Professional Documents
Culture Documents
General Instructions
Section A
Q1. In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic material different from that of a
paramagnetic, when kept in an external magnetic field?
Ans. When a bar of diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, the field
lines are repelled or expelled and the field inside the material is reduced.
Whereas when a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, the field
lines are attracted towards it. Thus the field lines get concentrated inside the material and
the field inside is enhanced.
Ans. Let E and r be the EMF and internal resistance of all cells respectively and e and r' be
the EMF and internal resistance of each cell respectively.
As we know,
V = E − Ir
I = 0 ⇒V = E
E = 6 V
E = 3 × e ⇒ e = 2 V
And, when, V = 0
⇒ E = Ir
As per the question the cells are connected in the series, so we can write.
Ans. At the time of sunset or sunrise, the Sun and its surroundings appear red because of the
scattering of light. At the time of sunset or sunrise, the light rays from the Sun have to travel
a long distance to reach our eyes through the Earth's atmosphere. In other words, we can say
that when we look towards horizon, we are looking through more of Earth’s atmosphere
than when we look overhead. The light reaching our eyes is rich in red colour as blue light is
largely scattered away by the particles present in the Earth's atmosphere.
Q4. A charge 'q' is moved from a point A above a dipole of dipole moment 'p' to a point
B below the dipole in equatorial plane without acceleration. Find the work done in the
process.
Ans. The net force on the charge q is directed parallel to the dipole and hence perpendicular
to its motion along AB.
∴ Work done = 0
Section B
Q6. Calculate the de-Broglie wave length of the electron orbitting in the n = 2 state of
Ans. As we know,
Therefore,
λ = π × 0.529 × 10 - 10 × n2
(a) Show that a voltmeter when placed across the cell and across the resistor, in turn,
gives the same reading.
(b) To record the voltage and the current in the circuit, why is voltmeter placed in
parallel and ammeter in series in the circuit?
E = V + Ir
⇒ V = E – Ir
E = 12 V, r = 2 Ω
V = 12 – 2I
V2 = IR
= 2 × 4 = 8V
V1 = V2
Hence, from the above relation we can see that when voltmeter placed across the cell and
across the resistor, gives the same reading.
(b) Voltmeter has very high resistance to ensure that it's connection does not alter the flow of
current in the circuit. We connect it in parallel and we also know that current chooses only
the low resistance path. Hence, it is connected in parallel to the load across which potential
difference is to be measured.
Ammeter measures value of current flowing through the circuit so it should be connected in
the series. Ammeter has very low resistance to ensure that all current flows through it. Thus,
it gives a correct reading of the current when connected in series.
Q8. Define ionization energy. How would the ionization energy change when electron in
hydrogen atom is replaced by a particle of mass 200 times that of electron but having
the same charge?
OR
Calculate the shortest wavelength of the spectral lines emitted in Balmer series.
Ans. Ionization energy: The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron
from the outermost orbit of a neutral atom in its ground state is known as the ionization
energy of that atom.
= -2720eV (∵ EH = -13.6eV)
OR
Q9 Define modulation index. Why is it kept low? What is the role of a bandpass filter?
Ans. Modulation index is defined as the ratio between amplitude of modulating signal and
carrier wave.
As the low-frequency modulating signal is mixed with a high-frequency carrier wave, the
distortion is restricted due to the high-frequency carrier wave for modulation index lying
between 0 and 1. If the amplitude of modulating wave is greater than the carrier wave then
the carrier wave gets over-modulated. This over modulation results in distorted waveform
envelope which will result in a distorted output signal.
Q10 A ray PQ incident normally on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism BAC
made of material of refractive index 1.5. Complete the path of ray through the prism.
From which face will the ray emerge? Justify your Answer.
Ans. Here
⇒ sin30° = 0.5
Ic > 300
Section C
(ii) How does drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor vary with increase in
temperature? Explain.
m → Mass of an electron
e → Charge on an electron
Drift velocity,
Where,
Where
Thermal velocities of the electrons
(ii) Drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor decreases with increase in temperature.
As we know,
As, we increase the temperature of the metallic conductor the collision between the electrons
and ions increases, which results in the decrease in the relaxation time.
vd ∝ τ
Q12 (a) Write the basic nuclear process involved in the emission of β+ in a symbolic
form, by a radioactive nucleus.
