RICHARD C. JOHNSON ANTENNA ENGINEERING HANDBOOK THIRD EDITIONAntenna Engineering Handbook THIRD EDITION Richard C. Johnson titor Georgia Institute of Technology Adanta, Georgia Henry Jasik stor otis eionISSN 1063-665X. Copyright © 1993, 1984, 1961 by McGraw-Hill, In. All rights reserved. Printedin the United Sates of America. Except aspermitted under the United States Copyright Actof 1976, no partofthispublication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in adata base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 67890 DOCDOC 09876543210 ISBN 0-07-032381-X ‘The sponsoring editor for this book was Daniel A. Gonneau, the editing supervisor was Stephen M. Smith, and the production supervisor was, Pamela A. Pelion. It was se in Times Roman by Progressive Typographers. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw-Hill, Inc, from sources believed 1 be reliable. How= ever, neither McGraw-Hill nor is authors guarantee the accu. ‘Rey or completeness of any information published herein and ‘either McGraw-Hill noritsauthors shall beresponsibleforany rors, omissions, or damages arising out of use ofthis informa tion. ‘This work is published with the understanding that “MoGraw-Hilland its authors are supplying information but are ‘ot attempting to render engineering or other professional er- Vices. If sich servioes are required, the assistance ofan appro- ate profesional should be sought.Dedicated to Dr. Henry Jasik (1919-1977) _ ‘An internationally known authority inthe an- tenna engineering field, Dr. Henry Jasik was highly respected for his breadth of information, een insight, and depth of knowledge in both fundamentals and applications. He received the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1938 from Newark College of Engineering and the degrees of Master and Doctor of Electrical Engineering in 1951 and 1953, respectively, from the Polytechnic Inst- tute of Brooklyn, Dr. Jasik worked n the Navy Department feom 1938 to 1939 and in the Civil Aeronautics ‘AGministrtion (CAA) from 1939 to 1944. Whilein the CAA, he worked on radio aidstoair navigation, including instrument landing systems and VHF radio ranges. From 1944 to 1946, he was an officer in the United States ‘Navy, where he worked on the development of airborne radar and commu- nications antennas atthe Naval Research Laboratories. From 1946 to 1949, Dr. Jasik was associated with Andrew Alford, Consulting Engineers, as Senior Project Engineer and as Vice-President of the Alford Manufacturing Company. From 1949 o 1952, he wasemployed by the Airborne Instruments Laboratory (AIL), where he was associated With the Special Devices Section and the Antenna Section as Assistant Supervising Engineer. In 1952, he became an independent consultant. Tin 1955, Dr. Jasik started Jask Laboratories, Inc. a completely inte- ¢zated operation forthe design, development, and production of antennas ‘Under his leadership the company grew and prospered. With design expe ‘ence from simple Yagi-Uda arrays to exotic multiple-eed systems, Jasik Laboratories became widely known throughout the electronics indusiry as ‘an unusually talented team of antenna specialists. They designed, manu- factured, and tested a wide variety of antennas, such as dipoles, homs, log periods, double-conica feeds, and many others. In 1969, Cutler-Hammer (hich later became the Eaton Corporation) acquired Jask Laboratories, and atthe time of his death, Dr. Jasik was a Vice-President in Eaton's AIL Division. Dr. Jasik was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Blec- tronic Engineers in 1958 for his contributions to “the theory and design of VHF and microwave antennas.” He was a member of Sigma Xi and Eta Kappa Nu and was a registered profesional engineer in New York and Massachusetts, Tithe course of his distinguished career, Dr. Jasik was awarded several patents and he designed practical antennas for U.S. Navy ships and for the FM broadcast antenna which operated for many years atthe top of the Chrysler Building in New York City. Healso made many important contri-butions to the young science of radio astronomy by designing and produc- ing improved feed structures for many paraboloidal-reector radio tele- scopes. His innovative work significantly improved the tools of radio astronomers. Dr. Jasik was Editor of the First Edition of the Antenna Engineering Handbook, published by McGraw-Hill in 1961. His vision and creative work produced the