[19/12, 12:56] Ust Ferry Indra: Chapter 1

SENTENCE

1-1 Grammar's Definition

Grammar is "a set of rules and examples which deals with the syntax and the word structure
(morphology) of a language". Meanwhile, in another definition Grammar is "a science that teaches us to
speak ,to read and to write English correctly:".

1-2 Sentence and its types

Sentence is a group of words which makes a complete sense ,while in another term , Sentence is"a set
of words which gives a complete meaning ,thought or idea".

1-3 Types Of Sentences Based On The Sentence's Predicate.

There are two types of sentences based on the sentence's predicate ; they are :

1.Verbal Sentence.

2.Non Verbal (Nominal) Sentence.

1-4 Verbal Sentence

It is a sentence in which the predicate is "a verb."

It takes the forms of :

1.Positive Verbal Sentence.

Example :

●Anisa wears a ring.

2.Negative Verbal Sentence.

Example :

●Anisa doesn't wear a ring.

3.Interrogative Verbal Sentence.

Example :

●Does Anisa wear a ring ?

1-5 Nominal Sentence

It is a sentence in which the predicate is not a verb,but it can be a noun an adjective or an adverb
preceded by " verb be." It is also called " Nonverbal Sentence"

It takes the forms of :

1.Positive Nominal Sentence.

Examples :

a) Ali is a dentist.(a noun)

b) Ali is coward.(an adjective)

c) Ali is from Medan.(an adverb)

2.Negative Nominal Sentence.

Examples :

a) Ali is not a dentist.

b) Ali is not coward.

c) Ali is not from Medan.

3.Interrogative Nominal sentence.

Examples :

a) Is Ali a dentist ?

b) Is Ali coward ?

c) Is Ali from Medan ?

Note :

"Predicate" is the part of a sentence ,or a clause which tells us what the subject does ,or what the
subject is,and in another term it is said that the predicate is everything that is not the subject.

1-6 Types Of Sentences Based On The

Sentence's Function

There are four types of sentences based on the sentence's function ; they are :

1.Declarative Sentence.

2.Interrogative Sentence.

3.Imperative Sentence.

4.Exclamatory Sentence.

1-7 Declarative Sentence

It is a sentence which is used to make a statement ,to convey an information or to express an opinion.

It declares something and ends with a period (AmE)/a full stop (Br E).

Examples :

1.He will attend the meeting.(a statement)

2 I agree with Andi's idea.(an opinion)

3.Ahmad is a lawyer. (an information )

1-8 Interrogative Sentence

It is a sentence which is used to ask a question and ends with a question mark.

It has four types :

1.W-h Interrogative.

2.Yes/No Interrogative.

3.Alternative Interrogative.

4.Tag Question.

1.W-h Interrogative

It is a question which begins with a question word.

Examples :

1.What do you mean ?

2.Why does Salsa cry ?

3.Who am I ?

4.How have you been ?

2.Yes/No Interrogative.

It is a question which can be answered with "Yes,or No" response. For examples :

1. Is Syifa a collegian ?

2. Does Rosa attend the lecture ?

3. Could you tell me your nick- name ?

3.Alternative Interrogative.

It is a question which provides two,or more alternative answers.For examples :

1. Shoul I call her,or send her an e-mail ?

2. Do you want a cup of cofee,tea or milk?

3. Will you ask her,or wil Rita or will I ?

4.Tag Question.

It is a question which is tagged or attached onto the end of declarative sentence.

It transforms a declarative sentence into an interrogative one. For examples :

1.You wrote a letter last night,didn't you ?

2.Ihsan is a sailor ,isn't he ?

3.Joko doesn't speak anymore,does he ?

4.Hanifa is not lazy ,Is she ?

1-9 Imperative Sentence

It is a sentence which is used to express a request ,or command or to give an advice,an instruction or a
direction.

It can either end with a period or an exclamation mark. For examples :

1.Help me please. ((a request )

2.Stay at home ! ,don't go ! (a command)

3.Be an honest boy ,don't be liar and keep your promise. (an advice )

4. Gather your members up ! ,and order them to clean the dormatory ! (an instruction )

5.Go straight a head !,then turn left !, the the bank is next to the hotel.(a direction )

Note : If the request or command is polite or in the form of advice ,the period should be used ,but if
the request or command is forceful ,and indicates a strong emotion we should use an exclamation point.

1-10 Exclamatory Sentence

It is a sentence which is used to express a strong ,or a sudden feeling, and an emotion such as anger
,love ,elation etc. It ends with an exclamation mark.

It takes the kinds of :

1. Formal Exclamatory Sentence.

It is an exclamatory sentence which begins with the word "What or How".

For examples :

●What a big world it is !

●How smart the schoolgirl is !

●How softly she spoke to me last night !

2.Informal Exclamatory Sentence.

It is an exclamatory sentence which can be derived from declarative,interrogative or imperative

sentence.

1. Declarative Sentence

Examples :
a) No,you don't have permission to go out of the classroom ! (Expressing anger)

[19/12, 13:00] Ust Ferry Indra: b) I can't figure this puzzle out ! (Expressing frustration )

c) I can't live without you ! (Expressing sorrow)

d) I simply adore you ! (Expressing love)

e) Our team win the competition !

(Expressing elation)

2. Interrogative sentence.

Examples :

a) What do you do to my dog's hair ! (Expressing curiosity )

b) Why do you ignore me ! (Expressing disappointment )

3.Imperative Sentence.

Examples :

a) Watch out ! (Expressing caution )

b) Don't touch the screen ! (Expressing prohibition )

1-11 Exclamatory Word

It is a word which generates a strong emotional response. Examples :

1.Bravo !

2.Fantastic !

3.Wow !

4.Brilliant !

5. Ouch !

6.Jeepers !

7. Amazing !

8. Hooray !

9. Awesome !

10. Unbelievable !

These exclamatoy words which can stand as a sentence while they are expressing emotions or
reactions are called " Interjection ".
 An interjection doesn't need a subject and a predicate ,but it can be inserted in a sentence by using a
comma.

Examples :

1. Brilliant , you can figure the puzzle out !

2. Ouch ,that really hurts !

3. Awesome , you got the job !

1-12 Typesof Sentences Based on The Sentence's Structure

There are four types of the sentences According to The sentence's Structure ; they are :

1. Simple Sentence .

2. Compound Sentence.

3. Complex Sentence.

4. Compound -Complex Sentence.

1-13 Simple Sentence

It is a sentence which contains one full subject and a predicate.

It takes the forms of :

1.Statement

a)Positive Statement Examples :

● My brother studies at the university.

● Rian is a civil servant.

b) Negative Statement Example :

● My sister doesn't have a boy friend.

● Rahma is not a lazy girl.

2.Question.

a)W-h Question/Question with question words.

Examples :

● Where will your family move next week?

● What is your mother occupation ?

b) Yes/No question/question without question words.

Examples :
● Do you know Napoleon Bonaparte?

● Is Dahlia a receptionist ?

3.Request or command/Imperative

a) Second Person singular or plural

1.Positive request or command.

Examples :

● Study hard !

● Be careful please .

1.Negative request or command.

Examples :

● Don't ever leave me alone !

● Don't be jealous of me !

b) First and second person together♢

1.Positive request or command.

Examples:

● Let's keep on fighting !

● Let's be nice students !

2.Negative request or command.

Examples :

● Let's not give up !

● Let"s not be trouble makers !

4.Exclamation

It has three patterns :

1. What+a noun+ S+Predicate.

Example :

●What a smart girl Ria is !

2. How+an adjective+S+Predicate.

Example :

●How nice You are !

3. How + an adverb + S + Predicate Example :

●How slowly Rini walks !

1-14 Compound Sentence

It is a sentence which contains two sentences(Independent clauses)or more joined into one by :

1.Punctuation alone.

Example :

●The weather is bad ; all classes are dismissed.

2.Punctuation and a conjunctive adverb.

Example :

●The weather is bad ; therefore , all classes are dismissed.

3.Coordinate conjunction.

Example :

●The weather is bad ,so all classes are dismissed.

1-15 Joining Two Sentences With

Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive adverb is an adverb which is used to join two words or more,two phrases, clauses,
independent clauses or more.

It is also called Adverbial Conjunction.

It can also be used to introduce,interrupt

or conclude a single independent clause. In this case ,a comma (, ) are used to seperate the conjunctive
adverb from the sentence.

Examples :

● Roy woke up very late .Nevertheless , He wasn't late to school.

● Andi wants a toy car for his birthday.

however ,lia wants a doll for her birthday.

When conjunctive adverb is used to join two independent clauses into a sentence,

a semicolon (;) is used before it and a comma (,) after it.

Examples :

●Hasan is sick ; therefore ,he doesn't go to school.

●Zaenab is a smart girl ; moreover ,she never comes to school late.

[19/12, 13:01] Ust Ferry Indra: 7. Illustration : Namely ,Those are,

For example, For instance .

Example :

● My uncle brings me nice food ; namely, the Swiss chocolates I adore.

8.Time : Meanwhile ,Afterwards,Then.

Example :

●Ihsan fell asleep in the class ; then ,the bell rang.

9. Summary : In conclusion , Finally.

Example :

●I have tried to do my best ; Finally , I can release my new album.

1-17 Joining Two Sentences With

Coordinate Conjunctions

Coordinate conjunction which is also called Coordinator is a conjunction that is used to join or
coordinate two sentences or more ,clauses ,phrase,words or other parts of speech which are of the
same syntactic importance.

There are seven coordinators in English. The mnenomic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember
the coordinators ; those are :For,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,So.

These coordinate conjunctions are grouped into four types.

1-18 The Types of Coordinate

Conjunctions

1. Copulative Conjunction.

It is a coordinate conjunction used to express addition.

It include "And" and "Nor".

2.Adversative Conjunction :

It is a coordinate conjunction used to express opposition or contrast.

It includes "Yet and "But".

3.Alternative Conjunction :

It is a coordinate conjunction used to express the alternative.

It includes "Or".
4.Illative Conjunction :

It is a coordinate conjunction used to express an inference.

It include "So"and "For".

When we want to join two sentences into one with a coordinate conjunction ,we should use a comma
before it.

Examples :

1.For

Example :

●The smart student never cheats on the test ,for he thinks it is not the right thing to do.

2.And

Example :

●Ahmad is a nice boy ,and he always obeys what his parents order.

3.Nor

Example :

●We have never been to Lombok island, nor have we visited Bali one.

4.But

Example :

●Lia is sick now, but she goes to college.

5.Or

Example :

●You must do what the doctor said yesterday , or you will be sick again.

6.Yet

Example :

●Umar didn't want to go to a dentis, yet he went anyway.

7.So

Example :

● It is sunny day ,so we go to the beach.

1-19 Complex Sentence

 It is a sentence which contains one dependent clause or more beginning with a subordinate
conjunction that attaches the dependent clause to an independent one.

Examples :

a) Adjective clause

Example :

●The man who lives next to my house is a dentist.

b) Noun clause

Example :

● I know what you want.

c) Adverb clause

Example :

● All flights are delayed because the weather is bad.

Note :

In a) There is one dependent clause which can't stand alone as a sentence by its self ; namely, "Who
lives next to my house ", so it must be attached to an independent one ; namely ," The man is a dentis."
,and this dependent clause is named

" Adjective Clause".

In b) There is one dependent clause which can't alone as a sentence ; namely , "What you want ", so it
must be connected to its independent clause ; namely "I know" ,and this dependent clause is called
"Noun clause".

In c) There is one dependent clause which can"t stand alone as a sentence ; namely, " because the
weather is bad " ,so it must be connected to an independent clause ; namely, "All flights are delayed
",and it is called : "Adverb Clause ".

1-20 Compound -Complex Sentence

It is a sentence which contains two independent clauses or more and one or more dependent clauses .

Examples :

1.All classes are dismissed because the weather is bad,and the students are ordered to listen to the
announcement to know when the classes will begin again.

There are two independent clauses in the sentence above ; they are :

1" All classes are dismissed"

2" the students are ordered to listen to the announcement to know" .

and also there are two dependent clauses

; they are :

1.Because the weather is bad.

2.When the class will begin again.

So the sentence above is called "Compound -Complex Sentence.

Chapter 2

CLAUSE

2-1 Clause's Definition and Its types

Clause is a group of words which contains one full subject and a predicate, and forms

[19/12, 13:02] Ust Ferry Indra: 2-4 The Types of Dependet Clauses

The dependent Clause has three types ;

they are :

1.Adjective Clause

2.Noun Clause

3.Adverb Clause

2-5 Adjective Clause

It is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective.

It modifies ,describes and gives further information about the noun.

It is also called "Relative clause.

The Types of Adjective Clauses

There are six types of adjective clauses ; they are :

2- 26 Using subject pronoun(Who,Which That)

Examples :

a)1The man ia from Medan.

2.He lives next to my house.

● The man who lives next to my house is from Medan.

b)1.The park is beautiful.

2.It is located next to the bank.

●The park which is located next to the bank is beautiful.

Note :
In (a)"The man is from Medan" is

an independent clause ,and "Who lives next to my house" is a dependent clause that modifies the noun
("the man")

In (b)"The park is beautiful"is an

independent clause and "Which is located next to the bank" is a dependent clause that modifies the
noun (the park).

2-7 Using object pronoun (Whom,Which That)

Examples :

a)1.The man is a lecturer.

2.You saw him yesterday.

●The man whom you saw yesterday is a lecturer.(Formal)

●The man who you saw yesterday is a lecturer (Informal)

b)1. The car is luxurious.

2. My uncle bought it last month.

●The car which my son bought last week is luxurious.

Notes :

In (a) "The man is a lecturer" is

a main clause ,and "Whom you saw yesterday" is a dependent clause that modifies the noun. ("the
man")

In (b)"The car is luxurious"is a main clause and "Which my uncle bought last month" is a dependent
clause that modifies the noun ("the car").

Notes :

-Who is usually used instead of whom especially in informal speaking .df

-Whom is generally used only

In very formal English.

2-8 Using Possessive Adjective (Whose)

Example :

1. I know the man.

2. His car was stolen .

● I know the man whose car was stolen.

Note :

"I know the man" is a main clause,and Whose car was stolen is a dependent clause that modifies the
noun ("the man").

Note :

Who and Whom are used for people

Which is used for things

That and Whose can be used either for people or things.

The list of Pronouns :

Subject Object Possessive Adj

I Me My

You You Your

We Us Our

They Them Their

He Him His

She Her Her

It it Its

2-9 Using"Where"for talking about the place.

Example :

1.La Tansa is a good Islamic boarding

school.

2. l study there.

● La Tansa where I study is a good

Islamic boarding school.

Note :

"La Tansa is a good islamic boarding school" is an main clause,and "Where I study"is a dependent clause
that modifies the noun("La Tansa").

2-10 Using"When"for talking about the time.

Example :

1.The day is unforgettable.

2.I met my close friend then.

●The day when I met my close friend is unforgettable.

Note :

"The day is unforgettable " is an independent clause,and "When I met my close friend :is a dependent
clause that

modifies the noun ("the day").

2-11 Using" Why"for talking about the reason.

Example :

a)1.The reason is cryptic .

2. She left me alone.

●The reason why she left me alone is cryptic.

Note :

"The reason is cryptic" is an independent clause,and "Why she left me alone" is a dependent clause that
modifies the noun ("the reason").

Some Adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun such as :

"Who,Whom,Which,Whose and That " ; meanwhile,the other ones begin a relative adverb such as :

"Where ,When and Why".

2-12 Punctuation of Adjective Clauses

Use Comma (nonrestrictive clause ).

When the antecedent is restricted in itself.

Example :

●Many people congratulated William

Faulkner, who won the Nobel Prize for literature.

Do not use comma (Restrictive Clause).

When the antecedent restricted by the adjective clause.

Example :

●Many people congratulated the man who won the Noble Pri

[19/12, 13:03] Ust Ferry Indra: 2.How is Tini today ? 2.I don't know how

Tini is today
3.Where did Rio 3. I know where Rio

go yesterday ? went yesterday.

Note :

"I wonder (1),"I don't know(2),"I know "(3) are independent clauses ; meanwhile

"Why she cries"(1),"How Tini is today"(2),

"Where Rio went yesterday"are dependent clauses (noun clauses )that function as an object.

2-15 Noun clause which begins with "If

or Whether ".

It is derived from question without question word ( Yes/no question)

Yes/no questions Noun Clauses

1.Do you see John? 1. I want to know if

you see John.

2.Have you been to 2. Zainab wonders

Bali island ? whether you have

been to Bali island.

3.Will you help her , 3.I don't know

or not ? whether you will

help or not.

2-16 Noun Clause which begins with"That".

It can be either derived from statement or request.

a) Statement

Statements Noun Clauses

1.Mariam is pretty.1.I don't realize that

Mariam is pretty.

2.Andi shouldn't 2.We believe that Andi

cheat on the test. shouldn't cheat on

the test.

3.My neighbour 3 I don't know that my

has just moved neighbour has just

 to Solo. moved to Solo b).Requests

Request Noun Clauses

1.Speak politely ! 1.I suggest that you

speak politely.

2.Be on time ! 2.He insist that he be on

time.

3.Pay the debt ! 3.John insists that

the man pay the debt.

Notes :

The word "That"sometimes is omitted.

2-17 Noun Clause which begins with "What" or "How ".

It is derived from exclamation.

Exclamations Noun Clauses

1.What a big world 1.I don't realize what

It is ! a big world it is.

2.How cool you are ! 2.I must admit how

cool you are.

3.How hard you 3.I'm aware how

study ! hard you study.

2-18 Noun clause with "infinitive abridgment".

Noun clause which begins with question word or with whether or If can be replaced by infinitive.

Examples:

● I don't know where I should go.

Noun clause with abridgment infinitive :

● I don't know where to go.

● Mona can't decide whether she should go or stay at home.

