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I.

COMUNICACIONES SATELITALES

1. INTRODUCCIÓN
 LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO)
o Gravity is very similar to that on earth
o 11-17 orbits per day
o Speed between 6 and 8 km/s
o There is some atmosphere up to -600km
o Enviromental temperatura -100 to +120°C
o Operating temperatura -20 to +65°C
 SPUTNIK URSS
o UNION SOVIETICA
o 4/10/57
o NSSDC ID 1957-001B
o 83kg
o Excentricidad (0.05201)
o Inclinación (65.1°)
o Apogeo: 939 km
o Perigeo: 215 km
o Órbitas: 1440

2. HISTORY
AÑO Descripción
1929 The Problem Space Fligth. The Rocket Engine, by Hermann Noordung describe the
concept GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
1944 A V2 Rocket was used for the first time
1945 In a visionary paper Arthur C Clarke, the well –knwon pysicist and autor, describes a
world communicaction and broadcasting system base don geosyncronous space stations.
1957 Launching of the Sputnik-1 aritficial satellites (USSR) and detection of the first satellite-
transmitted radio signals.
1958 SCORE, first Telecommunications Satellite
1960 Lauching of the ECHO-1 ballon satellite (USA/NASA. Earth-station to warth-station passive
relaying of telephone and televisión signlas at 1 and 2.5 Ghz by reflection on the
metalized Surface of this 30m balloon placed in a circular orbit at 1600km altitute.

Lanzamiento del satélite ballon ECHO-1 (EE. UU. / NASA.


Transmisión pasiva de estaciones terrestres a estaciones
terrestres a estaciones de televisión y televisión a 1 y 2,5 Ghz
por reflexión sobre la superficie metalizada de este globo de 30
m colocado en una órbita circular a 1600 km de altitud)

1960 Oct, first experiment of active relaying communications using a space-borne amplifier
1962 Foundation of the COMSAT Corporation (USA), the first Company specifically devoted
to domestic and international satellite communications.
1962 Jul, Lauching of the TELSAR-1 satellite (USAT/AT&T) and of the Relay-1 (USA/NASA)
dec. Both were non-geostationary, low-altitude satellites operating in the 6/4 Ghz
bands.
1962 First experimental transatlantic communications (televisión and multiplexed telephony)
between the firstlarge-scale, pre-operational eartrh stations (Andover, Maine, Usa,
Peumeu-Boudou, France and Goonhilly UK).
1963 First international regulations of satellite communications (ITU Extraordinary Radio
Conference). Intiniation of sharing between space and terrestrial services.
1963 Jul, Lauching of SYNCOM-2 (USA/NASA), the first geostationary satellite (300 telephone
circuits or 1 TV cannel).
1964 Establishment of the INTELSAT organization (19 national Administrations as initial
signatories).
1965 Lauching of the Early Bird (INTELSAT-1) satellite, first comercial geostationary
communication satellite (240 telephone circuits or 1 TV cannel). First operational
communications (USA, France, Federal Republic of Germany, UK)
1965 Lauching of MOLNYA-1(USSR), a non-gesostationary satellite (elliptical orbit, 12 hours
revolutions). Beginning of televisión transmission to small size receive earth stations ir
USSR (29 Molnyas were launched between 1965 and 1975.
1967 INTELSAT TII satellites (240 telephone circuits in multiple Access mode or 1 TV cannel)
over Atlanctid and Pacific Ocean regions.
1968 INTELSAT III satellites (1500 telelephone circuits, 4 TV channels or combinations thereof)
1970 INTELSAL worldwide operation.
1969 Launch of ATS-5(USA/NASA). First geosynchronous satellite with a 15.3 and 3.6 Ghz bands
propagation experiment.
1971 First INTELSAT IV satellite (4000 circuits + 2 TV channels).
1971 Nov, Establishment of the INTERPSPUTNIK Organization (USSSR and 9 initial
signatories).
1972 Lauching of the ANIK-1 satellite and first implementation of a national (domestic) satellite
communications system ouside the USSR (CADA/TELESAT). 1974 WELSTAR1 satellite.
Beginning of national satellite communications in the USA
1974 Launching of the SYMPHONIE-1 satellite (France, Alemania): the first three-axis stabilized
geostationary communications satellite.
1975 Algerian satellite communications system: First operational national system (14 earth
stations) using a leased INTELSAT transponder
1975 First INTELSAT IVA satellite (20 transponders: more tan 6000 circuits + 2 TV channels,
frequency reuse by beam separation).
1976 Launching of the CTS (or Hermes) satellite (Canada), first experimental high-power
broadcasting satellite (14/12 Ghz).
1976 Launching of the MARISAT, satellite USA first maritime communications satélite.
1976 Launching of the PALAPA-1 satellite. First national system (40 earth stations) operating
with a dedicated satellite in a developing country.
1977 Establishment of the EUTELSAT organization with 17 administrations as initial signatories.
1977 Launching of the SIRIO satellite (ITALIA). First experimental communication satellite using
frequencies above 15 Ghz (17/11 Ghz).
1977 ITU World broadcasting-satellite administrative Radio conference (WARC SAT -77Geneva,
1977)

