IEEE Recommended Practice for

Maintenance, Testing, and

Replacement of Valve-Regulated
Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for
Stationary Applications

Amendment 1: Updated VRLA

Maintenance Considerations

IEEE Power and Energy Society

Sponsored by the
Stationary Batteries Committee

IEEE
3 Park Avenue IEEE Std 1188a™-2014
New York, NY 10016-5997 (Amendment to
USA IEEE Std 1188™-2005)

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 IEEE Std 1188a™-2014
(Amendment to
IEEE Std 1188™-2005)

IEEE Recommended Practice for

Maintenance, Testing, and
Replacement of Valve-Regulated
Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for
Stationary Applications

Amendment 1: Updated VRLA

Maintenance Considerations

Sponsor

Stationary Batteries Committee

of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society

Approved 16 May 2014

IEEE-SA Standards Board

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Abstract: New guidance to users dealing with premature capacity failures with VRLA batteries
and updated definitions are addressed in this amendment.

Keywords: battery capacity test, IEEE 1188a™, premature capacity loss, special recovery
process, valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA

Copyright © 2014 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published 11 July 2014. Printed in the United States of America.

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Engineers, Incorporated.

PDF: ISBN 978-0-7381-9224-6 STD98726

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Participants
At the time this IEEE amendment was completed, the VRLA Maintenance and Testing Working Group
had the following membership:

William Cantor, Chair

John Byrne, Vice Chair
Curtis Ashton, Secretary

William Ackerman Kyle Floyd Haissam Nasrat

Samuel Aguirre Rabiz Foda Dennis Neitzel
Edward Amato Ryan Frank Michael Newman
Curtis Ashton John Gagge Jr. Joe Nims
Adam Bagby Randall Groves Michael Nispel
Gary Balash Ajit Gwal Gary Nissen
Thomas Barnes Paul Anthonius Cornelis Hectors Rudy Ortega
David Battle Scott Hietpas Bansi Patel
Robert Beavers David Ittner Shawn Peng
Chistopher Belcher Randy Jamison John Polenz
Steven Bezner Alan Jensen Edward Rafter
William Bloethe Wayne Johnson John Randolph
Jeff Bruce James Kinney Jan Reber
Paul Cardinal Jim Kulchisky Michael Roberts
Michael Carmel Thomas Ladson Charles Rogers
Thomas Carpenter Gael Kennedy Edward Rogers
Larry Carson Chung-Yiu Lam Bartien Sayogo
Leonard Casella Jeffrey LaMarca Robert Schuerger
Brian Casey Daniel Lambert Christo Searles
Jeremiah Causby Yves Lavoie Robert Seitz
Terry Chapman Michael May Brandon Smith
Troy Chatwin John Mcalhaney Jr. David Smith
Mark Clark Stephen Mccluer Gary Stoedter
Garth Corey William Mccoy Malcolm Thaden
Charles Cotton James Mcdowall Richard Tressler
Jesus DeLeon Diaz Larry Meisner Eric Udren
Peter Demar James Midolo Lesley Varga
Gary Donner Russell Miller Stephen Vechy
Randall Dotson David T. Mills John Vergis
Sourav Dutta Daleep Mohla Kenneth White
Charles Finin Kimberly Mosley Jian Yu
Robert Fletcher James Ziebarth

vi
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The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this amendment. Balloters may
have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.