Noun clause with abridgment infinitive : ●Mona can't decide whether to go or

stay at home.

2-19 Adverb Clause

 Adverb clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb.

It begins with subordinate conjunction such as because,when,where,if,as if, that, though ,although etc.

It modifies an adjective, an adverb ,a verb ,or a verb phrase.

Examples:

●Risa is so pretty that she attracts a lot of attention .

Notes :

The adverb clause "that she attracts a lot of attention modifies the adjective "pretty.

●She studies hard in order that she can pass the test.

Notes :

The adverb clause " in order that she can pass the test modifies the adverb " hard ".

●I saw your mother when I went to the mall.

Notes :

The adverb clause " when I go to the mall modifies the verb " saw ".

●I would buy a new car if I had much money.

Notes :

The adverb clause " I had much money modifies the verb phrase "will buy".

The Types of Adverb Clause

There are nine types of adverb clauses ; the are :

2-20 Adverb clause of time.

It is used to indicate when the action in the main clause happens by referring to a period of time ,or
another event.

Subordinate Conjuntions Examples

●When,while,before ●I can see you when

after,as soon as, I finish my work.

as long as,since, ●My faher was reading

by the time, (that ) newspaper while my

now that

[19/12, 13:06] Ust Ferry Indra: 2-23 Adverb Clause Of Condition.

It is used to state a possible or a counterfactual condition,and its effect in the main clause.
Subordinate Conjunctions Examples

●In the case that ●the students will have

Unless,if,whether, the picnic if it is sunny.

In the event that, ●I will not watch TV

providing that, unless I have studied.

on condition that,

whether ...not.

2-24 Adverb Clause Of Contrast.

It is used to make two statements one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.

a) Concessive Clause.

Subordinate Conjuntions Examples

Though,although ●Though I am tired,I try

dispite the fact that to finish my job.

even though,even if,

inspite of the fact

Notwithstanding ● I still love the woman

(the fact) that. despite the fact that

she has passed away.

b)Adversative Clause.

Subordinate Conj Examples

While,where, ●Some people spend their

wherea ● spare time reading a book,

while other watching TV. Note : In all types of adverb clauses , we only use a comma
when the dependent

clause comes before the independent clause.For example : Because my father is sick ,I can't attend the
lecture.However, In adversative clause ,a comma must be used either the dependent clause comes
before or after the independent clause.

2-25 Adverb Clause Of Purpose.

It is used to indicate the purpose of the action stated in the main clause.
 Subordinate Conjunctions Examples That,In order that,● I'm saving money that

So that, for the I can go to college .

purpose that● ●Ria studies hard so that

she can pass the test.

2-26 Adverb of Result.

It is used to indicate the result of an action or an event stated in the main clause.

Subordinate Conjunctions Examples

So+Adj/adv+That ●Roy is so cool that a

few women like him.

Such+Noun+That ●The girl has such a

cute face that we all

enjoy looking at it.

2-27 Adverb Clause Of Comparison

It is used to compare an attribute which is common to the subject of dependent clause and the subject
of main clause.

Subordinate Conjunctions Examples

As+Adj/adv+ As ●I work just as hard

No/So+Adj/adv+as ● as my sister works.

More+Adj/adv+than ●I can't run so fast

Adj/adv+er+than as you run

●She speaks softer

than I speak

2-28 Adverb Clause Of Manner.

It is used to indicate someone's attitude ,

or the way something is done.

Subordinate Conjunctions Examples

As if, As though● ●Rima acts as if

(especially after look, she were pretty.

act ,seem) ●The man spoke as

 though he had known

everything.

Punctuation Rules of Adverb Clause

An adverb clause can come either before or after a main clause

Here are the patterns :

1.Adverb Clause+ comma+ main clause

●If you study hard ,you'll success.

2 Main Clause+Adverb Clause :

● You will success if you study hard.

Note :

There is no comma in the second pattern.

Chapter 3

PHRASE

3-1 Phrase's definition

Phrase is a group of words which doesn't include a subject and a predicate.

It makes a sense ,but not a complete sense,and It only adds meaning to a sentence.

According to a traditional definition, "Phrase is a grammatical unit at a level between a word and a
clause.

3-2 The Principal Types of Phrases

There are eight types of phrases ; those are :

1. Noun Phrase.

2.Adjective Phrase.

3.Verb Phrase.

4.Adverb Phrase.

5.Prepositional Phrase.

6.Participial Phrase.

7.Absolute Phrase.

8.Appositive Phrase.

[19/12, 13:06] Ust Ferry Indra: 3-3 Noun Phrase

 It is a phrase which contains a noun as its heads word and other related words (usually modifiers and
determiners) that modify the noun.

Examples :

1.Anisa is wearing a nice red dress.

~~~~~~~~~~~

2.The waiter brought a glass full of water.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3.The man on the roof repairs electricity.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Note : The words " dress ,glass and man are nouns as head words while the words "nise red ,full of
water and on the roof are modifiers.

The other types of noun phrases.

3-3 A Gerund Phrase.

It is a noun phrase with a gerund as its head word.

It functions as :

a) A subject.

Example : Playing soccer is my hobby

~~~~~~~~~~

b) An object.

Example : I like dancing ballet.

~~~~~~~~~

c) An object of preposition.

Example : They talk about using gadget.

~~~~~~~~~

d) A complement.

Example : Her duty is doing homework.

~~~~~~~~~~~

3-3 B Infinitive Phrase.

It is a noun phrase with an infinitive as its

head word.

It functions as :

a) A subject.

Example : To sing a song is my hobby

~~~~~~~~~

b) An object

Example : I start to do homework.

~~~~~~~~~~~

c) An object of preposition.

Exsmple : I think about to solve problem.

~~~~~~~~~~~

d) A complement.

Example : My wish is to master English.

~~~~~~~~~~~

3-4 Adjective Phrase

It is a phrase which contains an adjective

as its head word and other related words ,and it modifies a noun or pronoun. Examples :

1.He buys a nice grey sweater.

~~~~~~

2.She gave a cup full of coffee

~~~~~~~~

3The girl with glasses is my daughter.

~~~~~~~~

4The man from East Java sell an old car.

~~~~~~~~~~

Note : the words "with glasses ,from East Java are propositional phrases, but they can be used as an
adjective phrase.

3-5 Verb Phrase

It is a phrase which contains a main verb,and all the related helping words (Auxilliaries) , and it is used to
express an action or to link a subjec and a complement.

Examples :

1. Roy will go

~~~~

2.You may do what the teacher said.

~~~~~

3.They will come to my house.

~~~~~~

3-6 Adverb Phrase

It is a phrase which contains two words or more with an adverb as the head word and it functions as an
adverb.

It modifies a verb, an adjective,another adverb or a phrase.

Examples :

●Children grow up really quickly.

The words "really quikly "modifies the verb grow.

●The quiz is very really difficult to answer.

The words "very really" modifies adjective "difficult.

●He rides his motorcycle very fast.

the word "very" modifies the adverb "fast.

The Types of Adverb Phrases.

Types Examples

1.Manner ●The girl walks very slowly.

2.Place ● It's right there on the table.

3.Time ●Tina went home very late.

4.Frequency ●He almost never invites us.

We occasionally can also use boht the infinitive and the prepositional phrase as the adverb phrase.
For examples :

●I move my chair to be closer to her.

~~~~~~~~~~~~
●The fisherman stepps onto the boat.

~~~~~~~~~

3-7 Prepositional Phrase

It is a phrase which contains a preposition as its head word ,an object of preposition ( a noun ,or
pronoun),and may also consist of modifiers ,and it can either function as an adjective phrase or an
adverb phrase.

Examples :

1.We study at the university.

~~~~~~~~~~

2.She comes from Aceh.

~~~~~~~

3.He is angry with me.

~~~~~

3-8 Participial Phrase

It is a phrase which contains present partciple (verb+ing),o

[19/12, 13:07] Ust Ferry Indra: 2.The match having ended,the losers cry

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3.His bike stolen by the thief,he asked his

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

mother to buy him a new one.

4.She has been waiting for his mother,

her eyes on the clock.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Note ; Absolute Phrase resembles a clause, but it doesn't have a true finite verb.

It is separated by acomma ,or commas ,and it is also called "Nominative Phrase".

3-10 Appositive Phrase

It is a phrase which contains a predicate

complement used alone without a subject ,or a form of verb be,

It is used to explain or identify the word before it.

Examples :

1.Mr Oman,a famous lawyer ,will visit us.

~~~~~~~~~~

2.The man, over there by the door, is a

banker. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3.Riska, in a hurry to go home,stops a taxi.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Chapter 1

PARTS OF SPEECH

1-1 Part of Speech's definition and its types.

Part of speech is " a category of words

into which a word is divided in accordance with its syntactic function".

In another simple definition, part of speech is " one of eight categories into which words are classified
according to their grammar function in sentences.

English words have been classified traditionally into eight parts of speech ; namely, they are :

1.Noun.

2.Pronoun.

3.Verb.

4.Adverb.

5.Adjective

6.Preposition.

7.Conjunction.

8.Interjection.

Chapter 2

NOUN

2-1 Noun's Definition,Functions and types

Noun is a word or a group of words which is used to name or to identify :

1.a person such as Ahmad

2.a place such as school

3.an animal such as tiger

4.a quality such as happiness

5.a thing such as table

The Functions Of Nouns .

In a sentence the noun can be used as :

1.a subject e g : Jakarta is a big city.

~~~~~

2.a direct object. e g : I teach English.

~~~~~

3.an indirect object.

e g : I teach the students English.

~~~~~~~~

4 .a subject complement (Predicate noun)

e g : My friend is an accountan.

~~~~~~~

5.an object complement. e g : Indonesian

people choose Suharto president

~~~~~~

6. an object of preposition.e g : Rosa is

from East Java.

~~~~~~

7.Appositive. e g:

Jakarta ,the capital of Indonesia, is a big city. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The types of Nouns

The noun has several types ; those are :

2-2. Proper noun

It is a noun which denotes a specific person ,place,or idea begins with a capital letter.

*Proper Noun* Example

Bandung ,Nike 1.Bandung is located in

Math,Ronaldo West Java.

2.Ronaldo is a famous

soccer player.

[19/12, 13:09] Ust Ferry Indra: 2-3 Common Noun.

It a noun which denotes unspecific person, place, thing or idea.

Common Noun Examples

Man,city,boy 1.We must advance our

knowledge, knowledge.

shoes,country 2. I live in a small city.

2-4 Concrete Noun

It is a noun which can be seen and touched.

Concrete Noun Examples

Boy,room,cat 1.The boy smiles for me.

door,table 2.The room is clean.

2-5 Abstract Noun

It is a noun which can't either be seen,or touched.

Abstract Noun Examples

Beauty,wish 1.He tries to improve

hope,ability, his ability in art.

ambition 2.the beauty contest

was held in my city.

2-6 Material Noun.

It is a noun which denotes a substance that the other things are made of.

Material Noun Example

Salt,wood,gold, 1.Rika bought a golden

cotton,metal ring yesterday.

2.I buy the dining table

 made of wood.

2-7 Collective Noun.

It is a noun which denotes a group of persons,animals ,or things as a unit.

Collective Noun Example

Police,fleet, 1.Some police try to

audience,deer capture the murderer.

herd,family 2. I see a group of deer

running to the jungle.

The List of Some Collective Noun

Audience army band board bunch

committee choir couple crowd class

faculty deer flock family fleet

government group gang galaxy hive

herd navy panel public pack

Police people swarm school staff

troupe team troop

2-8 Compound Noun

It is a noun which contains at least two

words.

Most of compound nouns are made of nouns which have been modified by adjectives, verbs
,prepositions or

other nouns.

Compound nouns are sometimes one word like : toothpaste ,bathroom ,they are sometimes
connected with a hyphen(-) such as : brother - in -law, dry- cleaning,and they are sometimes come as
two separated words like : swimming pool,

last night.

Compound Nouns Examples

Homework. 1. I do my homework.

Last night. 2.Ali is my brother-

 Brother- in-law in- law.

The List of Compound Nouns

One Word Separated word By Hyphen

Afternoon Ad interim Able - bodied

Airmail Ante meridiem A- frame

Blueprint Bottled water Blue - green

Blackboard Chat room Close-up

Barefoot Dress pattern Co-op.

Blueprin Drink water Clean -cut

Cockpit Grass root Dry-cleaning

Classmate High school Follow - up

Chalkboard Help desk Frezee-dry

Daydream Hot dog. Free-for-all

Desktop Ice cream Hanky-panky

Earthquake Junk food High-tech

Easygoing Labor day In - depth

Freelance Life guard. King - size

Gunpowder New word Not- for-profit

Headmaster Photo ID Over-ripe

Iceberg Post office Passer-by

Jellyfish Ring finger Picth - dark

Lookout Role model Runner - up

Miniskirt Radio wave Son-in-law

Moonlight Root beer Strong -arm

Network School year Six -pack

Policeman Tennis cout Take - off

Outstanding Upper class Toss-up

Skyscraper Video game U-turn

Toothbrush Vocal chord Well-to-do

Underdog Waiting room Well - being

Videotape Webs site Warm-up

Webpage Water tank X - ray

2-9 Gender Noun/Noun Gender

It is a noun which is used especially to denote a male ,or female member of a species.

It is divided into four kinds ; they are :

a)Masculine Noun.

It is a noun which denotes a male member of species.

Masculine Noun Examples

Man,boy,son, 1.The man is a athlete.

bull,gander, 2.The stallion

[19/12, 13:10] Ust Ferry Indra: d).Neuter Gender Noun

It is a noun which denotes a member of lifeless species that is neither male ,nor female.

Neuter Gender Noun Example

Chair,Table,Door. The boss orders the

boy to clean his table.

The List of Masculine and Feminine Noun

People Animals

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

Actor Actress Buck Doe

Abbot Abbess Boar Sow

Actor Actress Bull Cow

Author Authress Bullock Heifer

Baron Baroness Cock Hen

Boy Girl Colt Filly

Brother Sister Dog Bitch

Count Countess Drake Duck

Duke Duchess Gander Goose

Dad Mom Hart Hind

 Emperor Empress Lion Lioness

Father Mother Ram Ewe

Friar Nun Stag Hind

Fiance Fiancee Stallion Mare

God Goddess Steer Heifer

Giant Giantess Fox Bixen

Hero Heroine Tiger Tigress

Host Hostess Roaster Hen

Husband Wife Peacock Peahen

King Queen

Man Woman

Master Mistress

Monk Nun

Mayor Mayoress

Nephew Niece

Patron Patroness

Poet Poetess

Prince Princess

Steward Stewardess

Sir Madam

Tutor Tutress

Uncle Aunt

Widower Widow

Wizard Witch

The List of Common Gender Noun

People Animal

Announcer. Ant.

Baby. Bird.
Child. Cat.

Companion. Deer.

Comrade. Dog.

Dancer. Elephan.

Entertainer. Goat.

Friend. Jawk.

Follower. Insect.

Guardian. Jaguar.

Guest. Kangaroo.

Infant. Kompdo.

Journalist. Lion.

Killer. Leopard.

Lawyer. Monkey.

Member. Nightingale 2-10 Noun from adjectives

Adjective preceded with the article "the"can be used as noun and it often refers to a group of people
that require a plural verb,

Examples :

● The rich get richer,while the poor get poorer.

●The young are often very impatient with their elder.

The expression "the rich ,the poor ,the young are commonly plural ; However,in some cases these such
expressions can have singular meaning.

Examples :

●The accused is sentenced a year in jail.

●The injured is brought to the hospital.

The expression "the accused" and "the injured"are singular.

2-11 Countable Noun.

It is a noun which can be counted.

It refers to something that can be counted

and has both singular and plural form.

 Countable Noun Examples

♢Boy,book,car,pen 1, I have one hundred

star,day,dollar ♢ US dollars

2.There are five cars

in my aunt's garage. The List of the construction of Plural Nouns.

1.The plural noun formed by adding "s"

Singular Plural

Ant Ants

Cup Cups

Desk Desks

Ear Ears

Friend Friends

2.The plural noun formed by adding "es" for the noun ending in : ch,sh ,s, x , or z

Singular Plural

Box Boxes

Beach Beaches

Bus Buses

Bush Bushes

3.The plural noun formed by changing"f " to"v" and adding "es" for the noun ending in f or fe .

Singular Plural

Wife Wives

Leaf Leaves

Thief Thieves

Life Lives

[19/12, 13:10] Ust Ferry Indra: 6.Some nouns have irregular plural forms

Singular Plural

Child Children

Woman Women
 Man Men

Mouse Mice

Goose Geese

Tooth Teeth

Foot Feet

Ox Oxen

7.Some nouns adopted from other languages have foreign plurals

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Creterion Creteria Crisis Crises

Cactus Cacti/Cactuses Basis Bases

Stimulus Stimuli Oasis Oases

Syllabus Syllabi Thesis Theses

Appendix Appendices Datum Data Index Indices Analysis Analyses Medium Media
Bacterium Bacteria Curriculum Curricula

Formula Formulas Vertebra Vertebrae

Phenomenon Phenomena

Memorandum Memoranda

Parenthesis Parentheses

8.Some nouns can be either used as a singular or plural .

Singular Plural

Aircraft Aircraft

Cattle Cattle

Deer Deer

Fruit Fruit

Fish Fish

Food Food

Jeans Jeans

Knowledge Knowledge

News News
 Salmon Salmon

Shrimp Shrimp

Scissors Scissors

2-12 Uncountable Noun/Mass Noun

It us a noun which can't be counted.

It refers to a substance,concept etc that can't be divided into separate element.

It is also called "Mass Noun".

Uncountable Noun Examples

♢Wate,salt ,flour 1.The man has much

meat,money♢ money.

Note : To express a particular quantity, some uncountable nouns may be preceded by measure words.