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1978 Launching of the OTS satellite, first communication satellite in the 14/11 Ghz band and
first experimental regional communication satellite for Europe (ESA: European Space
Agency).
1978 Launching of the BSE experimental broadcasting satellite for JAPAN (14/12 Ghz)
1979 Establishment of the INMARSAT organization for global maritime satellite
communications (26 initila signatories).
1980 Dec, First INTELSAT V satellite (12000 circuits, FDMA+TDMA operation, 6/4 Ghz and
14/11 Ghz wideband transponders, Frequency reuse by beam separation + dual
polarization)
1981 Beginning of operation in the USA of satellite business systems base don very small data
recieve earth stations (using VSAT’s).
1983 ITU Regional Administrative Conference for the Planning of the Broadcasting-Satellite
Service in Region 2.
1983 Feb, Launching of the CS-2 satellite (Japan). First domestic operational communicatopm
satellite in the 30/20 Ghz band.
1983 June, First launch of the ECS (EUTELSAT) satellite (9 wideband transponder at 14/11 Ghz
12000 circuits with full TDMA operation +TV. Frequency reuse by beam separation and by
dual polarization).
1984 Beginning of operation of satellite business systems (using VSATs) with full
transmit/receive operation.
1984 April, Launching of STW-1, the first communication satellite of China, providing TV,
telephone and data transmission services.
1984 Aug, Launching of the first French domestic TELECOM 1 multi-mission satellite: 6/4 Ghz,
telephony and TV distribution; 8/7 Ghz military communications; 14/12 Ghz, TVRO and
business communications in TDMA/DA.
1984 Nov, First retrieval of communication satellites from space, using the space shuttle (USA).
1985 Aug, ITU World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC Orb-85)(1st sesión on utilization
of the geostationary orbit).
1988 Oct, ITU World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC Orb-88)(2nd sesión on utilization
of the geostationary orbit).
1989 INTELSAT VI satellite (Satellite-Switched TDMA up to 120 000 circuits (with DCME), etc.).
1992 Feb, ITU World Administrative Radio Conference
1992 Feb, Kaunching of the first SPANISH HISPASAT-1 multi-mission satellite: 14/11-12 Ghz
distribution, contribution, SNG, TVRO, VSAT, business services, TV America, etc; 17/12
Ghz, DBS analogue and digital televisión; 8/7 Ghz govermental communications.
1996 INTELSAT VI satellite (Satellite-Switched TDMA, up to 120 000 cicrcuits (WITH DCME),
etc.)
1997 INTELSAT VIII satellites
1998
1998 Launching of varios non-geostationary satellites and implementation of the
corresponding MSS systems (Iridium, Globalstar, etc) and FSS systems (Teledisc,
Skybridge, etc.)
1999 First INTELSAT K-TV satellite (30 14/11-12 Ghz Transponders)
2000 INTELSSAT IX satellites (up 160000 circuits (WITH DCME)
2002 SpaceX was founded
2004 ESA Satellite launched to
2012 1000 satellites orbits the EARTH
2014 Probe lands on comet
2014 Space X achieved the first succesful controlled ocean touchdown of a liquid-rocket engine
2015 orbital booster
2016 Space X CRS-8 was the first ever sucessful landing of rocket booster on a ship at sea a part
of an orbital launch