William Ackerman Randall Groves Dennis Neitzel

Samuel Aguirre Ajit Gwal Michael Newman
Edward Amato Paul Anthonius Cornelis Hectors Joe Nims
Curtis Ashton Scott Hietpas Gary Nissen
Gary Balash David Ittner Bansi Patel
Thomas Barnes Alan Jensen John Polenz
Robert Beavers Gael Kennedy Jan Reber
Steven Bezner James Kinney Michael Roberts
William Bloethe Jim Kulchisky Charles Rogers
William Cantor Thomas Ladson Bartien Sayogo
Paul Cardinal Chung-Yiu Lam Robert Schuerger
Thomas Carpenter Jeffrey LaMarca Christo Searles
Larry Carson Daniel Lambert Robert Seitz
Mark Clark Daniel Levin David Smith
Garth Corey Greg Luri Gary Stoedter
Charles Cotton Jose Marrero Malcolm Thaden
Peter Demar Michael May Richard Tressler
Gary Donner John Mcalhaney Jr Eric Udren
Randall Dotson Stephen Mccluer Lesley Varga
Sourav Dutta William Mccoy John Vergis
Charles Finin James Mcdowall Kenneth White
Robert Fletcher Daleep Mohla Jian Yu
John Gagge Jr. Kimberly Mosley James Ziebarth
Haissam Nasrat

When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this amendment on 16 May 2014, it had the following
membership:

John Kulick, Chair

Jon Walter Rosdahl, Vice Chair
Richard H. Hewlett, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary

Peter Balma Michael Janezic Ron Peterson

Farooq Bari Jeffrey Katz Adrian Stephens
Ted Burse Joseph L. Koepfinger* Peter Sutherland
Clint Chaplain David Law Yatin Trivedi
Stephen Dukes Hung Ling Phil Winston
Jean-Phillippe Faure Oleg Logvinov Don Wright
Gary Hoffman Ted Olsen Yu Yuan
Glenn Parsons

*Member Emeritus

Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:

Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative

Michael Janezic, NIST Representative

Michelle Turner
IEEE-SA Content Publishing

Malia Zaman
IEEE-SA Standards Technical Community

vii
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Introduction

This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1188a™-2014, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and
Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated
VRLA Maintenance Considerations.

New guidance to users dealing with premature capacity failures with VRLA batteries and updated
definitions are addressed in this amendment.

viii
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Contents

2. Normative references.................................................................................................................................. 2

3. Definitions .................................................................................................................................................. 2

5. Maintenance ............................................................................................................................................... 3
5.2 Inspection ............................................................................................................................................ 3
5.3 Corrective actions ................................................................................................................................ 3

7. Procedure for battery tests .......................................................................................................................... 3

7.3 Test length and discharge rate ............................................................................................................. 3
7.4 Capacity test methods .......................................................................................................................... 4

8. Battery replacement criteria........................................................................................................................ 4

Annex C (informative) Corrective actions ..................................................................................................... 5

C.3 Equalizing charge................................................................................................................................ 5
C.6 Float current ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Annex E (informative) Calculation of battery capacity .................................................................................. 9

E.3 Capacity calculation examples ............................................................................................................ 9

Annex G (informative) Glossary .................................................................................................................. 10

ix
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IEEE Recommended Practice for
Maintenance, Testing, and
Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-
Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary
Applications

Amendment 1: Updated VRLA

Maintenance Considerations

IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, security, health,
or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks.
Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with all
appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices and all
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This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers.
These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may
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Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at
http://standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html.

NOTE—The editing instructions contained in this amendment define how to merge the material contained therein into
the existing base standard and its amendments to form the comprehensive standard.

The editing instructions are shown in bold italic. Four editing instructions are used: change, delete, insert, and replace.
Change is used to make corrections in existing text or tables. The editing instruction specifies the location of the
change and describes what is being changed by using strikethrough (to remove old material) and underscore (to add
new material). Delete removes existing material. Insert adds new material without disturbing the existing material.
Insertions may require renumbering. If so, renumbering instructions are given in the editing instruction. Replace is used
to make changes in figures or equations by removing the existing figure or equation and replacing it with a new one.
Editing instructions, change markings, and this NOTE will not be carried over into future editions because the changes
will be incorporated into the base standard. 1

1
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement
this standard.

1
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 IEEE Std 1188a-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated VRLA Maintenance Consideration

2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.

Insert the following reference in numerical order:

IEEE Std 1491™, IEEE Guide for Selection and Use of Battery Monitoring Equipment in Stationary
Applications.

