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SHABAN
CIVIL
ENGINEERS
BOOKLET
Prepared by Consultant Civil
Engineer:
Majed A. Shaban Akree
Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp:
+964 770 446 1234

IRAQ - Erbil – 2016

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INDEX
Subject Page
1- GENERAL 5
2- STEEL 20
3- BUILDINGS 40
4- ROADS 65
5- SANITARY 100
6- CONCRETE 114
7- ESTIMATION 131
8- Electrical & 142
Mechanical
9- Miscellaneous 153

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GENERAL

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Conversions
1 mile 1.609 km
1 barrel 210 Liter
1 Inch 2.5 cm
1 kg. 2.204 lb.
1 hp 745.7 watt.
1 hector 10000 m2
1 acre 4046.86 m2
1 donam 2500 m2
1 Olk 100 m2
1 bar 1.019 kg/cm2
1 kg. 9.81 Newton
1 bar 105 Pascal
1 gallon 3.785 Liter
1 Psi 6.89 N/m2
1 Mpa 145 Psi
1 Mpa 10.197 kg/cm2
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Densities
MATERIAL kg/m3
Concrete 2300
Asphalt Conc. 2400
Bricks 1900
Cement 1400
Clay(wet) 2080
Cement mortar 1440
Concrete 2400
(Reinforced )
Gypsum 1200
Sand 1650
Concrete Blocks 1400
Gravel 1800
Steel 7850
Wood (average) 400-700
Water 1000
Lead 11370
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ASTM Soil Classification

Class % sand % silt % clay
sand 80-100 0-20 0-20
Sandy
Loam 50-80 0-50 0-20
loam 30-50 30-50 0-20
Silty
Loam 0-50 50-100 0-20
Sandy
C.L. 50-80 0-30 20-30
clay L. 20-50 20-50 20-30
Silty
C.L. 0-30 50-80 20-32
Sandy
Clay 50-70 0-20 30-50
Clay 0-50 0-50 30-100
Silty
Clay 0-20 50-70 30-50
S= sand passing (2- 0.05mm)
L= loam passing ( 0.05-0.005 mm)
C= clay passing(less than 0.005mm)

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Soils Bearing Capacity

TYPE kg/cm2
Hard rock 30 - 40

Rock 10 - 20
Loose rock 8 -12
Gravel & 6 –10
sand
Coarse 3-5
sand
Hard dry 2-3
clay
Clay & 1.5 - 2
sand
Fine sand 1-2
Loose clay 0.5-0.75
Filling soils 0.25- 0.50

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Materials Tests -1

Item Important tests

Bitumen Penetration test every
supplied Bitumen Tanker .
Filler Gradation every day , or when
Filler source changed
Bricks Compressive strength & water
absorption , Sample of 50
bricks every 20 000 unit .
Cement Compressive strength,
fineness and chemical test for
each 100 ton .
Gravel Gradation test one sample for
and every 50 m3 of supplied
Sand material .
Sanitary Pipe Thickness, weight per
pipes unit length, and thickness of
Galvanized layer for each
supplied Pipes quantity.

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Materials Tests – 2

Item Important tests

Mosaic Modules of Rapture,
Tiles absorption , Mosaic thick for
every (3000) unit .
Gypsum Compressive strength, color
, and chemical tests for
every (150) tom.
Building Compressive strength and
stones absorption test , for every
(100) m3
Concrete Compressive strength and
blocks absorption , 20 samples for
every 10 000 unit.
Steel Tensile strength, Elongation
bars for every (25) Ton.
Concrete Compressive strength for
every (50)m3 , or per day
work and slump test.

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Materials Tests – 3
Item Important tests
Paints Mineral content , coloring
material , oil and Resin ,
one gallon as sample
every 100 gallon .
Stinger Modulus of Rupture , % of
Tiles absorption , 6 samples for
each 5000 unit .
Concrete Nominal Internal Diameter
Pipes with tolerance of + , - 10 %
, Crushing test , absorption
one sample for each 50
units
Damp Flexibility , Heat resistant ,
proofing and Tensile resistant , one
bitumen sample for each source .
Water for % of So4 , % of salt ,
concrete Alkalinity or acidity , one
sample for each source .

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Timber size for
FORM WORKS
Timber
Part of form work thickness or
size in mm
Sheeting’s 25 to 50
Beam& column
25 to 50
side
Beam bottom 50
50 x 100 to
Ledgers
75 x 200
50 x 100 to
Posts
75 x 200
75 x 100 to
Joists
150 x 150
50 x 100 to
Column Yoke
100 x 100
50 x 150 to
Studs and walling
150 x 150

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Expansion joints

T = C x L x Co
T = Total expansion joint width in (mm)
C = coefficient of linear expansion
L = length of structure in mm
Co= change of temperature in centigrade.
Material C mm/mm/co
Structural steel 0.0000017
Concrete Masonry 0.0000094

Reinforced concrete 0.000013

NOTE: For concrete structure an
expansion joint to be provided every
(15-20)m interval, for fences (5-6)m,
and for Retaining walls (8-10)m,this
when it is not computed as above.

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LEVEL CHECKING
a1 b1 Level Instr.
A p B Fig : 1

d1 d2

a2 b2 Fig : 2
A B Q
d1+d2 d3
Error(e) =
( a2 - b2 ) - ( a1 - b1 ) / ( d1 + d2)
1-At Fig 1 , Put level at point P and
Take levels at A & B , read a1,b1
2-At Fig 2 , Take levels at A & B ,
while the level is at Q point, read
a2 , b2
3-Calculate e, allowable error is equal
+,- 0.5 mm per each 10 m length.
4- d1,d2,& d3 are about 25 m.l each .
5- C= 0.0675 k2
C= Leveling curvature correction
in meters
K= Leveled Distance in Kilometers

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Piles foundations
Types of piles:
1- Timber piles , 2- Steel H-piles ,
3- Steel pipe piles , 4- Precast concrete
piles , 5- Concrete piles , 6- Composite
piles of different materials .
Main Purpose of using Piles:
1- High Structural Load compression or
uplift pressure.
2- Weak Bearing of upper layer of soil .
3- High Lateral Pressure .
For piles Load Carrying Capacity (Q)

Q = Q1 + 2 * π * r * f * D
where :
Q1 = Base Resistance in Ton
r = Circular Pile Radius in Meters
f = skin Friction between Pile and soil
which vary from 500-2000 ton/m2
D = Depth of the Foundation in meters .

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SITE ENGINEER TOR -1

TOR = Terms of reference
1- All Project work items should be
Implemented according to Contract
Drawings and Technical Specifications .
2- All materials used in the project should
be new, from required sources and
approved by Site Eng. according BOQ.
3- All construction materials should be
tested according to Construction Works
Specification in the Laboratory .
4- The contractor should check all Project
designs before starting project including
B.M.s, reference points, then re-fix and
add any other necessary points for
construction operation if needed .
5- The contractor should provide and
install Suitable Sing Board For Buildings
projects and station plates For Roads.
6- Any Discrepancies between Project
Drawings and B.O.Q should be studied
reviewed , and decided by Site engineer .

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SITE ENGINEER TOR -2

7-Site Engineer should Supervise the
contractors’ maintenance and running
operation procedures.
8-Supervise all work being implemented
during the defects liability period.
9-Monitor, assist and supervise
performance tests and start-up of the
project according to contract.
10-Carry out final works inspection and
issue contractor’s release work final
acceptance certificates.
11-Liaise, organize and chair regular
progress site meetings.
12-Issuing the Project Progress reporting
periodically with Project duration.
13-Organize and participate in all final
acceptance tests, inspections,
proceedings, and final Project handover
proceedings to owners .
14-Issue the Certificate of Final
Completion report and Final Handover

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 Certificate to the Authorities or owners .
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STEEL

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STEEL BARS WEIGHTS

Bar
Bar Dia.
Dia. Kg/ml Area mm2
Inch
mm
1 /4 6 0.222 28
1 /3 8 0.395 50
3 /8 10 0.617 79
1 /2 12 0.888 113
5 /8 16 1.580 201
3 /4 20 2.470 314
1.0 25 3.860 491
1 1/4 32 6.315 805
1 1/2 38 8.900 1134
1 5/8 40 9.865 1257
Steel Bars Density = 7850 kg/m3
General Equation: Steel Bar weight
in kg/ml =
(BAR Diameter )2 / 1.62

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Steel sections weights

Section Kg
Angle 20mm x 3mm Thick 6.0
Angle 25mm x 3mm Thick 7.0
Angle 40mm x 4mm Thick 14.0
Angle 50mm x 5mm Thick 25.0
Channel 75 x 36 x 6 mm 47.0
Channel 100 x 50 x 6 mm 62.0
Channel 120 x 55 x 7 mm 75.0
I-section 100 mm Height 50.0
I-section 140 mm Height 82.0
I- section 160 mm Height 96.0
Flat steel 25mm x 3mm
4.0
Thick
Flat steel 35mm x 6mm
9.0
Thick

Note : All above weights are for 6.0

meter section length .

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BRC Reinforcing

Bar
Gage Dia. Section Net weight
61 7.62 2.99 4.69
62 7.01 2.53 3.97
63 6.4 2.11 3.31
64 5.89 1.79 2.8
65 5.38 1.49 2.34
66 4.88 1.23 1.92
67 3.25 0.54 0.86
1- All bars spacing are 15.2X15.2 cm
2-Normally BRC nets are of 2X6 m
diameter.
3- Bar Dia. In mm, section is steel
bars cross section is in cm2 per
meter length.
4 - weight of the Net is in kg / m2.

