GREEN HILLS SCHOOL AND COLLEGE

CHEMISTRY NOTES
9th CLASS

“Education is not the learning of facts, but the training of

mind to think.

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Cell Number: 0333-9523270 , 0334-1915216
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Chapter NO 1
Fundamentals of Chemistry
a) Science:
The study of nature through observations and experiments is called science.

b) Chemistry:
The branch of science which deals with the composition, structure, properties of matter,
the changes occurring in matter and the laws and Principles that govern these changes is called
chemistry.

c) Matter:
Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter.
Examples: Air, book, sugar, salt, Pen, Paper, Glass, Plastics, Gold, water etc.

d) Mass:
The quantity of matter in an object is its mass. Mass does not depend on Earth Gravity.

e) Substance:
A sample of pure matter is known as substance “or” The uniform composition of matter
is called a substance.
Examples: Elements, Compound.

Period of Al-Chemists: The Period of Muslims from 600-1600 A.D is generally called the
Period of Al-Chemists in the history of Chemistry.

AIMS:
The major aims of the Al-Chemists were:
1. To find out methods to Prolong life.
2. Looking for ways to change base metals (such as lead) into gold.
3. To find Physical evidence to support religious and Philosophical belief.

Achievements:
Some achievements of Al-Chemists are as follow;
1. They invented instruments like beakers, funnels, crucibles, furnaces, retorts etc.
2. They also found many chemical Procedures commonly used in the laboratory like,
distillation, filtration, fermentation, Sublimation and Calcination.
In Europe the term “Alchemy” used for the knowledge and techniques of Al-Chemists. But
later on this term i.e. alchemy changed into purely English word “Chemistry”.

Branches of Chemistry: Following are the main braches of chemistry.

i) Physical chemistry ii) Organic chemistry
iii) Inorganic chemistry iv) Analytical chemistry
v) Biochemistry vi) Nuclear chemistry
vii) Industrial chemistry viii) Environmental chemistry

i) Physical Chemistry:
The branch of chemistry which deals with the relations between the physical properties
of substances and their chemical composition and transformation is called physical chemistry.

ii) Organic Chemistry:

It is the branch of chemistry in which we study the compounds of carbon and hydrogen
called hydrocarbons and their derivatives. However, some simple compounds of Carbon like
CO, CO2, Carbonates, bicarbonates, Cyanides etc, are not studied in this branch.

iii) Inorganic Chemistry:

It is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of all elements and their
compounds except hydrocarbon and their derivatives.
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iv) Analytical Chemistry:

This branch of chemistry deals with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the
matter.
v) Biochemistry:
In this branch of chemistry we study synthesis and decomposition of the compounds
and their reactions which occur in the living organisms, such as plants, animals and Human
beings.
vi) Nuclear Chemistry:
This branch of chemistry deals with the study of the changes occurring in the nuclei of
the atoms accompanied by the emission and absorption of radiations.
vii) Environmental Chemistry:
It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the interaction of chemical
substances/Processes with the environment and their impact on it.

BASIC DEFINITIONS:

Element: A pure substance in which all the atoms are chemically identical (similar) having
the same atomic number is called an element.
There are nearly 118 elements known up till now. Among 92 are naturally occurring
elements, while rest has been synthetically prepared in the laboratory.

Properties of Elements:
i) Elements contain only one kind of atoms.
ii) An element cannot be decomposed into substances because it is composed of only one type
of atoms.
iii) Elements are represented by chemical symbols.
Examples: i) Copper (used in wire). ii) Oxygen (used breathing). iii) Mercury (used in
thermometer). iv) Neon (used in electric bulb) etc.

Symbol: The short way of writing of name of an element is called the symbol of that
element.
Explanation: The symbols come from the Latin or Greek names of the elements. A symbol is
usually the first letter of an element but sometimes a symbol consists of two or more letters, in
this case first letter is always a capital letter and second- third are small letters.
Examples: Symbols of elements consisting of a single letter.

