Synthesis of copper hydroxide

By
Samita Sap-Aramdee 6061132
Panyakron Bandidthai 6061176
Praewa Thongwon 6061025
Paerwa Asavarangsi 6061028

Chemistry 11
Ms. Sorasaree Tonsiengsom
Mahidol University International Demonstration School
Semester 1 Academic Year 2018-2019
Summary:
The content of this report is to understand about the stoichiometry, which we did about
the synthesis of copper hydroxide. The Copper hydroxide consisted of copper sulphate attached
to Pentahydrate and Sodium hydroxide. In the experiment, we use 1.25 grams of CuSO4
solution mix with 0.2 grams of NaOH (Solution A+B) and the other 1.25 grams of CuSO4 to mix
with 0.6 grams of NaOH (Solution A+C), and wait for both solution to be filtered. After the
experiment, we weighted both solution and calculated the percent yield. The percent yield of
solution A+B is 158.33% and the solution A+C is 73.68% , which the percent yield of solution
A+B is greater than 100%. We then concluded that this happened because the product might
contained impurities that cause the ​mass to be greater than it should be if the products were
pure.

Introduction:
This experiment is about synthesis of copper hydroxide which will help us learn about
stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationship between the amount of
reactant used and product formed by a chemical reaction (McGraw-Hill Education, 2017).

Before we do the experiment in the lab we need to find mole, gram, limiting/Excess
reagent and theoretical yield. Theoretical yield is a maximum amount of product that can be
produced from a given amount of reactant (McGraw-Hill Education, 2017). When we go into the
lab we need to record all of the result so we can use it to calculate the actual yield. Actual yield
is the amount of product produced when a chemical reaction is carried out (McGraw-Hill
Education, 2017).

In this experiment we need to calculated on CuS04 + 2NaOH ———> Cu(OH)2 +

Na2SO4. The reactant in this synthesis of copper hydroxide equation is CuSO4 + 2NaOH and
the product is Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4. We need to mix this 2 compound together which are Copper
Sulfate and Sodium Hydroxide. After we mix it together we need to filter the solid which is our
product out from the water by using filtration method. Filtration is the process that remove the
solid particles out of from the liquid by using of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass
through but remain the solid particles (Britannica, 2018). We use A for the symbol of copper
sulphate and B/C for other substance that will mix with A.
Object:

The purpose of this lab report is to be able to determine about the mass relationship in chemical
reaction using stoichiometry. As we are studying about the relationship of mass this experiment
was for us be able to understand the mass relationship between before and after the
experiment. To take the amount of product to form the reaction and calculate the mass of the
theoretical yield to be able to classify the limiting reagent and excess reagent.

Material and Method:

1.) CuSO4 solution (Solution A 2.5 g of CuSO4 in 50 ml of water)

2.) NaOH solution (Solution B 0.2 g of NaOH in 25 ml of water)
3.) NaOH solution (Solution C 0.6 g of NaOH in 25 ml of water)
4.) 100 mL beaker
5.) 50 mL graduated cylinder
6.) Stirring rod
7.) Filter paper
8.) Weighing paper
9.) Spatula
10.) Watch glass
11.) Funnel
12.) Ring stand & clamp

Experimental (Day 1)
Preparation of CuSO4 solution (Solution A)
1. Weight 2.5 g of CuSO4 dissolve in 50 mL of water in 100 mL beaker
2. Stir well by using stirring rod for 2-3 minutes
Preparation of NaOH solution (Solution B)
1. Weight 0.2 g of NaOH dissolve in 25 mL of water in 100 mL beaker
2. Stir well by using stirring rod for 2-3 mins.
Preparation of NaOH solution (Solution C)
1. Weight 0.6 g of NaOH dissolve in 25 mL of water in 100 mL beaker
2. Stir well by using stirring rod for 2-3 mins.
Synthesis of Cu(OH)2
1. Mix 25 mL of CuSO4 solution (Solution A) with 25 mL of NaOH solution (Solution B)
2. Stir for 2-3 minutes
3. Weight the filter paper, and then record it on data table
4. Separate the solid product by paper filtration technique
5. Rinse the solid product (the rest of product left on beaker) with 10 mL of distill water
6. Clean the filtered solid residue (during filtration) with 10 mL of distill water for 2 times in order
to remove Na2SO4 salt
7. Clean the filtered solid residue again with 10 mL of ethanol to remove water
8. Carefully remove filter paper with filtered solid residue to watch glass
9. Dry it overnight in the oven.
10. Repeat step 1-9 by using 25 mL of NaOH solution by using Solution C instead of Solution B.

Experimental (Day 2)
11. Weight mass of filter paper and solid product
12. Calculate the % yield of the reaction

Results:

Reaction Reaction Weight of Weight of Weight of Solid

Solution Observation filter paper filter paper - solid product
(Chemical / ( in grams ) solid product product observation
physical ) ( in grams ) ( in grams ) (chemical
/physical)

A+B -Liquid 0.82 g 1.15 g 0.38 g Chemical

- Jelly -Solid
surface -Light blue
- Light blue color
- Less -Cement with
amount crack surface