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Mineral Plate weights

mm Inch Iron Steel copper
1.1 1/24 8.13 8.3 9.3
1.2 1/22 8.9 9.1 10.2
1.3 1/20 9.8 10 11.2
1.4 1/18 10.8 11.1 12.4
1.6 1/16 12.2 12.5 14.0
3.2 1/8 24.4 24.9 27.6
6.4 1/4 48.8 49.8 55.8
10 3/8 71.1 74.7 83.8

NOTES:
1- All weights in kg / m2
1- 2 - 1 / 24 inch means gage.
2- 3- mm & Inch are Thicknesses

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I - Sections for Roofs

Cross
section
Span in (mm) width Weight
meters x height kg /ml
1.5 -2.0 55 x 100 8.1
2.0 -3.0 64 x 120 10.4
3.0 -3.5 73 x 140 12.9
3.5 -4.0 82 x 160 15.8
4.5 -5.0 100 x 200 22.4
5.0 -5.5 110 x 120 26.2
5.5 -6.0 120 x 240 30.7
6.0 -7.0 135 x 270 36.1
Note:
Maximum Distance between (2)
I -sections is( 80) cm, and Min.
wall bearings in (cm) is =

Span in (cm) / 20

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Standard cutoff Reinforced

steel bend point

Min. length= 12 bar x

Diameter

Note : This values used for slab or

beam on ordinary Bearing walls .
Wall

L/7
L/5 Span = L

L/4 L/5

Wall

l/4
l/3

Span = l

L= Span of edge panel

l = Span of intermediate panel

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TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT
needed For ordinary works
TYPE Kg /m3
1 -Slabs and stair cases
70
(Tension loads)
2 -Beams (stirrups,
Transverse, & Shear 120
Reinforcement.)
3- Columns and
150
concrete walls.
4 -Concrete Foundations 130
5- Doors and windows
50
lintels

NOTE:
For (12- 18) cm thick slabs
assume approx. (10) kg/m2

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TYPICAL ( 2 ) Story House

Reinforcing Part- 1
Reinforcement
Type Dimension
Steel Bars
Continuous 3 - 16 mm Top, Width x
4 - 16 mm Depth
Foundation Bottom, stirrups 80*30cm
For walls 10 mm @ 20cm 60*25cm
Rectangul 3 – 16 mm top,
ar T Beam Height
5-16 mm
x Beam width
Beams , bottom , with
40*30cm
(4 – 5 ) m stirrups 10 mm ,
45 *35cm
span @ 20cm.
Square 4 – 20 mm or 6
- 16 mm , with
Columns 30*30 cm
stirrups 10 mm
up to (4 )m 40*40cm
@ 20cm
height spacing.
12 mm @ 20*
Slabs , 20 cm or 10 mm Thickness =
stairs up to @ 12 to 18
(4) m span 15/15cm cm
spacing.

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TYPICAL ( 2 )Story House

Reinforcing Part- 2
Reinforcement
Type Dimension
Steel Bars
Slab 20 cm
Cantilever, Top tensile bars
thick on wall
slab up to 12 mm @ 10 cm
,10 cm at
2:0 m width c/c
end ,
, live loadDistribution steel
bearing 40
400 kg / m2 8 mm @12 cm
cm on wall
Use 12 mm
Parapet 80 steel bars @ 15 10 – 12 cm
cm height cm c-c , both thickness
direction
Cantilever, At top 4 - 16 mm
25 * 30 cm
T - beams , bottom 2 - 16
30 * 40 cm
up to 2.0 mm , stirrups 10
40 * 50 cm
length mm @ 15 cm
Stair case
12 mm @ 15 cm 12 to 15 cm
3.0 m
both direction thickness
height

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Steel Bars & Tests

1-Steel bars used for reinforced
concrete should have maximum
carbon content not more that 2%
2-Min. lap distances for splices in
tension steel bars is ( 40 * bar
diameter) but not less than 12
inch (30) cm
3-For compression bars minimum
splices = (26*bar diameter ).
4-Minim positive steel reinforced
required for Flexural members
in concrete is 200/fy. ( psi)
5-Minim laboratory Test specimen
required is 3 for each 25 tons ,
for steel bars Dia . 3/8” , each 35
Ton for bars 3/8” to 5/8” , and
each 45 Ton for bars > 5/8” .
6-Minim Concrete cover for steel
bars is equal to (1. 5) cm .

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Recommended Steel Bars

Spacing
1-For slabs Min. clear distance
between parallel bars = 25 mm up to
25 mm bar Dia. , and equal to
nominal bar Dia. For bigger sizes.
2-For Columns Min. spacing between
longitudinal bars is = 40 mm, up to
25 mm bars diameters , and equal to
1,5 x bar dia. For bigger sizes .
3-For beams and girders , the clear
distance between multiple reinforced
layers should be at least 25 mm .
4-For bridges = 1.5 x bar diameter , or
1.5 x Max. size of aggregate .
5-For walls , slabs Max. spacing of
principle reinforcement should be
450 mm , or 3 x wall or slab
thickness, whichever is smaller.

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 Groups of steel bars area (mm2 ) Part -1
6
No 471 679 1207 1527 2281 2946 3696 4826 6108 6805
5
No. 393 566 1006 1273 1901 2455 3080 4021 5090 5671
4

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No. 314 453 805 1018 1520 1964 2464 3217 4072 4536
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No. 236 340 604 764 1140 1473 1848 2413 3054 3402
2
No. 157 226 402 509 760 982 1232 1609 2036 2268
1
No. 79 113 201 255 380 491 616 805 1018 1134
Dia.
mm 10 12 16 18 22 25 28 32 36 38
 Groups of steel bars area (mm2 ) Part - 2
12
No. 942 1357 2413 3054 4561 5892 7392 9651 12216 13609
11
No. 864 1244 2212 2800 4181 5401 6776 8847 11198 12475
10

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No. 785 1131 2011 2545 3801 4910 6160 8043 10180 11341
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No. 707 1018 1810 2291 3421 4419 5544 7238 9162 10207
8
No. 628 905 1609 2036 3041 3928 4928 6434 8144 9073
7 22
No. 550 792 1408 1782 2661 3437 4312 5630 7126 7939
Dia.
mm 10 12 16 18 22 25 28 32 36 38
 Groups of steel bars area (cm2 /m. length spacing) part - 1
20 3.93 5.65 10.05 12.70 19.00 24.54 30.80 40.21 50.90 56.71
cm
17.5
4.49 6.46 11.49 14.51 21.71 28.05 35.20 45.96 58.17 64.81
cm
15c 5.24 7.54 13.40 16.93 25.33 32.72 41.07 53.62 67.87 75.61

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m
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12.5
6.28 9.05 16.08 20.32 30.40 38.27 44.26 64.34 81.44 90.73
cm
10 7.85 11.31 20.17 25.40 38.00 49.09 61.60 80.43 101.8 113.4
cm
7.5
10.47 15.08 26.81 33.87 50.67 65.45 82.13 107.2 135.7 151.2
cm
Dia. 10 12 16 18 22 25 28 32 36 38
 Groups of steel bars area (cm2 /m. length Spacing part – 2
40
cm 1.95 2.83 5.03 6.35 9.50 12.28 15.40 20.11 25.45 28.36
35
cm 2.23 3.23 5.74 7.26 10.86 14.03 17.60 22.98 29.09 32.41
30
cm 2.62 3.77 6.70 8.47 12.67 16.36 20.54 26.81 33.44 37.81

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27.5
cm 2.86 4.11 7.31 9.24 13.82 17.85 22.40 29.25 37.02 41.24
25
cm 3.14 4.52 8.04 10.16 15.20 19.63 24.64 32.17 40.72 45.73
22.5
cm 3.49 5.03 8.94 11.29 16.89 21.82 27.38 35.75 45.25 50.41
dia 10 12 16 18 22 25 28 32 36 38
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I-Beams Sections

Designation h b tr Kg/m
mm mm mm
IPE 100 100 55 5.7 8.10
IPE 140 140 73 6.9 12.9
IPE 200 200 100 8.5 22.4
IPE 240 240 120 9.8 29.4
IPE 300 300 150 10.7 41.4
IPE 360 360 170 12.7 56.0
IPE 400 400 180 13.5 63.6
IPE 500 500 200 16.0 90.7
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 Typical Steel Frames Sections

S H Column Girder
D
span height
H

In (m) Section Section

In (m) (m) DIN DIN
IPE- 200
D

10 - 15 5-6 1.5 - 2 IPE- 240

IPE- 240

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S
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IPE- 240
15 - 20 6–8 2 – 2.5 IPE- 300
IPE- 300
IPE- 300
20 – 30 8 – 10 2.5 – 3 IPE- 360
IPE- 360
IPE- 360
30 – 40 10 –12 2.5 – 3.5 IPE- 400
IPE- 400
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Hollow Steel Sections

Hollow
Section in Thickness Weight
H x W mm WT mm kg /ml
20 x 20 1 0.46
25 x 25 1.2 0.88
50 x 50 1.5 2.30
75 x 75 2.3 5.14
100 x 100 2.3 6.95
40 x 20 1 0.86
50 x 25 1.2 1.36
75 x 40 1.5 2.57
100 x 25 1.9 4.29
100 x 75 3.0 7.78
Note : According to ASTM
Standards A 500 Grade A & B.

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BUILDINGS

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Buildings Requirements-1
Designing Buildings Requirements
used normally in IRAQ :
 Application of Loading: IBC
Code 2006 or newest.
 Concrete Structure: ACI Code
318-08 Metric version or newest.
 Seismicity: IRAQI seismic Code
for buildings Code2/1997(English
version) It can be designed in
accordance to the ACI code by
applying this requirement
 Wind Load: Applying 160 km/hr ,
Consider IBC code for the rest of
the regulation.
 Designing Methods: Allowable
Stress Design Method for steel
structure and Ultimate Strength
Design for Concrete structures.
 Reinforcement details: Should
be according to ACI Detailing
Manual, New Version.