The examples of measure words :

a spoonful of sugar a slice of bread

a cup of coffee a glass of wine

a plate of rice a bowl of soup

a pound of meat a sheet of paper

a bar of chocolate a bag of flour a can of cream a bottle of coke a drop of blood a
jar og honey

a dash of salt a pack of gun

a dish of spaghetti a tube of glue

The List Of Uncountable Nouns

1.Whole groups made up of similar items:

Baggage,Clothig,Fruit,Furniture,Food

Garbage,Hardware,junk,Jewelry,Mail ,Money,Makeup,Postage,Traffic etc.

2.FLUID : Water,Coffee,Tea,Milk,Oil,Blood

Soup etc.

3.GASES : Steam,Oxygen, Nitrogen,Air

Pollution,Smog etc

4.SOLID : Ice ,Butter, Bread,Cheese,Meat, Silver, Gold,Wood, Cotton etc.

5.PARTICLES : Rice,Chalk,Dirt,Dust,Hair

grass,Salt,Sugar,Wheat etc.

6.ABSTRACTIONS ; Beauty, Confidence Education,Enjoyment,Help,Health,Honesty

,laughter,patience Justice,luck ,Advice, Proof, Time ,Space ,Energy,News Homework,Grammar,

Vocabulary etc.

7.LANGUAGES ; English, Spanish,Swedish,

Arabic,Chinese,Greek,Rom etc.

8.FIELD of STUDY : Chemistry History, Literature,Mathematics,Biolog etc.

9.RECREATION : ,Baseball,Tennis,Soccer Chess,Bridge,Poker etc.

10.GENERAL ACTIVITIES: Driving ,Walking Studying,Shopping,Reading etc.

11.NATURAL PHENOMENA : Weather,fog

Dew,Hail ,Lightning,Rain,Snow,Wind, light etc

The Comparison Samples Of

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Countable Uncountable

Lira Money

Song Music

Suitcase Luggage

Chair Furniture

Report Information

Tip Advice

Journey Travel

Job Work

View Scenery

The list of Quantity Expressions that can be used with countable or uncountable nouns or both of them.
Quantity Countable Uncountable

one one pear ××

each each pear ××

every every pear ××

 two two pears ××

both both pears ××

a couple of a couple of pears ××

a few a few pears

[19/12, 13:11] Ust Ferry Indra: Chapter 3

PRONOUN

3-1 Pronoun's definition and its types.

Pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun or a noun phrase to avoid the repetation of a noun or
noun phrase.

Example :

Aisyah is smart and she never comes late to school.

Note the word "she" is pronoun that refers to the noun "Aisyah".

Types of Pronouns.

There are six types of pronouns in English ; those are :

1.Personal Pronoun.

2.Reciprocal Pronoun.

3.Relative Pronoun.

4.Demonstrative Pronoun.

5.Interrogative Pronoun.

6.Indefinite Pronoun.

.3-2 Personal Pronoun.

It is a pronoun which is used to describe a person or thing who is speaking or a person or thing whom
are spoken about.

It is grouped into four kinds:

a)Subject Pronoun.

(I,You,We,They,He,She and It )

It is a pronoun which is used as a subject of a sentence.

It replaces the personal noun.

Examples :
a)Ria buys a book .<> She buys a book.

~~

b)Roy saw a beggar. <> He saw a beggar.

~~

●The word "she and he "are subject pronouns that refer the personal nouns "Ria and Roy".

b)Object Pronoun.

(Me,You Us,Them,Him,Her and It)

It is a pronoun which is used as an object of the sentence.

It recieves the action of the verb.

It can be either a direct or indirect object.

Examples :

a)I saw Lia last night<>I saw her last night

~~

b)He gives Jim food<>She gives him food

~~

●The words "her and him are object pronouns that refer to personal nouns "Lia and Jim",

●"Her "is a direct object while "him" is an indirect object because the direct object in b) is "food".

Note : When there are two objects in a sentence ,the"direct object refers to thing ,while the indirect
one refers to person.

c)Possessive Pronoun.

(Mine,Yours,Ours,Theirs,His,Hers,Its)

It is a pronoun which is used to denote the ownership of person or thing.

Examples :

a)The cat is Ita's cat<>The cat is hers.

~~~

b)This pen is my pen<>The pen is mine.

~~~

●the word "hers" and"mine "are possessive pronouns that refer to "Ita's cat"and"my pen".

d)Reflexive Pronoun. (Myself,Yourself,Yourselves,Ourselves,

Theirselves,Herself,Himself,Itself,Oneself)

It is a pronoun ending in "self or selves" which is used when the subject and the object of the sentence
are same.

It can either be used as direct or indirect object.

Examples :

●He cuts himself on broken glass.(direct )

●She made herself a cup of tea. (indirect)

It can also be used to give more emphasis on a subject or an object,and when it gives more emphasis it
is called

"Intensive pronoun".

Example :

1.The woman herself started to think about herself.

●The first herself is named "Intensive pronoun"and the second one is called reflexive pronoun.

●By+ Reflexive Pronoun means "alone".

Example : I go to the mall by myself.

the sentence means I go to the mall alone

3-3 Reciprocal Pronoun

It is a pronoun which is used to show the mutual action or reciprocal relationship done by two person
or more.

It is used to avoid the repetition of the same action done by two person or more.

There are only two reciprocal pronoun in English.They are :

a)Each Other.

It is used to show two persons who perform the same action.

Examples :

●Ali and Rio give each other gifts.

●I and Vera talk to each other.

b)One Another.

It is used to show more than two persons who perform the same action.

Examples :

●All moslems must help one another do the kindness.

●All students gave greeting cards to one another.

3-4 Relative Pronoun.

It is a pronoun which is used to introduce the adjective clause.

It connects the dependent clause to the main clause.

The types of Relative Pronouns.

There are five types of relative pronouns :

a)Who. E g : The man who is sleeping is a police.

b)Whom. E g : I talk to the students whom you

[19/12, 13:12] Ust Ferry Indra: 1.None.(Singular/Plural)

Examples :

●None of this makes sense.(Singular)

●None of the students are absent (Plural)

2.Such.(Singular/Plural).

Examples :

●Such is the way of life.(Singular)

●Such are the rules (plural)

3.Neither.(Singular)

Example :

●Neither sounds good to me.

3-6 Interrogative Pronoun

It is a pronoun which is used to ask the question.

There are five interrogative pronouns :

a)What

It is used to ask a question about a thing as a subject or an object of a sentence. Examples :

●What do you eat ? (asking about object)

●What makes him go? (asking about subject)

b)Which

It is used to ask a question about a choice among two things or more ,and it can also be used to indicate
a choice or distinction among two people or more.
Examples :

●Which book do you buy ?

●Which of the applicants has got the job ?

● I see two girls in your house. Which is your sister and which is your cousin ?

c)Who.

It is used to ask a question about a person that perfoms the action,or about someone's name.

Examples :

●Who wants to go to the mall with me ?

●Who is your father ?

d)Whom

It is used to ask a question about a person that receives an action/object of a sentence.

Examples :

●Whom did you see ?

Note : Whom is only used in formal question,while in daily conversation most English people use who
instead of whom.

e)Whose

It is used to ask a question about the owner of a thing mentioned in the sentence.

Examples :

●Whose shoes are these ?

3-7 Indefinite Pronoun

It is a pronoun which is used to represent a non- specific person,thing, place.

Some indefinite pronouns are formed with prefix "any ,every,some and no such as "anyone
,everyone,someone,no one ".

All indefinite pronouns refer to the nouns, so the placement of them is the same like the placement of
noun.

Examples :

Nouns Indefinite Pronouns

●He goes to Rome.○ I go somewhere.

●I give Lia food.○Someone gives me food.

●She buys a pen.○ She buys something.

 The List Of Indefinite Pronouns

Singular : All,any,anyone,anybody,anything

anywhere,some,someone,somebody

something,somewhere,none,no one, nobody,nothing,nowhere,everyone,

everybody,everything,everywhere ,either

neither,one ,each.

Plural : All,any,some,both,several,many,

other.

Singular/Plural : All ,any ,some ,none.

3-8 The use and the rule of Some and Any

The Use Of Some & Any.

Some and any are used used to state the quantity or amount of something,and when they are used the
exact number is not mentioned.Some and any are used as "Quantitifiers ",and they are only used when
the exact number is unknown and unimportant.In addition they are used with countable and
uncountable nouns.

The Rule Of Some & Any

Some is used in affirmative sentences.

Examples :

●I have some friends.(Countable)

●I have some food.(Uncountable)

Any can be used either in interrogative or

negative sentences.Examples :

●Do you have any friends ?

●Have you got any chese ?

●I don't have any friends.

●I haven't got any chese.

Exceptions !

Some can be used in interrogative sentence that expresses an offer or a request.

Examples :

●Would you like some bread ?

●Could I borrow some books

Meanwhile,Any can be also used in affirmative sentence with a meaning that is close to "every"or
whichever person, place or thing.

Examples :

●We can choose anything from the menu.

●Rainy season is the nemesis of any Jakarta governor.

One,Ones And Some.

One,ones and some can be used as "Noun Substitute "to avoid repeating words,phrases or clauses.

Examples :

●Rosa has two cars,the BMW car and the VW one.

●He likes singing ,while I like dancing.

●Zainab , "Have you got references for your paper ?"

Aisyah ." Yes.I've got some."

Chapter 4

CASE

4-1 Case's definition and its types.

Case is a grammatical relationship of nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence.

The Types of Cases.

4-2 Subjective Case.

It is used to identify a noun or a pronoun that functions as a subject of verb.

It

[19/12, 13:12] Ust Ferry Indra: It is also called "Genetive Case.

Examples :

●Han is Tia's son >Han is her son

~~~ ~~

An apostrophe and letter "s"are often used to show the possession when the possessive case is a
noun,but if the noun ending with "s" only apostrophe which can be used.For examples.

Tini's book (apostrophe and s are used)

Tias' book (only apostrophe is used )

4-5 Genetive Case.

It is a case which predominantly used to show the possession of a noun or a pronoun.

It can be formed either by adding an apostrophe and letter "s" or by placing the word "of "before a
noun.

Examples :

●The dog's bone is stolen by the cat.

●The bone of the dog is stolen by the cat.

Possessive Case or Genetive Case ?

The genetive case is also called "Possessive Case". Both of these terms are interchangeable,but
possessive case is more common in English study.

However, because the genetive case doesn't always have to show the possession ,some grammarians
like to make the distinction between them.

For examples :

1.Dio's bike is broken.

Dios'car can be either "possessive case or genetive case" because it is about the possession.

2.The students sing a children's song.

"Children's song is "genetive case "not possessive case because it isn't about

the possession ,but about the song "for the children".

3.the police's paintings describes the murderer's face.

"The police's painting"is "genetive case" not possessive case because it isn't about the possession, but it
is about the paintings made by the police.

4-6 Vocative Case.

It is used to show usually the person addressed. For examples :

●When will you come here, my dear ?