(ii)
Ans. (a) The basic nuclear process involved in the emission of β+ in a symbolic form, by a
radioactive nucleus
(b) (i)
The corresponding y and z are 5 and 11, respectively. The x is the positron.
(ii)
Q13 Sketch the graphs showing variation of stopping potential with frequency of
incident radiations for two photosensitive materials A and B having thres hold
frequencies vA >vB.
Ans. (i) Graph between stopping potential and the frequency of the incident radiation:
(i) The stopping potential is inversely proportional to the threshold frequency. Hence the
stopping potential is higher for metal B.
From the above equation, the slope of the graph is (on comparing with the straight line
equation). Thus, we see that the slope is independent of the nature of the photoelectric
material.
Ans. (i) Law of Malus: It states that when a completely plane polarised light beam is incident
on an analyser, the intensity of the emergent light varies as the square of the cosine of the
angle between the plane of transmission of the analyser and the polariser.
I = I0cos2θ
(ii)
(iii) Can electric field exist tangential to an equipotential surface? Give reason.
Ans. An equipotential surface is that surface at every point of which, the electric potential is
the same.
(i)
(ii)
The equipotential surfaces about a single charge are not equidistant because electric field
due to a single change is not constant.
(iii) If the electric field exist along tangential to an equipotential surface, a charged particle
will experience a force along the tangential line and can move along it. As a charged particle
can move only due to the potential difference (along the direction of change of potential),
Q16 Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for the magnetic field on the axis of a
current carrying circular loop of radius R.
Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular wire carrying current I.
Ans.
R2 = x2 + R2
dB has two components: dBx and dB⊥. dB⊥ is cancelled out and only the x-component
remains.
OR
(i) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the
(ii) When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does this
decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the wave?
(iii) In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is determined by the square of the
amplitude of the wave. What determines the intensity in the photon picture of light?
Ans. Wave front is defined as the locus of all the points in space that reach a particular
distance by a propagating wave at the same instant.
Huygens’ Principle is based on the following assumptions:
Each point on the primary wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets, sending out
disturbances in all directions in a similar manner as the original source of light does.
(a) The new position of the wavefront at any instant (called secondary wave front) is the
envelope of the secondary wavelets at that instant.
Incident wave front traversing through the lens and after refraction focusing on the focal
point of the lens is shown in the figure below.
OR
where v is the velocity of light. As the wave travels from one medium to another, the
wavelength of light changes changing the speed of light with it. The frequency remains
constant.
(ii) The energy of wave depends only on its frequency. Since the frequency does not change
as wave travels from one medium to another, therefore, the energy of the wave remains
same and does not decrease.
Q18 For a CE-transistor amplifier, the audio signal voltage across the collector
resistance of 2 kΩ is 2 V. Suppose the current amplification factor of the transistor is
100, find the input signal voltage and base current, if the base resistance is 1 kΩ.
Ans. Given:
Q19 (i) Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is:
(ii) Why does a galvanometer show a momentary deflection at the time of charging or
discharging a capacitor? Write the necessary expression to explain this observation.
Ans. (i) (a) Microwaves are suitable for radar system in aircraft navigation.
(ii) As the capacitor is connected to the battery, the electrons start moving towards the plate
connected to the negative terminal of the battery and electrons leave from the plate
connected to the positive terminal of the battery. This happens until the potential of the
capacitor becomes equal to that of the battery. As this happens very quickly, the charging
current produces a deflection. The reverse process is repeated for discharging that is the
charge is lost. As the galvanometer can be considered as a resistance, the circuit behaves like
a R-C circuit having time constant equal to RC. Hence the expression governing this
phenomenon is
Q20 (i) Which mode of propagation is used by shortwave broadcast services having
frequency range from a few MHz upto 30 MHz? Explain diagrammatically how long
distance communication can be achieved by this mode.
(ii) Why is there an upper limit to frequency of waves used in this mode?
Ans. (a) Sky wave propagation is used by shortwave broadcast services having frequency
range from few MHz to 30 MHz.
