Name: Ayorinde Oladele Oladipo

Subject : 5703- Computer Aided Design

Assignment 4 – Design and Analysis

Title: Wing Design and Analysis

Lecturer: Professor Madya Ir. Mohd Saleh Yahaya

Date: 6-01-2015
Table of Contents
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Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Modelling ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Analysis ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 21
Reference .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Introduction

An airfoil or aerofoil as defined by wikipedia is the shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller rotor,
or turbine) or sail as seen in cross-section. [1]

The NACA 23018 is one of the NACA aircraft wings designed specifically for NACA 23018
aircraft which its design criterials, boundary conditions and other technical properties are
presented on their website.
Figure 1 shows the NACA 23018 Airfoil sketch and coordinates

[2]

This exercise comprises the knowledge of design and analysis and specifically based on
airfoil (NACA 213018) wing design and analysis. The goals of this assignment are as
follows:

1. Introduction to CATIA standard menu

2. Understanding of wire frame and surface
3. From modelling to engineering analysis
4. 3D meshing and data input for FEA
5. Understand of engineering analysis

Modelling

The airfoil wing will be modelled using “wireframe and surface design” inbuilt algorithm in
the CATIA V5 used for this entire project. The link to the selection is shown below:
Figure 2 shows the wireframe and surface design option been selected

1.1 Modelling steps

The coordinates point where firstly imported from the NACA website for the specific airfoil which
is readily available for modelling purpose. The coordinate points are imported into excel as shown
in figure 2 below and afterwards transferred into CATIA V5. Figure 3 shows the coordinate points
after been transferred into CATIA. To transfer the coordinate from EXCEL to CATIA a program is
written to write each point similar to its original coordinates into CATIA window.

Table 1 The coordinate points of the airfoil wing along x,y and z direction

StartLoft
StartCurve
Z X Y
0.0 2314.0 4.3966
0.0 2198.3 30.5448
0.0 2082.6 55.3046
0.0 1851.2 101.816
0.0 1619.8 143.0052
0.0 1388.4 179.335
0.0 1157.0 209.417
0.0 925.6 232.3256
0.0 694.2 244.127
0.0 578.5 244.3584
0.0 462.8 239.7304
0.0 347.1 228.1604
0.0 231.4 204.3262
 0.0 173.6 185.3514
0.0 115.7 160.1288
0.0 57.9 122.4106
0.0 28.9 94.6426
0.0 0.0 0
0.0 0 0
0.0 28.925 -42.3462
0.0 57.9 -62.7094
0.0 115.7 -87.932
0.0 173.6 -173.55
0.0 231.4 -120.7908
0.0 347.1 -143.0052
0.0 462.8 -158.7404
0.0 578.5 -168.2278
0.0 694.2 -172.8558
0.0 925.6 -170.5418
0.0 1157.0 -157.5834
0.0 1388.4 -137.4516
0.0 1619.8 -111.5348
0.0 1851.2 -80.5272
0.0 2082.6 -44.8916
0.0 2198.3 -25.2226
0.0 2314.0 -4.3966
-12000.0 810.0 1.539
-12000.0 769.5 10.692
-12000.0 729 19.359
-12000.0 648 35.64
-12000.0 567 50.058
-12000.0 486.0 62.775
-12000.0 405.0 73.305
-12000.0 324.0 81.324
-12000.0 243.0 85.455
-12000.0 202.5 85.536
-12000.0 162.0 83.916
-12000.0 121.5 79.866
-12000.0 81.0 71.523
-12000.0 60.8 64.881
-12000.0 40.5 56.052
-12000.0 20.3 42.849
-12000.0 10.1 33.129
-12000.0 0.0 0
-12000.0 0.0 0
-12000.0 10.1 -14.823
-12000.0 20.3 -21.951
-12000.0 40.5 -30.78
-12000.0 60.8 -60.75
-12000.0 81 -42.282
-12000.0 121.5 -50.058
-12000.0 162.0 -55.566
-12000.0 202.5 -58.887
-12000.0 243.0 -60.507
-12000.0 324.0 -59.697
-12000.0 405.0 -55.161
-12000.0 486.0 -48.114
-12000.0 567.0 -39.042
-12000.0 648.0 -28.188
-12000.0 729.0 -15.714
-12000.0 769.5 -8.829
 -12000.0 810.0 -1.539
EndCurve
StartCurve
End

Figure 3 shows the coordinates in CATIA shows the coordinates in CATIA

The coordinates are then joined together by using the spline command button in the wireframe
and surface design window by adding the point together one after the order. At later, the splines
are both joined together by the multi section surface command. The surface of the wing is shown
below:

Figure 4 shows the spline after points are joined together with the spline command
Figure 5 Shows the surface design of the airfoil wing NACA 23018

The chord span length is to consist of 10 ribs along the 12000 mm length along x axis (Span). From
the leading edge to the trailing edge is given as 2314 mm according to the coordinates and the
mean camber is where the ribs should be welded to the body. 15% of the total chord length from
the leading edge and 25% from the trailing edge is where the spar will be attached to the body
which will support the ribs. The points are created by the following commands-

Points – between- point1 –point2- .15/.25-ok

Figure 6 shows the coordinates created for the 15 percent and 25 percent of the spar location
Figure 7 shows the line created

The line is create by:

Line- point1- point2 – ok

An extrude is then created by clicking on each line and extruding it up to the surface along z direct
and this is done by:

Extrude- profile- direction(up to next)-ok

Below is the extruded surface of the two spar.