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Buildings Requirements-2
 Steel Structure: AISC Code.
 Reinforced Bars: Required
strength is 420 Mpa.(Grade 60)
Dia. Ø16 mm dia. Or more, and
350 Mpa (Grade 50) for others.
 Steel Material: Strength of steel
materials used in IRAQ: apply the
criteria according to AISC Code
( A36 , A50).
 Soil Investigation: soil
investigation is required for Soil
capacity, Soil layer and
Underground Water Level test
data on soil conditions of the site
 Footings: Between pile-footing
and soil strengthening, pile-
footing is mostly used in IRAQ.
 Structural Analysis Software:
ETABS and STAAD programs are
usually used in IRAQ.

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 Type Min. Min.
2
area m width
m
Living room. 9.50 2.40
Bed Room. 3.50m2 2.50
per bed
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Kitchen. 6.00 2.00
Kitchen + dining. 10.00 2.50
Bath room. 1.80 1.50
W.C. 1.10 0.80
BUILDINGS BYELAWS

Bath. +W.C. 2.80 1.20

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Buildings Minm Required

1- Minimum Height of Living, bed

rooms and Kitchen =2.75 m.
2- Minimum Height of Bath Room and
W.C = 2.4 m.
3- Minim stair case width = 0.8 m.
4- Min. Ventilators Area = 2100 cm2
for every 140 m3 of rooms volume .
5- Minim glass thickness for 0.2 m2
area is 3 mm, for 0.3 m2 is 4 mm ,
for 0.4 m2 is 5mm , and for
0.7 m2 is 6 mm.
6- The horizontal distance between
any two openings in building walls
should be more than ( 4 x wall
thickness) as minimum.
7-The Min. internal dimensions of WC
is 120 x 85 cm , and for Baths is
120 x 180 cm.
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Buildings Allowed
Tolerances
1- Max.
decreasing in
footing Thick for 5%
concrete casting
2- Footing
displacement or
eccentricity of 2%
footing width
3- Variations for
stairs RISE + or - 3 mm
4 - For stair
TREAD + or - 6.5 mm
5 - For Lintels,
parapets,
Horizontal 6.5 mm
grooves, etc..
6 - Variations in
column and
Walls shuttering 12.5 mm
of total length
7 -Variations for
Slabs, beams
Shuttering for 3 6.5 mm
Meters length

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Buildings Doors and

Windows
DOORS
ROOM Height X WINDOWS
width
1- (2.10 – (10 – 20 ) % of
Dining 2.30)m x floor area
rooms ( 4.20
x1.10)m
2- (2.0 – 2.10) (1/15) of walls
Bed x (1.0 – area.
room 1.10) m
3- (1.90 – 2.0) Minim =(0.3)m2
W.C.& x (0.75-1.5)
Baths m
4- (2.0-2.10) x (15-30) %of
Kitchens (1.0-1.20) m floor area.

NOTE: These Standards are useful

for Residential Normal houses.

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LINTLELS
d Surrounded wall

b L b
Lintel Concrete Lintel
Bottom
Span Beam Bearing
Reinforce
(L) m Depth(d) walls =
ment
cm (b) cm
Up - 1.2 15 3 - 8 mm 20
1. 2 -2.0 25 3 - 10 mm 25
3 – 12
2.0 -3.0 30 30
mm
NOTES :
1- Use 8 mm stirrups @ 20 cm.
2- For top bars reinforcing use 2 of 8
mm. diameter .
3-Minimum overlap = 40 bar diameter
4-Beam width is same wall width .

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Min. Slabs & beams

Thickness
Members
Type One way
Beams
slab
1-Simply
L / 20 L / 16
supported
2- One end
L / 24 L / 17
continuous
3- Both end
L / 28 L / 21
continuous
4-Cantiliver L / 10 L/8

Notes: 1- These limits should be

changed when deflection
is computed.
2- L=clear distance between
the two supports.

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Minim Walls Bearings

Type Distant (b)

Slabs on walls 15 cm

Lintels 20 cm
Beams
Spans up to 3.5 m 20 cm
Spans up to 5.5 m 30 cm
Spans up to 7.5 m 40 cm

Note: Beams bottom width is

between 2 / 3 to ½ of its depth (D)
but not less than 1/3 of its D , and
normally 3 / 5.
b= Bearing sitting distance of slab or beam
on walls .

Slab or beam
D span b

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PLASTERING
Plastering material required on
masonry , blocks walls , (2)cm
thickness , and per (100)m2 area .
TYPE M3 Mix
1-Cement
Mortar= 3.00 1:3
(Cement +Sand)
2-White Lime
(Gypsum)= 6.00 With water
(Loose powder)
3-Pointing =
(Cement+ 0.35 1:3
Sand).
4- Rendering =
(white cement 0.25 1:2
+filler)
NOTE: (220kg)of cement to be
added for 100m2 plastering if
smooth surfaces are required.

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WALLS SMALL
FOUNDATION
wall
2T
////////////// ////////////////Ground level
T
D
d = Depth of
Plain Conc.
45 o Inclined I I p= Clear leave
D= Depth of back distance
Foundation
Plain concrete Foundations.
1:2:4 with Masonry walls For
Normal houses and buildings.
NOTES:
1- Minim d = 20 cm , OR 3P/2
minim p = 15 cm .
minim D = 60 cm
2 -Load angle projection is 45
Degree in both sides.
3- T = Building wall Thickness .

51
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45 º Crack Pattern in wall Due to

foundation Failure

52
SHABAN BOOLKET

STAIRS
T

R H= Stair Height

w = Stair Width
q = Stair slope angle

W = width H = height
T = Tread R= Rise
RULES :

1- 2R + T = 584 to 610 mm
2- H / R = No. of stairs.
3- W = (T x No. of stairs )
4- Min m T = 216 mm
Max m R = 203 mm
Max m q = 42 o
Min m q = 20 o

53
SHABAN BOOLKET

Step Foundations

Top Reinforcing Mesh

X
Bottom Mesh
A level
T= Thickness
Y B level

Z – shape reinforcing

Recommendations:
1- Continuous Foundation thickness = T
2- Minim Y = T , No. of steps not limited .
3- Minim X= 2Y but not less than 30 cm
4- Use inclined Z – shape steel
connection between the foundation
levels A & B and use the same
reinforcement type used in the
foundation Bottom Mesh .
5- Min overlap of z-shape with original
foundation reinforcement is 40
reinforcing bar diameter .

54
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Typical Basement
Drainage
This for Typical Basement excavated in soil

30 cm Min . Filter
12 cm Min.
Reinforced concrete
Wall , 2500 psi min. water proofing
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; layer.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;; Natural ;;;; Proofed Flooring
Non excavated;
;;;;;; soil ;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, NGL
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Footing
Tamped Earth
Back filling
15 – 20 cm Diameter
Filter layer from Slotted pipe on hard
Coarse graded agg. Base , with slope
Or stone backfilling For draining seepage
For water draining water outside plot .

55
SHABAN BOOLKET

FORMS OPENING
TYPE DAYS
( Beams +
Lintels
+Footing ) 2
Sides.
Column
without 3
loads.
(Slabs +
Lintels +
2 X small dimension
Under.
(m) +2 days
Beams
base ).
m = meter
NOTE:
This recommendation are for
ordinary concrete works, with air
temperature above 5o C.

56
SHABAN BOOLKET

Typical Roofing Detail

57
SHABAN BOOLKET

Form Work Sizes

Type Millimeter
1-Decking timber for
slabs bottom
25 to 50
,columns and beams ,
thickness:
2- Vertical posts 75x100 to
section: 150x150
3-Joists and ledgers
50x100 to
Supporting
75x200
sheeting’s of slabs .
4-Studs and wailings
50x100 to
supporting vertical
150x150
walls sheeting’s .
5-Column yokes,
horizontal cross 50x100 to
pieces supporting 100x100
vertical sheeting .

58
SHABAN BOOLKET

Paints
Paint type Quantity Area
Oil on plastered 30-35
surfaces and 1 gallon m2
iron.
Emulation on 20-25
1 gallon
walls and roofs. m2
Varnish on 30
1 gallon
Wood surface . m2
Bitumen for 5
10 kg
Roofs isolation . m2
Snowcem on 100
50 kg
walls. (powder ) m2
Distemper for 100
12 kg
external surface. m2
Notes :
1- The covered area is changed
according to surface smoothness.
2- Painter can cover (45-65) m2/day.

59
SHABAN BOOLKET

Column Requirements - 1
1- Columns are considered short or
small when the ratio of column
effective Length (L) to its least
lateral dimension(d) exceed (15)

Slenderness ratio SR = L / d

2- Max SR for column so that it not

subject to buckling should not
exceed (45) for Axially loaded
columns, & (20) for columns which
subjected to Bending moments.
3- Reduction load factor for long
column with (21) SR is 0.8, (30)
SR is 0.5, And (42) when SR is 0.1
4- Recommended min. least lateral
dimension or diameter for 4.5 m
long column is 45 cm, for 3.5 m
is 35 cm and for 3.0 m is 23 cm.

60
SHABAN BOOLKET

Column Requirements- 2
1- Un supported column length
should not be greater than (10)
times of the least lateral dimension
or Diameter of the cross section,
other wise it should be considered
as long column and braced for
lateral support.
2- Minim column dimension, diameter
or thickness, should not be less
than (15) cm , and maxim length to
width percentage should not
exceed 3:1 for the rectangular
cross sections.
3- Maxim steel reinforcement for a
column cross section is 8% and
minim is 1% as percentage of the
total column cross section area.
4- Minim steel bars used ½ inch, and
maxim 2 inch, for stirrups minim is ¼
inch and maxim spacing is(25) cm.