3. Definitions
Change the following text:

For the purposes of this recommended practice, the following terms and definitions apply. The glossary in
Annex G and The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms should be referenced for terms not
defined in this clause. The IEEE Standards Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not defined in
this clause. 2

3.1 expected service life: The anticipated period of time in which a battery will deliver its expected
performance for a specific application and environment.

Insert the following definitions in alphabetical order:

acceptance test (battery): A capacity test made on a new battery to determine if it meets specifications or
manufacturer’s ratings.

battery cabinet: A structure used to support and enclose a group of cells.

battery rack An open structure used to support a group of cells/units.

capacity test (battery): A discharge of a battery at a constant current or a constant power to a specified
voltage.

internal ohmic measurement : A measurement of the electronic and ionic conduction paths within a cell
or unit, expressed in terms of impedance, conductance, or resistance

performance test (battery): A constant-current or constant-power capacity test, made on a battery after
being in service.

premature capacity loss (PCL): Significant lead-acid battery capacity loss, occurring without any of the
traditional wear-out mechanisms, which may be reversed by proper charging if secondary effects have not
damaged the active material.

2
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online subscription is available at:
http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/standard/standards_dictionary.html.

2
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 IEEE Std 1188a-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated VRLA Maintenance Consideration

service test (battery): A special test of a battery’s capability, in an “as found” condition, to satisfy the
battery duty cycle.

state of charge: The stored or remaining capacity in a battery expressed as a percentage of its fully-
charged capacity.

terminal connection (battery): External connections made between cells/units, or at the positive and
negative terminals of the battery, which may include terminal plates, cables with lugs, and connectors.

unit: Multiple cells in a single container.

valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) cell: A lead-acid cell that is sealed with the exception of a valve that
opens to the atmosphere when the internal pressure in the cell exceeds atmospheric pressure by a pre-
selected amount. VRLA cells provide a means for recombination of internally generated oxygen and the
suppression of hydrogen gas evolution to limit water consumption.

5. Maintenance

5.2 Inspection

Insert the following paragraph at the end of the paragraph in 5.2:

If a monitoring system is installed, some of these readings can be obtained automatically. Activities such as
visual inspections will always need to be completed manually. See IEEE Std 1491 for more information.

5.3 Corrective actions

Insert the 5.3.3 immediately after 5.3.2:

5.3.2 Special Recovery Process

Structurally intact cells exhibiting PCL (Premature Capacity Loss) may have their useful life extended by a
special recovery process. This process is applicable for absorbed glass mat (AGM) type VRLA cells only
(see C.8).

7. Procedure for battery tests

7.3 Test length and discharge rate

7.3.2 Discharge rate

Change the second paragraph as shown:

3
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 IEEE Std 1188a-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated VRLA Maintenance Consideration

In the previous 1996 revision of this recommended practice, the discharge rate for the time-adjustment
method was adjusted for cell temperature before conducting the test. This previous method of temperature
compensation is acceptable. In this revision, the time-adjustment method is revised to apply the
temperature correction to the capacity calculation after completion of the test. Users may transition to this
new method at an appropriate time, for example, at battery replacement.

7.4 Capacity test methods

7.4.2 Time-adjustment method

7.4.2.1 Temperature factors

Change the first paragraph as shown:

In the previous 1996 version of this recommended practice, the discharge rate for the time-adjustment
method was adjusted for cell temperature before conducting the test. This previous method is acceptable. In
this version, the temperature compensation method is revised to apply the temperature correction to the
capacity calculation after completion of the test. Users may transition to this new method at an appropriate
time, for example, at battery replacement.

8. Battery replacement criteria

Insert the following text after the first paragraph:

If a battery delivers capacity at less than 80% of rated capacity during the battery’s expected service life,
contact the battery manufacturer for possible corrective actions (see C.8).