~~~~~

●How smart you are ! Babe .

~~~

Chapter 5

VERB

5-1 Verb's definition and its types.

It is a word or a group of words which is used to express an action such as "read" watch, an event such
as "crash,fall " or a state such as "own ,love".

There are sixteen verbs used in basic English : Be,do,have,come,go,see,seem, give,take

,keep,make,put,send,say,let and

get.

Types Of Verbs

There are several types of verbs ;namely;

1.Lexical Verb.

2.AuxiliaryVerb.

3.Finite Verb.

4.Non-Finite Verb.

5.Causative Verb.

6.Proper Verb.

5- 2 Lexical Verb

Lexical verb is a main verb in a sentence or a phrase which is used to indicate the main action or to
express a state of being, and it is also called "Full Verb".

It includes all the verbs except the auxiliary verb.

Examples :

●He wore Sunglasses.

●we live in a town.

●She smells so good.

It is classified into seven types :

1.Transitive Verb

2.Intransitie Verb.

3.Dynamic Verb.

4.Static Verb.

5.Regular Verb.

6.Irregular Verb.

7.Linking Verb

5-2A Transitive and Intransitive Verb.

1.Transitive Verb

It is a verb which needs an object.

It includes : "Read ,write,eat,drink,sing,ride,

drive,see etc.

Examples:

●He reads a book.

●We watch TV.

2.Intransitive Verb.

It is a verb which doesn't need an object

It includes : "Stand,sit,sleep,squat,sneeze, ,stay,walk etc.

Examples:

●He fell from the stair.

●She slept soundly.

●We live in the town.

5-2 B Dynamic and Static Verb.

1.Dynamic Verb.

It is a verb which is used to describe a progress action,process or sensation.

It is either called "Action Verb" because it denotes a physical action or called "Normal Verb because it
can be used in all tenses.The dynamic verb is grouped into five categories :

1.Activity :

Ask beg call drink hel

learn say read eat go

work do cook sing write.

Example :

●I will do my homework tonight.

2.Process :

Change grow mature

evaporate melt develop

Example :
●The corn grows rapidly.

3.Transitional : Leave die arrive land

event. depart pass away lose.

Example :

●The plane departs at 5 pm.

4.Bodily sensation:Ache,feel,throb,hurt,itc.

Example :

●My back throbed with pain.

5.Momentary :Hit jump kick knock

tap throw tap

Example :

[19/12, 13:13] Ust Ferry Indra: 5-2 C Regular and Irregular Verb

1. Regular Verb

It ia a verb whose the past(V2) and the past participle(V3)is formed by adding "ied, or ed"to it.

It is also named Weak Verb.For examples:

Talk-Talked Need-needed Call-Called

Want-Wanted Walk-walked Cry-cied, study-studied Die-Died etc.

Examples :

● I wanted to buy a a new novel last night.

● She studied English yesterday.

● She shared her trouble with her fellow two days ago.

2.Irregular Verb.

It is a verb which doesn't follow the usual rules of the verb form.

It is also named "Strong Verb.

There three types of irregular verbs ; they are :

1.All the three verbs are same :

Put-Put-Put Cut-Cut-Cut Quit-Quit-Quit

Let-Let-Let Bid-Bid-Bid Hurt-Hurt-Hurt

Hit-Hit-Hit etc.

Examples :

●She let me go yesterday.

●I let him go today.

2.The two verbs of the three ones are same :

Sit-Sat-Sat Feel-Felt-Felt

Run-Ran-Run Come-Came-Come etc.

Examples :

●We come from East Java.

●He came to my house last.

.All the three verbs are different :

Sing-Sang-Sung Drink-Drank-Drunk

Do-Did-Done Bear-Bore-Born Go-Went-Gone etc.

Examples :

●We go to college twice a week.

●I went to the shopping centre yesterday.

●My father has just gone to his office.

5-2 D Linking Verb.

It is a verb which is used to link or to connect a subject to its subject complement without expressing
an action,and also to describe the predicate.

linking verb is also called "Copula or Copular Verb".

The word,phrase or clause which follows

a linking verb is called "Subject Complement "which can be a noun ,an adjective or an adverb.

Examples :

Subject ~ Link verb ~Sub complement

●The rose ~ smells ~ fragrant.

adjective

●The man ~ became ~ a lecturer.

noun
●My aunt ~ has been ~ in Bali for a week.

adverb

Linking verb is divided into three categories :

1.Sensation Verb. (The five senses verb)

2.Existence Verb.(The state of being verb)

3.The Verb To Be.

1.Sensation Verb.

It is used to describe the five senses

Verbs Senses Examples

Look sight He looks very upset. Sound hearing Her voice sounds softly.

Smell smell The girl smells fragrant.

Feel touch Your skin feels smooth.

Taste taste The soup tastes good.

2.Existence Verb.

It is used to describe the state of being.

The list of Existence Verb.

Act appear become stay grow

go seem prove remain turn

get

Examples :

●The man becomes a civil servant.

●She got angry with you.

3.The Verb To Be

It is used to describe the permanent or temporary characteristic or state.

It includes ; Is ,am,are was ,were will be ,would be ,has been, have been ,will have been etc.

Examples :

●She has been a dentist since 2005.

●We are in Bali now. ●My sister is smart.

Note : The linking verb can also functions as an action verb.For examples ;
 Linking Verb Action Verb

●She looks happy.<>She looks for money.

●He grew young.<>He grew into a tall boy.

5-3 Auxiliary Verb

It is a verb which is used to add functional or grammatical meaning to the phrase.It and a main verb are
used together to express a tense ,a mood,a voice ,emphasis and to form a negative statement and
question.

It is also called Helping Verb.

The auxiliary verb is classified into three

types :

1.Primary Auxiliary Verb.

2.Modal Auxiliary Verb.

3.Semi-Auxiliary Verb.

5-3A Primary Auxiliary Verb.

English has three primary auxiliary verbs those all take part in formation of various grammatical
constructions, but they have little meaninng them selves.They are :

1.The Verb To do

2 The Verb To be

3 The Verb To Have

1.The Verb To Do (Do,does did,done)

The verb to do is used :

1.To form a negative sentence.

Example :

●I don't have money.

2.To ask a question.

Example :

●Do you like piz

[19/12, 13:13] Ust Ferry Indra: Can ,Could, Had better ,May ,Might, Must Ought to, Need ,Shall, Should
,Will and Would.

The use of Modal Auxiliary Verbs are

1."Can" expresses a polite request, an offering help, an ability, or a possibility

Examples :

●Can you tell me !●What can I do for you ?

●She can play the guitar.

●You can use my car.

2."Could" expresses a polite request,a suggestion or a certainty.

Examples :

●Could you help me.

●We could go on a tour.

●He could be sick.

3.May expresses a polite request and a certainty.

Examples :

●May I switch on TV.

●She may be a collegian.

4.Might expresses a certainty.

Example :

●They might go camping.

5.Had better expresses an advisability. Example :

●Every one had better obey the law.

6.Must expresses a necessity ,a certainty or a prohibition in negative sentence.

Examples :

●We must come on time.

●She must be jealous.

●You mustn't smoke here !

7.Ought to expresses an advisability or a certainty.

Example :

●She ought to talk softly.

●He ought to be a doctor.

9.Need expresses necessity or the lack of necessity in its negative sentence

Examples :

●We need to drink a cup of coffee in order to stay awake.

●You need not worry about me.I'll be fine.

8.Shall expresses a suggestion or offers a help

Example :

●Shall we go to cinema?

9.Should expresses an advisability,a certainty,or a suggestion.

Examples :

●He should tell the truth.

●He should go to the party.

●You should go to a doctor.your face looks pale.

10.Will expresses a certainty.

Example :

●They will go to class earlier.

11.Would expresses a polite reques ,a preference or repeated action in the past.

Exampled :

●Would you like to go for dinner with me.

●I would rather he were here.

●When I was a child ,my mum would read me a story at night.

5-3C Semi-Modal Auxiliary Verb

Semi-modal auxiliary verb is a multi-word construction based on an auxiliary verb that has the similar
meaning to some modal auxiliari verbs such as ;

Be able to = can

Be likely to = May.

Be going to = Will

Have to ,Have got to = Must.

It is also called "Similar Expression".

It includes : Be able to ,Be likely to,

Be going to ,Be about to ,Be to , Be supposed to ,Have to.Have got to ,Used to Be used to,Be accustomed
to.

The Uses Of Similar Expressions

1.Be able to" expresses an ability.

Example :

● She is able to dance ballet.

2.Be likely to expresses a possibility.

Example :

●The ticket is likely to be expensive.

3.Be going to expresses a prior plan or a prediction based on evidence.

Examples :

● I'm going to buy a car.

●The sky is very dark. It is going to rain.

3."Be about to" expresses an imminent action.Example :

●I was about to go when the phone rang.

4."Be to "and "be supposed to "express an expectation.

Examples

●The match is to play at 9 pm.

● The match is supposed to play at 9 am.

Boht sentences have the same meaning ,but "be to" states strong expectation.

5."Have to "expresses a necessity or a lack of necessity in negative sentence.

Examples :

●Ria has to attend the staff meeting.

●You don't have to be upset

6."Have got to "expresses a necessity.

Example :

●I have got to go now.

7."Used to" expresses an activity or a condition that existed in the past but with no longer exist.

Example ;
● Bram used to live in Bandung.

It means at a time in the past Bram lived in Bandung, but now he doesn't live in Bandung.

8."Be accustomed to"or "be used to" are used to express a familiar activity or situation.

Examples :

●My family is used to hot weather.

●My family is accustomed to hot weathe

5-4 The Distinctions between Modal

Auxiliary Verb and Similar Expression

5-4A The distinctions between "Be going to and "Will "

."Be going to" can be used to express :

a) A prior plan that has been arranged before the time of speaking.

Example ;

Ria, " Why do you want to go to the mall"?

Ross ,"I am going to buy new shoes".

b) A prediction in the near future according to the definite evidence.

Example :

Look ! The sky is cloudy.It is going to rain.

c)An action at the po

[19/12, 13:14] Ust Ferry Indra: Example :

● I can drive a bus .

● I'm able to drive a bus.

b) Both " Be able to"an"Could" can be used to express general past ability.

Examples :

●She could read .

●She was able to read.

However,"could" can't be used to express past ability in a specific occasion or a specific achievement in
a particular

situation.

Examples :
●The fog came down,so we could not get the top of mount.(incorrect),In this case "be able to"must be
used instead of could Example :

●The fog came down,so we were not able to get to the top of mount.(correct)

"Can or could" can be used to talk about

something which is going on while you are speaking,so it can be used to express possibility ,to make
request ,to ask for permission or to give it ,while "be able to" can't be used to make those expression.
Examples :

●Can you show me that ? (request )

●Can I smoke here? (asking permission)

●You can go now ! (giving permission)

●You can find him there ! (possibility)

However, "can"only have two tenses :

Present (can)and Past (could),so it can't be used to express future or perfect

actions.In the case above " be able to" is

used instead of them.

Examples :

●She will be able to assist her mum in the

kitchen if she has a lot of time.

●He has been able to play soccer after

he feels healty.

3.The distinctions between "Must,"Have to"and "Have got to .

Must,have to and have got to are used to express necessity, but "have got to"is informal and used in
spoken English,while "must and have to"can be used either in formal or in informal English.

"Must" is usually stronger than have to or have got to ; in addition,it can indicate

the urgency or important thing. Must and have to have different meanings when they are used in the
negative sentence.

In negative sentence "must" expresses

the prohibition ,while "have to "expresses the lack of necessity.

Examples :

●You must not park your car here !

Must not ="Don't do this ! "(Prohibition).

because parking the car here is forbidden.

●You don't have to say good-bye

Don't/doesn't have to = lack of necessity

It is not necessary for you to say

good-bye.

Some similar expressions are usually

pronounced :

Have to (Hafta)

Has to (Hasta)

Going to (Gonna)

Got to (Gotta)

5-5 The Expression of Degrees of Certainty

5-5 A Present Time.

Why isn't Bram in the class ?

●100% sure : He is sick.

●90 % sure : He must be sick.

《 He may be sick. ●less than 50%《 He might be sick.

sure 《 He could be sick.

5-5 B Past Time.

Why wasn't Ahmad in the class?

●100% sure : He was sick.

●95 % sure : He must have been sick.

《He may have been sick.

●less than 《He might have been sick.

50% sure 《She could have been sick

5-5C Future Time .

 How will Aisyah do ?

●100 % sure : Aisyah will do well.

《Aisyah should do well.

●90% sure《Aisyah ought to dowell.

《Aisyah may do well.

●less than 50%《Aisyah might do well

sure 《Aisyah could do well.

5-6 Finite Verb

Finite verb is a verb which has a subject

and can be used to show agreement with subjec and grammatical tense, person or number.Moreover,It
describes the action of person,place or thing in the sentence.

Examples :

●They go to the mall every sunday.

●Many people go the sea in summer.

5-7 Non-Finite Verb

Non-finite verb is a verb which doesn't need a subject and tense.In addition,it can't stand alone as a
main verb in a sentence.

It usually includes : "gerund,infinitive and participal"

Examples :

●Life is fighting.(Gerund )

●The children need to love.(Infinitive)

● I have a loving dady.(Present participal)

● I buy the expired food.(Past participal)

5-8 Causative Verb

Causative verb is a verb which is used to

indicate that someone or something

causes someone else or another one to do somet

[19/12, 13:15] Ust Ferry Indra: The passive causative structure is like a passive voice.However,there is a
little difference between them ; namely, a passive causative the agent (the performer of the action) is
usually unused because in its structure describing the process or emphasizing the action is more
important than who is doing the action. There are two causative verbs generally used in passive
causative form ; they are , "Have and Get".

The Passive Causative Pattern :

S+V+Direct Object+ V3.For examples :

Active Passive

●I have the barber cut<>I have my hair cut my hair.

●He has the gardener<>He has the garden

water the garden watered

●The girl gets her <>The girl gets a doll

mum to buy a doll. bought.

The action verbs in the examples above are "cut ,watered and bought which are preceded by direct
object "my hair,the garden and a doll,while the passive form doesn't use by phrase and the agents "the
barber,the gardener and her mum".

The verbs "need"and "want"may be used in passive causative.

Examples :

● We need our house painted.

● He wanted his room decorated.

● We need to have our house painted.

●He wanted to have his house decotared.

The List Of Active And Passive Causative

Verbs Active Passive

Make He makes his son No passive

do his homework.

Have She has the man<> She has her car

sell her car. sold.

Force He forces the lady No passive

to sing a song.

Get I get my sister to <> I get my room

 clean my room. cleaned.

Let She lets him go No passive

Need No active I need my car

repaired

Want No active I want my face

made up.

Hold He holds the boy No passive

to tell the truth.

Help I help the old man No passive

cross the street.

5-10 Proper Verb.

Proper verb is a proper noun that is contextually used as a verb.

In classical English a proper verb is rarely used ; however ,in modern English it is often used especially in
a cyberspace,in a social media or in a sport events.

It includes ; Facebook,tweet,bookmark, skype ,email,line,whatsapp,podium,medal,

rain ,snow etc.For examples :

●I bookmark some websites.

●The athlete won the competition ;Then ,he podiumed and medalled.

●It's raining now.

[19/12, 13:15] Ust Ferry Indra: Chapter 6

ADVERB

6-1 Adverb's Definition and its types

Adverb is a word which is used to modify a verb, an adjective,or another adverb that expresses the
time,the place,the manner

or the degree etc.

It can also modifies a phrase,a clause,or a sentence.

Examples :

1.Ali speaks loudly to his servant.

The adverb"loudly" modifies the verb "speak".

2,Husein is really handsome.

The adverb" really" modifies the adjective"handsome".

3.The man drives his car extremely fast.

The adverb" extremely"modifies the other adverb"fast".

4.He can't know everything obviously.

The adverb"obviously"modifies the sentence,"I can't know everything."

5 the cat is immediately inside the house.

The adverb"immediately"modifies the prepositional phrase"inside the house".

The types of Adverbs

There are commonly seven adverbs in English ; They are :

6-2 Adverb of time.

It tells us the time when an action,or an event is done or happens.

It includes the words like:Today,now, tonight ,already,just,before,once,after,

since etc.

Examples :

●My aunt visited my house yeterday.

●She has been a dentis since 2009.

6-3 Adverb of place.

It tells us the place where an action or an event is done or happens.

It includes the words like : Here,there, outside,inside,above,under,next to,behind, beside beneath etc.

Examples :

●The woman lives next to my house.

●The security stands outside the office.

6-4 Adverb of manner.

It tells us the way of an action or an event is done or happens.Most adverb of manner end in - ly like :
badly,slowly,softly patienly,quickly,angrily etc.

Examples:

●The soldier badly injured in the war.

●The singer sings beaitifully.

6-5 Adverb of frequency.

It tells us how often an action , or an event

is done,or happens.

It includes the words like Always,usually ,generally,sometimes,twice,seldom,rarely,

twice,never etc

Examples :

●The lady never smiles for me.

●They usually go to the library on sunday.

6-6 Adverb of degree.

It tells us the strength or the intensity of an action or an event that is done or happens.

It includes the words like :Too, pretty,very,

so,quite,least,rather,fully,completely etc.

Examples :

●It is too difficult for us to figure the puzzle out.

●My sister is quite fat for her age.

6-7 Adverb of quantity.

It tells us the quantity of noun or pronoun in the sentence.It is usually placed after verb and before noun
or pronoun.

It is different from Adverb of degree because it expresses the quantity while adverb of degree exprsses
the intensity of an action.

It includes the words like :Many,much,any, some,little,most,all,double,enough etc.

Examples :

●She is smart enough to pass the exam.

●They don't have much money at all.

6-8 Adverb of affirmation or negation.

It is an adverb which is used to affirm that something is true or some equivalent expression or negative
statement or judgment or doctrine.

It is generally used to answer the yes/no question asked by the other.

Question : Is Ann smart ?

Answer : Yes ,she is really smart.

It includes the words like : Absolutely,truly

all right,certainly,clearly,exactly,really etc.

Examples :

●He can doubtlessly answer the question.

●The man surely will not forget his love story.

Chapter 7

ADJECTIVE

7-1 Adjetive's Definition ,Functions and

Types.

Adjectiv

e is a word which is used to modify or to describe a noun or a pronoun.It describes the noun, or pronoun
by giving some information about an object's size,shape ,age,color,origin ,observation,opinion,material
or purpose.

Examples :

- It is a big table. (size)

- It is a round table. (shape)

- It is an old table. (age )

- it is a brown table. (color)

- It is a Chinese table. (origin)

- It is a broken table. (observation)

- It is a lovely table. (opinion)

- It is a wooden table. (material)

- It is coffee table. (purpose)

Note : When an item is defined by its purpose ,the word usually used is not an adjective but another
noun,and it acts as one in that situation.

Examples :

Cof

[19/12, 13:16] Ust Ferry Indra: 1.Positive Adjective.

It is used to modifies a noun,pronun or another adjective,and it is also called "Positive Degree".

Examples :

Positive Degrees Sentences

Big,small, pretty ●Ria is pretty.

ambitious,talkative ●Roy is ambitious.

2.Comperative Adjective.

It is used to compare the quality of two persons or thing ,and it is also called "Comparative Degree".

Examples :

Comparative Degrees Sentences

Bigger,smaller,prettier ●Ria is prettier

more ambitious than Marisa.

more talkative ●Roy is more

ambitious than Ria.

3.Superlative Adjective

It is used to show the highest or the lowest degree of quality of a person or a thing among a group,and it
is also called "Superlative Degree".

Examples :

Superlative Degrees Sentences

Biggest, smallest ●Ria is the prettiest

Prettiest an in the office.

most ambitious ●Roy is the most

most talkative ambitious labor in

the factory.

7-4 The grammatical construction of forming comparative and superlative degree.

The comparative and superlative degree can be easily formed by referring to the numbers of syllables in
the positive adjective.

They can be formed by adding suffixes "er and est" to the positive adjective or by placing" more and
most "before it.

Examples :

1.One syllable adjective ending with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel.
Its comparative and superlative degree are formed by doubling the consonant and by adding "er and
est" to the adjective.
Examples :

Adjective Comperative Superlative

Big bigger biggest

Thin thinner thinnest

Fat fatter fattest

Slim slimmer slimmest

2.Two syllables edjective ending with "ow, "er or le".

Its comparative and superlative degree are formed By adding "er and st" to the adjective.

Examples :

Positive Comparative Superlative

Gentle gentler gentlest

Narow narrower narrowest

Clever cleverer cleverest

3.One syllable and two syllables adjective ending with "y".

Its comparative and superlative degree are formed By adding "er and est" and by changing " y" with" i
"to the adjective.

Examples :

Positive Comparative Superlative

Shy shier shiest

Spry sprier spriest

Angry angrier angriest

Busy busier busiest

4.One syllable and two syllables adjective ending with "e".

Its comparative and superlative degree are formed by adding "r"and"st" to the adjective.

Examples :

Positive Comparative Superlative

Wise wiser wisest

Nice nicer nicest

Brave braver bravest

 Polite politer politest

5.One syllable adjective in the other case.

Its comparative superlative degree are formed by adding er and est.

Examples :

Positive Comparative Superlative

Tall taller tallest

High higher highest

Great greater greatest

Gay gayer gayest

6.Two syllables adjective in the other case.

Its comparative and superlative degree are formed by preceding more and most to the adjective.

Examp

[19/12, 13:17] Ust Ferry Indra: 6.Three syllables adjectives.

The comparative and the superlative degree are formed by replacing" more and most "before the
adjective.

Examples :

Positive Comparative Superlative

Difficult More difficult Most difficult

Exciting More exciting Most exciting

7.Three syllables adjectives beginning with prefix"un" and ending with suffix y

The comparative and superlative degree are formed by adding "er" and "est" and by changing "y"
with "i" to the adjective.

Examples :

Positive Comparative Superlative

Unhappy Unhappier Unhappiest

Unhealthy Unhealthier Unhealthiest

8.The Comperative And Superlative Of Irregular Adjective

Positive Comparative Superlative

Good Better Best

 Old Elder Eldest

Bad Worse Worst

Litlle less Least

Much More Most

Many More Most Types of Adjectives

There are nine types of adjective in English .

7-5 Descriptive Adjective.

It is an adjective used to describe

the quality of a noun or a pronoun.

It is also called "Qualitative Adjective ".

example :

● The beautiful flower smells gothaod

~~~~~~

7-6 Quantitative Adjective.

It is used to express the quantity of a noun or pronoun.

It includes"one"each"two,both,many,

a lot of" a few,a little,several,some "etc.

Examples :

● The actress has many cars.

~~~

● Some people have a picnic on sunday.

~~~~ while others stay at home.

7-7 Demonstrative Adjective.

It is used to express a specific person,or thing ,or animal.

It includes

this (singular > these (plural)

that (singular > those (plural)

Examples :

●She looks beautiful in that dress.

 ~~

●Those items are expired.

~~~~

Note : The difference between Demonstrative adjective and demonstrative prononoun is :

1.Demonstrative adjective is an adjective used to modify a noun.

Example : That book is mine

2.Demonstrative of pronoun is a pronoun used to replace the noun,so its function is like a noun's
function.

Example :

The food is nice <> "That is nice .

"That" refers to the word "the food"

7-8 Possessive Adjective.

It is used to express the ownership.

It shows to whom a thing belongs.

It includes "My,Your,Our,Their,His,Her,

and "Its".

Examples :

● Your words hurts my heart.

~~~ ~~

● Rita always obeys her mother order.

~~

7-9 Interrogative Adjective.

It is used with nouns to ask the question.

It includes "which,"what" and whose".

Examples :

● Which of the athletes is the winner?

~~~~

● Whose phone is this ?

~~~~
7-10 Numeral Adjective.

It is used to express the number of nouns ,or the nouns order where they stand.

It has three forms :

a) Definite Numeral Adjective.

It is used to express the exact number in cardinal, and ordinal form.

It includes"One,twenty,one hundred, two thousands,"one million"(Cardinal Form).

"First",second,third,twentieth,thirty first" ,hundredth","millionth" (Ordinal form).