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2018 Falcon Heavy was the first time 27 engines ere tested togheter in the biggest rocket
launched ever with the ELON MUSK TESLA ROADSTER
2018 SAOCOM from ARGENTINA

3. PERUSAT
CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION
Instrument type Pushbroom imager
Optics Korsh telescope in SiC (Silicomn Carbide)
Aperture diameter=640mm
Spectar band (Pan) 0.45 – 0.75 um
MS (Mutispectral bands),4 Blue: 0.45 – 0.52 um
Green: 0.53 – 0.60 um
Red: 0.62 – 0.69 um
NIR: 0.76 – 0.89 um
The multispectral bands can be matched to suit
customer needs
GSD (Ground Sample distance) PAN: from 0.7 m to 2.5m at nadir
MS: from 2m to 10m at nadir
Detector N x silicon área arrays with 7000 pixels
PAN, 1750 pixels in each MS band
TDI (Time delay integration). The PAN band offers TDI services for SNR
improvement of the signal.
Swat width From 10km to 60km at nadir depending on
GSD and number of detectors
For (Field of Regard) +- 35° (spacecraft tilting capability about nadir
for event monitoring)
Data quatization (dynamic Range) 12 bit
Instrument nominal mass 150 kg (telescope + electronics)
Instrument power requeriment 90 W for termal control, 90W for imaging
mode
Price 600’000’000
Launching date 15/09/16

4. REASONS TO USE A SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM


 Independent cost of distance
 Ability to establish multipoint links
 Considerable bandwidth
 Wide geographical coverage
 Not affected by natural barriers
 Service of rural or sparsely populated areas
 Facilities to establish new markets
 Facilities to establish new services
 Less distortion and interference
 Easy to regenerate

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 Low error rates
 Multiple streams can be easily multiplexed in to a single stream
 Security
 Drift free, miniature, low power hardware

5. CONFIGURATION OF A SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

SERVICES FROM DIFFERENT SYSTEMS


TYPE OF SERVICE TYPE OF EARTH STATION TYPICAL SIZE (m)
Point to point Gate way, hub 2-10
VSAT 1-2
Broadcast/multicast Feeder station 1-5
VSAT 0.5 – 1.0
Collect VSAT 0.1 – 1.0
Hub 2 – 10
Mobile Handset, portable, mobile 0.1 – 0.5
Gatewat 2 – 10

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 THE SPACE SEGMENT
Contains one or several active and spare satellites organized into a constellation. contiene una o
varios satélites organizados en una constelación.
El satélite consiste en la carga útil y la plataforma, la carga útil (payload) consta de las antenas
transmisoras y receptoras, y equipo electrónico. Hay dos tipos de payload:
a) Transparente: la potencia de la portadora se amplifica (100 – 130 dB), y convierte la frecuencia a
downlink
b) Regenerativa: ingresan múltiples haz, y se demodulan las portadoras del enlace ascendente.

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La Figura 1.3 ilustra una antena de satélite de múltiples haces y sus áreas de cobertura asociadas.
Cada haz define un área de cobertura del haz, también llamada huella, en la superficie de la tierra.
Las áreas de cobertura de haz agregado definen el área de cobertura de la antena multihaz. Un
satélite determinado puede tener varias antenas de múltiples haces, y su cobertura combinada
define el área de cobertura del satélite.