4
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 IEEE Std 1188a-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated VRLA Maintenance Consideration

Annex C

(informative)

Corrective actions

C.3 Equalizing charge

Insert the following text at the end of the first paragraph:

Review the most current printing of the manufacturer’s operation instructions as some manufacturers have
updated their maintenance manuals to include an annual equalizing charge. This recommendation is
manufacturer specific so reviewing the most current publication for your particular manufacturer's product
is important.

C.6 Float current

Change the second paragraph as shown:

A fully-charged battery has an average float current that is dependent on the chemistry, average
temperature, and float voltage. For example, under Under normal conditions, a typical lead-calcium VRLA
cell might battery should require about 50 mA of float current per 100 Ah of capacity (at the 8 hour rate),
but this can vary based upon manufacturer specific items. The manufacturer should be contacted to provide
an estimate of normal float current based upon the respective site conditions. If a battery is requiring more
than three times the normal float current, there are several possible causes. Those that result from internal
cell problems include excessive dryout, negative self-discharge, and cell internal short circuit. Improper
float voltage setting or abnormally high ambient temperature may cause abnormally high float current and
premature cell failure, but they are not the result of internal cell problems. High current may also result
from incomplete battery recharge, which is a normal condition.

Insert C.8 immediately after C.7 as follows:

C.8 Cell capacity recovery

C.8.1 General

The following discussion is based on absorbed glass mat (AGM) type VRLA cells.

There are two fundamental capacity failures in VRLA cells. One is the normal expected capacity loss and
the other is Premature Capacity Loss (PCL). All lead-acid batteries will fail eventually from positive grid
corrosion which is a predictable failure mode. This failure mode is not reversible. VRLA cells have been
found to experience various modes of PCL, some of which are reversible.

One cause of PCL in VRLA cells is impurities in the negative active material. These impurities are a cause
of negative plate self-discharge and cell dry-out. Improper charging for the ambient temperature (either
overcharging or undercharging) can also cause PCL.

Negative plate self-discharge is when the negative plates gradually discharge even when the cell is on a
float charge at the correct voltage for the ambient temperature. This self-discharge almost never occurs on
vented (flooded) cells, but is a significant failure mode that causes PCL in VRLA cells.

5
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 IEEE Std 1188a-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated VRLA Maintenance Consideration

Cell dry-out is the result of an abnormal increase in the rate of water loss from the cell, which leads to
reduced contact between the plates as well as a reduced contact with the sides of the container. The
following effects were originally thought to be independent of each other, are now understood to be related
to negative self-discharge and/or dry out. Some of these are reversible and some are not.

 Higher acid specific gravity (stronger acid) as water is lost. (The open circuit cell voltage increases as
the acid specific gravity increases).
 Higher float current occurs even when the float voltage is correct. This is the most direct and practical
indicator of negative self-discharge.
 Negative strap corrosion (which is virtually never seen on vented (flooded) batteries).
 Increased rate of positive grid corrosion (This leads to shorter life if the cell does not dry out first).
 Excessive positive grid growth rates leads to possible short circuits under the negative straps. This
abnormally high positive grid growth can be visually observed when the covers are pushed out around
the positive posts and the covers are distorted in those locations as compared to the rest of the cell
cover. Higher positive grid growth rates can also lead to other internal short circuits.

Measuring plate potentials in a vented (flooded) cell is relatively easy, but it is much more complicated in a
VRLA cell. This difficulty is why one of the simplest field measurement to determine the presence of
negative self-discharge is the float current of the string. Open circuit voltage of the cell is another method.
In a vented (flooded) cell it is easy to check plate voltages separately by placing a reference electrode into
the cell electrolyte and reading the “half-cell” voltage directly with a voltmeter. But a VRLA cell is sealed
to prevent oxygen from entering, so if the vent is removed to insert a reference electrode, the oxygen from
the outside air will oxidize the negative plate, depressing its voltage and thereby disturbing the reading.

