Prokaryotic cell

a rigid, corkscrew like appendage that rotates to allow movement FLAGELLA

Made up from protein flagellin.
A polysaccharide/protein layer covers many prokaryotes capsule

Some prokaryotes have, which allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a fimbriae
colony

longer than fimbriae; allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA Pili (sex pili)

A. HISTORY of Microscope use

 1665: Robert Hooke used a crude compound light microscope to examine cork, 30x mag.
– Credited as the discoverer of cells

 1668: Anton van Leeuwenhoek improved optics, 300x

B. MODERN LIGHT MICROSCOPY (LM)

 Visible light passes through the specimen and then two groups of glass lenses
 Light is refracted (bent) to combine light rays in a way that:
– Magnifies (image appears larger than it is) – Resolves (“clarifies” the image)
 Resolution is a measure of this clarity; it is the minimum distance two points can be separate
and still distinguished as separate points
Prokaryotes
 Mostly just DNA & ribosomes in the cytosol
 NO "MEMBRANEBOUND ORGANELLES”
BACTERIA ARCHEA
CELL WALL PEPTIDOGLYCAN PROTEIN/PSEUDOPEPTIDOGLYCAN

 Divide by binary fission ARCHAEANS (DOMAIN ARCHAEA)

In a heterogeneous (nonuniform)  Have histone-like proteins associated with
environment, many proks exhibit taxis , the DNA
ability to move toward or away from a  Have mechanisms to deal with “extremes”
stimulus. – Called “extremophiles”
*halophiles (high salt)
*thermophile (high temp)
*acidophiles (acidic [H+]) conditions
 THE TRUE BACTERIA INTERNAL STRUCTURES
Nucleoid and
Plasmids (DNA) (a) Nucleoid (b) Plasmids
-DNA: concentrated in a region -May (or may not) be present in bacteria: much smaller circles
called the nucleoid, but no of DNA
membrane separates this region
from the rest of the cell -A few thousand base pairs long

-If chromosome was nicked to make
it linear it would be 1 mm in length,
1,000 times the length of the
bacterial cell (1µm) -----Tightly coiled
and "stuffed" into the cell
-Sometimes called "optional" DNA with "disposable" genes
that confer an advantage to the cell under specific
circumstances; e.g,
*Resistance to toxic metals and certain chemicals (antibiotics)
*Enzymes for degrading "unusual" chemicals (crude oil)
*Production of toxins against competitors some can transfer
between cells (“bacteria sex” = conjugation )

Ribosomes -Small, complex

-55 proteins + 3 rRNAs
-2 subunits: small and large
-Distributed throughout prokaryotic cytoplasm
-No membrane associations
-Required for protein synthesis – translation (Translate mRNA into proteins)
Endospores -Primitive form of “tissue differentiation”
-Endospore: a specialized resting structure that:
*Has a copy of the bacterial chromosome
*Is quite dehydrated
*Uses special chemicals to protect its macromolecules
*Has an extra-thick cell wall
*Usually made by soil bacteria
*Made in response to signals from the environment (STRESS)
*Most resistant form of life known
*Formed by sporulation
-Mature endospore is dormant (inactive)
-When triggered by physical or chemical stimuli
*Endospore is activated to “germinate”:
̶*Becomes metabolically active (“vegetative), indistinguishable from original cell
-Significance: heat resistance a problem in food industry endospores survive improper canning
-Many of the vegetative cells produce lethal EXOTOXINS (secreted proteins that damage other cells)
*Clostridium b.: soil bacteria often introduced into canned foods in the endospore form
*B. anthracis.: responsible for the disease anthrax
Miscellaneous 1.Internal membranes for E generation
Inclusions *In-folding of plasma membrane with special proteins for: photosynthesis & Aerobic respiration
2.Sulfur granules
*E reserves
3.Gas vacuoles
*Buoyancy in aquatic bacteria (d) 4.Magnetosomes
-For orientation (“up” and “down”)