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Min. Required Tests For

Normal Buildings
1-Min. Concrete Cube compressive
strength fc’ should be at least 25
MPa , which is equivalent to 21
MPa for standard Cylinder strength
2-Min. Yield strength fy for steel
bars should not be less than 420
MPa , equivalent to Grade (60).
3-Allowable Soil Bearing capacity
for Normal foundations = 8.0 – 10
Ton/m2., Unless Tested.
4-In case of fail of (7) days cubes ,
we should wait for (28) days test , if
it fail again , below tests should be
hold so that we can decide finally:
A-Core test for failed members .
B-Onsite Design loading test .
C-Ultrasonic OR Hammer test .
Then Consultant Engineer Decide.

62
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Concrete Slab Humidity

Whenever there is humidity appears
in the bottom of concrete slab it can
be treated according to the sketch
shown below, but no more extra live
or dead loads are allowed to be hold
on it , the max. live loads allowed are
not more than 2 KN/m2 .

63
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64
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ROADS

65
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GENERAL ROADS -1
1- For small blasting in rocks , (1.0)
kg of explosive materials is needed
for every (4.0) m 3 , and in huge
blasting, half of this quantity is
required.
2-Soils expand after excavation
about 25% of its original
volume , subbase 10%,sand
20%, and chalk soils 30% .
3- Max. Allowable Soluble salts in
road embankments is 10 % ,
and Max allowable organic
materials is 5 - 10 % .
One test sample required for every
3000 m 3 of soil.
4- Maximum allowable longitudinal
grade is (6-9%) for a (50km/hr)
design speed road , and (3-5%) for
a (110 km/hr) design speed .

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GENERAL ROADS - 2
1-Standard roads lane width is
(3.7m) but not less than 5.5 m for
2 lanes , with median width from
( 1 to 4) m between lanes .
2- Roads Shoulder Minimum width
is 1.25 m and Max. 3.6 m ,
with transverse slope between 2%
and 5 % for water draining.
3-Absolute Maxm grades for
highways is 12% , and for urban
streets is 30 %
4-Required Widening width ( w )
for horizontal curves up to
Radius ( R ) = 60 m is 1.2 m ,
for R= 150 m , w = 0.9 m and
for R = 300 m , w = 0.3 m , No
(w) widening is required for more
than R = 900 m .

67
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Roads Suitable Cases

1- Unsuitable materials for roads
Embankment are Soils containing
12% or more organic materials
, Salty soils containing 10%
of total salts or more, Clay of
liquid limit more than (55),
and /or Plasticity index >30.
2- Min. suitable road grade for soil
side ditch = 0.5 %, max.= 3%.
3- Min. suitable (R) of circular curve
for (50) km/hr. design speed is
(150) m with 5%super elevation,
and R = ( 600 ) m for 100 km/hr .
4 4- Max. suitable longitudinal grade
for rural roads = 5% for 7km/hr,
and 8%, for 50 km/hr. speed.
5- Suitable side slope for 1.0 m
Embankments height is 1:6 and
for 3.0 is 1:4 & for 6:0 m is 1:3 .

68
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Airports
1- Airports are classified according to
its usage , aircraft type and Runway
code letter from ( A to F ) according
to ICAO international standards.
2- Airports are Mainly composed of
Main Runway, taxiways, aprons ,
terminal building for passengers, VIP ,
tower , cargo , and other service
buildings, communications and roads.
3-Main Runway rigid pavements typical
layers are Concrete 40 cm thickness
+ 15 cm Dry lean concrete + 35cm
stone base + 30 cm sub base ).
4-Flexibale pavement is consist of 4 cm
wearing + 6 cm Binder + 15cm MBC
Macadam base course + 50 cm stone
base + 30cm subcase).
5-Minm clear distance between runway
and any parallel taxiway is 200 m , for
safety issues .

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Airports Classification
Airports are classified according to its
runway characteristics as below :
Type Runway Runway Max.
Length width Grade
Secondary 500-900 25 2.0%
Domestic 1250 30 1.5%
Sub-maim 1800 45 1.5%
Main 2250 45 1.5%
International 3150 & 45 & 1.25%
More 60
Airports also are classified with its
annual passenger capacity ( Mppa) , for
example 2.5 Million passenger (Arrivals
+ Departures) per year.
Notes :
1- All dimensions are in meters
2- Maximum grade is for runway
centerline profile.
3- These physical characteristics are
according to FAA standards.

70
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71
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High Way Grades

Type of Express Rural Urban
Terrain way way High
way
Level 3% 4% 6%

Rolling 4% 5% 7%
Mountain 6% 7% 9%

NOTES:
1- Min longitudinal grade 0.5% in
snowy countries, and 0.3% at
other locations.
2- Max. Ramp grades 8 %.
3- Level longitudinal grade is
accepted in flat only where side fill
slope 1:4 or flatter .

72
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Typical Asphalt Pavement

Layer Description
1-Wearing Bitumen 6% , thickness (4 -
layer 5) cm , Min. compaction 98%.
2- Binder Bitumen 5% , thickness (6-7)
layer cm, compaction 98%.
3-Stablizer Bitumen (3 - 4)%,thickness
Layer (8-10)cm , compaction 98%.
4 - Base Crushed lime stone layer ,
course Min. Compaction 98% , Min.
CBR (80) %,thick (20-30) cm
5 - Sub- Sand and Gravel Mixture type
Base A,B,C ,compacted up to 95%.
Min. CBR (A=30 , B=35 ,
C=40) % ,Thick (20-40) cm.
6 – Filling Compacted filling soil layers
and Sub - (30)cm thickness up to 92%,
grade Last 2 m 95%,Sub grade 95%
Min. CBR (8-10) % .
7- Prime + Applied between sub-base
Tack coat and asphalt layers.
8- Sand & Gravel Mixtures Type
Shoulders (B) thick ( 20)cm , CBR 35%

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Asphalt job mix Tolerance

These are allowed Tolerances
for any asphalt layer equation
deviations :
1- % of aggregate passing
sieve No. 4 and larger +,- 6 %
2-% of aggregate passing
Sieve No. 4 and smaller. +,- 4 %
3- % of passing sieve No.
200 (Filler). +,-1.5 %
4- % of asphalt by weight
of Total mixture. +,-0.3 %
5- Spreading temperature
for asphalt mix. In
(degree) +,- 15 %
6- Minim compaction
temperature . 85 C°
7- Minim air temp. allowed
For laying asphalt mix. 15 C°

74
SHABAN BOOLKET
Asphalt layesTolerances

Layer or Course Level Tolerance

Surface or +3 to - 3 mm
Wearing course
Binder and
stabilizer course + 3 to - 6
Base or Crushed + 6 to - 15
stone course
Sub base course + 10 to - 30
mixed granular
Sub grade + 15 to - 30
Formation level

75
 2:3

1.0
1.5
3.0
A

B
R
SHABAN BOOLKET

76
R = Right of the road is all width of the
allocated land for constructing the road
structures and safety area on both sides ,
and it is equal to :
Right Of the Road

R= B + 2 ( A x 3/2 + 3 + 1.5 + 1 ) meters

SHABAN BOOLKET
Asphalt Pavement Deviation
After completing asphalt pavement
laying on ground any deviation of the
laid layer from the mixing equation
should be treated as below
A- Deviations Bitumen percentage:
1-Any Deviation of Bitumen
percentage by (0.3 to 0.5) for binder
course, and (0.5 to 0.7) for wearing
course, from the max and min limits of
the total mix design equation it should
be treated by adding new (2) cm layer
for binder course and (3) cm for
wearing course for all layer .
2-But if deviations are less than above
limits price deduction should be
applied as new price = contract price
x ( 1- 0.6 x deviation percentage).
3 - Any deviations more than above
limits , the complete layer should be
removed and replaced by new layer.

77
SHABAN BOOLKET

Asphalt Pavement
Deviations Part-2
B- Deviations in Stability and Flow :
1-Deviations from vMin required limit
of stability by (68 to 100)Kg for
wearing course, and ( 100 to 150) kg
for Binder course , and also deviation
from Min and Max required limits of
Flow by 7.62 mm , should be treated
by increasing the next layer by 3 cm
2-But if Deviations are more than
upper mentioned limits for stability or
flow limits by more than 7.62 mm,
should be treated according to item
(A-2 ) in part 1
3 - Any deviations more than above
limits , the complete layer should be
removed and replaced by new one
without any compensations and
according to required specifications.

78
SHABAN BOOLKET

Roads Material Tests

Item Important tests
Compaction every 200 ml.,
Road C.B.R, soluble salts ,
Embankment organic content , each 1500
layers
m3 , or soil changing.
Compaction every 200 ml
Road Sub- ,C.B.R 5% Min. , Gradation ,
grade layer LL Max . 25% , PI Max .
6% , each 400 m3
Sub base & Gradation , L.L . P.I , CBR ,
Stone Base and Field density each 400
m3 , Min. 98 %or Each lane .
Prime Coat Density as kg/m2 for each
lane About 1.0 kg / cm2 .
Bitumen Penetration, Asphalt
Asphalt Mix Temperature. Each train,
Layers Extraction & Gradation test
,Compaction Min. 98%, layer
Thickness ,and surface accuracy
each 2000 m2 or one day work.
Structure Cement physical & chemical
(Culverts, properties, Concrete Slump,
Curbs & strength and temp.,Steel Tensile
Bridges) , with sand &gravel gradation.

