Harvard

Referencing
System
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College

Compiled by

Dr Chook Ka Joo
Quality Assurance Department
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College

and

Mr Johnny Chin Fui Chung

School of Social Science and Humanities
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College

2013

For internal circulation only. ©Tunku Abdul Rahman University College. All rights reserved.
 CONTENTS Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES 1

3.0 REFERENCING SYSTEM 1

4.0 THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM 2

5.0 CITATION IN THE TEXT 2

6.0 THE REFERENCE LIST 6

7.0 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING 9

REFERENCES

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System

 TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Referencing or citing means acknowledging the source of information and ideas

you have used in your assignments (e.g. essay, report, project, research paper,
etc.). This is a standard practice at all institutions of higher learning including
Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) University College.

This learning guide on Harvard referencing system was developed based on the
following references:

 Curtin University Library 2007, Harvard Referencing.

 Fisher, D & Hanstock, T 1998, Citing References.
 Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2005, Research Methods for Business
Students.
 University of Bournemouth 2005, Citing References.
 University of South Australia 2006, Referencing using the Harvard author–date
system.

2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES

The following are reasons why referencing is needed:

 to acknowledge debts to other writers

 to demonstrate the body/scope of knowledge upon which your research is
based on
 to enable all those who read your work to locate the sources easily

More importantly, by using appropriate references, you will show the breadth
and quality of your assignments and avoid plagiarism. For further details on
plagiarism, please refer to the TAR University College guide on Avoiding
Plagiarism.

3.0 REFERENCING SYSTEM

The two most common types of referencing systems used are:

i. Author-date system such as the Harvard referencing system, American

Psychological Association (APA) referencing system and Modern Language
Association (MLA) referencing system
ii. Numerical system such as the Chicago or Turabian, Vancouver and footnote.
TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 1
The referencing system used in TAR University College is the Harvard
referencing system for all of the Schools except the School of Social Science and
Humanities, which is using the APA referencing system.

4.0 THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

In the Harvard referencing system, cited publications are referred to as citation

in the text by giving the author’s family name and the year of publication, and the
details are listed in the reference list at the end of the text/work (see page 9 for
examples).

The process of citing references consists of two inter-related parts:

i. Citing - the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used in the
assignment.
ii. Referencing - the process of creating a reference list of each source a writer
has used in writing the assignment.

All statements, opinions, conclusion, etc. taken from another writer’s work
should be cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or
summarised.

5.0 CITATION IN THE TEXT

When writing a piece of work, you will need to refer to materials written or
produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. The
system that you have used to cite the sources must be consistent and accurate to
enable readers to identify and locate the materials to which you have referred to.
The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference.

When you cite references in the text of your assignment include:

 the author or editor’s family name (or organisation responsible) - do NOT

include given names or initials
 the year of publication
 page(s) of publication (if appropriate and where available)

5.1 In many cases, you just need to use the author’s family name and date.

For example:

Many factors are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary
education level (Saunders 2005).

OR

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 2

 Saunders (2003, p. 21) claims that there are many factors that are known to
affect the success of students at the tertiary education level.

In these two examples, the sentences summarise the main view expressed
in an article written by Saunders. Also note that the first example
highlights the information but the second example highlights or gives
prominence to the author of the article.

i. If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year is given
in parentheses:

In a popular study, Harvey (2005) argued that we have to teach good

practices…

As Harvey (1992, p. 21) said, ‘good practices must be taught’ and so we…

ii. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and
year are given in parentheses:

A more recent study (Stevens 2002) has shown the way theory and
practical work interact…

Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or

explain the practice (Stevens 2002).

5.2 There are cases when you need to include a page number in the
parentheses.

For example:

Ramli (2006, p. 7) showed that 63 percent of workers was found to be

affected by work-related stress.

You need to include the page number when you:

i. use a direct quote from an original source

ii. summarise an idea from a particular page
iii. include tables, figures, charts or illustrations from other sources in
your work

Use ‘p.’ when you are citing the information from a single page and ‘pp.’
when the information is cited from more than one page.

5.3 When there are four or more authors for a reference, you need to include
all their names in your first in-text citation of their work. When the same
source is cited again, use ‘et al.’ (which is Latin for ‘and the others’).

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 3

 Saunders, Jones, Cooper and Steinmark (2006, p. 7) postulate that 54 percent
of the students do not use proper referencing system… As a result of this,
Saunders et al. (2006) listed a few major problems that students face in
doing project work.

The names of all the authors are listed in the reference list in the same
order they are listed in the original reference.

