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    © All Rights Reserved
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    263 views5 pages

    Cad For Columns PDF

    Uploaded by

    Wilfredo Neyra Cisneros

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 5
    computer aided design of reinforced concrete columns subjected to biaxial bending An rithm is presented for the analysis of rectangular ont enacted p ool loaas ond its or bso Sring Tectia bo devel cae puter program. by shifting and rotating the neutral eats Enendel Snteniction diagram ts developed A example to Siebuted to ilustrate the design application of the core per programs Th analysis and design of structural frames, columns that are subjected to axial load and biaxial bending are frequently encountered. Biaxial bending occurs in corner columns, in exterior columns, and in interior columns due to load imbalance of adjacent spans. Ad- ditionally, bridge piers are often subjected to biaxial bending. In such cases, as shown in Fig. 1, the ap- plied moment about the x axis, M,, and the applied moment about the wy axis, M,, could be represented with an axial load, P, acting at point A such that: (la) a= (ab) S/S LS where e, and ¢, are the eccentricities of the applied load about the y and x axes, respectively. It is con- venient to define the angle of eccentricity, a, as: a = tant @ Thus, a = 0 deg and a = 90 deg correspond to un- iaxial bending about the y and x axis respectively, and 0 deg < a < 90 deg represents a general condi- tion of biaxial bending. For columns subject to uniaxial bending, the neu- tral axis always remains parallel to the axis about which the moment is being applied. Therefore, any assumed location of the neutral axis will result in a set of points (P and M) for the development of the in- teraction diagram. In contrast, the neutral axis will be inclined at an angle 6, as shown in Fig, 2, for columns subjected to biaxial bending. Thus, for a given axial load, not only the depth of the compression zone, but the inclina- tion of the neutral axis is unknown, Keywords: axial loads; biaxial loads, bendin ports); computer programs; reinforced concret sign. CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/SEPTEMBER 1986 CAD for Columns by Mohammad R. Ehsani CENTROIO ig, 1A column subjected to axtal load and biexiat bending can be represented by ar axial load P applied at a point A. Pig. 2—A coluran subjected to retattvely low biaxial loads results in a triangular compresston area with an inclined neutral axis, For uniaxial bending, the neutral axis remains pparallet fo the axis about which the moment is being applied. 4 Furthermore, for a given eross section, the inclina- tion of the neutral axis will vary depending on the magnitide of the applied axial load. Consequently, the iteration procedure to determine the location and inclination of the neutral axis for equilibrium is very tedious and time consuming. In order to overcome these difficulties, approxima- tion techniques have been introduced to ealculate the biaxial bending capacity of a section in terms of the more readily obtained uniaxial capacities. The most common approximation techniques are the reciprocal load method? and the load contour method.* While both techniques are approximate and require the availability of the uniaxial interaction diagrams for the cross section, the latter also requires an esti- mated contour factor, 8. The estimation of the con- tour factor introduces one additional degree of itera- tion to the problem. The above methods have served as valuable design tools over the years. Considering the affordability and availability of microcomputers, however, it is time to resort to simpler methods to obtain faster and more exact solutions to this problem. Several computer programs are currently available that determine the biaxial capacity of columns." A COMPRESSION AREA P-NEUTRAL AXIS Fig. 3—There are five possible configurations for the compressive areas of columns subjected to biaxial bending, Aig, 4—Strain tn the reinforcing steel can be calculated for any location and orientation ofthe neutral axis. This technique ts also used in developing the interaction diagram, 4 However, these programs use the approximation techniques mentioned earlier. Thus, the user has to assume a starting value for the contour factor 8, ran the program, then select a new contour factor until convergence is achieved. The final solution is still an approximate solution, and the accuracy depends on the particular technique used Equilibrium criteria ‘The compressive area in a rectangular column sub- Jected to biaxial bending could be any of the five pos- sibilities that are schematically shown in Fig. 3. ‘The concrete compressive force, P., can be calculated as the product of the average concrete compressive strength, f, and the compression area, A,. Por the tri- angular compression area of Fig. 3a, for example, this foree is equal to 0.85 f° (ABYACV2. The magnitude and the point of application of this compressive force can be determined as given by Mattock.