Element Symbol
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Carbon C
Boron B
Nitrogen N
Sulphur S
Phosphorous P
Fluorine F

Symbols of elements consisting of two letters.

Element Symbol Element Symbol

Calcium Ca Barium Ba
Cobalt Co Bromine Br
Chromium Cr Beryllium Be
Cesium Cs Bismuth Bi
Cadmium Cd Magnesium Mg
Zinc Zn Manganese Mn
Zirconium Zr Silicon Si
Chlorine Cl Bromine Br
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Symbols of elements based on their Latin names.

English Name Latin Name Symbol

Copper Cuprum Cu
Silver Argentum Ag
Gold Aurum Au
Mercury Hydragyrum Hg
Lead Plumbum Pb
Iron Ferrum Fe
Tin Stannum Sn
Sodium Natrium Na
Potassium Kalium K
Antimony Stibium Sb
Tungsten Wolfram W

Compound:
A pure substance which is composed of two or more elements that are chemically
combined in definite proportion by mass is called a compound.

Characteristics:
1. A compound is always pure.
2. A compound cannot be separated into its elements by physical methods.
3. The composition of a compound is fixed.
4. Components of a compound lose their individual properties.
5. A compound is represented by a chemical formula.
Examples: i)Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is a compound of Sodium (39.3%) and Chlorine (60.7%).
ii) Water (H2O). iii) Sucrose (Sugar) C12H22O11.iv) Ethyl alcohol (used in wine) C2H5OH
v) Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) C2H6O2 vi) Iron oxide (rust). v) Carbon dioxide (CO2) etc.

Mixtures: A mixture is a combination of two or more substances not chemically combined

with each other.
Examples: Air, sugar solution, ice cream etc.

Types of Mixture: There are two types of mixture.

i) Homogeneous Mixture.
ii) Heterogeneous Mixture.

i) Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture in which all parts have same properties and uniform
composition is called a homogeneous mixture. It is also called solution. It exists in one physical
state.

Example: i) Air ii) Aqueous NaCl solution iii) Aqueous sugar solution.
ii) Heterogeneous Mixture: A mixture in which different parts have different properties and
different composition is called heterogeneous mixture.
Examples: i) Concrete ii) Ice cream iii) Mixture of Petrol and water
iv) Food products.

Q: 9. Define the atomic number of an element. Give two examples:

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Ans: Atomic number: The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus
or the number of electrons present around the nucleus of the atom. The atomic number or an
element (or atom) is represented by “Z”.
Examples: i) The atomic number of Hydrogen (H) is =1.
ii) The atomic number of oxygen (O) is =8.

Q: 10. What is Mass number? Give examples.

Ans: Mass Number: The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of the number of
Protons and neutrons Present in the nucleus.
Mass number is represented by “A”.
Mass Number = No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons.
Hence the No. of Neutrons = A+Z.
Examples: 1) Mass number of oxygen (O) is =16, because there are ‘8’ Protons and ‘8’
Neutrons in the nucleus of oxygen.
2) Mass number of Carbon (C) is = 12, because there are ‘6’ Protons and ‘6’ Neutrons in the
nucleus of Carbon.

Q: 11. Write a brief note on Atomic mass?

Ans: Atomic Mass:
The mass of an atom is called Atomic mass “OR” The masses of all sub-atomic particles
in an atom are called atomic mass.
Explanation: The mass of an atom measured in grams or Kilograms is an extremely small
value. It has been found that that masses of single atom range from 1.67x10 -24g to about
4.0x10-22g. These extremely small masses are not only impossible to measure but are also
terribly in practical to work with. It is, therefore Preferable to express atomic masses by
comparing them with a mass of a standard i.e. C-12.
Examples: 1) The atomic mass of ‘H’ is =1.008
2) The atomic mass of ‘O’ is =16.

Q: 12. What is Relative atomic mass (R.A.M)?