79
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ASPHALT LAYERS
GRADING
Sieve Stabilizer Binder Wearing
1.5" 100
1.0" 90-100 100
3/4" 75-91 90-100 100
1/2" 56-80 70-90 90-100
3/8" 50-74 56-80 77-93
No. 4 29-59 35-65 44-74
No. 8 19-45 23-49 28-58
No. 50 5-17 5-19 5-21
No. 200 2-8 3-10 3-10
% of
bitumen. 3.0- 5.5 3.5-6.0 4.0-6.0
Marshal >= 5 KN >=7 KN >= 8 KN
Notes:
1- Required Flow is from (2 - 4mm)
2- Required air voids (>=70%) for all
asphalt types as Typical.
3- Bitumen Grade 40/50 to used for
upper layers Binder and Wearing
4- Bitumen Grade 60/70 to used for
lower layer Stabilizer .

80
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Bridge Collapse due to

Piers foundation failure

81
SHABAN BOOLKET

BRIDGES JOINTS
Total Maximum
Longitudinal Acceptable
Movement Vertical
Joint Movement
Type Between
Min. Max. Two Sides
mm mm of Joint
mm

Buried joint
under
1. continuous 5 20 0· 5
surfacing
Gap joint with
2.
poured sealant 5 12 3
Gap joint with
3. flexible 5 50 3
membrane
4. Open gap joint 5 60 3
Fully
5. cantilevered 50 - 3
toothed
speciallyplates
6.
designed joints 100 - 3

82
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Asphalt Properties

Base Binder Surface

Property Course Course Course

Marshall Stability
5 7 8
(KN), min
Marshall Flow
(mm) 2-4 2-4 2-4
Voids in Marshall
3-6 3-5 3-5
specimen (%)
Voids in mineral
aggregate (%), 12 13 14
mm.
Immersion-
Compression
Index of
70 70 70
Retained
Strength (%),
min.

83
SHABAN BOOLKET

Prime Coat spraying

___________________________________________________________________

1-Checking Subbase layer final levels

to be with in accepted tolerances
2- All subbase Tests should be
passed according to required
Specifications and standards.
3- Prime coat. spraying Temperature
should between (60-85) ° C
4- Testing spraying Quantities
between (0.45 – 1.5) kg/m2
5- In case there is any segregation in
subbase layer it should be treated
before spraying prime coat layer.
6- Prime coat layer wide and length
should be always more that asphalt
7- It is not allowed to spraying Prime
coat layer if there is any free water
or powder or it is raining on
subbase layer, it should be dry.
8- It is recommended to spraying a
quick water then wait till the surface
dried, before spraying Prime coat.
84
SHABAN BOOLKET

Asphalt Placing Notes

____________________________________________________________________

1- Prime Coat layer tests should be

checked And Any surface excess
Bitumen quantities should be
removed and treated by clean sand.
2-Asphalt Mixture Temperature
spraying on site to be tested and it
should between (120 - 170) ˚ C.
3- No mixture placing is accepted in
Rainy days, or below 15 ˚ C temp.
4- Allowable compactor speed on
hot Mixture is (4 - 6) km /hr.
5- Maximum allowable surface layer
irregularity Tolerance under4 m length
aluminum roller, is 3 mm for wearing
course layer, and 6 mm for binder
course layer.
6-To prevent cold joint occurring
between two spraying asphalt lanes
one after other, second lane should
be applied before first longitudinal
joint temperature full below 60˚ C.
85
SHABAN BOOLKET

Asphalt Spraying Tests

____________________________________________________________________

1-Testing Asphalt Mixture temp .

should be between (120-170) ° C
inside trucks before spreading on site.
2-A sample of( 30x30 ) cm area of
spreading asphalt mixture layer , Min.
(12) kg , should be taken after
finisher directly for Extraction ,
Marshal and Specific Gravity Tests
3- Cutting Cores from spreading
asphalt layer next day for layer
thickness and compaction test which
should be Min. 95 - 97 % .
4-Thicknesss checking control of
spreading layer which should be
according to drawings & Tolerances
5-Vidual checking for spreading
layer after finisher directly and
treating any segregation immediately
6-No spreading allowed below 4°C.
7-Compaction Temp. ( 80 - 90 )°C .

86
SHABAN BOOLKET

Typical Road Slopes

1 m Berm each 3 m height of side

shoulders slope 4 %
Pavement slope 2 %
Each side

/////////////////////////////////////

Cut slopes Fill slopes

1-Rocky Layers 1: 1.75 to
3:1 to 10 :1 1: 4 Depending
2- Soils Minim 1:2 on soil type ..

Note :
Minim Excavation for Removing
Top-soil under pavement ,“Original sub
soil” , is (15)cm, with Minim required
CBR = 5 %.

87
SHABAN BOOLKET

Road Creep Failure due to non-

sufficient compaction and wall

88
SHABAN BOOLKET

STONE BASE GRADING

As % Passing
Sieve % Sieve %
No. Pass No. Pass
1.5" 100 No. 4 30-60
80-
1.0" 100 No.40 10-30
50 -
1/2" 80 No.200 5-15

Notes:
1- Liquid limit = (25) % as upper limit for
Materials Passing sieve No. 4 .
2- plasticity Index= (4) % as upper limit
for Materials Passing sieve No. 4 .
3- Abrasion loss is 45 % as upper limit .
4- Soaked CBR = or more than 80%
at 95% modified maxim density.
5 – All material should be crushed
with Aggregate crushing value of less
than 30 , BS 812 .

89
SHABAN BOOLKET

SUB-BASE GRADING
As % Passing
Grade Grade
Sieve A B Grade C
2.0" 100 100
1.0" 60-90 75-95 100
3/8" 30-65 40-75 50-85
No. 4 25-55 30-60 35-65
No.10 15-40 20-45 25-50
No.40 8-20 15-30 15-30
No.200 2- 8 5 - 15 5 -15
Notes:
1-Liquid limit not more than (35)
2- required plasticity Index not
more than (6).
3- Soaked CBR = or more than
60 % at 95% modified maxim
density.

90
 F
F’

DB .
E’

E
C

DC , EF are
perpendicula
DE = (0.5) DB
AC = (0.5) AB

r on AB , AD ,
R
SHABAN BOOLKET

91
R=Radius, EF = DC/4, DC= (AB)2 /8R
1 –Information; points A, B and R.
2 -Draw line AB.
3- Find DC and EF, EF equation same as DC
4- Locate points (E,F,D).
5-Draw curve (A,F,D,F’ and B)
Small horizontal curve Setting
SHABAN BOOLKET

SIGHT DISTANCE

E .
A B CL
Q
R
S = 2R Arc Cos. (R - E ) / R

S = sight distance in meters measured

along CL line of inside lane (dotted)
R = Radius of the center line of the
inside lane in meters ( dotted ) .
Arc Cos. is expressed in radians
E = Distance from CL of inner lane .
A = Driver eye , B= Object on road
Height of the Object = 15 cm
Height of the driver eye = 1.15 m
Line of the sight AB is(76)cm above GL
Q= Any obstruction ( building or
tree…etc ….)

92
SHABAN BOOLKET

Culverts Length
Min. culvert length L is calculated
as :
L= SW + 2*SH + 4*FH
SW =sub base width
SH = shoulder width
FH = filling height on top of
The culvert slab to the
bottom of the pavement
NOTES :
1- The Culverts side slopes are
assumed 1:2 for fill.
9- Min. Culvert bed slope for suitable
flow is 0.5% and max. is 5% .
3- For low water discharges, use pipe
culverts till 1.0 meter diameter size ,
for 3.0 meter river water flow span ,
Box culverts preferable .
4- Bridges are recommended for
bigger Discharges, and rivers with
more higher spans .

93
SHABAN BOOLKET
Culverts Size

Culverts size are calculated as :

A = ( i * a * f ) / ( 36 * v )
A = culvert cross section in m2
i = Intensity of max. rain full in the
Region in cm/ hour.
Use 100-120 cm/hr in north of Iraq.
a = Catchments area in Hectares.
f = factor of soil impervious
Depending on type of soil, from
(0.9) for Rocks , (0.75) for normal
soils to (0.6) for sandy soils.
v = allowable velocity inside
culverts in cm/sec, about 0.5 cm/sec
F =Free board use Min. 15 cm .

94
SHABAN BOOLKET

RETAINING WALLS
Masonry wall with plain Concrete
Footing , the section is Economical up
to (3)m (H) = Height .
H/7
.
/////////// H/3

H H/3
H/5
f H/3
D //////////// H/3
d

7 / 16 H
NOTES :
1- Min m Footings Excavation,
D = 80 cm ,
2- Min m Footing Thickness,
d = 50 cm .
3- Min m f = 20 cm .
4-Inside Wall casting Concrete can
be filled with 30 % stones.
5-Drain PVC (4)” pipes to be
inserted each 1 by 1 m .

95
SHABAN BOOLKET

Rigid Pavement Design

Olders Formula:

D= 3WC/S

D = plain slab thickness in cm.

W= moving wheel load in Kg which
may varies from 2260 to 5440 , add
10 % to 20% for Impact load.
C= Coefficient of sub grade which
varies from 6.89 for clays , 5.44 for
sand mixtures ,and 4.81 for gravel
hard mixtures.
S= allowable flexural unit stress for
concrete in Kg /cm2 , normally taken
as 22 to 25kg/cm2 , with ( 2 ) as
factor of safety.