Examples :

● Three cats run up the steps.

~~~~

● We congrutulate the first winner on his victory in the race. ~~

b).Indefinite Numeral Adjective.

It is used to express a noun in a non-specific sense.

It includes :

Countable Noun :"One,each,every,two,both ,three,a few ,a number of several,many.

Uncountable Nouns : A great deal of,

a little, much.

Countable/Uncoutable Noun : Not any/no

,a lot of ,lots of, plenty of ,some,most,all.

Examples :

●The rich lady has many cars.(Countable)

~~~

● I give Rosa much money .(Uncountable)

~~~

● I have lots of food and lots of apples on

~~ ~~

the dining table.

c)Distributive Numeral Adjective.

It is used to single out/specialize one or more people,and it describes specific members out of
[19/12, 13:18] Ust Ferry Indra: 7-12 Emphasis Adjective.

It is used to emphasize a noun .

It is mostly includes : "Own or Very ".

Examples :

●I've seen the accident by my own eyes.

● This is the very woman whom you saw yesterday.

7-13 Article.

Article is used to modify a noun as an adjective used ,so it is technically included an adjective.

There are two different kinds of articles in English ; those are :

1.Definite Article.

2.Indefinite article.

1.Definite Article

It is the word "the" which refers directly to a specific noun or a group of nouns.

It can be used with a singular,plural or uncountable noun. Examples :

●The fat man sleeps soundly (singular)

●The women like singing a song (plural)

●The food is expired .(uncountable)

2.Indefinite Article

It takes the forms of "a" and "an" which refer directly to a non-specific noun.

It can only be used with a singular noun.

Example :

● There is a cup of coffee on the table.

The Placement of Indefinite Article

The article "a" is used before the noun which begins with a consonant sound.

Example :

●There is a university next to my office.

The article"an" is used before the noun which begins with a vowel sound.

Example :
●The boy has been sleeping for an hour.

▪▪

7-14 The derivation of the Adjectives

The adjectives are usually derived from :

1.Noun that ends with some syllebles after it like "y,ly,like,(i)al,wide,ous,ary or ery ,ful,less and ic(al).

Examples : Rainy<>rainy,friend<>friendly,life<>lifelike

nation<>national,country <>countrywide

danger <>dangerous,budget<>budgetary,

duty<>dutiful,job<>jobless,book<>bookish,

hero<>heroic.

2.Verb that ends with some syllebles after it such as " ent or ant,able or ible,

(at)ory,ive, some,-worthy,ed and ing. Examples :

Persist<>persistent,dominate <>dominant

touch<>touchabe,permit <>permissible

explain <> explanatory, act <>active ,

awe <> awesome, blame <> blameworthy,

amaze<> amazed and amazing .

3.Proper noun that ends some syllebles such as " an,ian,ch,ese,nese,ish,ic.

Examples :

Italy <>Italian, Brazil<>Brazilian France<>French,China<>Chinese,Japan<>

Japanese,Spain<>Spanish,Arab<>Arabic.

7-15 The Sequences Of Adjectives

When we use more than one adjecttive before a noun ,we should put the adjective

in the appropriate sequence.

Example :

● The girl wears a red amazing dress.

The sentence above is incorrect

because the adjective that denotes oponion ("amazing") usually comes first before another adjective ,
so the correct one is ;
●The girl wears an amazing red dress.

The List of Adjective Sequences

1.Article : A ,an ,the.

2.Number : Each,every,two,both,many,

a few,a lot of,a couple of,all etc.

3.Opinion : Good,bad,pretty,ugly,nasty etc.

4.Size: Big,huge,gigantic,small,tiny,tall etc.

5.Age:Old,young,mature,adult,teen-age etc

6.Shape : Square,flat,round,triangular etc.

7.Color :White,black ,red ,blue,green etc.

8.Origin :SpanishJewish,French,Arabic etc

9.Type : U-shape,bread-like,four-sided etc.

10.Purpose ;A frying pan,a flower vase etc

11.Noun : Book ,pen ,table,chair,sofa etc.

The Examples of Adjective Sequences

●She is a pretty small girl (two adjectives)

~~~ ~~~

●The table is made of strong ,flat ,brown wood. ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~

(Three adjectives)

● What an amazing,little ,old ,chinese cup it is ! ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~

(four adjectives)

●She is a nice,tall,thin,young,black-haired,

~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~

spanish woman.(six adjectives )

~~~~~

Notes : If there are two adjectives it the same types, we use and between them.

Example :

● I have a black and white jersey.

Meanwhile ,if there are three adjectives ot the same types or more,we put a comma and the word
"and"before the last adjective.

Example :

●His house is big ,tall and long.

Chapter 8

PREPOSITION

8-1 Preposition's Definition

Preposition is a word or a group of words

which is used to express a location like "In, on ,near,by etc or to indicate

[19/12, 13:19] Ust Ferry Indra: 8-5 Compound Preposition.

It is a preposition which is formed by placing the preposition to front of a noun, an adjective or an

adverb.

It is used to connect nouns ,pronouns and phrases.

It commonly includes ," About, across,

among,amids,above,around,beside,below,beneath,between,before,beyond,within,

without,inside ,outside " etc

Examples :

● I find the house across the river.(noun)

~~~~

●There is something strange about him.(adjective) ~~~~~

●I'll reach there before you come.(adverb)

~~~

8-6 Double Preposition.

It is a preposition which contains two prepositions joined into one to connect nouns ,pronouns and
phrases.

It commonly includes "Out of" "from behind, "next to,"due to, "up to , into ,onto, upon" etc.

Examples :

●He suddenly emerged from behind the door ~~~~~~~~

●The flight is delayed due to the bad weather.

8-7 Participle Preposition.

 It is the -ing form of a verb which is used as a preposition in a sentence

It commonly includes "Barring ,concerning

following,considering ,regarding,including.

Examples :

●Barring illness,I should go to your party.

~~~~~

●He works very hard for his family

following his father's death.

~~~~~~

8-8 Phrase Preposition.

It is a phrase containing a preposition that is used as a preposition.

It commonly includes ," On behalf of,in spite of,"by means of,"on account of"etc.

Examples :

●I play in the team on behalf of captain.

~~~~~~~

●We can't win the match in spite of playing good. ~~~~~~

There are six types of prepositions

according to its function.

8-9 Preposition of Time.

It is a preposition which is used to show the time of an action,or time relationship

between nouns in the sentence.

The list of Preposition of Time.

Prep Usages Examples

●On.#Day of week.# ● We have a picnic

on friday.

●Weekend.(Am.E)● We'll go camping

on the weekend.

● With specific

day /date. ●She wiil move here

. on 2 nd of August.

●In●#Month /Year

Decade/Century

Season.# ●He grauated in June,

in autumn,in 2015 .

● We are living in 21st

century.

●In general of day. (morning,evening)●I study in the morning.

● In period of

time. ● You will master your

English in two years.

●At.#Night/noon.#●She reads a novel

at night.

● Weekend.(Br,E) ●We 'll go camping at

the weekend.

● For exact or ●The class begins at

specific time. Two pm.

●With some ●He is talking about his

expressions. hobby at the present.

(present,moment,

same time)

●Since #From a certain ● I 've been here

point of time till since 2004.

●For #For a period of ● He has been a

time expressing chef for ten years.

duration #

●Ago #A certain time in ●I visited my aunt

 the past # year ago.

●During #It is used when● I sleep during

a thing occurs.# the meeting.

●Till #Not more than ● I work till 12 pm. Until a special time#●He has never had

Up to A car up to now.

●By #Not later than.#●I go home by 2 pm.

●Within # During a ●The police seek for

period time # the killer

[19/12, 13:19] Ust Ferry Indra: Prep Usages Examples

●On#to tell that the noun ●My room is on

is on the surface.# the third floor.

(Floor, table, wall) ● The picture is

on the wall.

(TV,Computer) ●I watch the soccer

final match on TV.

(Page,menu) ●The teacher orders us

to look at on page ten.

(Bus,plane)●The passengers on the

plane wear their seatbelt.

(Certain side)●Ronaldo dribbles the

ball on the left side.

(Name of ●Welive on Mawar street.

street, road )

●At # to tell a specific

place.# ● She stay at home.

(school,office) ●I'm at school today.

(restauran,cafe)●We are having lunch

at the restaurant.

(Party ,wedding)●The bride felt very

 happy at her wedding.

(Corner,back) ●We have a garden at

the back of the house.

(Door,entrance).●I Can tell you who at

the entance is.

●In

Front Of #At the front#●They stand in

front of the house.

●Behind #At the back#●She is behind me.

●Between#In the space

that separates

two objects.# ●He sits between

me and my sister.

●Below#The place lower

than Sb/Sth.#●The man dived

below the surface

of the water.

●Beneath # under

Sb/Sth.# ●The ship shank

beneath the waves.

●Beside # at side

Sb/Sth.# ●The post office is

located beside a cafe. ●Above #At higher

Position

than Sb/Sth.# ●I put a lamp above

the table.

●Under # a position

below Sb/Sth.# ●She places the

 ladder under the

window.

●By,near# At the side

next to of Sb/Sth. #●She sits by the fire.

8-11 Preposition of Direction.

It is a preposition which is used to indicate the direction of someone or something in a sentence.

It includes"To,into,onto,up to,along,across ,around, "down, "up,"toward,through" etc.

Prep Usages Examples

●To #Movement in a

specific direction #●She"ll move to a

new flat next week.

●Up to#To the point of#●He drove his car

up to Bandung.

●Close to #At the side

of Sb/sth#●I come close to him

●Across# from one side

to another one.#●The boat takes

me across the

river.

●Along#In line/From one

Point to another#●We walk along

●Among# in a group#●The man emerges

among people.

the beach.

●Around# In a circular way#●I go around

the world.

●Toward #In the direction

 of Sb/Sth # ●The children run

toward their mom.

●Onto #Movement to a

certain position

place # ●The cat steps down

from the stairs onto

the platform.

●Into #Movement toward

the interior of Sth#●They jumped

into

[19/12, 13:20] Ust Ferry Indra: 8-12 Preposition of Agent.

It is a preposition which is used to indicate a thing which is the cause of another thing in the sentence.

It is also called Preposition of Instrument.

It mostly includes "By ,"with" or "on".

Prep Usages Examples

●By #the action is ●The book is written

done by a person# by a famous author.

●with# the action is ●The man opens the

done by a thing# door with the key.

●Without#the action●We can't play tennis

can't be done without racket.

without a thing#

soccer without a ball.

●On#Using a device

or part of body #●He go to school

on feet.

●She is on the laptop.

8-13 Prepositon of Possession.

It is a preposition which is used to indicate a thing that belongs to a person or an animal.

It usually includes "Of" ,"to "and" with".

Prep Usages Examples

●Of#For cities,people●Tango is a special

counrtries # dance of Argentina.

●With#For object, ●The boy with glasses

,accent,people passes by me.

material #

●To# to show the●The pen belongs to me

possession #

8-14 Preposition of reason.

It ia a preposition which is used to show the reason or the purpose of an action.

It includes " Due to, On account of, for,

Owing to etc.

Prep Usages Examples

●Due to #Showing ●The flight is delayed

a reason due to the storm

●On

account of#Showing●The referee stops

a reason# the match on account

of the heavy rain.

●for#Showing a reason● The people go to

or purpose # Jakarta for a job.

●They study in this

college for science

Chapter 9

CONJUNTION

9-1 Conjunction's Definition

Conjunction is a word or a group of words which is used to connect other words,phrases,clauses,or

sentences.
9-2 The types of conjunctions based on their word construction.

There are two types conjunctions based on the conjunction's word construction ; namely :

9-3 Single Word Conjunction.

It is a conjuction which contains one word.

Examples : "And ,but,so,or,for,yet,that ,because,though,since,when,while etc

9-4 Compound Conjunction.

It is a conjunction which contains two words or more.

Examples : "even though,in order that,

so that ,providing that,now that etc.

9-5 The types of conjunction based on its function .

There are four types of conjunctions based on its functions ; they are :

1.Coordinate Conjunction.

2.Subordinate Conjunction.

3.Correlative Conjunction.

4.Adverbial Conjunction.

9-6 Coordinate Conjunction.

It is a conjunction which is used to join words,phrases,clauses or sentences that are equal in

grammatical structure

It is also called "Coordinator".

There are seven coordinators in English ,and the mnemonic acronym "FANBOYS " can be used to
remember them.

FANBOYS is the acronym if " For","And",

"Nor","But","Or","Yet","So".

all these conjunctions are grouped into four kinds; they are :

1.Copulative Conjunction.

It is a coordinator which used to express the addition:"And"and "nor".

Examples :

●Ria is a smart girl ,and she never comes late to school. ▪▪▪▪

● Heru has never been to Bali ,nor have I got him to go there. ▪▪▪
2.Adversative Conjunction.

It is a coordinator which is used to express the contrast : "But and Yet".

Examples :

●Baka is very tired ,but he tries to finish his daily report. ~~

●Fahri is a small boy ,yet he can act as an adult does. ~~

3.Alternative Conjunction.

It is a coordinator which is used to express the alternative : "Or.For example :

●You must do what the doctor said ,or you will ge

[19/12, 13:20] Ust Ferry Indra: 9-7 Elliptical Construction

It is a combination of two sentences which have different subjects ,but they have the same verb or
complement.

It is formed by omission of a word or a phrase.It is also called "Ellipsis"

Examples :

1.Verb Ellipsis : She likes a romantic movie,but Jane a scary movie.

2.Noun Ellipsis : Rita goes shopping,and I go too.

3.Verb -phrase Ellipsis : He went for a walk,but they didn't.

9-8 Types of Ellipsis Constructions

There are three ellipsis construction in English ;They are :

1. Positive Ellipsis Construction.

It expresses the positive (affirmative) sentence.

It uses the words "So or Too"

Examples :

●Dio plays soccer,and I do too.

●Dio plays soccer, and so do I.

2. Negative Ellipsis Construction

It expresses the negative sentence

It uses the words "Either and Neither".

Examples :

●Ida can't speak Arabic ,and I can't either.

●Ida can't speak Arabic ,and neither can I.

3.Contrary Ellipsis Construction.

It expresses the contrary sentences that contain a positive and negative sentence.

It only uses the word But.

Example :

● Ira buys a car,but Ina doesn't.

9-9 Subordinate Conjunction.

It is a conjunction which is used to connect the dependent clause to the independent one.

It usually comes after an independent clause ,but It is sometimes placed in the beginning of the
sentence ,and in this case we use a comma between the dependent clause and main clause.

1.Before Adjective Clause.

Sub Conjunctions Examples

Who,whom,whose,● The man who lives

which,where, ~~~

when,why,that . next to my house is

from Medan.

2.Before Noun Clause.

Sub Conjunction Examples

What,which,when,●I know what you mean.

where,who,whom, ~~~

whose,why,how, ●I wonder whether she is

whether,if,that. a dentist. ~~~~~

3.Before Adverb Clause.

a)TIME.

Sub Conjunction Example

When,while,once●The dog barked fiercely

as long as, when I went by the gate.

as soon as, ~~~

since,until
,before,after.

b) PLACE.

Where,wherever.●Wherever you are,I wil

~~~~~~ miss you.

c) CAUSE.

Because,since, ●She can't go out for whereas, as, dinner as her mom is sick Inasmuch as. ~

c) CONDITION.

If,unless,whether, ●If I have much money

In the event that, ~

providing that, I'll go around the world.

in the case that,

Whether ....not

d) CONTRAST ;

1.concession.

Eventhough, ●Although it rains heavily, although, ~~~~~~ she goes to

though,even if, school.

despite that.

2.Adversative ●Some people spend their

While,where, spare time reading while

whereas. others watching TV. ~~~

e) PURPOSE.

For the purpose that,●Ria is saving money

,that,in order that, that she can buy a car.

so that. ~~~

f) RESULT.

●So+adj/adv+that● He is so kind that all

●Such+a noun+that. ~~

people like him.

g) COMPARISON.

●As + adj/adv+as.●She drives a car as

~~ ●(Not)+so+adj/adv+as. fast as I drive.

~~~~

h)MANNER.

As though,as if. ●The woman acts as if

she were so pretty. ~~

9-10 Correlative Conjunction

It is a conjunction which contains paired conjunctions that correlate words,phrases

or clauses having reciprocal relationship.

The List Of The Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative Con Examples

●Both ..and ○Both my uncle and my

aunt watched TV.

●Either.. or ○ I'll take either biology or

chemistry next semester.

●Neither ..nor ○ She likes neither coffee

nor tea.

●If..then..○If that the case then I'm not

surprised about what's going on.

●Not

[19/12, 13:21] Ust Ferry Indra: 4

9-11 Adverbial Conjunction

It is an adverb which can functions either as a conjunction or an adverb, and it is also called
Conjunctive Adverb.

This adverbial conjuntion is used to join two sentences (Independent clauses) ,or more.

Example :

●The weather is very cold ; therefore ,he

wears the sweater.

9-12 The Placement And the Punctuation.

Adverbial conjunction must come in the second sentence of sentences that are joined.

It is often placed at the beginning of the second sentence ,but it can also be placed in the middle or in
the end of it, and a semicolon and a comma are used to join the sentence.

Examples :

●His new wife is very pretty ; however,she can't cook at all.(at the beginning )

●His new wife is very pretty ; she,however,

can't cook at all. (In the middle )

●His new wife is very pretty ; she can't cook at all,however.(in the end )

9-13 The Types Of Adverbial Conjunctions Types of Adv-conj Uses

1.Addition to add the informaton

that supports something 2.Condition to state the effect that

would be if something

didn't happen.

3.Comparison to state that two facts,

actions ,states are like

each other..

4.Conclusion to state the main point

of something occured

not the details.

5.Contrast to show the contrary

situations or states.

6.Emphasis to give the details about

something that has just

been mentioned.

7.Illustration to give the example.

8.Result to show the cause

and effect.
9.Time to indicate the time

sequence .

The List and The Examples of Adverbial Conjuntions :

Adverbial conjunctios Examples

●Addition :

In addition,besides○His house is very big; moreover. besides it looks shady.

●Condition : ○You must do what the

Otherwise doctor said ; otherwise,

Alternatively you'll get sick again.

●Comparison :

Likewise, also, ○They go home ; likewise,

Similarly we return home.

●Conclusion :

In conclusion, ○I've tried to do my best ;

In summary, in summary,I can achieve

finally this success.