The sky waves reach the reciever after reflection from the ionosphere. The oscillating
electric field of electromagnetic wave changes the velocity of the electrons in the ionosphere
which changes the effective dielectric constant and hence refractive index. In a single
reflection from the ionosphere, the radio-waves cover a distance of not less than 4000 km. In
(b) The ionosphere acts as a reflector for a certain range of frequencies (1710 kHz to 40 MHz).
Waves above 40 MHz get refracted through ionosphere and escape. This is why there is an
upper limit to the frequency used in this mode.
Q21 (i) Explain with the help of a diagram the formation of depletion region and
barrier potential in a pn junction.
(ii) Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier and explain its working.
Ans. (i) In a p−n junction, a p-type and an n-type material are joined together. The
concentration of holes is higher in p-type material as compared to that in n-type material.
Therefore, there is a concentration gradient between the p-type and n-type materials. As a
result of this concentration gradient, holes move from p-side to n-side (p → n) by the process
of diffusion. Similarly, electrons move from n-side to p-side (n → p).
As the holes diffuse from p-side, they leave ionised spaces (negatively charged) on pside near
the junction. These ionised spaces are immobile. Hence, a negative spacecharge region is
formed on the p-side near the junction. Similarly, a positive spacecharge region is formed on
the n-side. These two space-charge regions on either sides of the junction constitute what is
called a depletion layer.
Since the n-side loses electrons and p-side gains electrons, a potential difference is developed
across the junction of the two regions. This potential difference tends to oppose further
motion of electrons from the n-region into the p-region. The same happens for holes too. The
reverse polarity of this potential opposes further flow of carriers and is thus called the
barrier potential.
Working: During the positive half cycle of the input a.c., the p-n junction is forward biased i.e
the forward current flows from p to n and the diode offers a low resistance path to the
current. Thus, we get output across-load i.e. a.c input will be obtained as d.c output.
During the negative half cycle of the input a.c., the p-n junction is reversed biased i.e the
reverse current flows from n to p, the diode offers a high resistance path to the current.
Thus, we get no output across-load. This principle is shown in the diagram given below.
Q22 (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal inductor show that the average
power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an AC source. What happens to
the brightness of the lamp when the key is plugged in and an iron rod is inserted inside
the inductor? Explain.
Ans. (i) The average power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is given as P =
For pure inductive circuit, the phase difference between current and voltage is .
(ii) If an iron rod is inserted in the inductor, then the value of inductance L increases.
As such, the current through the bulb will decrease, thus, decreasing the brightness of the
bulb.
Section -D
Q23 Ram is a student of class X in a village school. His uncle gifted him a bicycle with a
dynamo fitted in it. He was very excited to get it. While cycling during night, he could
light the bulb and see the objects on the road. He, however, did not know how this
device works. he asked this question to his teacher. The teacher considered it an
opportunity to explain the working to the whole class.
Ans. (a) The underlying principle in the working of a dynamo is that changing magnetic flux
in a conductor induces emf.
A dynamo includes a coil attached to a small turbine fitted with a plastic cap. The coil is
placed in a magnetic field. When the plastic cap comes in contact with moving tyres of the
bicycle, the coil placed between the poles of a magnet rotates, thus the flux through the coil
changes continuously. This induces a current in the coil which is connected to a bulb which
lights up. As long as the bicycle is moving, the coil keeps on rotating, and hence, the flux
keeps on changing. At a steady rate, we get a steady current and hence a light of steady
intensity.
(b) The qualities shown by the teacher are: helpful and responsible as a teacher, and
Section -E
Q24 (i) Derive the mathematical relation between refractive indices n1 and n2 of two
radii and radius of curvature R for refraction at a convex spherical surface. Consider
the object to be a point since lying on the principle axis in rarer medium of refractive
index n1 and a real image formed in the denser medium of refractive index n2. Hence,
(ii) Light from a point source in air falls on a convex spherical glass surface of
refractive index 1.5 and radius of curvature 20 cm. The distance of light source from
the glass surface is 100 cm. At what position is the image formed?
OR
(a) Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an astronomical
telescope in normal adjustment position. Define its magnifying power.
(b) You are given three lenses of power 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a telescope.
(i) Which lenses should be used as objective and eyepiece? Justify your Answer.
(ii) Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large?
