a single module. Output cards, like input cards,
have electrically isolation between the load being connected and the PLC. Analog output cards are a special
type of output modules that use digital to analog conversion. The analog output module can take a value
stored in a 12 bit file and convert it to an analog signal. Normally, this signal is 0-10 volts dc or 4-20ma.
This analog signal is often used in equipment, such as motor-operated valves and pneumatic position
control device. Each output point is identified with a unique address.

Addressing scheme:-
Each I/O device has to be identified with a unique address for exchange of data. Different
manufacturer apply different method to identify i/o devices. One of the addressing schemes may
be “X1 X2 X3 X4 X5” where
  X1 = input or output designation fixed by hardware 
  
X2 = i/o rack number in PLC (user designation)
  
X3 = modules slot number in i/o rack (fixed by hardware)
 
X4 X5 = terminal number (fixed by hardware)
For example,” 1 2 3 13” implies that input is at rack 2 , module slot no.3 and terminal address no.13.

Programming unit:-
It is an external, electronic handheld device which can be connected to the processors of the PLC when
programming changes are required. Once a program has been coded and is considered finished, It can be
burned in to ROM. The contents of ROM cannot be altered, as it is not affected by power failure. Now a
day‟s EPROM/EEPROM are provided in which program can be debugged at any stage. Once the program
is debugged, programming unit is disconnected; and the PLC can operate process according to the ladder
diagram or the statement list.
Communications in PLC:-
There are several methods how a PLC can communicate with the programmer, or even with another PLC.
PLCs usually built in communication ports for at least RS232, and optionally for
RS 485, and Ethernet. Mod bus is the lowest common denominator communication protocol. Others are
various field buses such as profibus, interbus-s, foundation field bus, etc.
PLCs are becoming more and more intelligent .in recent years, PLCs have been integrated in to industrial
networks, and all the PLCs in an industrial environment have been plugged in to a network. The PLCs are
then supervised by a control center. There exist many types of networks, SCADA (supervisory control
and data acquisition)
Operation of PLC:-
During program execution, the processor reads all the inputs, and according to control
application program, energizes and de-energizes the outputs. Once all the logic has been solved,
The processors will update all the outputs. The process of reading the inputs, executing the control
application program, and updating the output is known as scan. During the scan operation, the processor
also performs housekeeping tasks. The inputs to the PLCs are sampled by processor and the contents are
stored in memory. Control program is executed, the input value stored in memory are used in control logic
calculations to determine the value of output. The outputs are then updated. The cycle consisting of reading
of inputs, executing the control program, and actuating the output is known as “scan” and the time to finish
this task is known as “scan time”. The speed at which PLC scan depends upon the clock speed of CPU.
The time to scan depends upon following parameter:-
  Scan rate
  
Length of the program
 
Types of functions used in the program
Faster scan time implies the inputs and outputs are updated frequently. Due to advance techniques of
ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) within the microcomputer for specific functions, scan time of
different PLCs have reduced greatly.

As PLCs have developed and expanded, programming languages have developed with them.
Programming languages allow the user to enter a control program into a PLC using an established syntax.
Today‟s advanced languages have new, more versatile instructions, which initiate control program actions.
These new instructions provide more computing power for single operations performed by the instruction
itself. In addition to new programming instructions, the development of powerful I/O modules has also
changed existing instructions. These changes include the ability to send data to and obtain data from
modules by addressing the modules‟ locations. For example, PLCs can now read and write data to and from
analog modules. All of these advances, in conjunction with projected industry needs, have created a demand
for more powerful instructions that allow easier, more compact, function-oriented PLC programs. The three
types of programming languages used in PLCs are:-
  Ladder
  
Boolean
 
Grafcet

But we are focused on the first type of PLC programming languages

Results & Discussion

Mathematical and Electrical modeling
Modeling of the tank

Consider a simple liquid level system shown below where a tank is supplying liquid through an out let.
Under steady conditions, let be the liquid flow rate in to the tank and be the out flow rate, while
is the steady liquid head in the tank obviously =

Let be a small increase in the liquid in flow rate from its steady state value. This increase in liquid

in flow rate causes increase of head of the liquid in the tank by H, resulting in increase of liquid out
flow rate by:
= ⁄

The system dynamics is described by the liquid flow rate balance equation.
Rate of liquid storage in the tank = rate of liquid in flow – rate of liquid out flow.
There fore the equation is given by:
 Where:
C - The capacitance of the tank and R - The total
resistance offered by tank outlet and pipe

Modeling of potentiometer

Wipes

2
3

The relationship between and

If load

The total resistance of potentiometer will be:

= (1-x)
 ( )
here we have express xVs in terms of Vo just like the following

xVs=VoRp/RLx (1_x) +Vo

Error due to the attachment of is: VL=xVs-e

=Vo, but Vo= , here we have to express Vo in terms of Vs.