5.4 Personal communication such as interviews, telephone calls, video

conferencing and internet chat do not provide recoverable data; therefore,
they are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communication in
the text citation only. Provide initials as well as the family name (full name
for Asians) of the communicator and provide the exact date.

Many designers do not understand the needs of the young people according
to Toi (2007, pers. comm. 19 April) because...

5.5 Additional Information

Quotations – As a rule, if the quote is less than a line, it may be included in

the body of the text in quotation marks.

Summaries or paraphrases – Give the citation where it occurs naturally or

at the end of the relevant piece of writing.

Tables, charts, diagrams or illustrations – These should be referenced as

though they were a quotation if they have been taken from a published
work.

If details of particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page numbers,

they should be given after the year within the parentheses.

Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to electronic
documents except where pagination is absent. If an electronic document
does not include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system,
the extent of the item may be indicated in terms such as the total number
of lines, screens, etc., e.g. “[21 lines]” or “[approx 8 screens]”.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 4

5.6 Writing convention

The following conventions are not prescribed by national or international

standards but have been included because they are usually adhered to by
the academic community.

If you are quoting a few words, the usual practice is as follows:

Example A:

Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003, p. 93) argued that grounded theory is
best defined as ‘theory building’ compared to the assertion of Glaser and
Strauss (1967) of inductive approach to research.

Example B:

Robson (2002, p. 178) defines case study as ‘a strategy for doing research
which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary
phenomenon [current issues] …using multiple sources of evidence.’

The quotation forms part of your text and is indicated by enclosing it using
either single apostrophe ‘ ’ or double apostrophe “ ”.

 The … indicates word or words from the original source have been left
out.
 Square brackets [ ] tell your reader you have added your own words to
the quotation.
 If you are quoting a longer quotation, it is a common practice for the
whole quotation to be indented:

“There is no doubt that Internet technology has changed and is

changing the way organizations do business. Using the
Internet, companies have, for instance, (1) created knowledge
bases that employees can tap into anytime, anywhere; (2)
turned customers into collaborated partners who design, test
and launch new products; (3) become virtually paperless in
specific tasks such as purchasing and filling expense reports;
(4) managed logistics in real time; and (5) changed the nature
of numerous work tasks throughout the organization …”
(Robbins & Coulter 2005, p. 197)

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 5

6.0 THE REFERENCE LIST

6.1 The reference list in the Harvard referencing system:

 is titled ‘References’
 is arranged alphabetically by author’s family name
 is a single list – books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed
together and not arranged in a separate list
 includes the full details of your citation in the text
 is NOT a bibliography – you do not need to produce a bibliography for
your assignments unless specifically asked to do so by your lecturer. A
bibliography lists everything you may have read but did NOT use it in
the course of doing the assignment while a reference list is limited to
the citation in the text references used in your assignment.

6.2 Steps involved in referencing

a. Note down the full details of the source including page number from
which the information is taken.

In the case of a book, the details included are author(s) of the book,
year, title, edition, publisher and place of publication as found on the
front and back of the title page.

In the case of a journal article, the details included are author(s) of

the article, date of publication, title of article, title of journal, volume
and issue number of journal and page numbers.

For all electronic information, in addition to the above, you should

note the date you accessed the information and database or website
address (URL).

b. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the
document.

c. Provide a reference list at the end of your assignment.

6.3 Whenever possible, elements needed for the reference list should be taken
from the title page of the publication.

 For place of publication, provide the city.

 If more than one town/city is listed, list the first one or the location of
the publisher’s head office.
 If the town is not well known, you may add a county, region or state.
Note that in the United States of America, states are denoted by a two-
letter code, for example ‘Hillsdale, NJ’.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 6

  For the publisher’s name, omit superfluous terms such as ‘Publishers’,
‘Co.’ or ‘Inc.’ but always retain the word ‘Books’ or ‘Press’.
 Where the publisher is a university and the place or the location is not
included in the name of the university, do not repeat the place of
publication.

6.4 Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the
following examples for the different types of work you may have cited.
Underlining is an acceptable alternative to italics when references are
handwritten.

6.5 The reference list is arranged alphabetically by authors’ family names.

When an item has no author (e.g. newspaper report, annual company
report, brochure), it is cited by its title and sequenced in the reference list
by the first significant word of the title.

6.6 The Harvard referencing system does not require the second and
subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.

6.7 Setting out the items in a Reference List using the Harvard referencing
system

The main elements required for a reference are set out in this order:

6.7.1 Example of a book

The main elements required for referencing a book are set out in this
order:

Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of

publication.

Author’s family name Year of publication Title of the book in italics

followed by a comma, followed by a comma - followed by a comma - upper
then initial(s) no brackets case used only for the first
word

Cameron, SK 2002, Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study

and employment, Prentice Hall, Harlow.