Installing a reference electrode into a VRLA cell in a lab is certainly possible, if done with great care, but
extremely difficult to do so in the field with the battery in service. That is why the easiest and best field
measurement to determine the presence of self-discharge in the field is to measure the float current, since
float current tends to increase with time and the dry-out in all cells that are prone to negative discharge.
However, this reading is not instantaneous, but rather a matter of multiple readings to record and establish
trends.

Another factor that helped conceal the self-discharge phenomenon from the battery industry for so long is
that plate voltage readings will generally be quite satisfactory on all VRLA cells when they are new. This
result is because new cells are generally shipped very wet with electrolyte so that they behave essentially
like vented (flooded) cells for the first period to time (perhaps a year or more). After this time frame the
battery will continue to dry out, become true VRLA cells, and will begin to deteriorate. At this point the
battery will either have a problem of negative self-discharge or not depending upon the purity of their
paste.

With vented (flooded) cells, the negatives are submerged in acid so that the oxygen in the headspace of the
cell can’t get to the negative plate to discharge it. In VRLA cells, on the other hand, oxygen is channeled
directly to the negatives through voids in the AGM separator. (Indeed the principle of the VRLA cell
depends upon this process). If the negative plate also has a propensity to self-discharge chemically simply
due to its own impurity, the two effects taken together, oxygen and impurity, can lead to negative plate self-
discharging during float charge.

There are methods available to recover reversible PCL. These are catalysts, rehydration and high-rate
charging. These are described below.

6
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Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated VRLA Maintenance Consideration

C.8.2 Tutorial on catalysts in VRLA cells

A catalyst in a VRLA cell is a device that can compensate for impurities in a cell. The catalyst works by
“sealing” some of the oxygen in the cell and recombining it with the hydrogen given off by the negative
plate (a natural effect of having impurities) and thereby maintains water inside the cell where it is needed.
But there is another benefit: by stealing some of the oxygen, the amount that reaches the negative plate is
limited, reducing or even preventing the battery discharge.

 During normal operation all the oxygen produced during float charging is consumed by the negative
plate, causing the latter’s voltage to be depressed (and increasing polarization of the positive,). Excess
hydrogen gas from negative self-discharge is lost from the cell, resulting in water loss. A small
catalyst, located in the head space diverts some of the oxygen by recombining it with the excess
hydrogen, simultaneously providing two benefits; The negative plate is prevented from being
discharged, which prevents the positive plate from being overcharged, and
 The loss of hydrogen is minimized.

An added benefit of a catalyst is that in most cases with individual 2 volt cells they can be retrofitted into
cells which are in service and possibly increase their useful life.

For some designs, the manufacturers have utilized materials and processes that have solved many of the
PCL issues and therefore a catalyst is not required. However, if the same cells are used in cycling service, a
catalyst may still be useful to reduce water loss.

The technology behind the catalyst in VRLAs is described in Jones (2000). 3

C.8.3 Tutorial on rehydration in VRLA cells

 For cells where dry-out has occurred which has caused PCL, rehydration may bring back capacity.
Dry-out in some cases can cause non-reversible damage as well, so rehydration will not always be
effective. Contact the manufacturer to see how utilization of the recovery process will impact the
warranty if applicable. This procedure is not applicable to Gel type of VRLA batteries.
 Rehydration of lead acid cells is limited to individual 2 volt cells because most multicell units normally
have a vent that is secured in place and is not removable as those in the single 2 volt container design
are. Attempting to remove a vent in most multicell units (for example: a 4, 6, or 12 volt units) will
most likely cause irreparable damage. Therefore this process is not presently applicable for these
multicell units and may void a warranty. It is imperative that each cell be verified to be structurally
intact (leak free) prior to the addition of any water into any cell. If water is added to a leaking cell a
path to ground can be caused or aggravated. Ground paths can be located by a combination of pressure
checks and ground checks by use of volt meters and insulation break down meters. If not done
properly, adding water in excess of what is required can cause unwanted damage to the cell or cells.
Rehydration addresses three very specific problems which are related to PCL: loss of water, specific
gravity correction and cell internal heat dissipation.