Figure 8 shows the spar extrusion

Next a point is created on each line normal to each other to create the ribs. At first each point is
created on each line and the process is repeated to input the amount of instances needed at an
equal length distance from one point to the other.

Figure 9 shows the points created and (the repeat object after ok) option used to create the rest of the points

Figure 10 shows the whole coordinaes

Lines are then used to join the points together as described previously.
Figure 11 shows the points been joined together with lines

The lines are then extruded by using the extrude command window as described above also.

Figure 12 shows the extrusion of the ribs

Finally, the thick surface command on the “Part Design” window is used to create a 3D body for all
the surfaces generated and giving room for the model to act as one body .

This is done by migrating to the Part design window by clicking the link shown below:
Figure 13 shows the migration to part design window

On the part design window, the thick surface is inserted from the insert option by clicking on each surface created in
wireframe and design window to be extruded in 2 mm thickness as specified in the task given. This process is done by
the CAD software CATIA by creating and offset in both sides of each surface and a value of 1mm each is assigned on both
sides which creates a 2 mm thickness body for each surface.

Figure 14 shows the thick surface command

Figure 15 shows the values assigned and the dirrection of the offsets

Figure 16 The thickness after the operation

Analysis

The Finite element analysis stage comprises 4 basic steps which are;
 Nodes and Element- It is the stage where the model or body will be descritiized into smaller
elements in other to study the behaviour of the body at different nodes. Depending on the
 elements, the amount of nodes varioes. For this task, Octree Tetrahedon (Linear) is
selected for a simple and faster meshing process. Selecting parabola instead of linear
meshing process is finer and good for critical meshing process but it is more time consuming.
 Properties: Is the stage where the properties 1D, 2D,3D or the contact properties are
assigned to the body depending on the geometrical and contact properties of the model.
The property is automatically assigned in this case since it’s a 3D model.
 Material- It is the material assignation stage. For this task Material 2024-T4 is assigned with
the properties shown below:

Figure 17 shows the material assigned

This is done by editing the Aluminium material and assigning the given properties.

 Static Case

To perform the analysis there is need for the understanding of the restrain and the load
affecting the body. In real life cases, the wing will experience Pressure force with the highest
force experience at the bottom of the wing while a lower pressure occurs on the top surface.
When on air, a lot more have to be considered such as the angle of attack, the air density.
 Lift = 0.5 *cl (lift coefficient) *ℓ (air density) * S( Airfoil crossectional area) * V ^2 (Velocity)

The velocity at which its travelling and more but in this task the payload alone is considered
which is 12000 MT as given.

To perform the analysis, the wing chord bigger end (which is to be attached to the body of
the aircraft) is restrained in all degrees of freedom and distributed force is applied on the
surface body.

Figure 18 Restrain on all DOF in three faces

Before the assignation and computation the following assumptions are made:
o Assumptions

 Payload = 12000 MT
12000 Metric ton = 12000000 kg
12e6 kg = 117679800.34 N
 Load factor = 2g
 Factor of Safety = 1.5

Therefore, Design limit load = payload * load factor = 235359600 N

Design ultimate load = design load factor * factor of safety = 353039400 N

The aircraft consist of two wings, therefore 0.5 of design ultimate load is for one wing which is
176519700 N and finally roughly 80% of the force is acted upon the wing while the other 20% act on
the fuselage.

Therefore the load to be considered is 141215760 N

Figure 19 Lift and Drag pressure

Figure 20 The applied distributed force

After the restrain and the force have been applied on the body then the static case is solved by
clicking on compute. After the computation the following Von misses stress and displacement is
created. For this one the applied for is calculated as 141215760 N.

Figure 21 Shows the Von misses stress contour plot

Figure 22 The displacement plot

If only the payload is considered (12000 MT) then, 80 percent of the half of the load will be
47071920 N. The plots are shown below:

Figure 23 sows the von misses stress

Figure 24 The displacement

Finally if the payload is 12000 kg (Instead of the MT given) then the force acting on the wing is 47088
N and the contour plot is presented below:

Figure 25 The contour plot Von misses stress

Figure 26 The displacement plot

For 100 N.
Figure 27 Von misses stress for 100 N wing load

Figure 28 The displacement plot for the 100 N wng load

Conclusion

The factors that determine the behaviour of the wing generally are the pressure force, drag force
and the gravity. Basically the coefficients (ratio of lift and drag) cl/cd, air density, crossectional area
of the wing and the velocity can be manipulated to arrive at some needed design criteria and
performance of the aerofoil. Any of these variables can be modified to increase or decrease the
stresses induced in the airfoil.

It is shown from the first analysis plot where the total payload 12000 MT, design factor and the
factor of safety where considered that the designed model is not safe because the maximum stress
induced was calculated as 8e5 MPa while the yield strength of the material is 325 MPa. According to
Von misses stress the yield point must be higher or than maximum stress induced in a body to be
safe. The displacement is also calculated as 2.92e6. Also when the payload alone is considered and
the force acting on the wing is computed as 47071920 N, the wing also fail because the stress
induced is higher than the yield strength of the material.

When 12000kg is considered and the force exerted is calculated as 47088 N, it is shown that the
model is safe with the maximum von misses stress calculated as 269 MPa with the displacement of
975 mm. This shows that the von misses stress (Max) is lesser than the yield stress; therefore the
model can sustain the stress without necking or fracture until the end of the material life cycle.

The last plot is for 100 N which is obviously safe because the max von misses stress is lower.

Catia generated report is attached at appendix for the 12000 kg simulation.

Reference

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil
2. http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/details?airfoil=naca23018-il