La figura 1.4 ilustra el concepto de cobertura de sistema instantánea y de largo plazo. La cobertura
del sistema instantáneo consiste en la agregación en un momento dado de las áreas de cobertura de
los satélites individuales que participan en la constelación. La cobertura a largo plazo es el área en la
tierra explorada a lo largo del tiempo por las antenas de los satélites en la constelación. El área de
cobertura debe abarcar la zona de servicio, que corresponde a la región geográfica donde están
instaladas las estaciones. Para el tiempo real, en cualquier momento debe tener una huella que
cubra la zona de servicio, mientras que para los servicios en tiempo no real (almacenamiento y
retransmisión), debe tener una cobertura a largo plazo de la zona de servicio.

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La Tabla 1.2 enumera estos subsistemas e indica sus funciones y características principales respectivas.

Para garantizar un servicio con una disponibilidad específica, un sistema de comunicación por
satélite debe hacer uso de varios satélites en la seguridad del seguro del sitio. A este respecto, es
necesario distinguir entre la fiabilidad (reliability) y la vida útil (lifetime) de un satélite.
La confiabilidad (reliability) es una medida de la probabilidad de una falla y depende de la
confiabilidad del equipo y de cualquier esquema para proporcionar redundancia.
La vida útil (lifetime), está condicionada por la capacidad de mantener el satélite en la estación en
posición nominal, y depende de la cantidad de combustible disponible para el sistema de
propulsión y del control de actitud y órbita. En un sistema, la provisión generalmente se realiza para
un satélite operativo, un satélite de respaldo en órbita y un satélite de respaldo en tierra. La
confiabilidad del sistema involucrará no solo la confiabilidad de cada uno de los satélites, sino
también la confiabilidad del lanzamiento.

 THE CONTROL SEGMENT


Consists of all ground facilities for the control and monitoring of the satellites, also named TTC
(tracking telemetry and command) stations, and for the management of the traffic and the
associated resources on-board the satellite. consta de todas las instalaciones de tierra para el
monitoreo y vigilancia de estos satélites, también llamadas estaciones TTC (seguimiento,
telemetría y comando), y para la gestión del tráfico y los recursos asociados a bordo del satélite.

 THE GROUND SEGMENT


Consists of all the traffic earth stations. Depending on the type of service considered, these stations
can be of different size, from a few centimetres to tens of metres. consta de todas las estaciones
terrenas de tránsito. Dependiendo del tipo de servicio considerado, estas estaciones pueden ser de
diferentes tamaños, desde unos pocos centímetros hasta decenas de metros.

En el pasado, los más grandes estaban equipados con antenas de 30 m de diámetro (Estándar A de
la red INTELSAT). Las más pequeñas tienen antenas de 0,6 m (estaciones receptoras de satélites de
radiodifusión directa) o incluso antenas más pequeñas (0,1 m) (estaciones móviles, estaciones
portátiles o portátiles).
La Figura 1.5 muestra la arquitectura típica de una estación terrena tanto para transmisión como
para recepción.

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6. TIPOS DE ÓRBITAS
La órbita es la trayectoria seguida por el satélite. La trayectoria se encuentra dentro de un plano y
tiene forma de elipse con una extensión máxima en el apogeo y una mínima en el perigeo. El satélite
se mueve más lentamente en su trayectoria a medida que aumenta la distancia de la tierra.
Los satélites asíncronos giran en torno a la Tierra en órbitas elípticas o circulares, como se ve en las
figs. 18-2a y b. En una órbita circular, la velocidad de rotación es constante; sin embargo, en órbitas
elípticas la velocidad depende de la altura del satélite sobre la Tierra. Es mayor cuando el satélite
está cerca de la Tierra que cuando está más lejos.
There is only orbit at 35786 km in height, the GEO.

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6.1 GEOSTATIONARY (GEO)

Heigh: 35 786km on the equator


Equatorial orbit period: 24 hours
Constellation: INTELSAT, EUTELSAT,PANAMSAT, HISPASAT, EMMBRATEL

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6.2 CIRCULAR LOW EARTH ORBTIS (LEO)


La altitud del satélite es constante e igual a varios cientos de kilómetros. El período es del orden de
una hora y media. Con cerca de 90° de inclinación Este tipo de órbita garantiza una cobertura a
largo plazo en todo el mundo como resultado del movimiento combinado de estos satélites
terrestres y terrestres, como se muestra en la figura 1.7. De 160 a 640 km sobre la tierra. IRIDIUM
with 66 satellites at 780km. GLOBAL STAR with 48 satellites at1414 km with 52° inclination.