●Contrast :

However,still ○My father bought a new

nevertheless, car ; however, it was still

nonetheless. too small for my family. ●Emphasis ○You love me ; in fact,

In fact,indeed, I think we had better be the Of course. the best friends.

●Illustration :

For example ○Wisnu God is famous for

for instance, his avatars ;namely,Rama

namely. and Khrisna are both

avatars of him.

●Result :

Therefore, ○The weather is bad;hence,all

Accordingly, classes are dismissed.

Hence.

●Time :

Meanwhile, ○The boy feel asleep in

Afterwards, the class ; then,the bell rang.

Then.

Chapter 10

INTERJECTION

10-1 Interjection's Definition

Interjection is a part of speech which is used to express emotion or a sudden burst of feeling.

It can express happiness (Yippee !),pain (Ouch !),sadness (Wow !),joy (Yahoo !),

surprise (Holy cow

(Shalom !)

disgust (Ick !),relief (Phew! ),grief (alas !),

boredom (pff !),mockery (Ooh -la -la !) ,triumph (Ole !)

It usually contains one or two words which can stand alone as a sentence,and has no connection with
the other part of sentence. Moreover,the interjection is more commonly used in informal language
than in formal one.

10-2 Types of Intrjections Based on Their

Forms

1.Single Word used as interjection.

Example :

● "Viva ! "

2. Adjective used as interjection.

Example :

[19/12, 13:21] Ust Ferry Indra: 3.Question Mark

It is used to express "confusion,disbelief and uncertainty. For examples :

●"Huh ? You want me the person with false voice to sing a song on the stage ?"

●"Oh,really ? You kill a snake with a fork ?"

●" What ? You still haven't submitted your project ?"

10-4 The Types of interjections Based on

Their Functions

There are several types of interjections based on their functions.Here is,the list of their types based on
their functions.

Interjections Functions Examples

1.For Greeting●It expresses ♢ Hi !, nice to

Hallo,hello, sense of warmth meet you.

aloha,hey,hi. to the other person.

2.For joy ●It shows a sense of♢ Yahoo ! I

Wow,yahoo, a joy,happiness win the final

hurra,hooray, on something. match !

yippee,

3.For Surprise●It shows strong♢Ah ! His

Ah,oh,eh,ha, sense of surprise dad died !

gracious,uh, on something.

what,wow.

4.For praise ●It expresses a ♢Bravo ! He

Bravo,okey sense of praise made a goal.

yebo,yes,viva, or approval on

brilliant,well. something.

5.For Grief ●It expresses a ♢ Alas ! I failed

Alas,aww, strong sense of the test.

waly,ouch, sorrow or pain.

Ah,uh,ow. on unlucky thing.

6.For bidding●It's used to bid ♢Good-bye !

farewell. farewell or say I have to go

Bye,adios, good-bye. right now.

cheerio,valete,sayonara.

7.For attention●It's used to call♢ Listen !

Listen,look,hi attention to my boss is

sithee ,caution. someone. looking for

a driver.

8.For ●It 's used to make♢ Ooh-la-la ! Sir

Mockery. someone seem you do have

Boo-hoo, ridiculous. big muscles.

bwah-ha-ha,ooi,

Ooh -la-la, duh.

9.For relief●It expresses sense ♢Oof ! My

Phew,oof of joy when a bad mum has

ah,whew thing stops or recovered

doesn't happen● from her

illnes.

10.For hesitation●It's used to♢Err ! I'm not

Hmm,uhh , show the sense really sure

err. of disbelief on what is

something. going on.

11.For anger ● It's used to ♢ Damn ! He

Damn,dammit show anger, deceived me

argh,augh,grrr. frustration. yesterday.

12.For disgust●It's used to ♢Ick ! This fruit

Ick ,ewww, show the is rotten.

yuck ,ugh. disgust.

10-5 The list of Interjections

A = Achoo adios ah aha alas aloha aw.

B = Baccare ,banzai ,basta ,bonjour ,bosh,

bravo , bye.

C = Cheers, cheerio, congrats ,ciao.

D = Damn,dammit ,dear ,deffo,duh.

E = Eureka ,ewhow.

F = Fiddlestick ,foh.

G = Geronimo,giddap,gidday,gimme, good

goodbye ,gracious.

H = Ha ,hah hallo ,hello ,hooray ,huh.

I = Ick ,Inshallah.

J = Jeepe,jambo,ja.

K = Kerchoo .

L = Lackaday,lordy.

M= Mum, my word.

N = Nah,nah,nerts.

O=Och,odso,oi ,ole,oops,ouch.

P = Phah,phew,pho.

Q = Quep, quotha.

R = Rats,righto.

S = Sayonara ,salaam,shalom,shoot.

T =Tas ,thankee , tush ,tut.

U = Um ,uh ,uh-huh .

V = Valete ,viva.

W = Waly, waesuck ,what's up ,well ,whoa.

Y = Yahoo ,yippee, yes ,yummy.

Z = Zap ,zowie ,zzz.

[19/12, 13:22] Ust Ferry Indra: Chapter 4

TENSES

4-1 Tense's Definition

 Tense is a verb-based method which is used to express the time of an action,an event or a state with
regard to the time of speaking.In another simple term, it's said , "Tense is any of the form of a verb
which may be used to show the time of an action ,an event or a state expressed by the verb."

The consept of tense in English is a method that is used to refer to the time ; those are ,
"present,past,future and past future".

4-2 The Main Components of Tenses

English tenses have two main components : "Time and Aspect".

The time component expresses :

1.Past = Before now.

2.Present = Now.

3.Future = After now

4.Past Future = After then.

Meanwhile,the aspect component is classified into Three categories :

1.Simple.

It expresses a usual or habitual action, event or a state ,and it produces "simple present, simple past
,simple future an

'simple past future (conditional)".

2.Progressive/Continuous.

It expresses a continuing action or event, and it produces :present continuous,.past continuous,future

continuous and past future continuous ". Progressive is commonly mentioned "Continuous".

3.Perfective.

It expresses a completed action ,event or state,and it produces "present perfect ,past perfect,future
perfect and past future perfect".

Both the aspects progressive and perfective can be combined to produce

" present perfect continuous ,past perfect continous,future perfect continuous and past future perfect
continuous".

4-3 Tenses' Patterns,Types and Uses

In English there are sixteen types.

Here are the patterns' list of tenses :

Tenses Patterns

1.Simpe present : S+v1/v1+s/es.

2.Simple past : S+v2.

3.Simple future : S+will/shall+v1.

4.Simple past future: S+would/should+v1.

5.Present continuous :

S+Be verb(is,am,are)+ verb +Ing.

6.Past continuous : S+Be verb(was,were)

+verb+ing.

7.Future continuous : S+will/shall+be+verb+ing.

8.Past future continuous : S+would/should+be+verb+ing.

9.Present perfect : S+have/has+v3.

10.Past perfect :

S+had+v3.

11.Future perfec :

S+will/shall+have+v3.

12.Past future perfect :

S+ would/should+have+v3.

13.Present perfect continuous :

S+have/has+been+verb+ing.

14.Past perfect continuous : S+had+been+verb +ing.

15.Future perfect continuous :

S+will/shall+have+been+verb+ing.

16.Past future perfect continuous :

S+would/should+have+been+verb+ing.

Types Of Tenses and their uses

Here are the list of tenses' types and uses.

4-4 Simple Present.

It is used to express :

a)Habitual action.

Example :
●Ria always goes shopping on sunday.

b)Daily Activity.

Example :

● I go to college every day.

c)Universal /Unchanging truth.

Example :

●The sun shines in the east.●The grass is green

d) a future fixed action.

Example :

●The plane departs at 5 pm.

4-5 Simple Past.

It is used to express :

a) an action,an event or a state that occured in the past.

Example :

● I read a novel last night.

b)past habit or repeated action.

Example :

●When I was young ,I took a long journey.

4-6 Simple Future.

It is used to express :

a)an action,an event or a state that will occur in the future.

Example :

● I will go with you tonight.

b) a future event prediction.

Example :

● It will rain tomorrow morning.

c) a sudden decision.

Example :

● All the students are studying.I will control them.

4-7 Simple Past Future.

It is used to express :

a) an idea in the past that an action,an event or a state was predicted,planned ,promised, expected or
obliged to be going to occur in the future of the past.it doesn't matter if the idea is correct or not.
Example :

● She knew that I would read a novel the day after. (past future form)

b) a will or a wish that is contrary to the fact in the present.

Example :

●If I had a spare time ,I would read a historical book. (conditional form)

4-8 Present Continuous.

It is used to express :

a) an action or an event that is still in the progress at the moment of spe

[19/12, 13:23] Ust Ferry Indra: b) a past progressive action that was interrupted by another action or
time.

Example :

● I was reading a tabloid when Ali knocked at the door.

c)two past actions that occured at the same time.

Example :

●He fell from the mango tree when he was picking its fruit.

4-10 Future Continuous.

It is used to express :

a) an action or an event that will be still in the progress at a specific time in the future.

Example :

● I'll be reading a book at 8 pm tonight.

b)a future progressive action that will be

interrupted by another action or time.

Example :

● She'll be watering the garden when the guest comes to her house.

c) a prediction about present.

Example :
● Don't call him.He'll be having dinner.

4-11 Past Future Continuous.

It is used to express :

a)an idea in the past that an action or event was predicted,planned,promised or expected to be still in
the progress at a specific time in the future of past.

Example :

● I would be reading a novel for an hour before my father went home.

b) a will or a wish that is contrary to the fact at the time of speaking.

Example :

● If I had a spare time at that time,I would be reading a book.

4-12 Present perfect.

It is used to express :

a)an action or an event that started at a particular time the past and still continues up to the present.

Example :

● I've lived in Solo for a year

b) an action that is completed in very recent past.

Example :

● My son has just read a book.

c)a completed action at non-specific time in the past.

Example :

●I've already gone to Bali.

4-13 Past Perfect.

It is used t express :

a) an action,an event or a state that started at a point of time in the past and was completed before
another action or time occured in the past.

Example :

●I had read at leas books by the time I was nine.

b)the duration of an action started in the past and continued until another action or time occured.

Example :
●When I graduated ,I had already studied for six years.

c) a will or a wish that was contrary to the fact in the past.

Example :

● If You had driven your car carefully,you wouldn't have got an accident.

4-14 Future Perfect.

It is used to express :

a) an action,or an event or a state that that will start at a point of time in the future and is completed
before another action or time occurs.

Example :

● I'll have read all my novels by the end of this week.

b)the duration of an action or an event that will start and continue up to another action or event occurs
in the future.

Example :

●The boys wil have already played soccer for an hour when the eating-bell rings.

4-15 Past future perfect.

It is used to express :

a)an idea in the past that an action,an

event or a state was predicted ,planned or expected to be completed before another action or time
occured in the future of past.

Example :

● I would already have read a book by the time my father was sleeping soundly.

b)a wish that was contrary to the fact in the past.

Example :

●If the police had come soon,the robbers wouldn't have escaped.

4-16 Present Perfect Continuous.

It is used to express :

a)the duration of an action or an event that began in the past and continues up to now.

Example :

● I've been reading a book for half an hour.

b)a repeated action that is still in the progress recently.

Example :

●I've been listening to the news lately.

c)an action or an event that is just

completed,but it is still bringing effect now.

Example :

● The road is wet.It surely has been raining.

4-17 Past Perfect Continuous.

It is used to express :

a) The duration of an action that started at a point of time in the past and continued up to another
action or time occured.

Example :

● I had been reading my textbook for an hour when my mum came to my room.

b)an action or event that was just completed in the past ,but it was still bringing the effect at that time.

Example :

●The room was in a mess.The children had certainly been playing there all day.

4-18 Future Perfect Continuous.

It is used to express :

a)the duration of an action or event that will start

[19/12, 13:23] Ust Ferry Indra: 4-20 The List Of All Tenses In Verbal

Sentence

a=Positive Statement

b=Negative Statement

c=Yes /No Question

d=W-h Question

1.Simple Present :

a)Ria reads a book every day.(+)

b)Ria doesn't read book every day. (-)

c)Does Ria read a book every day?

d)What does Ria read every day?

2.Simple Past :

a)Ria read a book last night.(+)

b)Ria didn't read a book last night.(-)

c)What did Ria read last night?

d)Did Ria read a book last night ?

3.Simple future :

a)Ria will read a book tomorrow.(+)

b)Ria will not read a book tomorrow (-)

c)What will Ria read tomorrow?

d)Will Ria read a book tomorrow?

4.Simple Conditional/Past Future :

a)Ria would read a book the day after.(+)

b)Ria wouldn't read a book the day after(-)

c)What would Ria read the day after?

d)Would Ria read a book the day after?

5.Present Continuous/Progressive :

a)Ria is reading a book now.(+)

b)Ria is not reading a book now.(-)

c)What is Ria reading now?

d) Is Ria reading a book now ?

6.Past Contiuous :

a)Ria was reading a book at 9 pm last night.(+)

b)Ria was not reading a book at 9 pm last night. (-)

c)What was Ria reading at 9 pm last

night ?

d) Was Ria reading a book at 9 pm last night ?

7.Future Contiuous :

a) Ria will be reading a bool at 10 am tomorrow morning.(+)

b)Ria will not be reading a book at 10 am tomorrow morning.(-)

c)What will Ria be reading at 10 am tomorrow morning ?

d) Will Ria be reading a book at 10 am tomorrow morning ?

8.Conditional Continuous :

a)Ria would be reading a book by then(+)

b)Ria would't be reading a book by then(-)

c).What would Ria be reading by then?

d)Would Ria be reading a book by then?

9.Present Perfect :

a)Ria has just read a book .(+)

b)Ria has not just read a book.(-)

c)What has Ria just read ?

d)Has Ria just read a book ?

10.Past Perfect :

a)Ria had read a book when I called her.(-)

b)Ria hadn't read a book when I called her.(-)

c)What had Ria read when I call her ?

d.Had Ria read a book when I called her ?

11.Future Perfect :

a)Ria will have already read a book by the end of this week .(+)

b)Ria will not have already read a book by

the end of this week.(-)

c)What will Ria have already read by the end of this week ?

d)Will Ria have already read a book by the end of this week ?

12.Conditional Perfect :

a)Ria would have read a book by the time the phone rang.(+)

b)Ria wouldn't have read a book by the time the phone rang.

c)What would Ria have read by the time the phone rang ?

d)Would Ria have read a book by the time

the phone rang ?

13.Present Perpect Continuous :

a)Ria has been reading a book for an hour.(+)

b )Ria hasn't been reading a book for an hour .(-)

c)What has Ria been reading for an hour ?

d)Has Ria been reading a book for an hour?

14.Past Perfect Continuous :

a)Ria had been reading a book for an hour when her baby cried.(+)

b)Ria hadn't been reading a book for an hour when her baby cried (-)

c)What had Ria been reading for an hour

when her baby cried?

d)Had Ria been reading a book for an hour when her baby cried ?

15.Future Perfect Continuous :

a)Ria will have been reading a book for an hour when her son sleeps (+)

b)Ria will not have been reading a book for an hour when her son sleeps (-)

c)What will Ria have been reading for an hour when her son sleeps ?

d)Will Ria have been reading a book for an hour when her son sleeps ?

16.Conditional Perfect Continuous :

a)Ria would have been reading a book for an hour when her father slept.(+)

b) Ria wouldn't been reading a book for an hour when her father slept.(-)

c)What would Ria have been reading for an hour when her father slept ?

d)Would Ria have been reading a book for an hour by the time her father slept ?

4-21 The Patterns and The Examples of

All Tenses in Nominal Sentences

Here are the list of all tenses's patterns In nominal sentence :

Tenses Patterns

●Simple Present = S+Be (am,is are)

●Simple Past = S+Be(was,were)

●Simple Future = S+Will/shall+be

●Simple Past Future=S+Would/should+be

●Present Perfect = S+Have/has+been

●Pas

[19/12, 13:24] Ust Ferry Indra: 5.Present Perfect :

a) He has been fine.(+)

b) He hasn't been fine.(-)

c) Has he been fine ?

d) How has he been ?

6.Past Perfect :

a) He had been fine.(+)

b) He had not been fine.(-)

c) Had he been fine ?

d) How had he been ?

7.Future Perfect :

a)He'll have been fine. (+)

b)He will not have been fine.(-)

c)Will he have been fine ?

d) How will he have been ?

8.Conditional Perfect :

a)He would have been fine.(+)

b)He wouldn't have been fine.(-)

c)Would he have been fine ?

d)How would he have been ?

Note :

In a verbal sentence there are "sixteen tenses" ,while there are only "eight tenses" in a nominal one.

4-22 Time Expressions or Time signals

Time expression or time signal is a word or a group of words that refers to the time.It is used to
indicate the tenses and can be placed at the beginning or in the end of sentence.

Exanple :

● We went to the zoo yesterday.

●She was watching TV at 8 pm last night.

The word "yesterday "refers to the "non-specific time" in the past ,so the tense that is used in the
sentence above is "simple past",while the words "at 9 pm last night" refers to "specific time" in the
past,so the tense that is used is "past continuous".

The List Of Time Expressions

Based On Their Tenses The Time Expressions Of :

1.Simple Present :

Every day,Every night,Every week,

Every month,Every year,At night,At noon

In morning,In evening,

Twice a day/week /month/year,

On weekend(Am E),At wekend (Br E), Always,Usually,Normally,Generally,

Frequently,Often,Now & Then, On & Off, Sometimes,Seldom, Rarely,Never,Ever etc.

Example :

● We go to 21 cinema on weekend.

2.Simple Past :

Yesterday,last night/week /month /year

An hour ago,A day ago,A week ago,

A month ago,A year ago, Once,One day,

At one time,On an ocassion,

A specific past time :

On 2nd of June 1997,In 2004 etc.