A+C -Liquid 0.80 g 1.36 g 0.56g Chemical

- Jelly -Solid
surface -Dark blue
- Dark blue and small
- More parts of black
amount - Dried
harden
Discussion:
When we go into the lab, we measure the copper sulphate/CuSO4 and separate
them equally. We mix it with water that have different amount of NaOH. As I stated in the
introduction that we mix substance A with B, and another one was A with C. For the substance
B, it is the water that mixed with 0.2 g of NaOH in 25 ml water. For the substance C, it is the
water that mixed with 0.6 g of NaOH in 25 ml water. After we mix it and stir for 2-3 minutes, the
solution A+B, the water change color into light blue but the solution A+C the water become
dark blue. The solution A+C it also sticked together a little bit, like we put gelatin into water. In
our observation, we think that the amount of NaOH effects the color of the water. As we said
that the one that have less amount of NaOH in the water which is solution A+B, the color of
water is light blue but the other one it more dark. When we start to filter it, the solution A+C is
more sticky than the other one, so it use more time to filter the water.
Limiting reagent is a reagent that determines how much of products are made. On this
experiment, for the solution A+B the limiting reagent is 2NaOH. It is 2NaOH because it give a
lower amount of Cu(OH)2. In the solution A+B 2NaOH gives 0.24 g of Cu(OH)2 but CuSO4
gives 0.49 g of Cu(OH)2 which it higher than 2NaOH. For the solution A+C, the limiting reagent
is CuSO4 which it different from solution A+B. In the solution A+C CuSO4 gives 0.49 g of
Cu(OH)2 but 2NaOH gives 0.73 g of Cu(OH)2 which higher than CuSO4.
Theoretical yield is a maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given
amount of reactant. We also calculate the theoretical yield after we finish the lab. For A+B, the
theoretical yield was 0.24 g and A+C was 0.73 g. When we finish the lab, we record the actual
yield too so we can calculate the percent yield. Percent yield is to use the actual yield and
divided with theoretical yield then multiply with 100. For the solution A+B, the percent yields is
158.33% and A+C is76.712%. In the textbook it stated that the perfect lab result need to be
100% but in this result that we get it more than 100%. This means that we might put something
more than normal. We might put copper sulphate more than 25 ml or we might put the water
more than 25 ml. The percent yield that we get also less than 100%, this means we put
something less than normal. This show that if we do the experiment we need to be very specify,
so everything that we measure will be perfect.

Calculations:

CuSO​4​ ​.​ 5​H​2​O + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)​2​ + Na​2​SO​4​ + ​5​H​2​O

Molecular weight​:

● CuSO​4​ ​. 5​H​2​O :
63.546 + 32.066 + 4(15.999) + 5(2.016 + 15.999)
=​ ​249.683 grams

● 2NaOH :
22.990 +15.999 + 1.008
 = ​39.997 grams

● Cu(OH)​2 ​:
63.546 + 2(15.999 + 1.008)
= ​97.56 grams

● Na​2​SO​4​ ​:
2(22.990) + 32.066 + 4(15.999)
= ​142.042 grams

● 5​H​2​O ​:
5 x (2.016 + 15.999)
= ​90.075 grams

Number of mole:
1 mole of CuSO​4​ ​. 5​H​2​O, 2 mole of 2NaOH, 1 mole of Cu(OH)​2 , 1
​ mole of Na​2​SO​4,
5 mole of ​5​H​2​O

Theoretical yield:

A+B:

● CuSO​4​ ​. 5​H​2​O → Cu(OH)​2

​1 mol CuSO​4​ ​.​ 5​H​2​O​ ​ mol Cu(OH)​2​

1 ​ 97.56 g 1 Cu(OH)​2
1.25 g of CuSO​4​ ​.​ 5​H​2​O x x x
249.683 g CuSO​4​ ​.​ 5​H​2​O 1 mol CuSO​4​ ​.​ 5​H​2​O​ ​1 mol Cu(OH)​2

= ​0.49 grams of Cu(OH)2​

● 2NaOH → Cu(OH)​2

​1 mol 2NaOH​ ​1 mol Cu(OH)​2​ ​ 97.56 g 1 Cu(OH)​2

0.2 g of 2NaOH x x x
39.997 g 2NaOH ​ ​2 mol NaOH​ ​1 mol Cu(OH)​2

= ​0.24 grams of Cu(OH)2​

2NaOH is the limiting reagent because it gives a lower amount of Cu(OH)​2​ .

Percent yield of solution A+B:

(actual yield = 0.38 grams)

0.38
x 100 = ​158.33%
​ 0.24

A+C:

● CuSO​4​ ​. 5​H​2​O → Cu(OH)​2

​1 mol CuSO​4​ ​.​ 5​H​2​O​ ​1 mol Cu(OH)​2​ ​ 97.56 g 1 Cu(OH)​2

1.25 g of CuSO​4​ ​.​ 5​H​2​O x x x
249.683 g CuSO​4​ ​.​ 5​H​2​O 1 mol CuSO​4​ ​.​ 5​H​2​O​ ​1 mol Cu(OH)​2

= ​0.49 grams of Cu(OH)2​

● 2NaOH → Cu(OH)​2

​1 mol 2NaOH​ ​1 mol Cu(OH)​2​ ​ 97.56 g 1 Cu(OH)​2

0.6 g of 2NaOH x x x
39.997 g 2NaOH ​ ​2 mol NaOH​ ​1 mol Cu(OH)​2

= ​0.73 grams of Cu(OH)2​

CuSO​4​ is the limiting reagent because it gives a lower amount of Cu(OH)​2

Percent yield of solution A+C:

(actual yield = 0.56 grams)

0.56
x 100 = ​76.71%
​ 0.73

Conclusion:
 In conclusion, the result of solution AB has the mass of 0.38 grams, 4.79 moles, and
158.33% as the percent yield. For solution AC, the mass is 0.56 grams, 1.86 moles, and its
percent yield is 76.71%. Both solutions have a color of green but in different shades and form of
shapes that appeared on the paper surface. The limiting reagent for solution A+B is 2NaOH and
for solution A+C is ​CuSO​4​ .

References:
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