 Height: 500 – 2000km Polar


 Orbital Period: 90 – 120 minutes.
 Constellation: IRIDIUM, GLOBAL STAR, TELDESIC

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6.3 CIRCULAR MEDIUM EARTH ORBITS (MEO)
Tienen una altitud de aproximadamente 10000 km y una inclinación de aproximadamente 50° El
período es de 6 horas. Con constelaciones de aproximadamente 10 a 15 satélites, la cobertura
continua del mundo está garantizada, lo que permite comunicaciones en tiempo real en todo el
mundo. Un sistema planificado de este tipo fue el sistema ICO (que surgió del Proyecto 21 de
INMARSAT pero no se implementó) con una constelación de 10 satélites en dos planos a 45?
inclinación.

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Height: 5000-15000 km, and about 20 000km inclined.
Orbital periodi: 11 – 12 hours.
Constellation: GPS, Glonass

6.4 High Earth Orbit (HEO):


THE HEO is only non-circular orbit of the four types. Si opera con una órbita elíptica, con una altitud
máxima (apogeo) similar a la GSO(Geosincrona Orbita), y una altitud mínima (perigeo) similar a la
LEO.
o Height: 500 (perigee) to 70000 km (apogee).
o Eliptical orbital period: 12 – 24 hours.
o Constellation: Molniya, Sirius.

Este tipo de órbita es estable con respecto a las irregularidades en el potencial gravitatorio terrestre
y, debido a su inclinación, permite que el satélite cubra regiones de latitud alta durante una gran
parte del período orbital a medida que pasa al apogeo.
Este tipo de órbita ha sido adoptada por la URSS para los satélites del sistema MOLNY con un
período de 12 horas. La figura 1.6 muestra la geometría de la órbita. El satélite permanece sobre las
regiones ubicadas bajo el apogeo durante un intervalo de tiempo del orden de 8 horas. La cobertura
continua se puede asegurar con tres satélites en fases en diferentes órbitas. Varios estudios se
relacionan con órbitas elípticas con un período de 24 h (órbita TUNDRA) o un múltiplo de 24 h.

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VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS LEO – MEO

TYPE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES


Low latency or transmission delay. Larger number of satellites to build and opérate.
Higher look angle (specially in high- Coverage of áreas of minimal traffic (oceans,
latitud regions) deserts, jungles, and polar caps.
Less path los sor beam spreading. High launch costs
LEO
Easier to achievev high levels of More complicated to deploy and opérate – also
frequency re-use. more expensive TTC&M
Easier to opérate to low-power/low- Much shorter in-orbit life time due to orbital
gain ground antennas. degradation
Less latency and delay tan GEO (but More satellites to deploy thans GEO.
greater tan LEO). More expensive lanuch cost tan GEO.
Imrpoved look angle to ground Ground antennas are generally more expensive
receivers. and complex tan with true LEO systems
Improved opportunity for frequency Coverage of llow traffic áreas (i.e., oceans
re-use as compared to GEO (but less deserts, jungles, etc.
tan LEO)
MEO Fewer satellites to deploy and opérate
amd cheaper TTC&M systems tan LEO
(but more expensive tan with GEO
systems).
Longer in-orbit liftime than LEO
systems.
Increased exposure to Van Allen Belt
radiation.

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING ORBITS


 The extent and latitude of the área to be covered.
 The elevation angle
 Transmission duration and delay
 Interference
 The perfomance of launchers

7. REGULATIONS: ITU
La UIT ha sido reorganizada en tres sectores:
—El Sector de Radiocomunicaciones (UIT-R) se ocupa de todos los asuntos regulatorios y técnicos
que anteriormente fueron manejados respectivamente por la IFRB y el CCIR.
—El Sector de Normalización de las Telecomunicaciones (UIT-T) continúa el trabajo del CCITT y los
estudios del CCIR que tratan de la interconexión de los sistemas de radiocomunicaciones con las
redes públicas.
—El Sector de Desarrollo (UIT-D) actúa como un foro y una estructura de asesoramiento para el
desarrollo armonioso de las comunicaciones en el mundo.