Example :

●K.H Ahmad Rifai Arif built LaTansa in 1991.

3.Simple Future :

Tomorrow, Next time /week/month/year,

In a few days/weeks/months,

Within a day /week/month/year,Soon,later

By the end ofthis week/month/year,

A specific future time :

In 2050, On next sunday,

On July 2018 etc.

Example:

●We will meet again in our college later.

4.Simple past future/Conditional :

The following day /week /month/year,

The next < morning/afternoon/evening

Within a day after

By the end of the week/ month/year,

If clause type II etc.

Example :

● I knew that he would move Bali the following day.

5.Present Continuous :

Now,Right now,At present,

At this moment,At this time,

This morning,This afternoon,This evening,

This week,This month,This year,

This semester,Today,Tonight etc.

Example :

●We are watching a scary movie now.

6.Past Continuous :

At this time<yesterday/last night/week.

A specific past time:

At 2 am last midnight

At 1 am last night.

During the storm last night

During the heavy rain yesterday.

All day yesterday,

The whole night last night ,

Time clause : While/when+Simple past etc.

Example :

● He was doing his homework at 8 pm last night.

7.Future Continuous ;

At this time < tomorrow/next week/month

A specific future time :

At 9 pm tonight,

At 8 am tomorrow morning

During the meeting tomorrow

All day tomorrow

The whole night tonight etc.

Example :

●We will be discussing about our plans during the meeting tomorrow.

8.Past Future Continuous :

At this time > the following day/night

At this time > the week /the month after

A specific past future time :

At 8 pm that night ,

During summer the year after ,

On august the year after etc.

Example:

●Rosa said she would be attending the lecture an at 8 pm the following day.

9.Present Perfect :

Already,Just ,So far, Up to ,Until,Since For,Yet,Ever, Never.

Example :

●My father has already gone to New York.

10.Past Perfect :

Already,Just ,Yet ,
Time clauses such as :

"Before,"when,"By the time,"Since,"For etc.

Example :

●The lecturer had just called the roll When I entered the class.

11.Future Perfect :

Already,For ,

Time clauses like :

"When,"Before,"By the time"

[19/12, 13:24] Ust Ferry Indra: 15. Future Perfect Continuous :

Already,For,All morning tomorrow,

All day tomorrow,All night tonight,

By the end of that month/that year,

By weekend

Time clauses like :

"When,"Before,"By the time etc.

Example :

●They will have been playing soccer for an hour by the time it starts to rain.

16.Past Future Continuous :

Aready,For,All morning the day after,

All day the day after,All night that night

By the end of that month/year,

Time clause like :

"By the time,"When,"Before.

Example :

●The boy said that he would have been playing basket for an hour by the time his father came to the
basket court.

4-23 Normal,Non-Continuous,

And Mixed Verb

With regard to English tenses,verbs can be classified into three categories ; they are :
1.Normal Verb.

2.Non-Continuous Verb.

3.Mixed Verb.

4-24 Normal Verb

It is a verb that is used to express a physical action ,and it can be used in all tenses

It is also called "Dynamic Verb".

Nomal verb includes all English verbs except "Non -Continuous verbs such as :

"Do ,walk ,eat ,read ,take ,bring ,buy ,sell,

build ,give ,ask,study etc.

Examples :

1.We do homework .

2.We did homework.

3.We will do homework.

4.We would do homework.

5.W are doing homework.

6.We were doing homework.

7.We will be doing homework.

8.We would be doing homework.

9.We have done homework.

10.We had done homework.

11.We will have done homework.

12.We would have done homework.

13.We have been doing homework.

14.We had been doing homework.

15.We will have been doing homework.

16.We would have been doing homework.

Note : There are sixteen tenses in normal verb.

4-25 Non-Continuous Verb

 It is a verb that is used to express a static condition or an unchanging state and It can't be normally
used in continuous and in perfect continuous forms,so it has only eight tenses.

Non -continuous is also called "Static Verb , and it is grouped into :

●Opinion: Know,believe,think,agree.admit

●Possession : Have,own,possess,belong.

●Emotion: Love,like,hate,enjoy,prefer.

●Sense : Look,smell,taste,sound,feel.

●State : Be, exist,appear,want,wish,hope

depend

Examples :

Have To Be

1. I have a pen. He is a king.

2.I had a pen. He was a king.

3. I 'll have a pen. He will be a king.

4 I'd have a pen. He would be a king.

5 I have had a pen. He has been a king.

6.I had had a pen. He had been a king.

7I'll have had a pen He'll have been a king.

8I'd have had a pen He'd have been a king.

4-26 Mixed Verb

It is a verb that can be used either as a normal verb or a non-continous verb.

The mixed verb includes : Have,appear,

taste ,look ,feel,see,think,weigh,miss etc.

Examples

1.Have

●We are having dinner.(normal verb)

It means I am eating dinner.

This verb can be used in all tenses.

●I have a new car.(Non-continuous verb)

It means I own a new car.

Note : The verb "have" that means own can't be used in continuous tenses.

Examples :

I am having much money (incorrect)

I have much money.(correct)

I have been having a new car.(incorrect)

I have had a new car.(correct)

2.See

● She is seeing a doctor.(normal verb)

It means she is visiting a doctor.

●He sees my wish.(non-continuous verb)

It means she understands my wish

3.Think

● I'm thinking about my son.(normal verb)

It means I am using my brain to solve my son's problem.

●I don't think so.(non-continuous verb)

It means l don't have opinion like your opinion.

4.Look

●He is looking for money.(normal verb)

It means he is searching for money.

●He looks happy.(non-continous verb)

It means he seems to be happy.

5.Smell

●Ria is smelling the flower.(normal verb)

It means Ria is sniffing the flower to see what it smells like.

●Ria smells good.(non-continuous verb)

It means Ria has a good smell.

6.Taste

● I 'm tasting the coffee. (normal verb)

It means I'm drinking the coffee to see what it tastes like.

●Honey tastes nice.(non-continuous verb)

It means honey has a nice taste.

7.Be

●Han is being formal. (normal verb)

It means Han is behaving very formally

[19/12, 13:25] Ust Ferry Indra: The Pattern of Active Voice :

Subject+Transitive Verb+Object .

Example :

●She gave the beggar food.(two object)

In the sentence above the subject is 'she' ,and there are two objects in it : "the beggar (indirect object)
and food"(direct object) that receive the action of the transitive verb "gave" .

Passive Voice

It is a sentence or a clause in which the subject receives the action of the verb.

Example :

●A new car is bought (by the man)

In the sentence above ,the subject is 'a new car which receives the action of the verb 'bought'.

Passive voice is usually used when :

1.The perfomer of the action is unknown.

Example :

● The house was built in 1960's.

2.The receiver of the action is more important than the performer.

Example :

●American continent was discovered by Columbus in 1492.

The most common form of the passive in English is 'a short passive or an agentless passive in which the
agent (the subject of the active voice) is omitted.

Examples :

●The flight is delayed due to the bad weather.

●The furniture is made of teak wood.

5-2 The ways to change an active voice

to a passive one

There are four steps to change the active voice to the passive one ; they are :

1.Change the object of the active voice

to the subject of passive one.

2.Use the verb be in "the same tense"as the main verb of the active voice.

3.Use the past participle (V3) of the main verb of the active voice.

4.Put the subject of active voice after "by".

Examples one object :

Active : I buy a new car.(Simple present)

Passive : A new car is bought by me.

Example two objects :

Active : She gave me food. (simple past)

There are two ways to change the active voice above because it contains two original objects ; those
are

1.me (indirect object)

2.food(direct object)

●Passive :

1.I was given food by her.

2. Food was given to me by her.

5-3 The Patterns of Passive Voices in

All Tenses and Their Examples

The General Pattern Of Passive Voice

Original Object(Passive Subject+Verb be+V3+By+Original Subject(Agent)

Passive Voice In All Tenses.

There are only twelve commonly used tenses in the passive voice.Here are their list with their pattern &
examples :

The List of Passive Voice Patterns in all

Tenses.
1.Simple present :

OO+Be (am/are/is)+V3+by+OS.

2.Simple pas :

OO+Be (was/were) +V3+by+OS.

3.Simple future:

OO+will/shall+be+V3+by+OS.

4.Simple past future :

OO+would/should+be+V3+by+OS.

5.Present continuous :

OO+Be (am/are/is+being)+by+OS

6.Past continuous :

OO+Be (was/were being)+V3+by+OS.

7.Future continuous :

OO+will/shall+be+being+V3+by+OS.

8.Past future continuous :

OO+would/should be+being+v3+by+OS

9.Present perfect :

OO+Have/has + been + V3+by +OS.

10.Past Perfect :

OO+Had+been +V3 + by +OS.

11.Future perfect :

OO+will/shall+have+been +V3+by+OS.

12.Past future perfect :

OO+Would/should+have+been+v3+by+OS

The list of Passive Voice's Examples in

All tenses

Sentences

1.The car ia sold. .

2.The car was sold.

3.The car will be sold.

4.The car would be sold.

5.The car is being sold.

6.The car was being sold.

7.The car will be being sold.

8.The car would be being sold.

9.The car has been sold.

10 The car had been sold.

11.The car will have been sold.

12 The car would have been sold.

Tenses

1.Simple Present

2.Simple Past

3.Simple Future

4.Simple Past Future(Conditional)

5.Present Continuous

6.Past Continuous

7.Future Continuous

8.Past Future Continuous

9.Present Perfect

10.Past Perfect

11.Future Perfect

12.Past Future Perfect

5-4 Passive Modals.

Here is the pattern of passive modal :

Original O+Modal+be+V3+By+Original S

Examples :

a)He can do a job.

b) A job can be done by him.

a) He could do a job.

b)A job could be done by him.

a) He may do a job.

b) A job may be done by him.

a) He might do a job.

b) A task might be done by him.

a) He must do a job.

b) A job must be done by him.

a)He had better do a job.

b)A job had better be done by him.

a) He shall

[19/12, 13:25] Ust Ferry Indra: Chapter 6

MOODS

6-1 Mood's definition and types

Mood is a form of verb which is used to express a fact,a question,a request,a wish a condition,a
suggestion or a preference.

The moods are classified into three categories ; they are :

1.Indicative Mood.

2.Imperative Mood

3.Subjunctive Mood.

6-2 Indicative Mood

It is a mood that is used to make a factual

statement or an assertion,to ask a question or to express an opinion as if it were fact.

Examples :

●She saw something that really annoyed her today.

●We have to go now.

●Did she see something that really annoy her today ?

●I think the puzzle can be figured out.

6-3 Imperative Mood

 It is a mood that is used to express a request or a command.

Examples :

●Sit on the sofa please.

●Let's check this song out !

●Keep on fighting !

6-4 Subjunctive Mood' Definition and Its

Types ..

It is a mood that is used to express

a condition,a suggestion,a necessity,a wish,a demand, a possibility that is contrary to the fact.

There are two types of subjunctive moods in English ; namely :

1.Present Subjunctive.

2.Past Subjunctive.

6-5 The Use of Present Subjunctive

It is a bare infinitive form of the verb in all all persons, including the 3rd person singular (no final -s)and
it is used :

a)To express suggestion and advice.

Example :

●His mom suggested that he get a job.

b)To express commands & demands.

Example :

●The teacher insisted that her students be on time.

Pattern : S+Verb+That+S2+Bare Infinitive

The List Of Common Verbs Followed By The Subjunctive :

Ask Advise Suggest Hope Urge Wish Request Insist Demand Prefer Desire Require

c) To make a statement of necessity.

Example:

● It is essential that he call me as soon as he well

● It is urgent that all the students be

on time to go to class.
The Pattern : Adjective & That-Clause

It +Is/was+that+S+Bare Infinitive

The list of adjectives :

It's urgent It's significant It's important.

It's crusial It's desirable

d)To express a wish or a hope in exclamatory sentence.

Examples :

● Rest in peace !

● God save the king !

e)In Set Phrases.

Examples :

●I see what you mean.Be that as it may. I can't agree with you.(Even so,stiil)

●Come what may.(whatever happens) I will not resign.

6-6 Past Subjunctive's Definition and

Types

Past subjunctive is a term in traditional grammar for the use of the verb Be"were" for all persons and
the past tenses form in a dependent clause that expresses unreal condition in the present ,the past or
the future time.

It takes the forms of :

1.Conditional Sentence Type II and III.

2.Wish & That-Clause.

3.I Would Rather & That -Clause

4.As If /As Though-Clause.

6-7 Conditional Sentences

There are three types of conditional sentences in English :

1.Conditional sentence type I.

It is a sentence that is used to express a wish that will come true in the future if th certain qualification
in the present is fulfilled.

The Pattern :

If (Only)+S+Simple Present+S2+Simple Future.

Example :

●If only he studies hard,he'll pass the test.

It means the qualification to pass the test is studying hard.

2.Conditional sentence type II.

It is a sentence that is used to express a wish that is contrary to the fact in the present.

The Pattern :

If(Only)+S+Simple Past+S2+Simple Conditional.

Example :

● If only I were tall ,I would be a model.

The fact is I'm short ,so I can't be a model.

3.Conditional Sentence Type III.

It is a sentence that is used to express a wish that was contrary to the fact in the past.

The pattern:

If (Only)+S+Past Perfect+S2+Conditional Perfect.

Example :

● If only you had driven you car carefully ,you wouldn't have got an accident.

It means " You drove carelessly your car ,so you got an accident.

Omitting If

Sometimes"If" is omitted ,while subject and the verb "were,"had and would" are inverted.

Examples :

●Were I you ,I wouldn't do that.

●Had I known,I would have told you.

Note : Conditional Sentence type I is not incuded in the past subjunctive.

6-8 Wish

[19/12, 13:26] Ust Ferry Indra: 6-9 Would Rather & That-Clause

It takes the forms :

1.Unreal Present Would Rather.

It is used to express a preference that is contrary to the fact in the present.

The Pattern :
S+Would Rather+(That )+S2+Simple Past.

Example :

● I 'd rather TV program were Stand Up

Comedy now.

It means TV program isn't Stand Up Comedy now

2.Unreal Past Would Rather.

It is used to express a preference tha was contrary to the fact in the past.

The pattern :

S+Would Rather+S2+Past Perfect.

Example :

● I'd rather you had gone with me to a cinema last night.

It means you didn't go with me to a cinema last night.

Note : Subordinate conjunction " that " is mostly unused in Subjunctive mood.

6-10 As If /As Though-clause.

It takes the forms of :

1.Unreal Present Situation.

It is used to express a manner that is contrary to the real situation the present .

The Pattern :

S+Simple Present+As If+S2+Simple past

Example :

● She acts as if she were an artist.

It means she is not an artist.

2.Unreal past Situation.

It ia used to express a manner that was

contrary to the real situation in the past.

The Pattern :

S1+Simple past+AsThough+S2+Past Perfect.

Example :

●He talked as though he had known

 everything.

It means he knew nothing.

Note : This subjunctive is not like the others ,it can be used to express the real situation when the past
forms are unused. for example : he looks as if he knows the girl.it means he knows the girl.

Moreover,the verb bl"was"can be used like were in informal language.

Examples :

Formal Informal

She acts as if she <> She acts as if she

were rich. was rich.

Chapter 7

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

1 Direct and Indirect Speech's Definition

7-1 Direct Speech.

It is"a speaker's exact words that are directly spoken by the speaker oneself."

It has two parts : "reporting speech and reported speech", while the verb in reporting speech is called
"reporting verb" and the verb in reported speech is called reported verb".

There are some punctuations used in a direct speech such as comma ,single or double quotation
marks,and the direct speech may end with period (statement or request), exclamation point
(exclamation or command) or question mark (question)

It is also called "Quoted Speech"because it quotes the speaker's exact words,and it is included
"Compound Sentence" because it contains two sentences joined into one by punctuation.

Examples :

a)Ali said to Mira," My dad is ill now."

Reporting speech~Reported speech

b)Ali said to Mira ,"What do you want?"

Reporting speech~ Reported speech

c) Ali said to Mira,"How cute you are ! "

Reporting speech~Reported speech

The phrases "Ali said to Mira in the three examples above is "reporting speech",and the word "said" is
reporting verb ,while the phrases "my dad is ill now ,what do you want and how cute you are" are
reported speeches "and the words "is ,want ,speak are reported verbs.
The reported speech in a) ends with period (.) because it is a statement ,in b) ends with question mark
(?) because it is a question and in c) ends with an exclamation point because it is a exclamation.

7-2 Indirect Speech/Reported speech

It is a report of what someone or a speaker has said that doesn't quotes the speaker's original words.

Indirect speech is also called "reported speech "because it reports or quotes the speaker's words
without using his /her original words,and it makes any change.

Moreover, there is no punctuation in it.

Indirect speech is a "complex sentence"

,so there are two parts in it ; those are :

" independent clause and dependent clause" (noun clause).

Examples :

a)Ali said to Mira that his dad was ill then.

Main Clause Noun clause

b)Ali asked Mira what she wanted.

Main Clause Noun Clause

c)Ali exclaimed to Mira how cute she was.

Main clause Noun clause

7-3

The Types of Direct Speeches

There are four types of direct speeches based on the types of sentences in the reported speech:they ar

7- 4 Direct Statement.

It is a di

[19/12, 13:26] Ust Ferry Indra: b)Yes /No Question

Direct : Maryam said to me ," Were you

studying maths at 9 am yesterday ?"

Indirect : Maryam asked me if I had been

studying math at 9 am the day before.

7 -7 Direct Exclamation

It is a direct speech that contains an exclamatory sentence (an exclamation )

Examples :

Direct : Hasan said to Husain ,What a difficult subject the chemistry is ! "

Indirect :Hasan exclaimed to Husain what a difficult subject the chemistry was.

7-8 The Ways To Change A Direct

Speech Into Indirech One

The all things that must be known to change a direct speech into indirect one are :

1,The types of sentences used in the direct speech like."statement, question, request or command and
exclamation.