Ans: Relative Atomic Mass: The mass of an atom relative to one twelfth (1/12) of the mass of
C-12 isotope is called relative atomic mass.
Explanation: The atom chosen now a day, as the standard for comparison, is that of Carbon-
12, that is the most common isotope of carbon, which has a mass of exactly 12 units. The
atomic masses of all other elements are determined with respect to 1/12 of the mass of C-12.
Examples: 1) One Carbon atom is 12 times heavier than Hydrogen atom.
2) One Carbon atom is 2 times lighter than Magnesium (Mg).
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Q: 13. Define atomic mass unit (amu). How is 1 amu calculated?

Ans: Atomic Mass Unit: The quantity of twelfth (1/12) of the mass of an atom of C-12 is
called one atomic mass unit (amu).
1 amu = 1.67x10-24 grams = 1.67x10-27kg.

Calculation of 1 amu:
1 mol of Carbon (C) = 12 grams = 6.022x1023 atoms.
So, Mass of 6.022x1023 atoms of ‘C’ =12 grams
12
Mass of 1 atom of ‘C’ = 1
6.022  10 23
= 1.99x10-23
Then,
1
1 amu = x 1.99x10-23
12
1 amu = 1.67 x 10-24 gram
1.67×10−24
1 amu = = 1.67 x 10-27 kg.
1000

Q: 14. What is Average atomic mass? Calculate the average atomic mass of Chlorine which
exists naturally as a mixture of two isotopes 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟕
𝟏𝟕𝐂𝐥 (75%) and 𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍(25%):

Ans: Average Atomic Mass: The weighted average of the atomic weights of all the isotopes of
an element is called average atomic mass. The average atomic mass of an element depends
upon the relative abundance (existence in nature) of the isotopes of that element.
Calculation of Average Atomic Mass of “Cl”:
Formula,
𝐴𝑡.𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜−1 ×𝑖𝑡𝑠 % 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑡.𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜−𝐼𝐼 × % 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Average At. Mass = ( ) + ( )
100 100
Put values in the above formula
75 25
Average atomic mass of “Cl” = (35 × 100) + ( 37 × 100 )= 35.50

Q: 15. Define Gram atomic mass. Give at least two examples:

Ans: Gram Atomic Mass: When the relative atomic mass of an atom is expressed in grams,
we call it the gram atomic mass or simply Gram atom.
One gram atom of any element is the relative atomic mass of that element expressed in gram.
Examples: 1) One gram atom of Hydrogen (H) is =1.008g.
2) One gram atom of Oxygen (O) is =16g.

Q: 16. What is a chemical formula? Write the process of writing the chemical formula:
Ans: Chemical Formula: A chemical formula of the compound contains symbols of the
elements “OR” Chemical formula is a shorthand method of represent a compound.
Examples:
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Chemical Name Formula

1) Hydrogen Oxide (Water) H2O
2) Sodium Chloride (table salt) NaCl
3) Carbon dioxide CO2
Process for Writing Formula: Following steps are followed while writing a chemical formula.
1) Write the symbols of radicals side by side keep the positive radical on left side and negative
radical on right hand side.
2) Write the valencies at the right top of each radical e.g. Ba+2 Cl-1
3) Then multiply crosswise the valencies without writing the charges.
4) One is neglected.
Ba+2 Cl-1

BaCl2

Q: 17. State and explain with examples:

a) The empirical formula of a compound.
b) The molecular formula of a compound.
Ans: a) Empirical Formula: It is the simplest formula that gives the smallest whole number
ratio of the atoms or ions in a compound.
Explanation: An empirical formula always gives the correct ratio of the elements in the
compound yet it may not be the actual formula of the compound. Some compounds have
identical empirical and molecular formula.
Examples:
1) The empirical formula of Benzene is “CH”.
2) The empirical formula of Glucose is “CH2O”.
3) The empirical formula of Acetic Acid is “CH2O”.
4) The empirical formula of Acetylene is “CH”.
5) The empirical formula of Water is “H2O”.