( )

xVs= (xVs-e) (Rp/RLx) (1_x) +xVs+e

e = (xVs_e) Rp/RL (x_x^2)

Here we have simplified & collect like terms we will get the following result.

e (1+xRp/RL_x^2Rp/RL)=VsRp/RL(x^2_x^3)

In this case the term (1+xRp/RL-x^2Rp/RL) is all most one. So that the error voltage
be comes………..

Proper selection of sensors and signal conditioning element

Selection of sensor

The term sensor is used for an element which produces a signal relating to the quantity being
measured. Thus in the case of, say an electrical resistance temperature element, the quantity being measured
is temperature and the sensor transforms an input of temperature in to a change in resistance. In this project
the type of sensors that we have selected is water level sensor which is float system potentiometer which is a
displacement sensor.
Potentiometer: A potentiometer consists of a resistance element with a sliding contact which can be
moved over the length of the element. Such element can be used for linear or rotary displacements, the
displacement being converted in to a potential difference.

An important effect to be considered with potentiometer is the effect of a load RL connected across the
output. The potential difference across the load VL is only directly proportional to VO if the load
resistance is infinite. For finite loads, however, the effect of the load is to transform what was a linear
relationship between output voltage and angle into a non-linear relationship.

Signal conditioning element

The output signal from the sensor of a measurement system has generally to be processed in some way to
make it suitable for the next stage of the operation. The signal may be, for example , too small and have to
be amplified, contain interference which has to be removed, be non-linear and require linearization, be
analogue and have to be made digital. Be digital and have to be made analogue, be a resistance change and
have to be made into a current change, be a voltage change and have to be made into a suitable size current
change, etc. All these changes can be referred to as signal conditioning.

Figure Signal conditioning element

The operational amplifier: the basis of many signal conditioning modules is the operational amplifier.
The operational amplifier is a high gain d.c amplifier, the gain typically being of the order of 100 000 or
more, that is supplied as an integrated circuit on a silicon chip.

There are different types of circuits that might be used with operational amplifiers when used as
signal conditioners. In this project we select the differential amplifier.

Differential Amplifier: differential amplifier is one that amplifies the difference between two input voltages.
Since there is virtually no current through the high resistance in the operation amplifier between
the two input terminals, there is no potential drop and thus both the inputs X will be at the same
potential. The voltage Vref is across resistors Rf and R2 in series

=220v

V= ± error voltage

Error for potentiometer is:

Assumptions taken are:

=0.1

=220V

V= ± error voltage
( )
( )
For the differential Amplifier
The Assumptions are:

The gain of the amplifier is:

Binary conversion system:

5 1 least significant bit

2 1

1 0

1 1 most significant bit

From MSB LSB 11V (1011)

Analogue-to-Digital converters (A/D):

The input to an analogue-to-digital converter is an analogue signal and the output is a binary word that
represents the level of the input signal. These binary words that represent the level of the input are done on
the above calculation which gives the result: 11V (1011)

There are a number of forms of analogue-to-digital converter, the most common being successive
approximations, ramp, dual ramp and flash. Successive approximations are probably the most commonly
used method. The figure below illustrates the subsystems involved.

figure analogue-to-digital converters (successive approximation)

operation of the successive approximation is based on binary search.

Initially , the register provides an out put corresponding to half the range(1011)
If the analog input is greater ,then MSB = 1,else LSB =0 The resister performs
the same operation from MSB to LSB.
The advantage of successive approximation is:-
  
Much faster in counting
  
The DAC output converges on the analog signal input
In much larger steps than with the 0-to-full count sequence of the regular counter.
Digital-to-Analogue converter (D/A):

A simple form of digital-to-analogue converter uses a summing amplifier to form the weighted sum of all
the non-zero bits in the input word. The input to a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) is a binary word: the
output is an analogue signal that represents the weighted sum of then non-zero bits represented by the word.
Thus, for example, an input of 0010 must give an analogue output which is twice that given by an input of
0001.

Figure digital to analog convertor

There are different types of conversion mechanism systems of digital to analogue converter. From these
types the most commonly used is UsingR-2R ladder network.