Publisher followed Place of publication

by a comma followed by a full stop

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 7

6.7.2 Example of an academic journal

The main elements required for referencing a journal article are set out in
this order:

Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article’, Title of journal,

volume number, issue number, page number.

Author’s family name Year of publication Title of the article in single

followed by a comma, followed by a comma - inverted comma - upper case for
then initial(s) no brackets the first word only, a comma after
the second inverted comma

Bilosvalavo, RL & Lynn, M 2006, ‘Mission statements in Slovene

enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation’,
Management Decision, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 773-788.

Title of the Volume number Issue number Page number (pp.) of

journal in italics followed by a followed by a the article followed by
followed by a comma comma a full stop at the end
comma

6.7.3 Example of an electronic publication

The main elements required for referencing an electronic publication are

set out in this order:

Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of document or website, date

viewed, <URL address in full>.

Author’s family name Year of publication Title of the article in italics,

followed by a comma, followed by a comma - followed by a comma - upper
then initial(s) no brackets case used for first word

Potter, JB 2005, The big five personality test, viewed 11 July 2007,
<http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.

The internet address (URL) is enclosed in < Date the document is

and > with the full address and followed by a accessed followed by a
full stop comma

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 8

7.0 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING

7.1 Books

Basic format for books:

Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication.

Books An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list

Single author An important factor is… (Cameron Cameron, SS 2002, Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for
2002, p. 158) study and employment, Prentice Hall, Harlow.

Khoo (1977, p. 45) argues that… Khoo, KK 1977, The western Malay states, Oxford University Press,
Kuala Lumpur.

Two or three According to Kim and Mauborgne Kim, WC & Mauborgne, R 2005, Blue ocean strategy: How to create
authors (2005), … uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant,
Harvard Business School, Boston.

Guelich, S, Gundavaram, S & Birznieks, G 2000, CGI programming

with pel, O’Reilly, Cambridge.

Four or more As suggested by Sandler et al. (1995, Sandler, MP, Patton, JA, Coleman, RE, Gottschalk, A, Wackers, FJ &
authors p. 14) … Hoffere, PB 1995, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins,
Baltimore.

The industry… (Leeders et al. 1996) Leeders, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK, Mathews, PS,
Williams, A & Marriot, DL 1996, The Australian film industry,
Dominion, Adelaide.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 9

 Books An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list

Book with no As shown in Networking Essential Networking essential plus, 2000, 3rd edn, Microsoft Press, Redmond.
author Plus (2000), …

Book with no This has been emphasized by Seah Seah, R n.d., Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond.
date (n.d.) when… .

Electronic Gottshalk and Solli-sather (2006) Gottschalk, P & Solli-saether, H 2006, Managing successful IT
book contend that… outsourcing relationship, viewed 30 July 2007,
<http://site.elibrary.com/lib/tarc/document/display.jsp?docID=100
8436&page=1>.

Translated Popularity of the novel ‘Les Enfants Cocteau, J 1961, Les enfantrs terribles, trans. R Lehmann, Penguin,
book Terribles’ increased after translation London.
(Cocteau 1961).

Second edition ...Jeremy (ed. 2001) states that... Jeremy, H (ed.) 2001, Management today, 2nd edn, Century Learning,
or later edition London.
of a book

…Walpole and Evans (eds 2001) Walpole, M & Evans, C (eds) 2001, Tax administration in the 21st
question whether century, 3rd edn, Prospect Media, St Leonards, New South Wales.

One volume of It has been implied (Einax 1995) Einax, J 1995, Chemometrics in environmental chemistry: Application,
a multi-volume that… vol. 2, Handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer, Berlin.
set of books

Chapter in an Ezhar (2001) notes that… Ezhar, T 2001, ‘Working with foreigners’, in Understanding
edited book Malaysian workforce, eds Asma Abdullah & A Low, Malaysian
Institute of Management, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 179-196.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 10

 Books An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list

Encyclopaedia Collins Cobuild English Dictionary No entry is required in the reference list because you have the name
or dictionary - (1995) defines ethics as… and date of the dictionary as an in-text citation.
with no author

Encyclopaedia Hawkins (1997, p. 128) defines ethics Hawkins, JG 1995, Kamus dwibahasa Oxford Fajar, 2nd edn, Fajar
or dictionary - as… Bakti, Kuala Lumpur, p.128.
with author

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 11

 7.2 Journal articles

Basic format for journal articles:

Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article’, Title of journal, volume number, issue number, page no.

