1.

The Assumption about Nature of People

All the individuals have separate traits and quality. They are guided by their special features. For understanding
organizational behaviour it is necessary to understand basic assumptions about the nature of people. The following
are the basic assumptions about nature of individuals:
i. Individual differences: All the individuals are different from each others. The study of individual psychology, it is
found that every individual has unique traits and characteristics. Every individual is different from the day of his
birth. Similarly, personal experiences make a person more different than others. Every individual differs in many
ways like perception, attitude, intelligence, physique, personality, learning capability, communicative ability etc, All
the employees cannot be motivated through a specified standard behavior. A professional manager needs to consider
individual difference while dealing with employees. It is essential to understand individual behavior for effective
dealing with employees. ‘
ii. A whole person: An individual should be considered as a whole person. Every individual involves special skills,
likes and dislikes, pride and prejudices. An individual's way of living in a family cannot be separated
from work Life. Similarly, employee expects all around career development in the organization. This is why the
managers need to provide their employees with a proper work environment where they can work hard to
progress and develop their abilities. It is necessary to provide proper incentives so that employee can fulfill needs of
family members.
iii. Motivated behaviour: Motivation is a human psychological aspect. It is the process of encouraging employee for
better performance. It is need directed consisting of financial and non-financial. Every employee expects motivated
behavior from manager, It is the reason that managers need to understand about how employees can be motivated for
better performance. For this purpose it is necessary to provide facilities to employees on the basis of their skills,
efficiency and also resources of the organization. Besides, there should be the system of good working environment.
iv. Value of the person: Employees should not be treated only as economic tools. All the employees have feeling
dignity and respect. They are expecting value and recognition of their skills and performance in the
organization. Human value indicates that every individual needs to be treated differently. It shows human dignity
because people at every level of professional ladder want to be treated with respect and dignity. Every job needs to
be done with respect and recognition. This helps to improve every individual's aspirations and abilities. It develops
the feeling of organizational citizenship among the employees. And they do the assigned job with full of devotion.
v. Selective perception: Perception is an individual's own view of the world. It is the process of getting information
from environment and attempting to organize and interpret it for making it meaningful People are unique and
different from each other. They perceive the same thing differently. Every individual has a unique ways of sensing
collecting, organizing, and interpreting information received from environment. The understanding the concept of
selective perception is necessary in order to know individuals differences at work and to predict their influences on
work behaviour.
vi. Desire for involvement: Individuals have desire for involvement in work. They want to show their creativity,
skills and efficiency while doing assigned job. They expect independency in doing job. They want to face challenges
and take credit on the Successful completion of work. They want to participate in decision making process.
Managers need to understand skills and ability of each employee. And based on their capability it is essential to
provide opportunity to participate in planning and decision making. It helps to improve their working efficiency and
managerial ability,

2. The Assumption about Nature of Organization

For understanding organizational behaviour it is also essential to understand the nature of the organization. The
following are the assumption about the nature of the organization:
i. Social system: All the organizations are the part of social system. Their activities are governed by social and
psychological laws. Just as people have psychological needs, they also have social roles and status. Their behaviour
is influenced by their group as well as by their individual drives. There are two types of social systems exist in the
organization consisting of formal and informal social system. Social system is dynamic and changes on the basis of
change in environment. All elements of social systems are interdependent and influence to each other. It is because
everything is related to everything else. Managers need to understand that organization is a part of social system and
it is affected by change in environment. Therefore, for dealing with organizational behaviour issues it is essential to
consider social system.
ii. Mutuality of interest: Mutuality of interest indicates that both the organization and people need each other.
Organizations are formed and maintained on the basis of some mutuality of interest among the participants. People
require organizations to achieve their goals; similarly, organization needs people to meet its objectives. Lack of
mutual interest causes lack of trust between people and organization. Mutual interest provides a common goal for all
the participants, which results in encouragement of the people to solve problems of the organization. Therefore,
managers need to consider both organizational goal and individual goals of employees. Such mutuality of goals
encourages developing good working environment in the organization.
iii. Ethical treatment: Ethics is the set of moral principles and rules guiding individual behavior. It is the basis of
determining right or wrong in a given situation.‘ Ethical behavior of an individual depends upon the moral
standard or codes of conduct determined by the society. Managerial ethics is the standard of behavior that guides
individual managers in their work. Organization should establish rules, code of conduct, working procedures and
system. It is also necessary to provide proper training and counseling both for managers and employees to consider
the ethical behaviour. It facilitates to maintain prestige, image and reputation of the organization in the society.

Levels of Organizational Behaviour Analysis

The field of organizational behavior involves multiple levels of analysis. Such The different levels of analysis are
necessary for understanding individual behavior within organizations. People always act within the context of their
environment, which includes both objects and people. The study of organizational behavior is a multi—level
endeavor because workers influence their environment and they are also influenced by environmental changes. The
different levels of analysis used in the field of organizational behavior are: the individual level, the group level, and
the organizational level Brief description of-these levels is as follows:
i. Individual Level Analysis: This level is also known as micro or inter- personal level analysis Individuals involve
in an organization to perform various types of functions on the basis of their skills and efficiency. They do activities
to meet common objectives. All the individuals working in the organization differ in their traits and characteristics.
At the individual level V of analysis, organizational behavior involves the study of learning, perception, creativity]
motivation, personality, turnover, task performance, cooperative behavior, deviant behavior, ethics, and value. At
this level of analysis, organizational behavior draws upon human psychology. In this level, managers need to analyze
how individuals react with changing organizational rules, regulations, and working procedures and practices.
ii. Group Level Analysis: This level analysis is also known as mesa inter-group analysis. Employees work in an
organization as work group or team. They interact, cooperate and coordinate each other for achieving common goals.
At the group level of analysis, organizational behavior involves the study of group dynamics, group performance,
intra-group and intergroup conflict and cohesion, leadership, power and politics, norms, interpersonal
communication, networks, and roles. At this level of analysis, organizational behavior draws upon the sociological
and socio-psychological sciences. In this level“ managers need to analyze how group members interact and react
with changing organizational rules, regulation, and working procedures and practices.
3. Organizational Level Analysis: This level analysis is also known as macro-level analysis. At organizational level
analysis, the relationship between organization and its surrounding environment is studied. Generally, at this level,
organizational behavior involves the study of topics such as organizational culture, organizational structure, cultural
diversity, inter-organizational cooperation and conflict, change, technology, and external environmental forces. At
this level of analysis, organizational behavior draws upon sociology, anthropology and political science. The
behavioural outcomes show the result in terms of productivity, absenteeism, turnover, organizational citizenship and
job satisfaction.
All the above three levels analysis is the building blocks of organizational behaviour. They are complementary and
interrelated to each other individual level analysis is the basis of group level analysis because without understanding
individual behaviour it is difficult to understand group behaviour. Similarly, analysis of group level behaviour is
supportive for organizational system level analysis. Therefore, professional managers need to analyze all the three
levels behaviour for understanding organizational behavior.