most valuable reference book for antenna engineers throughout the world. This new edition is dedicated to his memory in order to convey appreciation for his outstanding and lasting contributions to the field of antenna engineering.Contents 1_ INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALS: 1. Introduction to Antennas ‘Richard C. Johnson, Georgia Institute of Technology 2. Fundamentals of Antennas Henry Jsik, AIL Division af Eaton Corporation 3. Arrays of Discrete Elements Mark T. Ma, National Insitute of Standards and Technology 2_ TYPES AND DESIGN METHODS 4 Dipoles and Monopoles Chen To Tai, The University of Michigan Stuart A. Long, Univesity of Houston 5 Loop Anteanes Glenn S. Smith, Georgia Institute of Technology 6 ‘Small Antennas Haroid A. Wheeler, Hazeline Corporation 7 Microstrip Antennas Robert E. Munson, Ball Communication Systems Division 8 Slot Antennas William F. Croswell and Mary Beth Selby, Harris Corporation 9 Slot Antenna Arrays ‘Hung Yuet Yee and Robert C. Voges, Texas Instruments Inc 10 Leaky-Wave Antennas ‘Arthur A. Oliner, Polytechnic University AL Long-Wire Antennas ‘Bamund A. Laport, RCA Corporation 13 2 a SA o1 catn 13 4 15 16 7 9 a n ‘Surface-Wave Antennas Francis J. Zucker, Rome Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base Helical Antennas Howard E. King and Jimmy L. Wong, The Aerospace Corporation Frequency-Independent Antennas Raymond H. DuHamel, Antenna Consultant James P. Scherer, Loral Randtron Systems ‘Hom Antennas ‘Allan W. Love, Rackwell International Lens Antennas Donald G. Bodnar, Georgia Instiure of Technolagy Reflector Antennas Kenneth S Kelleher, Consultant Geotrey Hyde, COMSAT Laboratories Electromechanical Scanning Antennas Kenneth S. Kelleher, Consullant Frequency-Scan Antennas James. Ajioka, Hughes Aircraft Company Phased Arrays ‘Raymond Tang and Richard W. Burns, Hughes Aircraft Company Conformal and Low-Profile Arrays Robert J. Mailloux, Rome Laboratory, Hanscom: Air Force Base Adaptive Antennas Leon J. Ricard, LIR, Ine ‘Methods of Polarization Synthesis Warren B. Off, W’& B Observatory Lome K. DeSize, Consultant 3_ APPLICATIONS m4 1 141 151 161 mA 181 194 204 21 24 Low-Frequency Antennas ‘Boynton G. Hagaman, Kershner, Wright and Hagaman, PC. Medium-Frequency Broadcast Anteanas John A. Lundin and Ronald D. Rackley, dv Pri, Lundin & Rackley, In High-Frequency Antennas Roald Wilensky, Technology for Communications International EF and UHF Communication Antennas Brian S. Collins, Radiation Systems International Ltd ‘TV and FM Transmitting Antennss Raymond H. DuHamel, Antenna Consultant AIR. Mahnad, Jampro Antennas The ‘TY Receiving Antennas Edward B. Joy, Georgia Institue of Technology Microwave-Relay Antennas Charles M. Knop, Andrew Corporation 2-4 281 29-131 Radiometer Antennas ‘William F. Croswell, Haris Corporation Calvin T. Swift, University of Massachusetts 32, Radar Antennas Paul E. Rawlinson, Raytheon Company Harold R. Ward, Consultant 33. Microwave Beacon Antennas Phillip N. Richardson, Texas Instruments, In. 34. Tracking Antennas Josh T. Nessmith, Georgia Insitute of Technology Willard T. Patton, General Eecric Company 35 Satellite Antennas ‘Leon J. Ricard, LIR, In 36 Earth Station Antennas ames H, Cook, Jr, Scientfe-Atlana, Ine. 37 Aircraft Antennas William P. Allen, 1c, Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company Charles E. Ryan, i, Georgia Institute of Technology 38 Seeker Antennas James M. Schuchard, American Electronic Laboratories Dennis J. Kozakolf, Milimeter Ware Technology, Inc 39 Direction-Finding Antennas and Systems Hugh D. Kennedy and Roy B. Woolsey, Technology for Communications International 40 ECM and ESM Antennas Daniel F. Yaw; Westinghouse Defense and Electronic Systems Vernon C. Sundbere, GTE Systems 41 Radio-Telescope Antennas John D. Kraus, The Ohio State University 4_ TOPICS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTENNAS. 42 Transmission Lines and Waveguides Roderic V. Lowman, Techni-Ques, Ine 48 Impedance Matching and Brosdbanding David F. Bowman, Antenna Consultant 44 Radomes Gene K. Huddleston, Martin Mareta Corporation Harold L. Basset, Georgia Instinde of Technology 45. Microwave Propagation Geottey Hyde, COMSAT Laboratories 46 Materials and Design Data Donald G. Bodnar, Georgia Institute of Technology Index follows Chap. 46 314 34 34 23 431Contributors James S. Ajoka,* Manager, Electromagnetics Laboratories, Hughes Aircraft Com- ‘pany, Fullerton, California. (Chap. 19) William P. Allen, Jr, Consultant, Atlanta, Georgia (Chap. 37) Harold L. Bassett Chief, Modeling and Simulation Division, Georgia Tech Re- search Institute, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 44) Donald G. Bodnar, Principal Research Engineer, Georgia Tech Research Institute, ‘Atlanta, Georgia (Chaps. 