b) Molecular Formula: The formula which shows the actual number, rather than simplest
ratio, of constituent atoms per molecule of the compound is called molecular formula.
Explanation: Molecular formula gives the true formula for the compound, because it shows
the actual number of atoms in the compound. The relation between empirical formula and
molecular formula is given as follow:
Molecular formula = 𝑛 × 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
Where
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛=
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Examples:
1) The molecular formula of Benzene is “C6H6”.
2) The molecular formula of Glucose is “C6H12O6”.
3) The molecular formula of Acetic Acid is “C2H4O2”.
4) The molecular formula of Acetylene is “C2H2”.
5) The molecular formula of Water is “H2O”.

Q: 18. Write steps for the calculation of empirical and molecular formula:
Ans: Calculation of Empirical & Molecular Formula:
Following steps are carried out to determine empirical and molecular formula.
i) Percentage composition: Find the Percentage composition of each element in the
compound.
ii) Mole Ratio: Find the mole ratio by dividing the Percentage of each element by atomic mass
of the element.
iii) Atomic Ratio: Divide each mole ratio by the smallest mole ratio.
iv) If the resulting values are simple whole numbers then place them as subscript of the
elements symbol, you get the required empirical formula, otherwise, if the value is in fraction
then multiply the atomic ratio by a small suitable number to get the whole number.
v) After determining empirical formula, molecular formula can be determined as
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Molecular Formula = 𝑛 × 𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

Where,
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛 =
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Example 1.1: Determine the empirical formula for a substance with the following percentage
composition, P = 43.64%, O= 56.36%. The atomic masses of Phosphorus (P) and Oxygen (O) are
30.97 and 16 respectively.

Element %age Mole Ratio Atomic Ratio Whole No.Ratio

43.64/30.97 1.409/1.409
Phosphorus 43.64 1.409 1 1x2=2
Oxygen 56.36 56.36/16 3.522/1.409
3.522 2.5 2.5x2=5
Empirical formula for the given substance is = P2O5 Phosphorus Penta Oxide.

Q: 19. What do you know about formula unit?

Ans: Formula Unit: Formula unit is the smallest collection of atoms/ions which tells us.
i) What types of atoms/ions are present in the compound.
ii) The relative number of atoms of each element present in the compound.
Explanation: All the ionic compounds are represented by their formula units which show the
simplest ratio between their ions, which are present in a giant structure.
Examples:
a) NaCl is the formula unit of Sodium Chloride.
b) CaCl2 is the formula unit of Calcium Chloride.

Q: 20. a) What is molecular mass of a compound? How will you differentiate it from formula
mass?
b) Calculate the molecular mass or formula mass as the case may be of the following in amu.
i. Benzene C6H6 ii. Ethane gas C2H6
iii. Aluminium Chloride, AlCl3 iv. Iron Oxide, Fe2O3

Ans: Molecular Mass: The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms of elements present in one
molecular formula is known as molecular mass. It is also called relative molecular mass.

Formula Mass: The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms of elements present in one
formula unit is called formula mass. Formula unit is used for Ionic compounds.

Calculation: Molecular mass and formula mass both are calculated in the same way.
Formula:
(No. of atoms in substance x At. Mass) + (No. of atoms in substance x At. Mass)

b) i) Molecular mass of Benzene C6H6

6x12+6x1
72+6
78 amu.

ii) Molecular mass of Ethane gas, C6H6

2x12+6x1
24+6
30 amu.

Formula Mass of Aluminium Chloride AlCl3

1x27+3x35.5
27+106.5
133.5 amu

Formula Mass of Iron oxide Fe2O3

2x56+3x16
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112+48
160 amu.

Example 1.2: Calculate:

i. The molecular mass for C6H12O6 in grams.
ii. The formula mass for MgCl2 ingrams.

Solution:
i. Molecular mass of C6H12O6
6x12+12x1+6x16
72+12+96
180 g.

ii. Formula Mass of MgCl2

1x24+2x35.5
24+71
95 g.