® Fig. 2 corresponds to a column subjected to rela- tively low axial loads, resulting in a triangular compression area, as shown in Fig. 3(a). The resul- tant eonerete compressive foree, P, is assumed to act at a point (@,9,). The strain in the reinforcing steel can be ealeulated for any assumed location and ori: entation of the neutral axis, as shown in Fig. 4. For an applied axial load P with eccentricities e, and e, the force equilibrium equation can be ex- pressed as: P=P,+5C,- 20, @) where Cand T,-represent the compressive and ten- sile forces in the ith reinforeing bar respectively. The moment equilibrium equations take the form: Pe, = PX, + Wi Xe + BT Xq (a) Pe, = PLY, + Wea Ye + BT, Yu (4b) in which X, and Y, represent the # and y coordinates of individual reinforcing bars. For a given axial load and eceentricity, the location and orientation of the neutral axis must be adjusted until equilibrium of Eq. (8) and (4) is satisfied. Program description ‘The computer program described in this paper, BIAXIAL, is written in BASI¢ for IBM Personal Com- puters, It is capable of producing points that de- seribe the axial load vs. moment interaction diagram for any short rectangular column under uniaxial or biaxial bending. The program can only analyze sec- tions where the reinforcing steel is placed symmetri- cally about both axes, so that the plastic centroid and the centroid of the concrete section coincide. Benjar developed a different version of this program in FOR- TRAN for VAXII computers.* CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/SEPTEMBER 1986 Input data for BIAXIAL include: the material and section properties, the area and coordinates of each longitudinal bar, and the angle of eccentricity, a, along which the axial load is applied. The output of the program consists of a series of data points (P and Af values) that could be used in drawing the interae- tion diagram for the column. ‘The program assumes a linear variation of strain over the depth of the section. Strain hardening of steel, tensile strength of eonerete, and slenderness effects are ignored. In addition, the output does not include the capacity reduetion factor, #. ‘The flow chart for the program, shown in Fig. 5, indicates the linkage hetween different subpro- grams. The neutral axis is systematically shifted par- allel to the axis of bending for columns subjected to uniaxial bending. The compression area is sliced into an even number of rectangles for each location of the neutral axis, The conerete compression force is cal- culated by summing the forees for all slices using Simpson's rule, With the steel forces determined from strain compatability, the axial load and moment capacity of the section are calculated. ‘The development of the interaction diagram for the biaxial bending case is demonstrated with the aid of Fig. 4. In this figure, the axial load is applied along line p, making an angle o with the « axis. For the first point, it is assumed that the depth to the neu- tral axis, AB, is 0.05% and the neutral axis is perpen- dicular to line p, ‘The axial load P is calculated and the equilibrium of Bq, (4) is investigated. This will in- dicate the direction in which the neutral axis must be rotated to achieve moment equilibrium. By holding the length AB constant, the neutral axis is rotated 2 deg in the appropriate direction about point B and the equilibrium equations are re-examined, The rotation of the neutral axis will continue in the same direction until the equilibrium equations re- quire it to reverse. The current and the previous an- gle will then be bisected and the procedure will con- tinue until the exact inclination of the neutral axis, corresponding to foree and moment equilibrium, is achieved. The axial load, the bending capacity about the w and y axes, and the biaxial bending capacity of the column are calculated, The convergence to equi- librium constitutes one set of data points for the in- teraction diagram. For the next point, the length AB is incremented by 0.054 and the neutral axis is rotated about point B, The shifting of the neutral axis continues until the calculated axial load is equal to 80 percent of the sec- tion capacity in pure compression. With this proce- dure, the first few points corresponding to small val- ues of AB usually result in negative axial loads, or tension. The number of points in tension depends on the cross-sectional dimensions of the column, and the area and location of the reinforeing steel. However, only points with positive axial loads are included in the output. CONCRETE INTERNATIONAL/SEPTEMBER 1986 For a given cross section, the entire family of curves describing the failure surface can be obtained by varying the angle of eccentricity, a, from zero to ninety deg as shown in Fig. 6. Summary and conclusions Development of interaction diagrams for columns subjected to axial compression and biaxial bending is a tedious task because the equilibrium condition for any axial load can only be achieved hy both transla- tion and rotation of the neutral axis. Approximation Ee

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