96
SHABAN BOOLKET

Normal Concrete Joints

on Ground
a- Crack Control joint :

groove= T/4
T Crack
////////////////////////////
T=thickness

b- Expansion joint :

Isolation filter
////////////////////////////
concrete

c- Construction joint:

formed edge
with key
1st cast 2nd cast
////////////////////////////

Treated Ground

97
 Internal City Roads Layers

Road 10,12,15 20 , 30 40 , 60 , 100 , 120

Type M width M width M width
inside city City Roads Main city Roads
Sub Min. CBR Min. CBR Min. CBR
Grade 4% 5% 6%
Thick Thick Thick
30 cm 50 cm 60 cm
Sub Type Type Type

98
Base A Thick A Thick A Thick
SHABAN BOOLKET

20 cm 30 cm 40 cm
Crushed lime
Crushed Lime Crushed lime
Stone thick
Base Stone Thick stone Thick
30 cm (2) layers
20Cm 25 cm
Binder
Binder Binder
Asphalt 6 Cm +
6 7
Wearing
Cm Cm
5 cm
SHABAN BOOLKET

99
SHABAN BOOLKET

SANITARY

100
SHABAN BOOLKET

SANITARY CONSTANTS
1- Water supply Consumption
requirements as liter /capita /day
a- For Each Person at Home as
average is about (200) L / C / D
b- For Schools (100) per Student
c- For Hospitals (400) per Bed
d- For Offices (80) per Employer
e- For hotels (500) per person
f- For Restaurants (5) per Meal
2- Recommended water supplying
pipe size for ordinary house is ½
inch , and for distributing net from
tank and ventilation pips is ¾ inch
3- Min. water velocity in pipes (0.7)
m /sec. and max. is ( 3.0 ) m /sec.
4- For sewerage flow, best design
Velocity between ( 0.4 - 0.9) m/sec ,
which provide best self-cleaning
without erosion or sedimentation.
5- Minimum Longitudinal slope for
sanitary pipes ( 4 to 6)” is (1.0) cm/
per meter length of the pipe .
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Typical Deep Filtration

NGL Compacted clay

/////////// ///////////// 20 cm
;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;; 30 cm mixed
sand & gravel
layer

1.0 m graded
Boulders max. size 3”
60 – 80 cm width
Slotted drain pipe

NOTE :
This typical deep filter can be used
for Both Roads and buildings
Surroundings .

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Domestic septic
Tanks
Number of
users Length(m) x width(m)
x Depth (m) .
5 2.0x1.0x1.0
10 2.5X1.3x1.0
15 2.5x1.5x1.3
20 2.8x1.5x1.3
50 4.5x2.0x1.4

Notes:
1- Use ventilation pipe( 2.0") diameter
for the septic tank .
2- Use Manhole cover (50x50)cm.
3- A wall to be constructed for dividing
the septic tank to two parts with one
small opening on the top of wall .
4-Free board 30cm required over
depth.
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Galvanized pipes
Normally used in water and gas
supply installations .
Pipe Pipe weight Thick-
Dia. Dia. mm kg/m.l ness
inch mm
1/ 2 12 1.26 2.76
3/4 19 1.68 2.87
1.0 25 2.50 3.37
2.0 50 5.43 3.91
2.5 65 6.49 3.65
3.0 75 8.00 3.80
4.0 100 12.00 4.50

Note :
The Tolerance is = +,- 10 % in
Pipe weight, for testing purpose

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Deep well discharge

G. L///////////////// /////////////////////////////

water table well

------------------------------------------------------
……..
H ……..
…….. R

depression cone

R= \ 2Q / π
R= radius of depression cone in ft
Q = discharge in galloons / day
h = depression of water in well
during pumping in ( ft )

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Pipes size used for

Water supply and
sewerage
Inch mm Inch mm
3/8” 8 3.0” 80
½” 10 4.0” 100
5/8” 15 5.0” 125
¾” 20 10.0” 250
1.0” 25 16.0” 400
1 ¼” 32 20.0” 500
1 ½” 40 24.0” 600

Types:
Ductile, Galvanized, Steel,
plastic (PVC) , high pressure pipes ,
and High Density pipes

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PVC high pressure

pipes
Diameter Weight Thickness
mm kg/m.l mm
63 0.562 1.9
75 0.766 2.2
90 1.12 2.7
110 1.62 3.2
140 2.62 4.1
160 3.43 4.7
200 5.37 5.9

Note :
1-Pipes type are Series 3 and
6 atmosphere water pressure.
1- Tolerance is = +,- 10 % in
Pipe weight for lab. Testing .

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Typical Cesspool

TOP steel cover

40 cm Diameter
GL
//////////////////// //////////////////

sewerage Brick
Masonry
Surrounding (1m )
Gravel (15) Humus height
Cm thick
( ½ to 1” )
grading open
joint
( 30 ) cm Masonry
crushed stone layer

Notes:
1- Min. cesspool total Depth 7.0 m
2- Min cesspool Diameter clear 90 cm
3- Usage for normal houses , buildings
and industries.

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Typical sewer Pipe cross

section

NGL
///////////////;;;;;;;;;;;;;///////////////////////////////
;;;;;;;;;;;;; Compacted back
filing soil Min.
…… depth 50 cm
sewer .…
pipe ;;;;;;;;;;;;; surrounding
0000000 concrete 1:2:4
Min. 15 cm

lean concrete
Base 20 cm Crushed stone 10 cm

Sewer width = Pipe Diam. + 30 cm

Note : In weak soils use reinforced

concrete base.

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Weirs

H Q
Q
////////////////////////////
////////////////////////
4H

Q = 1. 84 B H 3/2
Q = discharge in m3 /sec.
B = weir width in (m)
H = height of water flow in (m)
Notes: 1 -Basin formula is
recommended for
rectangular weirs.
2 - Above formula is useful
for water, c = 0.62
and g = 9.81.

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STORM WATER FLOW

Sewers must handle storm water
flows during, and after, rain storms,
snow and ice-melting events. The
rational formula for peak storm-water
runoff is: Q = C*R*A

Q =peak runoff, in ft3 / s

A = drainage area, acres
C = coefficient of runoff of area
R =average rainfall rate, inch /hours
of rain producing runoff .
In urban areas C = from 0.70 to 0.90.
Residential areas C = from 0.30 to
0.40. according to surface type.

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Flow in Pipes & Channels

V = 0.85 C R 0.63 S 0. 54

V = flow velocity in m / sec .

C = co – efficient of roughness ,
Normally = 100 for most type of
Pipes and channels.
R = d / 4 for Pipes ,
d = pipe diameter in (m) , or
channel cross section divided by
Wetted perimeter in (m) units.
S = Sine the flow slope (as %).
Accordingly:

Pipe diameter :

D= 7.45 Q2 C / S

Q = discharge in liter per sec.

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CONCRETE

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SAFE LOADS
Materials Kg/cm2
Concrete. 1:1:2
320
(Cubes)
Concrete 1:2:4
210
(Cubes)
Concrete 1:3:6
110
(Cubes)
Brick work in
20
cement Mortar 1:3
Stone masonry in
15
cement mortar 1:3
Concrete Blocks
in cement Mortar 12
1:3
Note : 1- Above safe loads used for
designing Purpose, but suitable factor of
safety should be calculated.
2- Min. structural concrete strength should
not be less than about( 175 ) Kg/cm2

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Recommended Slump

slump cm
Concrete construction
Max. Min.
Reinforce. Foundations
footings and walls 7.5 2.5
Plain footings and
sub-walls . 7.5 2.5
Beams and
reinforced slabs 10 2.5
building columns 10 2.5
Pavements and
slabs 7.5 2.5
5 2.5
Mass concrete

116
 For (ONE) M3 CONCRETE
Dry
MIX Cement Gravel
sand
C/S/G C/ kg. 3 G/ M3
S/ M
1:1:2 570 0.4 0.8
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1:2:3 370 0.54 0.81

117
1:2:4 300 0.45 0.9
Concrete Mix

1:3:6 200 0.46 0.92

1:4:8 150 0.47 0.94
ONE cement bag = 50 kg., For wet sand use
more quantities of it in the mix .
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Concrete Strength
Age % of Max m strength
3 days 40 %
7 days 65 %
14 days 90 %
28 days 99 %
Notes :
1-Maxm Air Temperature allowed
For concreting casting is in
Hot weather is 40o,Minim is
Freezing water degree, (0o c)
without any precautions. And
Maxm is 32o for the concrete mix .
2-Recommended Slump test for
plain concrete is (25 -75) mm
and for Reinforced concrete is
( 50-100) mm , depending on
structure type and location .

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CEMENT MORTARS

1-Mortar = Cement( C )+ Sand ( S )

2- One bag of cement = (50) kg.
and volume =0.035 m3 .
3- For 1 M3 cement mortar volume :
V= 0.75 ( C+ S )

Mix
(Cemen Cement
Sand m3
t+ kg
sand)
1:1 1020 0.71
1:3 510 1.05
1:5 310 1.05

1:7 220 1.05

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Conc. Cubes strength

MIX 7- days 28days

1: 1: 2 210 310
1: 1.5: 3 175 260
1: 2: 4 140 210
1: 3: 6 - 115
NOTES :
1- Strength units are in kg/cm2
2- For core test the height of the
core is equal = 2 x diameter
3- Concrete cubes (15x15x15)cm
4- In case of using (15x30)cm
Cylinder instead of cubes for
testing, it’s Strength should
be 80% of above cube Results
For normal concrete.
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Water for Concrete

Mix. Water Sand Gravel
Liter Liter Liter
1:1:2 25 35 70
1:2:4 32 70 140
1:3:6 35 105 210
1:4:8 46 140 280

NOTES :
1-This table for dry materials
2-This quantities per (50kg)
1- one bag cement.
3-For wet sand and gravel
2- use less water quantities.
4-Use mechanical vibrators.

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Flooring Expansion
Joints and Reinforcing
Flooring
Weight Maxim
Concrete
of BRC spacing
slab
Reinfor- between 2
Thickness
cement joints
2.7
10 cm 12.5 m
kg/m2
3.8
15 cm 25 m
kg/m2
5.5
20 cm 37 m
kg/m2

Notes:
1- Normally Width of expansion joint is
between (1 – 2) cm.
2- Reinforcement to be placed at top 1/3
of the concrete slab Thickness.
3- Typical Crack control joints each 3 M.