Q: 21. What do you know about the following?

a) Gram molecular mass.
b) Gram formula mass.
Ans: a) Gram Molecular Mass: The molecular masses of the molecules when expressed in
grams is called the gram molecular mass or simply gram molecule of that compound.
Examples:
i. The gram molecular mass of H2O = 18g.
ii. The gram molecular mass of CO2 =44g.
ii. The gram molecular mass of H2SO4 =98g.

b) Gram Formula Mass: When formula masses of Ionic compounds expressed in grams,
then it is called Gram formula mass.
Examples:
i. The gram formula mass of NaCl = 58.5g.
ii. The gram formula mass of CaCl2 = 111g.
iii. The gram formula mass of MgO = 40g.

Q: 22. What is an Ion? Explain it.

Ans: Ion: The particle that carries a net electrical charge, positive or negative by losing or
gaining of electron is called an ion.
Explanation: The Positively charged ion, formed by the loss of electron is called Cation.
Na Na++e-
The negatively charged ion, formed after gaining the electron is called Anion.
Cl + 1e- Cl-
Ions are of two types that is
a. Simple ions.
b. Compound ions.

a. Simple Ion:The ion which consists of only one type of atoms is called simple ion.

Plus one (+1) ions.

Name Symbol Name Symbol
Hydrogen H+ Silver Ag+
Sodium Na+ Cuprous Cu+
Potassium K+ Lithium Li+

Plus two (+2) ions

Name Symbol Name Symbol
Magnesium Mg++ Manganese Mn++
Calcium Ca++ Ferrous Fe++
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Zinc Zn++ Cupric Cu++

Plus three (+3) ions

Name Symbol Name Symbol
Boron B+++ Ferric Fe+++
Aluminium Al+++ Chromium Cr+++

Plus Four (+4) ions

Name Symbol
Stannic Sn+4
Plumbic Pb+4

-ve one (-1) ions

Name Symbol
Hydride H-
Fluoride F-
Chloride Cl-
Bromide Br -
Iodine I-
Superoxide O2-
-ve two (-2) ions
Name Symbol
Oxide O--
Peroxide O2--
Sulphide S--

-ve three (-3) ions

Name Symbol
Nitride N-3
Phosphide N-3

b) Compound Ion: The ion which consists of more than of type of atoms is called a
compound ion.

+ve one (+1) ions

Name Symbol
Ammonium N+H4
Hydronium H3O+

-ve one (-1) ions

Name Symbol Name Symbol
Nitrate NO3 - Aluminate AlO2 -

Bicarbonate HCO3- Permanganate MnO4-

Bisulphate HSO4- Hydroxide OH-
Acetate CH3OO- Nitrite NO2-

-ve two (-2) ions

Name Symbol Name Symbol
Carbonate CO3 -2 Dichromate Cr2O7 -2

Sulphate SO4-2 Oxalate C2O4-2

Sulphite SO3-2 Thiosulphate S2O3
Zincate ZnO2-2

-ve three (-3) ions

Name Symbol
Phosphate PO4 -3
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Phosphate PO3-3
Q: 23. Define Free radical with an example:
Ans: Free Radical: Free radical is defined as a species with an unpaired electron.
Formation: Free radicals are highly reactive species formed by the breaking of stable
molecules, in such a way that the resulting reactive species get separated with unpaired
electrons.
Example: During the reaction between Chlorine molecules and methane, CH4 in the
presence of diffused sun light, first from Chlorine free radicals.
Cl2 2Cl° (Chlorine free radical)
The dot on the symbol of chlorine atom, written as Cl°, represents the single unpaired electron.
The Chlorine free radical does not remain for long time and reacts with CH4 to form the
following products.
CH4+Cl° C°H3+HCl
methyl radical
C°H3+Cl2 CH3– Cl+Cl°
(Chloromethane)

Q: 24. What do you know about molecular ions?