This R-2R ladder network. Over comes the problem of obtaining accurate resistances over a wide range of
values, only two values being required. The figure is shown below:
 Figure Digital-to-Analogue converter (D/A)

We are considering the four bit DAC as shown in the figure above .the connected to vref will generate a
current that flows towards to the inverting input of the op-amp which will be halved by the resistor network
at each node. Therefore, the current contribution of each input is weighted by its position in the binary
number.

Selection of Actuator

Actuation systems are the elements of control systems which are responsible for transforming the
output of a microprocessor of control system into a controlling action on a machine or device. Thus for
example, we might have an electrical output from the controller which has to be transformed into a
linear motion to move a load. Another example which can be use in this project is that where an
electrical output from the controller has to be transformed into an action which controls the amount of
liquid passing along a pipe. A mechanical actuation system which is a POPPET VALVE was selected in
this project.

Figure High-vacuum-valves
 POPPET VALVE: Poppet valves incorporate a manual or mechanically operated plunger, which is
normally held in the closed position by a spring or by air pressure. Depressing the plunger opens the
valve and allows air to flow. A seal is achieved between the plunger and the valve seal by means of
flat discs and washers, O-rings or spherical closures.

Figure Poppet valve

One of the main advantages of poppet valves is their relative simplicity, with a minimum of moving
parts. They are also self-cleaning, using the purging effect of the fluid flow, and require little maintenance.
Although poppet valves have a short stroke before maximum flow is achieved, they can only be operated in
an open or closed position, making it difficult to regulate the flow path through the valve.

Poppet valves are not suitable for complex switching operations, where a combination of inputs and outputs
are required. They can also be affected by fluctuations in input pressure, which increases or decreases the
actuation force needed to open the valve seal.

Construction of Boolean circuit

CONDITIONS

Condition 1: water is at a full level

Condition 2: water is at a low level

Statement

State 1: the water flow stops at full level of water tank

State2: the water flow starts at low level of water tank

Define the Boolean variable

B - State of height detector

A - State of water level sensor

Y - Stop over flow of water

C- Poppet valve
C= 0 full level
1 low level
Write the quasi logic statement
Y is high or 1 when:
If A is high and C is 0. AND
If B is high and C is 0. OTHERWISE
Y is 0 or low
Write the Boolean function:
Y= f (A, B, C)
C is 0 – full level
C is 1 – low level
Y= (A.C). (B.C) Boolean function

Figure Boolean circuit diagram

PLC programming

Programmable logic controllers (PLC) have a high reliability. The PLC is electrically isolate by opt
isolator or relays from potentially damaging voltages and currents at input/output ports: battery backed
RAM protects the application software from power failures or corruption and the construction is so
designed that the PLC can operate reliably in industrial conditions for long periods of time.
Using software called cross-assembler the program for controlling overflow water tank is given below:

In put port=3

Out put port=1

The PLC Programming is written as follows

A program for the security system of a use variable declaration

A var. PORTB0 „signal A

B var. PORTB1 „signal B

C var. PORTB2 „signal C

Y var. PORTA1 „signal Y

DEFINE CONSTANTS
Height con 1 „up ward movement potentiometer

Level con 1 „floating up ward

„Main Program

If (C=1) then

„Water at low level

If (height=0)

„At low height

Then

Water flow

End if

If(C=0) then

„Water at high level

If (height=1)

„At high height

Then

Stop water flow

End if

End if

End if

End program
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDETION

Fluid reservoirs are mostly used in our day to day life. Doing this there are some problems occurred due to
some limitations of the working principle of the reservoirs and pumps used, but the main is that the over
flowing of the fluid (water) in the tank. Such things have a great effect on wastage of many (cost), time etc.
to control this problem we have to use automatic electrical controlling systems like overflow feed water tank
controller systems, which is the main objective of this project.

Controlling overflow of feed water in tank is a crucial mechanism in our day to day activity. In our
surrounding it is common to observe that plentiful of water is wasted from tank. To avoid such a problem
we have tried to design a mechanism of controlling this overflow of water using a concept of mechatronics.

In this design we made a proper selection of sensors, signal conditioning element, analog to
digital converter, microprocessor elements, digital to analog converter, and actuators.