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Typical Concrete
Retaining Wall

20
//////////////////////////// TOP FILL

400 1:12 slope A- 25 mm @ 40 cm c-c

B- 12 mm @ 60 cm c-c
Dowels 25 mm @ 40 cm
C & D 12 mm @ 30 cm
NGL 60 ////////////////
45
Key
45 145
35
250

Notes :
1- This section is suitable for Maxm 4.0
m wall height .
2- Distribution steel 12 mm @ 30 cm
for all layers A , B , C , D & dowels .
3- All dimensions are in centimeters .

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Recommended Maxm Size

of aggregate
Member For For Un -
section Reinforced Reinforced.
Dimension Concrete Concrete
cm . Min. inch inch

12.5 or ¾-1½
less
¾

12.5 to 28 ¾-1½ 1½-3

28 to 74 ½-3 3–6
74 or
more 1½-3 6
Minimum Concrete cover:
1- For slabs & walls = 1.5 cm
2- Beams & T-beams = 2.5 cm
3- 3- foundations & columns = 4.0 cm

4-

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Concrete Admixtures
Formulated products Usually in liquid form
Added to concrete at a dosage of less than
5% by weight of cement content to modify
and improve the properties of concrete in
the wet and/or hardened state.
Main Types of Concrete Admixtures:
ASTM C 494 ( B.S 5075 )
1-Waterproofing& Water Reducing
(Type A)
2-Retarding) Type B )
3-Accelerator (Type C )
4-Water Reducing And Retarding
(Type D )
5-Water Reducing And Accelerator
(Type E)
6-High Range Water Reducing (Type F)
7-High Range Water Reducing and
Regarding (Type G).
8-Self Compacting (Type G & F)
9-Corrosion protection.

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Typical RC Beam Depth

Member d
Roof and floor slabs L /25

Light beams L/15

Heavy beams and girders L/12 - L/10

NOTE :
1- L is the span of the beam or slab in
millimeters.
2- The width of a beam should be at
least L / 32 .
3- d = Beam Depth

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Concrete Grades

Grade MPa F Cylinder F Cube

12 15
= C Cylinder 16 20
/ Cube 20 25
For Example 25 30
: 30 37
C20/25 35 45
50 60
NOTE:
1.25 F ( cu /cylinder ) = F ( cu / cube )
For Designing in Elastic:

fc` = 0.85 ( F cu )
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Cement Types
The ASTM has designated five types
of Portland cement :
Type Applications
General General construction
purpose (most buildings, bridges,
pavements, precast
units, etc)
Moderate Structures exposed to
sulfate soil or water containing
resistance sulfate ions
High early Rapid construction, cold
strength weather concreting
Low heat of Massive structures such
hydration (slow as dams. Now rare.
reacting)
High sulfate Structures exposed to
resistance high levels of sulfate
ions
White color Decorative (properties
similar to First Type )

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NDT Concrete Tests

If we found any failure in normal tests
for concrete ( cubes or cylinders) ,
Popular NDT ( Non Destructive Tests )
can be hold in field to re-check the
results as below :
1. Rebound Hammer Test- RH Test
2. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity- UPV
Test
3. Combined Method UPV & RH Test
4. Core Extraction for Compressive
Strength Test.
5. Ingredient Analysis of Concrete
Core
6. Echo Scan or X-ray for steel
reinforcement.
If Still we don’t get satisfied results still
we can do :
1- Load test for the failed part.
2-Redesigning the frame.
Still failed , then our last Decision will
be demolition the failed concrete part .
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ESTIMATION

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Buildings Design Steps

1-Preparing complete Building site
surveying and plot layout with
countor map topography each 5 m
2- land Investigation by soil tests
for the building foundation type ,
including bore holes ,Min. (3) with
15 m Depth according to geology .
3-Architectural designing for the
building with owner apparoval .
4-Structural , electrical and
Mechanical desinging for the
Building and preparing complete
set with Bill of quatities for items.
5-Adding emergincy stairs ( scape
away exit ) , Firelarm system , fire
fighting , ( CCTV ) monitering
cameras , and spare electrical lift .
6-Preparing Requried standards.

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AREAS
1-Sector of Circle :
q
A= (q / 360) x π R2
q = Angle in degree q
R = radius R
2- Ellipse :
A=1/4 x D x d x π
D , d = The two
diameters .
3- Parabola :
A = 2/3 x B x H H
B = base
H= Height.
A= area.
4-Tripozoidal: B
A= (L1 +L2) /2 H
L= Bases width
5- Circle :
A = π r2
r = Radius

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VOLUMES
1-Cone ,and Pyramid.
V = 1/3 (H) (A)
V= Volume , A = Base area
H = Height
2-Frusta of Pyramid.

V= H / 3 ( A1 +A2 + A1 A2 )

A2 H
A1
3-Spherical segment:
V= ╥ h2 (r-h/3)
r = radius
h=height of segment.
╥ = 3.14 h
r
4- Ball:Volume = 4/3 ╥ r3

5- Cylinder: Volume =(A)(H).

5-

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EQUATIONS
1-TEMP:
Co = 5 / 9 (F o – 32 )
C = centigrade = Fahrenheit.
3- ESTIMATION:
Concrete works V= 0.67 * (C+S +G)
Cement Mortar works = 0. 75 (C+S)
Stone Masonry Vm = 0.30( V ).
Bricks Mortar Vm = 0.23 (V )
Concrete Blocks Vm = 0.13 (V )
V =Total Volume, Vm= Mortar vol.
C,S,G = cement ,sand & gravel vol.
4- SIMPSON RULE :

Volume = 1/3d ((A1+An+2(sum of

odd Areas – No. of ordinates)+4 (sum
of even Areas – No. of ordinates ))
d = distance between strips.

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Typical Buildings Items

Costs
1-Preparation and 1%
excavation
2-Foundations 3%
3-Masonry up to 5%
DPC
4-Masonry above 22%
DPC
5-Roofing and 15%
curtains
6-Flooring and 9%
tiles
7-Doors and 10%
windows
8-Internal finishing 14%
9-External 5%
finishing
10-Water supply 5%
11-sanitary works 8%
12-Electrification 3%

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For (1) Meter Need

Type Un Forma
Worker
it n
Soil
M3 - 1
Excavation
Hard Soil
M3 - 2
Excavation
Ordinary
M3 - 1 /2
Concrete
Reinforced
M3 1/8 1
Concrete
Stone
M3 4/7 1.25
Masonry
Cement
M3 1/15 1/8
Plastering
Gypsum
M3 1/40 1/8
Plastering
Mosaic
M3 1/30 1/8
Tiles

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MATERIALS NEEDED
MATERIAL No. / M 3 No. / M 2
1- Bricks
(7x11x23)cm
with 450 -
cement
mortar1:3
2- Concrete.
Blocks 73 -
(15x20x40) cm.
3- Sand bricks
(20x10x5)cm. 410 -
4- Concrete.
Blocks
(20)cm. Wall - 16
thick
5- Tiles (25 x
25)cm - 16
6- Tiles (15 x
15)cm - 45
7- Tiles (20 x
20)cm - 25
8- Tiles (30 x
30)cm - 12

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New Machines Production

Type m3/hr Remarks
Big 200 For soils + Sub
Bulldozer base
Grader 125 For soils
For Road sub
Grader 175 base
Roller 175 For sub- base
(Smooth) works
Roller(She 150 For soils
ep)
Rubber – 160 For Truck
Tire Shovel Loading
Excavator 70 In Medium
Materials
Crawler 120 Sub-base +
Shovel soils
Scrapers 90 For soils
works

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Machines Bucket Fill Factor

Source : Caterpillar Tractor Comp.

140
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8
_____________________________________

Electrical &
Mechanical

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Water Pumps Power
Q H
P = -------- x ----------
102 q
P = Power in ( kw )
H = Head in meter ( Total )
Q = discharge in Liter/sec.
q = efficiency ( output ) factor for
piston pumps between (0.8 – 0.95)
centrifugal pumps from (0.4 – 0.75)
H= Hw + Hst .(in m)
Hw=Total suction and pushing head
Hst= Extra head losses in ( m )Due
to pipes friction and values
according to pipe diameter, length
and discharge in side it , which
calculated from special Empirical
tables.

NOTE: This Equation is used to find

the required pump power in (kw), if
you know the total Head, efficiency
and required discharge for pump.

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Electrical Information-1
1-Required cross section for
Installation wires is :
a = ( 2 K L I ) / Vd
a is in mm2
K= 0.02 for copper , & 0.03 for
Aluminum wires , I = amperes .
L = wire length in meter
Vd= voltage drop from 3 – 5 %.
2- One KVA = 4.5 Amperes for
220-volt system generators.
3- Every 1000 current amp.
Needs 1.0 in2 bus – bar
Connection for Main Boards .
4- E= I * R
E= Volts , I = Current in Amperes
R= Resistance in Ohms
5- P= I * E OR P = I2 * R ,
P= power in watts

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Electrical Information-2
1-All (13 ) Amp Switched Plug
Socket should be placed at height
of (40-50) cm from house floor
level , but for bath rooms and
kitchens on (120 ) cm level .
2-For (15-20) Amp. All should be
on (120) cm Height from floor.
3-All electrical installations should
be extended above false ceiling
level and then dropped directly to
the points.
4-All electrical installations levels
should be above sanitary
installations levels .
5-All electrical installations for
sockets should be connected to
house Earthing system .