Ans: Molecular Ions: Molecular ions are defined as the ions which are formed by losing or
gaining electrons. Positive molecular ions are called cations. While negative molecular ions are
anions.

Examples:
i. CO+ ii. CH4+ iii. O2+ iv. Na2+ etc.

Q: 25. Define a molecule. Describe briefly Monoatomic molecules and Polyatomic molecules:
Ans: Molecule: The smallest particle of an element or compound (Pure substance) which
can exist as an independent distinguishable entity is called a molecule.
a. Monoatomic Molecules (mono-one): This type of molecule is made up of only one atom.
Examples: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar) etc.

b. Polyatomic Molecules (Poly-many): The molecules made up of more than one

atom are called Polyatomic molecules. Polyatomic molecules are further classified as under.
i. Diatomic Molecules: This type of molecule is made up of two atoms.
Examples: 1) O2, 2) N2, 3) H2, 4) HCl etc.

ii. Triatomic Molecules: These types of molecules are made up of three atoms.
Examples: 1) H2O, 2) CO2, 3) SO2, 4) H2S etc.

iii. Tetra atomic Molecules: These types of molecules are made up of four atoms.
Examples: 1) NH3, 2) PCl3 etc.

iv. Penta atomic Molecules: These types of molecules are made up of five atoms.
Examples: 1) CH4, 2) CHCl3 (Chloroform)

v. Macro Molecules: Some molecules are so big that they are called macromolecules.
Examples: 1) Hemoglobin, 2) Proteins, 3) Plastids etc.

Q: 26. What do you know about the following terms?

a) Homo atomic molecules.
b) Hetero atomic molecules.
Ans: a) Homo atomic Molecules: A molecule which consists of same kind of atoms is called
a homo atomic molecule. It is also called homo nuclear molecule.
Example: H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O3(Ozone), P4, S8 etc.

b) Hetero Atomic Molecule: A molecule which consists of different kind of atoms is called
heteroatomic molecule. It is also called hero nuclear molecule.
Example: CO, CO2, H2O, CH4, NH3, HNO3, C12H22O11 etc.
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Q: 27. What do you understand by the terms mole and Avogadro’s number? Give examples:
Ans: Mole: The atomic mass, molecular mass or formula mass of a substance expressed in
grams is called a mole. “OR” The gram atomic mass, gram molecular mass or gram formula
mass of a substance is called a mole.
Explanation: We use the term dozen in our daily life to express 12 similar things e.g. a dozen
of eggs means 12 eggs, and a dozen of bananas would mean 12 bananas. In the same manner
Chemists use the term mole to express a definite amount of a substance.
Unit: Mole is the SI base unit of the amount of a substance.
Examples:
1) One mole of H = 1g.
2) One mole of H2 = 2g.
3) One mole of O = 16g.
4) One mole of O2 = 32g.
5) One mole of H2O = 18g.
6) One mole of CO2 = 44g.

Avogadro’s Number: The number of atoms, molecules and ions in one mole of a substance is
called Avogadro’s Number. Its value is 6.023x1023. It is represented by “NA”. Avogadro is an
Italian Scientist.
Examples:
1) One mole of Hydrogen (H) atom = 6.023x1023 atoms.
2) One mole of Hydrogen molecule (H2) = 6.023x1023 molecules.
3) One mole of Hydrogen ion (H+) molecule = 6.023x1023 ions.
4) One mole of H2O (water) molecule = 6.023x1023 molecules.
5) One mole of Carbon dioxide (CO2) = 6.023x1023 molecules.

Q: 28. Describe briefly mole-mas relationship:

Ans: Mole-Mass Relationship: The relationship between a mole and the molar mass can
be treated as a conversion factor. Based on this relationship the following equation will help us
to convert any mass into moles and any number of moles into mass.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝑛) =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

Q: 29. Explain briefly mole-particle relationship:

Ans: Mole-Particle Relationship: As we know that there exists a connection between mole
of a substance and the Avogadro’s number (NA)
1 mole = 6.023x1023 particles
Based on this relationship, we can convert any number of moles into particles (atoms or
molecules) and any number of particles into moles using the following mathematical formula.
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑛) =
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

=
𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜′ 𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑁𝐴 )
No. of atoms or molecules = No. of moles x Avogadro’s No. (NA).

