The Ecocriticism Reader : a LANDMARKS IN LITERARY ECOLOGY Edited by Cheryl Glotfelty and Harold Fromm THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA PRESS @ ATHENS AND LONDON ©{© 1996 by the University of Georgia Press “Athens, Georgia 30602 “Some Principles of Ecocritcism” © 1995 by William Howarth “The Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction” © 1986 by Ursula K. Le Guin All ights reserved Designed by Kathi Dailey Morgan Set in Sabon and Gills Sans by Tseng Information Systems, Ine. Printed and bound by Thomson Shore, In This book is printed on recycled paper that meets the uidelines fr permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed inthe United States of America 00 99 8 97 9 CS 4ST 00 99 98 97 96 PS 452 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Dara “he ecoerici ede lar in terry ecology / hel lol ed Har Frm Includes bibliographic reeences and index oa ppe) =n 0-803 78-0 (gb. pape) ‘Cts, Bologyin erate. Neurin eae T cle, Chel Fromm, Harold rating 1996 forge dae, 9psus0 British Library Cataloging in Publication Data available CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Literary Studies in an Age of Environmental Crisis CHERYLL GLOTFELTY part one Ecotheory: Reflections on Nature and Culture 3 “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis LYNN WHITE, J 15 ‘Nature and Silence CHRISTOPHER MANES » From Transcendence to Obsolescence: A Route Map HAROLD FROMM 40 Cultivating the American Garden FREDERICK TURNERst ‘The Uses of Landscape: The Picturesque Aesthetic and the National Park System ALISON BYERLY 69 Some Principles of Ecocriticism WILLIAM HOWARTH 9 Beyond Ecology: Self, Place, and the Pathetic Fallacy NEIL EVERNDEN, 105 Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism WILLIAM RUECKERT 14 ‘The Land and Language of Desire: Where Deep Ecology and Post-Structuralism Meet SUEELLEN CAMPBELL 137 ‘American Literary Environmentalism as Domestic Orientalism DAVID MAZEL Part two Ecocritical Considerations of Fiction and Drama 49 ‘The Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction URSULAK. LE GUIN 155 ‘The Comic Mode JOSEPH W. MEEKER CONTENTS + wi ayo Unearthing Herstory: An Introduction ANNETTE KOLODNY 182 Speaking a Word for Nature SCOTT RUSSELL SANDERS 196 ‘The Postnatural Novel: Toxic Consciousness in Fiction of the 1980s, CYNTHIA DEITERING 204 Is Nature Necessary? DANA PHILLIPS ParT THREE Critical Studies of Environmental Literature 225 Revaluing Nature: Toward an Ecological Criticism GLEN A. LOVE 24t ‘The Sacred Hoop: A Contemporary Perspective PAULA GUNN ALLEN 264 Landscape, History, and the Pueblo Imagination LESLIE MARMON SILKO 276 ‘A Taxonomy of Nature Writing THOMAS J. LYON 2B Indexing American Possibilities: The Natural History Writing of Bartram, Wilson, and Audubon MICHAEL BRANCH