ETM 7112 System Design

Tutorial -1

Q. 1 An optical link consists carrying NRZ unipolar signals is used for local area
network application. The specifications of the link are shown below :

LED : Light source

PT=0.01 mW
=0.82 m
ttr = 10 to 50 ns

Fiber :

Coupling/connector losses =1 dB
Splicing losses = 1 dB
Fiber length 50 km
Attenuation coefficient =0.2 dB/km
Total fiber rise time = 20 ns

PIN photodiode :

Load resistance = 50 ohm

Temperature = 27C
Rise time =10 ns
Bandwidth = 10 MHz

Determine :

(i) the minimum /maximum speed

(ii) receiver sensitivity requirement
(iii) the probability of bit error

Solution :

To determine the minimum/maximum speed , find out the rise time budget :

Assuming ttr=50ns for the light source, total system rise time is given by
t s  ttr2  t 2f  t 2pd  50 2  20 2  10 2  54.77 ns

Rnrz  0.7 / t s  0.7 / 54.77 ns  12.78 Mbps

If transmitter rise time ttr =10 ns, then the system rise time is

t s  ttr2  t 2f  t 2pd  10 2  20 2  10 2  30 ns

Rnrz  0.7 / t s  0.7 / 30ns  23.33 Mbps

So the minimum / maximum speeds are 12.78 Mbps and 23.33 Mbps.

2. Receiver sensitivity requirement is given by

Pr =PT -total loss = -20 dBm - 12 dbm = -32 dBm

3. BER Calculation:

Pr = 0.01 mW x 10 -12/10 = 6.3096 x 10-7 watt

Is=RdPr = 0.8 x 6.3096 x 10-7 = 5.0476 x10-7 A

Signal power = (Is)2 =(5.0476 x10-7)2 =

Thermal Noise power = 4kTB/Rl =4x(1.38x10-23)x(27+273)x10x106/50

S/N = 76.93 or 18.9 dB

BER = 0.5 erfc [0.354x(76.93)] =5.9x 10-6

Tutorial -2

System specifications for an optical link are given below :

Light source :

PT = 5 dBm
400 Mbps NRZ

Fiber :

L=100 km
Coupling/connector losses = 3+2 dB
Splicing losses = 5 dB
Loss coeff=0.25 dB/km

System loss margin = 3 to 6 dB

Photodetector :

Bandwidth = 400 MHz

Temp = 27 deg Celcius

BER < 10-6

Id << is

Characteristics of some available components :

Components Characteristics (value range)

LEDs Rise time 2 - 50 ns Spectral width 10 - 100
nm
Lasers Rise time 0.1 - 10 ns Spectral width 0.1 - 1 nm
Fibers Rise time 0.1 - 10 ns Losses 0.2 - 4 dB/km
M=-20 ps/km-nm W= 4.5 ps/km-nm

APDs Rise time 0.1 - 1 ns Sensitivity -25 to -45 dBm

Transit time 0.1 - 1 ns Junction capacity 1 pf
PINs Rise time =0.5 - 10 ns Sensitivity -20 to -32 dBm
Transit time=0.1 - 1 ns Junction capacity 1pf
1. Starting with rise time Budget :

Rnrz  0.7 / t s
t s  0.7 / Rnrz  0.7 /( 400 x106 )  1.75ns

t s2  ttr2  t 2f  t 2pd  (1.75ns ) 2

Select two values of the three unknown parameters and find out the third one .

Let us specify the light source and fiber first :

Choosing :

(i) SM laser at 1.55 m with rise time of 1 ns and spectral width of 0.15 nm
(ii) SM fiber with M=-20 ps/km-nm , W=4.5 ps/km-nm with nominal wavelength
of 1.55 m

Fiber rise time is given by , tf =(M+W)xxL = (-20+4.5)x0.15nm x 100km =0.23 ns

Using above values of rise times, we get tpd =1.4 ns

Substituting tf=0.23 ns and ttr=1 ns in the equation above :

t 2pd  tt2  tc2  tt2  (2.19 RLCd )

sing tpd=1.4 ns, , Cd=1 pf, tt=0.5 ns, we get tc = 1.3 ns and RL=600 ohms.
Power Budget :

Total loss = 3+2+5+100x0.25 =35 dB

PT = 5 dBm

Using system margin 3 dB to 6 dB , we get

Pr = 5 dBm-35 dB-( 3 to 6 dB) = -33 to -36 dBm

So the receiver selected earlier must have a sensitivity between -33 dBm to -36 dBm.

The above condition is not satisfied because the PD selected has a sensitivity of -20
to -32 dBm. So another type of photodiode should be selected. The APD photodiode
which has sensitivity of -25 to -42 dBm can be used instead of the PIN PD.

BER Calculation :

S/N is found to be 88.8 or 19.5 dB for the PIN PD.

BER = 1.24 x10-6

Tutorial-3

A 20 km optical fiber link consists of multi-mode step index fiber with a core
refractive index of 1.5 and a relative index difference of 1%. Estimate :

(i) delay difference between the fastest and slowest modes at the fiber output;
(ii) the rms pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion on the link;
(iii) the maximum bit rate that may be obtained without substantial errors on the
link
(iv) the bandwidth -length product of the fiber.

Solution :

(i) Delay difference is given by

Ln1 20 x1000 x1.5 x0.01

Ts   8
 1 s
c 2.998 x10

(iii) Pulse broadening due to inter-modal dispersion is given by

Ln1 20 x1000 x1.5 x0.01

s    289 ns
2 3c 2 3x 2.998 x108

(iii) Maximum Bit rate :

0.2 0.2
BT (max)   9
 0.692 Mb / s
s 289 x10

(iv) Bandwidth - length product :

Bopt xL  0.692 x 20km  13.94 MHz  km

Tutorial -4 :

The material dispersion in an optical link is defined by

d 2 n1
 0.04 m  2
d2
Estimate the pulse broadening per km due to material dispersion within the fiber
when it is illuminated with an LED source with a peak wavelength of 0.9 m and
rms spectral width of 45 nm.

Solution :

Pulse broadening per km of fiber

d 2 n1
 s  (  L / c)   45 x10  9 x1000 /(2.998 x108) [0.9 x10  6 x0.04 x1012 ]
d2

 5.40 ns
Assignment :

Design an optical fiber digital link for NRZ signalling at a bit rate of 560 Mbps
using a laser source and a PIN photodetector. The device specifications are given as
follows:

Light source :
PT = 0 dBm
560 Mbps NRZ

Fiber :

MM Step index : M=16 ps/km-nm, W=-2.5 ps/km-nm

Fiber length =250 km with 10 segments each of length 25 km.
Splicing loss=0.15 dB/splice
Connector loss=3 dB
Fiber attenuation coefficient =0.15 dB/km

Detector :

PIN : Bandwidth 560 MHz, responsivity =0.8.

BER< 10-7

Use the suitable components from the table.