Loss of water means loss of ionic contact between the plates. Conversely, restoration of the water that has
been lost from the electrolyte will re-establish ionic contact between the plates. This phenomenon has been
referred to by some manufacturers as “lack of compression” because when this occurs there is usually
inadequate compression between some parts of the plates and the glass mat separator which leads to the
portions of the plates that are not in adequate contact with the glass mat to become undercharged and
sulfated. This condition, in turn, does not allow that portion of the plate to participate in the discharge or for

3
Jones, W. E M, "Quantifying secondary reactions in VRLA batteries. What purity standards and other factors are necessary to prevent
negative plate discharge?," Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000. INTELEC. Twenty-second International , vol., no.,
pp.447,452, 2000.

7
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 IEEE Std 1188a-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated VRLA Maintenance Consideration

it to accept a charge. These conditions will lead to a degradation of the internal ohmic values of the cells
which will impact the capacity of the cells.

NOTE—Excessive water loss can have a severe impact on the ionic contact through the AGM separator and
between the plates.

The severity of the impact on the capacity and the performance of the cell will depend upon the application.
For example, a slight degradation in the ohmic values may impose a smaller effect in longer duration
applications. An application with a limited short duration or a series of short duration drains on the battery
may experience a greater effect that significantly reduces capacity.

The third action which is both corrective and preventive is that the water that is added allows the cells to
better dissipate any excess internally generated heat. With VRLA cells any excess heat being generated
internally must be transferred thru the walls of the container. When the mat has dried out and it loses
contact with the sides of the container, this condition will reduce the cell’s ability to transfer that heat to the
outside of the cell. When the water is added and the mat is fully saturated it will have better contact with
the container sides, which then improves its ability to dissipate heat.

Some manufacturers offer a formula for determining the amount of water to be added to each cell. This
process is not generally a user performed process and to ensure satisfactory results the action must be
performed only by properly trained technicians.

C.8.4 Tutorial on high-rate charge in VRLA cells

A high-rate charge is normally required to overcome the effects of long term operation in an undercharged
state or of severe undercharging of the negatives. Proper high-rate charging may help restore the correct
amount of over potential to the negative plates as well as recharge the sulfated negative plates. This high-
rate charging also will reduce the overcharging of the positive plates and extend their useful life.

Depending on the situation, the high-rate charge voltage may be required to be above what the
manufacturer normally recommends. Extended high-rate charging in extreme cases may cause a
catastrophic event such as thermal runaway so extreme caution must be taken. As with rehydration, this
high-rate charge should only be performed by properly trained technicians.

High-rate charging may require the battery string to be taken out of service in order to reach the individual
cell voltages required to recover the cells, and in order to not damage the attached equipment. However,
there are also some special procedures that allow high-rate charging to occur while in service, but these are
based on the individual string configuration.

C.8.5 Conclusion

PCL may be reversible using some or all of the three techniques mentioned above. These techniques can
cause significant issues if not performed properly. The user of these techniques is recommended to work
with the manufacturer to develop proven procedures that will provide maximum benefit.

This work must always be performed by qualified personnel in order to gain the best possible recovery,
prevent an impact to the attached equipment, and prevent voiding the warranty.

8
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 IEEE Std 1188a-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated VRLA Maintenance Consideration

Annex E

(informative)

Calculation of battery capacity

E.3 Capacity calculation examples

E.3.1 General

Change the following in the first sentence as shown:

Application of the formula for capacity calculation in 7.4.3 requires that a published performance rating be
established for the actual test time, ta tA.

9
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 IEEE Std 1188a-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA)
Batteries for Stationary Applications—Amendment 1: Updated VRLA Maintenance Consideration

Annex G

(informative)

Glossary

Delete Annex G.

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