“Exercise”
Q: 2. iv. How would you differentiate between a substance and a mixture?
Ans: The differences between a substance and a mixture are as follow.
Chapter|1 GREEN HILLS SCHOOL & COLLEGE P a g e | 13

Substance Mixture
i) Such type of matter which has definite Such types of matter which has no definite
properties and composition properties and composition.
ii) It is pure It is unpure.
iii) It may be element or compound It is the combination of elements, compounds
or both of them.
iv) It is denoted by Symbol of formula No such representation for a mixture.
v) Its examples are Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Its examples are sugar solution, ice-cream,
H2O (water) etc. CNG, Petroleum etc.

Q: v. How does a molecule differ from an atom?

Ans: The differences between a molecule and an atom are given.
Molecule Atom
i) The smallest particle of matter which can The smallest particle of matter which may or
exist independently in nature may not exist independently in nature.
ii) It is stable particle It is unstable particle except noble gases.
iii) Mostly molecule consists of two or more An atom consists of one atom.
atoms
iv) Its examples are H2, O2, H2O, HCl etc Its examples are H, O, N, He etc.

Q: vi. Give the formula of a compound that contains:

a) One atom of nitrogen and two atoms of oxygen.
b) One atom of Phosphorous and five atoms of bromine.
Ans: a. NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide).
b. PBr5 (Phosphorous Penta Bromide).

Q: vii. Calcium loses two electrons, when it is ionized. Give the symbol for the calcium ion.
Ans: Calcium (Ca) belongs to Group IIA. Therefore, Calcium atom has two electrons in the
valence shell. Those two electrons loses by Calcium atom to get the electronic configuration of
the nearest noble gas that is Neon (Ne) to becomes stable.
Mg + E Mg++ + 2e-
Q: ix. Why the atomic masses of the elements (atom) are compared with a standard mass
of 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝑪 ?
Ans: The mass of an atom, measured in grams or Kilograms, is an extremely small value. It has
been found that the masses of single atoms range from 1.67x10-24 g to about 4.0x10-22 g. These
extremely small masses are not only impossible to measure but are also terribly impractical to
work with. It is, therefore, preferable to express atomic masses by comparing them with a mass
of a standard atom. The atom chosen now a day, as the standard for comparison, is that of
12
6𝐶 .

Q: x. What do you mean by the molar mass of an element or a compound? Give examples.
Ans: Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance (element or compound) is called
molar mass.
Examples:
1) Molar mass of Hydrogen (H) = 1grams.
2) Molar mass of Hydrogen (H2) = 2grams.
3) Molar mass of Water (H2O) = 18grams.

Q: 4. b. Classify the following as elements, compounds or mixtures.

Platinum (Pt), air, Sodium Chloride, Ethyl alcohol, Zinc (Zn), rock, ice-cream, hydrochloric acid,
mineral water, distilled water, solution, Nitrogen (N2), muddy water, Phosphorous (P).
Element: Platinum (Pt), Zinc (Zn), Nitrogen (N2) and Phosphorous.
Compound: Sodium Chloride (NaCl), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Distilled
water (H2O).
Mixtures: Air, rock, ice-cream, mineral water, solution and muddy water.