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Air conditioning
1- For Cooling: chiller used , and split
units , every 35 m3 of the room
space volume required 1 R-Ton
, which is equal to 12000 BTU
(BTU = British thermal unit )
1 R-Ton / hr cooling = 0.293 Watt
Every Kw = TON * 3. 5
2- For Heating: boiler used .
1 Ton heating = 3050 kcal / h
Every Kw = 870 kcal / h
3- Air coolers use CFM = cubic foot
per minute, 2500,3500,….
4- Pumps discharge unit m3 / hr
usually use the units of ;
1 Kw = 1.33 hp ( Normal head )
1 hp = 2. 25 – 3 m3 / hr discharge
1 hp = Horse power unit .

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Required BTU for House

Floor Area m2 Required BTU

5 – 10 6000

10 - 15 8000

15 - 25 12000

32 – 40 18000

40 – 50 24000

65 - 90 34000

130 – 140 48000

185 – 230 72000

Notes :
1- This figures is for Normal house with about
3.0 ceiling height and normal insulation.
for Good insulation deduct – 10 %.
2- For very sunny houses add +10 %
3- For crowded rooms add 600 BTU per every
extra person .
4- For Kitchens add + 400 BTU .

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Single phase cable

200LP
A = ---------------- x (1000)
dqv2
A = Area of cable cross section in
(mm2 )
P = Power in Kilo watts
L = distance in (m)
d = for copper (cu)=56, and different
for other materials.
q = voltage drop in percentage, for
example (2.4 )
v = voltage in volts .

Note: This equation is used to find a

required area (cross section ) for a single
phase cable, between (2) points, when you
know the distance between them, required
power to be transferred and acceptable
drop in voltage between the (2) points.

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Electrical Cable Trenches

1-The depth of the Earth
excavation for cable trenches shall
be min. 90cm with the width
according to the number of cables
(under sidewalk 70cm, under
median 90cm).
2- Before laying the cables the
trenches shall be filled with a layer
of earth free of stones, or clean
sand having a thickness of 15cm.
The cables shall be covered by
another layer of the same material
and thickness.
3- The polyethylene sheet shall be
laid over this second layer to
protect the cable against damaging.
The sheet shall be marked
continuously with the word
"DANGER" .

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Sound Transition Loss

TL = 20 log f + 20 log D – C
TL = Transition loss of sound
f = Sound frequency 125 – 4000 ( Hz)
D = Partition Surface Density (kg/m2cm)
C= 33 for Metric Units.
For f = 1000 Hz :
Material D Avg. TL
Bricks 21 50
Concrete 23 55
Wood 6 42
Glass 29 56
Gypsum 10 45
Lead 125 65

Sound Levels in dB

Source Decibel dB
Wisper 30
Rain fall 50
Conservation 60 – Normal Level
Factory 80
Jet Engine 130

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Thermal Conductivity
__________________________________________________________

H = K*A *(T1-T2) / t
H= Thermal conductivity in watt .
K= The material thermal conductivity
A= Total cross section area of
conducting surface in m2
T1 & T2 = Outside and inside
temperatures in centigrade cº
t = Thickness of the conducting
surface in meters
Material K in Watt / m cº
Bricks 1
Concrete 2
Plastering 0.5
Glass 1
Stone 1.7
Wood 0.04 – 0.4
Polystyrene 0.05
Air 0.025
Soil 1.5

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9
_____________________________________

Miscellaneous

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Building Structural Evaluation

Report
To prepare The Structural Evaluation
Report for any Existing Building , Following
below Non- destrructive Tests and
laboratory report are required :
5- Preparing As Built Archtectural
Drawings for the complete building
members , dimensions and thickness .
6- Opening Excavation to under
foundations , Taking samples for soil
Bearing capacity, Foundations
Dimensions , and concrete cores .
7- Performing Ultar-sonic and Rebound
Hammer test for columns and (Pundit)
tests for Concrete beams .
8- Taking Cores for slabs concrete to test
compressive strength.
9- Taking building units samples as
( Bricks or Concrete Blocks , …) for
walls and testing in labratoty .
10- Redsigning the Building structure
accoring to new laboratory tests results
, then praparing The Structural
Evaluation Report with conclution .

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Investigation Boreholes
The Spacing and Depth of Boreholes for
any structures may viried cosiderably in
the light of local foundation conditions and
the size and loads of the structure .
The grid of Borehles location is usually
decided by the Geologistik Engineer
according to his accumilated Experience .

Normally Boreholes spacing are :

11- For buildings 10 – 30 m apart .
12- Roads and brudges 30 -300 m.
13- Landslides At least 5 in line of profile .

And Depth is :
1- 1.5 x Foundatioin depth , below
foundation depth + one or two contrle
hole to Min. (10) m depth , unless
rock ahead found .
2- Then (3)m. below Roackhead to prove
sound rock .
3- Probes to 3 -10 m to locate rock
cavities as rough estimation.

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Designing Int. Standards

Architectural Standards :
1-Neufurt Architects data
2-Time saver Standards
3-AIA - American Institute of Architects
Civil Engineering Standards :
1-ACI - American Concrete Institute
2-IBC - international buildings code
3-ASCE - American Society of Civil
Engineers
4-AASTHO - American Association of
State Highway ,Transportation Officials
5-ASTM - American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials
Mechanical Standards :
1- ASME - American Society
of Mechanical Engineers
2- B.S. – British Standards .
3- ASHRAE: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating& Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Electrical standards :
1-IEC -International Electrical Commission
2-NEC - National elec. code
3-IEEE - Institute of Electrical and

156
 Electronics Engineers .
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Engineering Design Elements-1

In the Design set Process of any
Buildings project it is normally that
below Typical elements are required
for the Complete Design set Parts :

A- Architectural :
1- Buildings Plot with infrastructure
services & Site Plan Drawing.
2- Foundations , Basement and all
Floors plans with penthouse
details furniture and Dimensions .
3- Two Horizontal and vertical
Sections for complete structure.
4- All required Elevations.
5- Details for Main and Emergency
Stair case and other structures .
6- 3D Views of the Buildings and
may be also animation.
7- Doors and windows Details .
8- Legend For all Parts& finishing’s.
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Engineering Design Elements-2

B- Structural :
1-Foundation plans , details ,
reinforcement , And Retaining walls
with cut and fill works.
2- All slabs Reinforcement’s and
detailed Plans & sections .
3- Beams and columns details.
4- Lifts and Stair case sections ,
reinforcement and details.
5- Required Standards ,Design
codes and General notes.
C- Electrical :
1- Lightening for main site plan .
2- Power distribution with main
boards and Transformers.
3- CCTV Security camera Net .
4- Fire Alarm & Anti-lighting system.
5- Other Nets and TV cables.
6- Building Earthling system.

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Engineering Design Elements-3

D- Mechanical :
1- Water supply, Boilers and
Reservoirs tanks systems.
2- Sanitary, rain , floor drain
system and station treatments .
3- Gas and Fire-fighting systems.
4- Split units, VRV or Chillers
air-conditioning and ventilation.
5- Split units water draining net.
6- Lift , and Pumps details .
E- B.O.Q : For all above Branches
Bill of Quantities is required as
excel sheet with Estimated prices
, Printed on A4 Paper Size.
F- Printing : Complete Project
Drawings and Documents to be
printed on A2 Paper Size , And
3 CD soft Copy with PDF Format.

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Engineering Design Elements-4
G- ROADS: For Roads and highway
projects below typical elements are
required for complete Design Set.
1- General Road site plan and
alignment on digitized satellite
map with kilometer stations.
2- Typical road cross section and
material layers with slopes details
3- Road alignment plan each
certain stations and profile
section with Natural ground ,
Subgrade and final road levels.
4- All road structures like culverts,
bridges , over & underpasses ,
intersections , parking ,Guard
rails, Signs …etc should be
shown on alignment and profile.
5- Complete BOQ for all cut and fill
quantities, materials used with
total lengths of culverts & Bridges

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Multistory building collapse

due to Wrong Found. Design

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PHYSICS CONSTANTS
1- Light Velocity in Space (c) =
299,000 km/s
2- One light year = 9.5x1012 km .
3- Gravity acceleration=9.81 m/s2
4- Avogadro No.(NA)=
6.x1023 mol-1
5- Plank constant (h)=6.6x10-34 j.s
6- Gravity Constant (G)=
6.7x10-11 m2/kg2
7- Earth Radius = 6,370,000 km .
8- Average distance between
earth and sun = 1.5x108 km.
9- Sun Radius = 7x105 km .
10- Sound velocity = 343 m/s
11- Standard. Air Pressure =
100,000 Pascal OR N/m2
12- Uniform Atomic Mass Unit
( u) = 1.66x10-27 kg.

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SOME REFFERENCES
1- Standard Hand book for civil
engineers , Merritt , 2002 .
2- Highway Design manual – State
organization of roads and bridge ,
Baghdad , Iraq , SORB-2003 .
3- A Dictionary of civil engineering,
GHOSE, Delhi , 2004 .
4- Waste water engineering,
METCALF & EDDY, 1991
5- Indian Practical civil engineers
Hand book , KHANA , 1985 .
6- Buildings Construction, Principles’ ,
and practice , Denis Walton , 1995 .
7- Iraqi Technical Specifications For
buildings, Baghdad, 1993.
8- Al - MANSOOR company practical
handbook ( IRAQ).
9- Building Materials , 2009,Jordan
10- ACI code , AASHTO 2010,etc …

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NOTES:
1-Please Inform me for any Mistakes
modifications, suggestions or
corrections on below Addresses.
so that to be edited in next edition.
2-All information here are practical
, empirical enough for ordinary,
and collected from general
resources of civil engineering.
3-Please Note that for structures
Which may you need more and
accurate details you are strongly
advised to review basic & detailed
Civil engineering standards & not
depending on this booklet only.
E-mail : Serwang60@gmail.com
Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp:
+964 770 446 1234

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Face Book : @SadaEngineering

www.sadaconsult.com

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