16 and 46) David F. Bowman, Antenna Consultant, Williamstown, Massachusetts, (Chap. 43) Richard W. Burs, Manages, Microwave Techniques Department, Array Antenna Laboratory, Hughes Aircraft Company, Fullerton, California. (Chap. 20) ‘Brian S. Collins, Radiation Systems International Ltd., CSA Antenna Systems Divi- sion, Rochester, England. (Chap. 27) James H. Cook. Jr, Principal Engineer, Scentic-Atlanta, Inc, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 36) William F. Croswel Senior Scientist, Hartis Corporation, Melbourne, Florida. (Chaps. 8 and 31) Lome K. DeSize, Consultant, Littleton, Colorado. (Chap. 23) ‘Raymond H. DuHamel, Antenna Consiltant, Los Altos Hills, California. (Chaps. 14 and 28) Boyton G, Hoguman, Keser, Wight & Hagaran, PC. Abound Veiia, (Chap. 24) Gene K. Huddleston, Director, Radar Engineering, Martin Marietta Electronic Sys- tems, Orlando, Florida. (Chap. 44) Geoftey Hyde, Senior Staff Scientist, COMSAT Laboratories, Clarksburg, Mary- land. (Chaps. 17 and 45) Henry Jask,+ Vice-President and Director of Antenna Systems Division, AIL Divi- sion, Eaton Corporation, Deer Park, Long Island, New York. (Chap. 2) Richard C. Johnson, Consultant, Dallas, Texas. (Chap. 1) Edward B. Joy, Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 29) Kenneth S, Kelleher, Consultant, Alexandria, Virginia, (Chaps. 17 and 18) ‘Hugh D. Kennedy, Consultant, Bortola, California. (Chap. 39) + Deceased.Howard E. King.* Director, Antenna Development Office, Antennas and Propaga- tion Department, Communications Systems Subdivision, The Aerospace Corpo- ration, Los Angeles, California. (Chap. 13) (Charles M. Knop, Director, Antenna Research, Andrew Corporation, Orland Park, Minos. (Chap. 30) Dennis J. Kozakoff, President, Millimeter Wave Technology, Inc, Atlanta, Georgia (Chap. 38) John D. Kraus:* Director, Ohio State University Radio Observatory, Columbus, Ohio. (Chap. 41) Edmund A. Lapor,,t Corporate Director of Communications, RCA Corporation, Princeton, New Jersey. (Chap. 11) ‘Stuart A. Long, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas. (Chap. 4) Allan W. Love, Consultant, Corona del Mar, California. (Chap. 15) Roderic V. Lowman, President, Techni-Quest, Inc, Greenlawn, New York. (Chap. 42) John A. Lundin, du Treil, Lundin & Rackiey, In, A subsidiary of A.D. Ring, P.C., ‘Washington, D.C. (Chap. 25) ‘Mark T. Ma, Senior Research Engineer, Electromagnetic Fields Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado. (Chap. 3) Ali R. Mabrad, Sci-Tech Consultants, Carmichael, California, (Chap. 28) ‘Rober’ J Mailloux, Senior Scientist: Antennas, Rome Laboratory Electromagnetics and Reliability Directorate, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts. (Chap. 21) ‘Robert E. Munson, Manager, Advanced Antenna Programs, Ball Communication ‘Systems Division, Boulder, Colorado, (Chap. 7) Josh T. Nessmith, Principal Research Scientist, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 34) Warren B. Offat, Owner, W & B Observatory, Cloudcrof, New Mexico. (Chap. 23) ‘rihur A. liner * Professor of Electrophysics, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York. (Chap. 10) Willard 7. 74.0% Staff Scientist, General Electric Corporation, Moorestown, New Jersey. (Chap, 34) ‘Ronald D. Rackley, du Teil, Lundin & Rackley, Inc., A subsidiary of A. D. Ring, P. C., Washington, D.C, (Chap. 25) Paul E. Rawlinson, Manager, Radar Systems Laboratory, Equipment Division, Raytheon Company, Sudbury, Massachusetts. (Chap. 32) Leon J. Ricardi, President, LIR, Inc., El Segundo, California, (Chaps. 22 and 35) Philip N, Richardson, Texas Instruments, Inc. Dallas, Texas, (Chap. 33) Charles E. Ryan, Jr,* Principal Research Engineer, Georgia Tech Research Insti tute, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 37) James P. Scherer, Senior Vice President of Technology, Loral Randtron Systems, ‘Menlo Park, California. (Chap. 14) James M. Schuchardt, Director, Antenna Division, American Electronic Laborato- ries, Lansdale, Pennsylvania. (Chap. 38) Mary Beth Selby, Senior Engineer, Haris Corporation, Melbourne, Flori. (Chap. 8) Retired. 