Q: 5. Find out the number of Protons, electrons and neutrons in the following elements.
107 23 56 40 16 24 31 207 238
47𝐴𝑔, 11𝑁𝑎 , 26𝐹𝑒 , 18𝐴𝑟 , 8𝑂 , 12𝑀𝑔, 15𝑃 , 82𝑃𝑏, 92𝑈.
Chapter|1 GREEN HILLS SCHOOL & COLLEGE P a g e | 14

Ans: As we know that the number of electrons is equal to the number of Protons in an atom
and it is called atomic number. While the number of Neutrons is found as
Number of Neutrons = Mass number – Atomic number
Neutrons of Neutrons = A – Z
107
47𝐴𝑔
The number of electrons in “Ag” is = 47
The number of Protons in “Ag” is = 47
The number of Neutrons in “Ag” is = 107-47 = 60
23
11𝑁𝑎
The number of electrons in “Na” is = 11
The number of Protons in “Na” is = 11
The number of Neutrons in “Na” is = 23-11 = 12
56
26𝐹𝑒
The number of electrons in “Fe” is = 26
The number of Protons in “Fe” is = 26
The number of Neutrons in “Fe” is = 56-26 = 30
40
18𝐴𝑟
The number of electrons in “Ar” is = 18
The number of Protons in “Ar” is = 18
The number of Neutrons in “Ar” is = 40-18 = 22
16
8𝑂
The number of electrons in “O” is = 8
The number of Protons in “O” is = 8
The number of Neutrons in “O” is = 16-8 = 8
24
12𝑀𝑔
The number of electrons in “Mg” is = 12
The number of Protons in “Mg” is = 12
The number of Neutrons in “Mg” is = 24-12 = 12
31
15𝑃
The number of electrons in “P” is = 15
The number of Protons in “P” is = 15
The number of Neutrons in “P” is = 31-15 = 16
207
82𝑃𝑏
The number of electrons in “Pb” is = 82
The number of Protons in “Pb” is = 82
The number of Neutrons in “Pb” is = 207-82 = 125
238
92𝑈
The number of electrons in “U” is = 92
The number of Protons in “U” is = 92
The number of Neutrons in “U” is = 238-92 = 146

Q: 18. Give reason:

i. Alloys are mixtures but not compounds:
Ans: Reasons:
a) Alloys have varied compositions.
b) They are represented by Chemical formula.
c) They are usually malleable and ductile.
d) The components of an alloy retain their Physical properties.
e) They are generally solids at room temperature.
f) They usually conduct both heat and electricity.

ii. Elements and compounds are called pure substances but mixtures are not:
Ans: Reasons:
a) The composition of Pure substances (elements or compounds) is uniform every but the
case is not same for mixture.
b) All the Particles of a pure substance have identical properties but in mixture different
components have different properties.
c) Pure substances (elements or compounds) are represented by symbols or formulae but
for mixtures no such representation are used.
Chapter|1 GREEN HILLS SCHOOL & COLLEGE P a g e | 15

d) All the particles of pure substances must be similar in structure while in mixture they
have different structures.

iii. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is not a molecule but a formula unit:

Ans: Reasons:
a) The smallest repeating unit of an ionic compound is called formula unit.
b) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is a formula unit because it cannot exist independently. While a
molecule can exist independently.
c) Also Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound; therefore, it is represented by a
formula unit.

iv. Ion is a charged particle but free radical is not:

Ans: Reasons: Any charge Particle of matter is called an ion. Ions may be Positive (Cations) or
negative (anions). Positive ions are formed by the losing of electron while negative ions are
formed by the gaining of electron. A species with unpaired electron is called a radical. Radicals
may be simple radical consisting of one kind of atoms or compound radicals consisting of more
than one kind of atoms. Radicals are very reactive species formed by the breaking of stable
molecule.
Example: Cl°, H°, C°H3, CH3 – C°H2 etc.

v. Mole is a definite quantity and a definite number as well but Avogadro’s number is only a
number:
Ans: Reasons: Mole is SI base unit of the amount of a substance. A mole is the amount in grams
equal to atomic mass, molecular mass or formula mass of the substance. Mole is also a number
that is
1 mole = 6.023x1023 particles
While Avogadro’s number is only used as a number which is equal to 6.023x10 23. The number
of particles in one mole of a substance is called Avogadro’s number.