2. The tenses used in the direct speech and their conversion into the indirect one.

3.The subordinate conjunctions that begin a noun clause in the indirect speech like :

"That" for a statement.

" Question words" for W-h question.

" If or Whether" for Yes/No question.

"To or Not to "for request or command.

"What or How for exclamation.

-The subjects or pronouns and the time expressions used in the direct speech and their conversion into
the indirect one.

Examples :

Direct Speeches Indirect Speeches

a)Ali said," I'm Ali said that he was

reading a book now." reading a book then.

b)Rio said to Ria ,"Did Rio asked Ria if she

you see my mom had seen his mom

yesterday ?" the day before.

c)Ali said to Lia,"How Ali asked Lia how

are you today ? " she was then.

d)Ita said to her son Ita told her son to

,"Do your task now do his task then

and don't be lazy !" and not to be lazy.

e)Ali said to me," Ali exclaimed to

How fast you run !" me how fast I ran.

7-9 The Conversions Of Tenses

Simple Present <> Simple Past.

Simple Past <> Past Perfect.

Simple Future <> Simple Conditional.

Simple Conditional <> Conditional Perfect.

Present Continuous<> Past Continuous.

Past Continuous-Past Perfect Continuous

Future continuous-Conditional continuous

Conditional Continuous <>

Conditional Perfect Continuous.

Present Perfect <> Past Perfect.

Future Perfect <> Conditional Perfect.

Present Perfect Continuous <>

Past Perfect Continuous.

Future Perfect Continuous <>

Conditional Perfect Continuous.

7-10 The Changes Of The Time

Expressions

Now/At present/Right now <> Then.

Today/Tonight <> That day/night.

Yesterday <>The day before/previous day.

Last night/week<> The night/week before.

Last month/year<>The month/year before

Tomorrow <>The day after/following day.

Next week<>The week after.

Next month <> The month after.

Nexr year <>The year after/following year

♢Other Changes♢

Here <>There Hither<>Thither

This <>That These<>Those

Over here <> Over there

7-11 QUOTED SPEECH

1.Quoting One Sentence

a) She said," My brother is a student."

b) " My brother is a student ," she said.

c) " My brother,"she said." is a student."

Notes :

In "a) the reporting speech is in the beginning ,in "b) it is in the end ,while in "c) it is in the middle of the
direct speech.

2.Quoting More Than One Sentence

"My brother is a student.He is attending a university ,"she said.

Chapter 8

GERUND and INFINITIVE

8-1 Gerund's Definition

Gerund is the ing-form of a verb used as a noun.

8-2 The Uses Of Gerunds

Gerund can be used as:

1.A subject : Singing is my hobby.

2.An object : I like surfing.

3.An object of preposition : I am fond of traveling.

4.A complement : My hobby is fishing.

Gerund can also be used :

5.After some verbs such as :

a)Go Go shopping Go fishing Go boating

Go camping Go surfing Go hiking

 Go bowling Go skiing Go sailing.

Example : I always go shopping on sunday

b)Keep (on) : Keep doing Keep creating

Keep on fighting Keep on working

● I keep on fighting till the end of my life

The List Of Verbs Followed by Gerunds

Admit Advise Anticipate Appreciate

Av

[19/12, 13:27] Ust Ferry Indra: The Form of Gerunds

Gerund takes the forms of

1.Simple Gerund.

2.Perfect Gerund

8-3 Simple Gerund

It is a gerund that is used to express an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite
verb.

Example :

● I regret not coming to class on time. 8-4 Perfect Gerund

It is a gerund that is used to express a completed action and refers to a time before that of the finite
verb.

Example :

● She denies having spoken with me

8-5 Passive Gerund

It is a gerund that carries a passive meaning.

Examples :

Active Gerund Passive Gerund

I hate someone's <> I hate being insulted.

insulting.

I like everyone <> I like having been loved.

having loved me.

8-6 Infnitive's Definition and types

It is the basic form of a verb that usually begins with"to"

It is divided into two types ; both are :

1.To Infinitive.

2.Bare Infinitive

8-7 To Infinitive

It is the basic of a verb begining with ' to'

that can be used as a noun.It is also known as " Infinitive With To"

8-8 The Uses Of To Infinitives

To infinitive can be used :

1.As a subject.

Example :

●To tour is exciting .

Note : In everyday English speech the example above is usually reworded with "It". The word 'it ' is
placed in the beginning of the sentence while to infinitive is displaced in the end of sentence.In addition
,the word 'It' is called dummy pronoun because it has no specific meaning.

Example :

Using to Infinitive Using it

To tour is exiting <> It is exciting to tour.

To sport is vital <> It is vital for our health

for our health to sport.

2. As an object.

Example :

●I like to sport.

3.As an object of preposition.

Example :

●We talk about to travel to Bali island.

4.Complement.
Example :

●My hobby is to dance.

5.After sequence adverb like the first ,the

second,the third ,the last etc.

Example :

●Yuri Gargarin is the first to fly in a spacecraft.

●Jack is the last to attend the lecture.

6.After adjective.

Examples :

● I'm glad to meet you.

● It is better not to smoke.

7.After question words

Examples :

● I don't know what to do.

● Can you tell me how to get to the port

8.After common verbs.

Examples :

● I hope to see you again soon.

●He promises not to be late anymore.

The List Of Verbs Followed By Infinitive

Afford Agree Appear Arrange Ask

Beg Claim Consent Care Decide

Demand Deserve Expect Fail Forget

Hasitate Hope Learn Manage Mean

Need Offer Prefer Pretend Plan

Promise Refuse Regret Seem Struggle Swear Threaten Volunteer Wait Want Wish.

9.After verbs & noun or pronoun .

Examples :

●The police ordered the driver to stop

● We allow him to drive my car.

The List of The Verbs Followed By A Noun

Or A Pronoun And An Infinitive

Advise Allow Ask Beg Challenge

Cause Convince Dare Expect Encourage

Forbid Force Hire Instruct Invite

Need Order Permit Persuade Remind Require Teach Tell Urge Want Warn

8-9 Bare Infinitive

It is an infinitive that is used "without to", and it is known as "Infinitive without to"

8-10 The Uses Of Bare Infinitives.

Bare infinitive can be used :

1.After modal auxiliary verbs such as "can

could,may ,might ,must,had bette,shall shoud ,will would .

Examples :

● I should do my assignment .

● He can play the piano.

2.After would rather/sooner.

Examples

● I'd rather stay at home than go out tonight.

●She would sooner go to Toba Lake.

3.After some causative verbs like "make

Let ,have,help etc.

Examples :

● She makes her son do his homework.

● I let my daughter go to the mall.

●He helps her father wash the car.

4.After Perception Verbs such as see,look ,watch,hear etc.

Examples :

● We watch the students play basketball.

● I see the man run down the street.

●.They hear the dog bark loudly.

Note : Perception verb is a verb that conveys the experience of one of the physical senses.

Herel is the list of perception verbs

Look See Watch Observe No

[19/12, 13:28] Ust Ferry Indra: 8-14 Passive Infinitive

It is infinitive that carries the passive

meaning.

The pattern : S +Verb+To+Be+V3.

The List Of Active And Passive Infinitives

Active Infinitive Passive Infinitive

1.I want someone <>1.I want to be taught.

to teach me.

2.We want someone <> 2.We want to be to be teaching us. being taught.

3.He wants someone<>3.He wants to

to have taught him. have been taught.

4.I want someone to<> 4. I want to have

have been teaching been being taught.

me.

Note :

1.Simple Infinitive.

2.Continuous Infinitive.

3.Perfect Infinitive.

4.Perfect Continuous Infinitive.

Chapter 9

PARTICIPLE

9-1 Participle's Definition and types

Participle is the form of a verb that usually ends either with"ing" (Present Participle) or
with"ed,.d",n",en or t" (Past
Participle),and it can be used either as an adjective or an adverb.

Types Of Participles

There are three types of Participle in English ; they are :

1.Present Participle.

2.Past Pariciple.

3.Perfect Participle.

9-2 Present Participle

It is the -ing form of a verb that is used to express an active action.The present participle is commonly
used as an adjective,but it also can ocassionally be used as an adverb.

It is used as an adjective to modify a noun or noun phrase.

Examples :

●The mother tries to cool her crying baby down.

The word"crying"modifies the noun"baby".

●The supporters applauded their winning

home team.

The word "winning"modifies the noun phrase"home team".

It is ocassionaly used as an adverb to modifies a verb or a verb phrase.

Examples :

● He comes running out of the burnt house.(the word "running" modifies the verb "comes")

●The man will return back to his village bringing much property.

The world "bringing "modifies the verb phrase "will return".

9-3 Past Participle

It is the third form of a verb that usually ends with "ed"or"d"(regular verb) like "opened, closed" or
"n,"nd,"ne,"ent,"id,"st

"st"(irregular verb) like ,'known,'found,

'gone,'broken,'felt,'said ,lost',and it is used to express a passive action.

The past participle used as same as the present one used.

It is used as an adjective to modify a noun or a noun phrase.

Examples :
●The broken glass cut my foot.

The word "broken "modifies the noun "glass".

●The police found the stolen golden ring.

The word "stolen"modifies the noun phrase "golden ring". Meanwhile, when it functions as an adverb it
modifies a verb or a verb phrase.

Examples :

●The teacher sat surrounded by the students.(the word "surrouded modifies the verb"sat")

●The boxer has fallen down knocked by his opposition in the match.(the word "knocked" modifies the
verb phrase "has

fallen")

9-4 Perfect Participle

It is a participle formed by adding the word "having" to a past participle ,and used to express an action
that was completed before the next action took place in the past.

Examples :

●Having bought a bike he cycled home.

●She felt scared after having watched

a scary movie.

9-5 Passive Participle

Perfect participle and present participle can also be used in passive voice.

Examples :

1.Present Participle.

Active Passive

The police gives The police gives the

information about information about the

the murdering man. girl being murdered.

2.Perpect Participle.

Active Passive

Having cooked the Having been cooked,

food,she sat on the the food looked nice

sofa to relax. and delicious.

9-6 The Difference Between Present

Participle And Gerund

Present participle and gerund often confuses the readers because both of them are the -ing forms of
verb. However, there is a main difference between them ; that is ,present participle is used as "an
adjective "or adverb",while gerund is used as"a noun".

Examples :

● Singing is my hobby.

The word"singing" is gerund because it is used as a noun.

●The mother is breastfeeding her crying baby.

The word"crying"is present participle because it is used as a

[19/12, 13:28] Ust Ferry Indra: 10-3 The pattern of"There"

It is a dummy subject that is commonly used with verb"be"followed by a noun or a phrase,but

sometimes it can be used with certain verbs like"live,exist,occur", etc.

It has two patterns ; namely :

1.There+Verb Be+Noun/Noun Phrase

Example :

●There is a cup of tea on the table.

2.There+Verb+Noun/Noun phrase

Example :

● Once upon a time ago there lived as neighbors a bear and a rabbit.

10-4 The Uses of There

It is mainly used :

1.to indicate that someone or something exists in a particular place or situation.

Examples :

●There is a new movie in 21 cinema.

●There is a guest outside.

2.To introduce a new topic.

Examples :

●In the era of King Alfred there lived a poor woman.

●There has just been a terrible accident in the under pass.

3.To denote where someone or something is.

Examples :

●There is somebody else at my flat.

●I know there is no food in the cupboard.

4.with numbers or quantities.

Example:

●There are ten men in my office.

5.with"indefinite pronoun and"gerund or to infinitive".

Examples :

●There is a man looking for you outside.

●There is nothing to watch on TV.

Notes :

There+Be means"exist",and this grammatical construction is also called " Subject -Verb Agreement
because"subject and verb"must agree in number.

Example :

●There is a book on the table.

The word "a"in the example above is singular ,so the-verb agreement used must be"is"that indicate the
singular.

10-5 The pattern of "It"

It is a dummy subject that is usually used with"verb be or "verb"that can be followed by a noun/noun
phrase or adjective

It has two patterns :

1 It+Verb/Verb Phrase.

Examples :

●It takes an hour.

●It's raining now.

2.It+Verb be/verb+noun phrase/adjective

Examples :

●It is a nice day.

●It is cloudy now.

●It takes two hours drive from here to Solo.

10-6 The Uses of."It"

It is used to express or to talk about :

1.Times and dates.

Examples :

● It 's one oclock.

●It is friday.

● It's 1st of June .

2.Weather.

Examples :

●It is suny now.

●It 's been raining all day.

3.traveling time.

Example :

●It's about an hour drive from here to Solo

4.Expressing an opinion followed by gerund or to-infinitive.

Examples :

●It's nice to meet you.

●It's peaceful living in the village.

5.Introducing the name.

Examples :

●Hello ! It's Adi speaking.(On the phone)

●Hei ! It's me, Aida.(Knocking on the door)

Note : A dummy subject "it" as a pronoun sometimes can be used as "a dummy object".

Examples :

●Take it easy !

●Can you make it better ?

The word "It" in the examples above denotes the general thing.

Chapter 11
QUESTION WORDS

11-1 Question Word's Types and Uses

In English there are nine question words that are called "8W &1H" ; namely

1.What

2.Which

3.Where

4.When

5.Why

6.Who

7.Whom

8.Whose

9.How.

11-2 What

What is used to ask questions about :

1,the subject ,and it refers to "things".

Example :

●What makes you angry?

○His words make me angry.

2.the object.

Example :

●What do you buy ?

○ I buy a pen.

3.the particular variety.

Examples :

●What kind of soup is it ?

○It is bean soup.

●What kind of shoes does he buy ?

○Sport shoes.
4.the specific information on someone or something.

Examples :

●What do you do?

○ I'm a collegian.

●What do you do every night?

○I watch TV.

●What grade are you in ?

○I'm in the third grade

●What is your name ?

○ I'm Bambang.

Note :

The question"What do you do?" with no time expression is used to ask about the work.

5.the description of someone or something.

Examples :

●what is your city like?

○It's big,and clean.

●What does he look like?

○He is tall.

Note :

"What+be like"asks for a general description of qualities,while"What+look

like"asks for a physical description.

11-3 Which

Which is used to ask questions about :

1.the limited choice.

Examples :

●Which book do you buy?

○I buy a novel.

Note :

If the question is about the general

choice,either what or which can be used

●Which class are you in/at ?

○ I am in/at class one.

11-4 When

When is used to

[19/12, 13:29] Ust Ferry Indra: Chapter 12

AFFIX,PREFIX & SUFFIX

12-1 Affix's Definition and Types

Affix is a group of letter added to the beginning or the end of a root word to change its meaning.

It takes the forms of :

1.Prefix.

2.Suffix.

12-2 Prefix's Definition and Forms and

Meanings...

It is a group of letters added to the beginning of the root word to change its meaning.There are about
50 prefixes in English language.

Examples :

●Happy <> Unhappy ●War <> Prewar.

Here are the list of prefixes :

Prefix Meaning Words Examples

Anti Against Christ Anti-christ

Ante Before Date Antedate

Be Make Little Belittle

Bi Two Annual Biannual

Circum Around Stance Circumstance

Co With Pilot Co-pilot

De Down Gradation Degradation

Dis Not Agree Disagree

En Put into Danger Endanger

Em Put into Power Empower

Epi Close to graph Epigraph

Ex Former Wife Ex-wife

Extra Beyond Curricular Extracurricular

Fore Before Head Forehead

Homo Same sexual Homosexual

Hyper Over Active Hyperactive

il Not legal illegal

Im Not Possible Impossible

In Not Correct Incorrect

Ir Not Regular Irregular

Im/in Into Port/sert Import/insert

Inter Between National International

Macro Large Cosm Macrocosm

Micro Small Wave Microwave

Mid Midlle Test Midtest

Mis Wrongly Spell Misspell

Mono One Tone Monotone

Non Not/Without Sense Nonsense

Omny All/Every Vore Omnyvore

Post After Date Postdate

Pre Before Election Pre-election

Re Again Tell Retell

Semi Half Final Semi-final

Sub Under Title Subtitle

Tetra Four Logy Tetralogy

Ther Heat Meter Thermometer

Trans Cross Gender Transgender

Tri Three Cycle Threecycle

Un Not Happy Unhappy

Uni One Form Uniform

Under Beneath Ground Underground

Up On the top Hill Uphill

11- 3 Suffix's Definition and types

It is a group of letters that is usually added to the end of a roof word to form a new word.It is classified
into two catagories ; those are :

1.Inflectional Suffix

2.Derivational Suffix.

12-4 Inflectional Suffix's Definion and

functions

It is a suffix that can't change the word's meaning ,but it can only change the word's quantities ,tenses
or degrees.

Examples :

Suffixes Words Examples Functions

Es/s Box Boxes Changing quantity

Es/s Read Reads Chaging subject

Ing Read Reading Changing Tens

Ed/d Stop Stopped Changing tense

Er/est Fat Fatter Changing degree

More Wanted More Changing degree

/Most wanted

11-5 Derivational Suffix's Functions

and Types

It is a suffix that can change the word's meaning.

11- 6 Noun Suffix's Forms and its

meanings

Suffix Meaning Words Examples

Acy State Conspire Conspiracy

Al Process Try Trial

Ance State Tolerate Tolerance

Dom State Free Freedom

Tion State Rotate Rotation

Sion State Confuse Confusion

Y State Jealous Jealousy

Ness State Sad Sadness

Er Doer Read Reader

Al Doer Crime Criminal

Or Doer Creat Creator

Ist User Violin Violinist

Ism Doctrine Hedo Hedonism

Ty/Ity Quality of Able Ability

Ment Condition State Statement

Ship Status Citizen Citizenship

12-7 Verb Suffix's Fo

[19/12, 13:29] Ust Ferry Indra: Appendix 1

Irregular Verbs

Present Past