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La abundante y útil bibliografía técnica publicada anteriormente en forma de informes y
recomendaciones de la ICCR y la ICCTHa sido organizada en la forma de la serie ITU-T ITU-TU.
ITU divides world in 3 sectors:
 Región 1: Europe, Africa, Middle East, Old USSR
 Región 2: The Americas
 Región 3: Asia Pacific

 The Radiocommunication Regulations refer to the following space radiocommunications services,


defined as transmission or reception of radio waves for specific telecommunications applications:
 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS);
Mobile Satellite Service (MSS);
Broadcasting Satellite Service (BSS);
Earth Exploration Satellite Service (EES);
Space Research Service (SRS);
Space Operation Service (SOS);
Radiodetermination Satellite Service (RSS);
Inter-Satellite Service (ISS);
Amateur Satellite Service (ASS).

Properties of SATCOM
 The possibiility of broadcasting
 A wide bandwith
 Rapid set-up and ease of reconfiguration
The potencial of services offered by por satellite telecomunications has disversified:
 Trunking telephony and televisión programme Exchange.
 Multiservice’s system
 VSAT
 Digital audio, video and data broadcasting
 Mobile and personal communications

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 Multimedia services
CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING ARCHITECTURE
 Orbit
RF Spectrum
Data rate
Duty Factor
Link Availability
Link Access time
Threat
Coverage área

8. SATELLITE NETWORKS
 It is a combination of nodes, someof which are satellites, that offer communication from one
point on earth station or a telephone.
 A node in the network can be a satellite, an earth station or a telephone.
 A satellite is a repeater node
 The Moon can be used as repeating node, but artificial satellites are preffered beacuse they can
install equipement to regeneratethe signal that loses of energyduring the trip, in addition to the
delayby distance.
 How satellite networks opérate
 Likewise mobile networks, in the sensethat they divide the planet in to cells (see tracks), offering
transmission capabilities to and fromany pointon Earth, using microwave radio links.
 MICROWAVE:
Satellital: one of the nodes is on a satellite
Terrestre: ever nodes i son a earth.
WHAT KEPPS A SATELLITE IN ORBIT?
 The balance between two forces, whicha re defined by the laws of the orbital mechanics of
Newton (1687)
1. Centrfugal forcé: Product intertia due to movement.
2.Centripetal forcé: Product of the gravitional field of the Earth
 The orbital of the satellites are elliptical
The 1st and 2nd. Keple’s Law (1609) establish that the planets move in elliptical trajectories and
that the Sun is one of the foci the ellipse.These laws also apply to satellites.

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The circular orbit is a special case of the ellipse
 DEDUCTION FROM KEPLER’S LAW
o If a satellite in a circular orbit is increased in speed with an impulse, it will not be able to
move faster in that orbit instead, the orbit becomes elliptical.
Two satellites in the same orbit can not have different speeds.

9. THE KEPLER’S LAWS


1. The path followed by a satellite around the earth will be an ellipse, with the center of mass
of earth as one of the two foci of the ellipse.
2. For equal time intervals, the satellite sweeps out equal áreas in the orbital plane
3. The square of the periodic time of orbit is proportional to the cube of the mean distance
betwenn the two bodies.
𝟒𝝅
𝑻𝟐 = ቀ 𝝁 ቁ ∗ 𝒓𝟑𝒔𝒂𝒕

𝑘𝑚3
𝜇 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 3.986004 ∗ 105
𝑠2
 A specific orbit period is determined only by proper selectionof the orbit radius
𝑂𝑅𝐵𝐼𝑇 𝑅𝐴𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑆 = ሾ𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡ሿ ∗ (𝑂𝑅𝐵𝐼𝑇 𝑃𝐸𝑅𝐼𝑂𝐷)2/3