1 Decent.Glenn S. Smith, Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 5) Vernon C. Sundberg,* Section Head, GTE Systems, Mountain View, California, (Chap. 40) Calvin T. Swif, Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, (Chap. 31) Chen To Tai Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan, An ‘Arbor, Michigan. (Chap. 4) ‘Raymond Tang, Manager, Array Antenna Laboratory, Communications and Radar Division, Hughes Aircraft Compeny, Fullerton, California. (Chap. 20) Robert C. Voges. TI Feliow, Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, Texas. (Chap. 9) Harold R. Ward, Consultant, HRW Consulting, Bedford, Massachusetts. (Chap, 32) Harold . Wheeler® Chief Scientist, Hazetine Corporation, Greenlawn, New York, (Chap. 6) Ronald Wilensky, Vice President, Technology for Communications International, Mountain View, California. (Chap. 26) Jimmy L, Wong, Senior Engineering Specialist, Antenna Development Office, An- ‘ennas and Propagation Department, Communications Systems Subdivision, The Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, California. (Chap. 13) Roy B. Woolsey, Vice President, Engineering, Technology for Communications International, Sunnydale, California. (Chap. 39) Daniel F. Yaw, Senior Advisory Engineer, Electronic Warfare Systems Engineering, Westinghouse Defense and Electronic Systems, Baltimore, Maryland. (Chap. 40} ‘Hung Yuet Yee, Seniot Member of Technical Staf, Texas Instruments, fnc., Dallas, ‘Texas. (Chap. 9) Francis J. Zucker, Physicist, Antenna Section, Rome Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts. (Chap. 12)Preface THIRD EDITION. 1t has been more than three decades since Henry Jasik envisioned and edited the Fist Edition of the Antenna Engineering Handbook. During this time, many significant and. far-reaching advances have been made inthe field of antenna technology. ‘The Second Edition was published more than two decades after the First Edition, and it required many major revisions and additions. For example, it contained 15 new chapters to cover new subject areas, Work on this Third Edition of the Handbook began 10 years after starting work on the Second Edition. Ten years is along time given today’s rapid advancementsin antenna technology, so an update is welcome and beneficial. ‘This new edition again contains four major parts: Introduction and Fundamentals Part | presents basic comments, defines parame- ters, and discusses fundamentals that are common to most antennas. ‘Types and Design Methods Part 2 presents the primary astenna types and design methods that currently are in use. Emphasis is on succinct descriptions, design data, and references. Applications Part 3 discusses major applications of antennas. Emphasis is on how ‘antennas are employed to meet electronic system requirements. Design methods which are unique to the applications are presented. ‘Topics Associated with Antennas Part 4 deals with topics that are closely related to antenna design The topics ae covered sucinay, but more detailed information canbe found in the references. ‘Thanks are extended to the many publishers who have granted permission to use ‘material from their publications. As was done in the previous editions, we have tried to credit all sources of information by relerences, any omissions are due to oversight rather than intent,‘The work of many outstanding engineers who reviewed and updated the individual ‘chapters has made this Third Edition ofthe Handbook possible. Their magnificent efforts enabled this project to be completed according tothe inital schedule. Ttis impossible to acknowledge all the other individuals who have made contribu- tions to this book, so thank them all asa group. Again, extend special thanks to Maurice 'W. Long and J. Searcy Hollis, who introduced me tothe fascinating world of antennas. ‘Their keen insight and guidance helped me, in many cases tose” the electrical currents flowing on an antenna. Finally, I want to acknowledge the lasting contributions of Henry Jasik, who con ‘ceived and edited the First Edition ofthis Handbook. When I took the assignment to edit the Second Edition, I considered several alternate ways to organize the subject matter; ‘however, in the end, I concluded that Henrys outline was better than all the others. This ‘Handbook is dedicated to the memory of Henry Jask. His influence is clearly present in this Third Edition, and it probably will continue through future editions. RICHARD C. JOHNSON