Ans. (i)
The above figure shows the geometry of formation of real image I of an object O and the
principal axis of a spherical surface with centre of curvature C and radius of curvature R.
Assumptions:
Similarly,
i.e.,
By Snell’s law,
n1sini = n2 sinr
n1i = n2r
Substituting the values of i and r from equations (i) and (ii), we obtain
OM = − u, MI = + v, MC = + R
……….. (iv)
(ii)
OR
Angular magnification,
I is the image formed by the objective. f0 and fe are the focal lengths of the objective and
eyepiece, respectively.
Here,
Lens with largest power or smallest focal length should be used as the eye-piece i.e. lens with
power 10 D.
(ii) The aperture is preferred to be large so that the telescope can collect as much as light
coming from the distant object as possible.
Q25 (i) Use Gauss's law to find the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet. What is the direction of field for positive and negative charge densities?
(ii) Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the parallel
and series combination of two capacitors C1 and C2 with their capacitances in the ratio
1 : 2 so that the energy stored in the two cases becomes the same.
OR
(a) field at points between the two plates and on outer side of the plates. Specify the
direction of the field in each case.
(b) the potential difference between the plates.
(c) the capacitance of the capacitor so formed.
(ii) Two metallic spheres of Radii R and 2R are charged so that both of these have same
surface charge density σ. If they are connected to each other with a conducting wire,
inn which direction will the charge flow and why?
Since electric lines of force are parallel to the curved surface of the cylinder, the flux due to
the electric field of the plane sheet of charge passes only through the two circular caps of the
cylinder.
∅ = E × 2A …….… (i)
………… (ii)
(ii) Given,
When the capacitor are connected in parallel the total capacitance will be
Cp = C1 + C2 = 3C1
When the capacitor are connected in series the total capacitance will be
OR
(a) We are given two similar large plates separated by a small distance (d) and having area
(A).
Outer region I,
In the inner region between plates 1 and 2, the electric fields due to the two charged plates
add up. So,
(b) For uniform electric field, potential difference is simply the electric field multiplied by the
distance between the plates, i.e.
(ii) We know that the potential of the metallic sphere is given by, where "r" is the radius of
the sphere.
Now, the potential of the metallic sphere of radius R is given by, where "r" is the
So, when both the spheres are connected the charge flow from the sphere of radius of 2R to
R.
Q26 (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-down transformer. State the principle of its
working.
(iii) Find the ratio of primary and secondary currents in terms of turn ratio in an ideal
transformer.
(iv) How much current is drawn by the primary of a transformer connected to 220 V
supply when it delivers power to a 110 V - 550 W refrigerator?
OR
(a) Explain the meaning of the term mutual inductance. Consider two concentric
circular coils, one of radius r1 and the other of radius r2 (r1< r2) placed coaxially
with centres coinciding with each other. Obtain the expression for the mutual
inductance of the arrangement.
(b) A rectangular coil of area A, having number of turns N is rotated at 'f' revolutions
per second in a uniform magnetic field B, the field being perpendicular to the coil.
Prove that the maximum emf induced in the coil is 2 πf NBA.
Working: Alternating emf is supplied to the primary coil PP’. The resulting current induces a
current in secondary coil.
Magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary. The induced emf in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Let
……….. (1)
………. (2)
∴ Es > Ep
EpIp = EsIs
P = VPIP
OR
Φ ∝ I
Φ = MI ……..… (i)
Mutual Inductance of two concentric coils , one of radius r1 and the other of radius
R2(r1 < r2) placed coaxially with centres coinciding with each other:
Consider two circular coil S1 and S2 of same length l, such that coil S2 surrounds coil S1
completely.
Φ21 ∝ I1
Φ21 = M21 I1
B1 =µ0n1I1
Magnetic flux linked with each turn of S2 will be equal to B1times the area of crosssection of
S1.
Φ21 = µ0n1n2AlI1
∴ M21 = µ0n1n2Al
Similarly, the mutual inductance between the two coils, when current is passed through coil
S2 and induced emf is produced in coil S1, is given by
Hence, coefficient of mutual induction between the two coil will be M = µ0n1n2Al
∅ = NBA cos θ
we also know,
=NBA (πf)
Hence proved.