10. ORBITAL PARAMETERS


 Apogee: The point farthest from earth
 Perigee: Tthe point of closest approach to earth
 Line of Apsides: The line joining the perigee and apogee troughthe center of the earth
 Ascending Node: The pointwhere the orbit crosse the equatorial plane, going from south to
north.
 Descending Node: The point where the orbit crosses the equatroial plane, goinf from north to
south.
 Line of nodes: The line joining the ascending and descending nodes trough the center of the
earth.
 Argument of Perigee: The angle from ascending node to perigee, measuredin the orbital plane.
 Rigth Ascension of the Ascending node: The angled measure eastward, in the equtorial plane,
from the line to the first point of Aries (Y) to the ascending node.
 1 Sideral day=23h 56m 4s
 1 mean sideral day: 0.99726696 mean Solar days

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11. Resumen de Fórmulas
𝑰𝑬 = 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆
𝑳𝑬 = 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆
𝑳𝑺 = 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 (𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝟎, 𝒊. 𝒆. , 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝟎)
𝑯 = 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒂 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍, 𝑲𝒎

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒆:


𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆: 𝑩 = 𝑰𝑬 − 𝑰𝑺
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔: 𝒓𝒆 = 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟖. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝒎
𝑮𝒆𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔: 𝒓𝒔 = 𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝒎
𝑮𝒆𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒕𝒉 (𝑨𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆): 𝑯𝑮𝑺𝑶 = 𝒓𝒔 −𝒓𝒆 = 𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒎
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉: 𝒆𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝒎

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆


𝒓𝒆
𝑰=( + 𝑯) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑳𝑬)
𝟐
√𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐𝒆 ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝑳𝑬)

𝒓𝒆 (𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐𝒆 )
𝒁=( + 𝑯) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑳𝑬)
𝟐
√𝟏 − 𝒆𝒆 ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝑳𝑬)
𝟐

𝑹𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑬 𝑻𝑶 𝑺𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑳𝑳𝑰𝑻𝑬: 𝑹 = √𝑰𝟐 + 𝒁𝟐

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒚 𝑫


−𝟏 𝒁
𝑨𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆, ∅𝑬 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝑰
𝑫 = 𝑹𝒔𝒂𝒕 = √𝑹𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐𝒔 − 𝟐𝑹𝒓𝒔 ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬( ∅𝑬 ) ∗ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩)

19 MARCOS CAVALIER SATCOM


𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
𝒓𝒆 + 𝒉𝑮𝑺𝑶
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆: 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 ( √𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 (𝑩) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 (𝑳𝑬))
𝑫

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒛𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆:


|𝑩| = |𝑰𝑬 − 𝑰𝑺|

|𝜷| = 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 ሾ𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑳𝑬)ሿ


−𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(|𝑩|)
𝑨𝒛𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆: 𝑨𝒊 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜷)

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒂 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏

20 MARCOS CAVALIER SATCOM


𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆

𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝑵𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝑺/𝑵

𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝑵𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆

21 MARCOS CAVALIER SATCOM


𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒌 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑬𝑰𝑹𝑷

22 MARCOS CAVALIER SATCOM


𝑨𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒂 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏

𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

23 MARCOS CAVALIER SATCOM


𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝑭𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆

24 MARCOS CAVALIER SATCOM


25 MARCOS CAVALIER SATCOM
II. EARTH STATION

1. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA ESTACIÓN
Consists of an antenna subsystem, with an associated tracking system, a transmitting section
and a receiving section Consiste en un subsistema de antena, con un sistema de seguimiento
asociado, una sección de transmisión y una sección de recepción.
Separation of transmission and reception is achieved by means of a diplexer. Antennas are often
capable of transmitting and receiving on orthogonal polarisations (circular or linear) in order to
permit re-use of frequencies La separación de la transmisión y la recepción se logra mediante
un diplexor. Las antenas a menudo son capaces de transmitir y recibir en polarizaciones
ortogonales (circulares o lineales) para permitir la reutilización de las frecuencias

26 MARCOS CAVALIER SATCOM


III. SATELLITE LINK

INTRODUCCIÓN

27 MARCOS CAVALIER SATCOM

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