REFFERENCE
1. W. Bolton; <<Electronic control systems in mechanical and electrical
engineering>> 2nd edition
2. I.J Nagrath & M. Gopal; <<Control systems engineering>>
3rd edition
3.Internet: Google search

a) Http //F:/senser.htm
b) Http//www. superior boiler worke.ink
c) Http// www. Amplifier application

Benefits gained from the internship

We have gained some good experience during the four month internship period. Some of the experiences
includes:-
 
 We have gained knowledge of organizational structure and how to behave in a company.

 
 We have learnt about working processes in industries , especially about leather

 
We have learnt how important it is to be punctual!


 I have learned theoretically
We have improved my technical and personal skills that
becoming familiar with new techniques and methods.


 
We have sometimes exercised individual responsibility and develop strong teamwork skills with
the workers
 
It makes build up a network of professional contacts for future opportunities and references.

To illustrate I would like to explain one by one

Practical skill

I have developed a confidence to do the given work practically with out any problem and I also observe
practical work is more simple than theoretical.

Differentiatng theoretical skill Vs practical skill



theoretical knowledge is not always unfulfilled in practical application, though sometimes it might
seem that way.


It‟s important to realize that in the workplace, what matters is not the amount of practical exprience
or theoretical background that an individual has. What matters is how much an individual is able to
effectively deal with the realities around him. Theory and practical exprience are just complimentary

 means to that end.
 
Gaining knowledge from practical work is easier than from theoretical learning process.

Interpersonal communication skill

 It is how well you communicate with someone & how well you behave or carry yourself or simply
which means interpersonal skills are how people relate to one another.

As an illustration, it is generally understood that communicating respect for other people or professionals
with in will enable one to reduce conflict & increase participation or assistance in obtaining information or
completing tasks.

Having positive interpersonel skills increase the productivity in the organization since the number of
conflicts is reduced. Informal situation, it allows communication to be easy & comfortable. People with
good interpersonal skills can generally control the feelings that emerge in difficult situations & respond
appropriatly, instead of being overwhelmed by emotion. Confidence of the behavior is also play
important role in decision to take risk.

Improving team player skills

there are a number of benefits for teamwork among them are:

 Distributing the work load


 Reinforcing individual capabilities

 Creating participation & involvement.

 Making better decision

 Feeling like we play a part in the work being done

 Generating a diversity of ideas


 Teamwork also allows me to make friends & enjoy a better social exprience when studying &
working. Because everyone also has an aim to achieve a goal more efficiencly than we called
before & finding other enthusiastic individuals to liaise with is the firest step to bettering your self.


important qualities to have when collabrating with others is the ability to
One of the most
communicate.
 Leadership skills

Leadership decision is very important in any work. I have developed an ablity to build consensus in
the face of uncertainty.

Work ethics

Ethics tells us about moral duties & obligations & so that & our behavior is right, truthfull and
just. From terms of under standing about work ethics related issue i have observed about two types of
work ethics, these are :-

1. Personal ethics – some of the personal ethics are personal, i.e. a person adopts them on his/her own
will. These may be sincerity, respect for the job, regularity, punctuality , seriosness.

2. Specific to a work situation – work ethics specific to work situation are :

 Keeping certain information, confidential


 Maintaining cordial relation with the ethics & agencies that a company has

 Being prepared to takeup new tasks

Ethical problems related to work

 
 Irregularity and lack of punctuality

 
 Rude and impolite behavior

 
 Inadquate knowledge and skill

 
 Wastage of resources

 
 Disregard of rules and procedures

 
Disrespect for the job
Entrepreneurship skill

As a successful enterprenuer ship i will have to work closely with people – this is were it is critical to be
able to build great relationships with my team,customers, suppliers, some holders and more. Frome this field
practice i have grasped the following type of interpersonal skills.these are:-
 
 leadership and motivation

 
 communication

 
 personal relations

 
ethics

Not everybody is born a natural entrepreneur.Enternership is a skill that can alwayes be developed and
expanded .Here are some ideas based on my personal experiance that will help kids or adults acqure usefull
skills to be come asuccessful entrprenure.

Some of the entrpreneur skills need that:-

 Inititative –have to have the motivation to take the initative and creat on your own.


 Responsiblity –have to responsiblity for your motion and understand the importantes of
responsibility.

 Creativity –should have asense of creativity ,innovation and always be one step a head in ideas.

 Communication- have to be abele to communicate your ideas, net work and connect with other.

 Leadership –need to be abele to be the leader and be in charge of a project ,or company.

 Problem solving –have to have the ability to solve simple or more complicated problems.

 Determination –have to be extremely motivated and help going even when things are tough.