Journal An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list

Single author Ho (2007, p. 2) argues tha … Ho, S 2007. ‘Knowledge sharing - a fear factor’, Malaysian
Management Review, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 1-22.

Two or three Bilosvalavo and Lynn (2006, p. Bilosvalavo, R & Lynn, M 2006, ‘Mission statements in Slovene
authors 774) acknowledge… enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation’,
Management Decision, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 773-788.

The impact of IT… (Li & Clifford Li, G & Clifford, N 2007, ‘When a talking computer agent is half human
2007, p. 163). and half humanoid’, Human Communication Research, vol. 33, no. 2,
pp. 163-193.

More than four 2nd citation onwards George, B, Sims, P, Mclean, AN & Mayer, D 2007, ‘Discovering your
authors George et al. (2007) claim that… authentic leadership’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 129-
138.

Journal article with It is a growing problem in the UK ‘Anorexia nervosa’ 1969, British Medical Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp.
no author (‘Anorexia Nervosa’ p. 530)… 529-536.

Journal article from …and this has been established by Eisend, M & Schucherta, P 2006, ‘Explaining counterfeit purchases: A
an electronic Eisend and Schucherta (2006). review and preview’, Academy of Marketing Service, vol. 2006, no. 2,
journal using viewed 31 July 2007,
electronic database <http://www.amsreview.org/articles/eisend12-2006pdf>.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 12

 7.3 Electronic publications

Basic format for electronic publications:

Author’s family name, Initial(s) year date, Title of document or website, date viewed, <URL address in full>.

Electronic
An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list
publications

A World Wide Web The result of the test can… (Potter Potter, J 2005, The big five personality test, viewed 11 July 2007,
site 2005). <http:// www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.

Document on Harvard referencing is a format of Wikipedia 2007, ‘Harvard referencing’, viewed 23 July 2007,
World Wide Web … (Wikipedia 2007). <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/harvard_referencing>.
with no author

Electronic book Holland (2004) maintains that… Holland, M 2004, Guide to citing internet sources, 2nd edn, updated 2
November 2005, viewed 10 July 2007,
<http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_inter
net_source.html>.

Electronic thesis Crain (2000) postulates that… Crain, J 2000, ‘The effects of a formal induction program on newly hired
teachers’ perceptions on self-efficacy’, Department of Teaching and
Leadership, PhD thesis, University of Kansas, viewed 30 July 2007, UMI
Proquest Dissertation ATT990068,
<http://proquest.umi.com.newdc.oum.edu.my/pqdweb?index=1&did=
728423791&TS=1185859215&clientId=56581>.

Media releases on Ong (2007) notes that sustainable Ong, KT (Minister of Housing and Local Government) 2007, Sustainable
the World Wide living… living in Malaysia, media release, 16 June, Ministry of Housing and Local
Web Government, Kuala Lumpur, viewed 30 July 2007,
<http://aplikasi.kpkt.gov. my/ucapan.nsf>.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 13

 Electronic
An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list
publications

Discussion lists or Marsh (2007) postulates that… Marsh, A <marsha@gmail.com> 2007, ‘Time management’, list server,
newsgroups 28 March, Google Recreational Gardens, viewed 30 July 2007,
<http://groups.google.com/group/rec.gardens/browse_thread/thread
/e0ec899/2956944565b8e75c#2956944565b8e75c>.

Email Amir confirmed this by email on 1 Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal
July 2007… email messages are not included in a reference list.

Computer A programme was developed… MathWorks 2001, MATLAB, ver. 6, computer programme, The
programme (MathWorks 2001). MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 14

 7.4 Special publications and materials

Basic format:
Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of item, description of item, Publisher, Place of publication.

Special publications
An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list
and materials

Conference paper It has been shown (Chang 2003) Chang, CC 2003, ‘Malaysia’s outline perspective plan towards
that… prosperity in the trend of globalisation’, in Proceedings of the Seventh
World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention, 21-26 July 2003, Sunway
Resort, Petaling Jaya, The Associated Chinese Chambers of
Chang (2003) contends that… Commerce and Industry of Malaysia, ACCIM, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 28-
38.

Newspaper article As Fernandez (2007) notes in his Fernandez, T 2007, ‘I didn’t make any threats: Kayveas’, Sun 31 July,
with author articles, … p. 2.
Note: ‘The’ in the English language newspaper titles is omitted.

Newspaper article …in the Sun (31 July 2007, p. 3). Sun 2007, ‘Master plan boost for northern corridor’, 31 July, p. 3.
with no author

Publication from a The plans include… (UNESCO UNESCO 1995, General information programme and UNISIST,
corporate body 1995). UNESCO, Paris.

Genting Berhad 2007, Genting Berhad annual report 2006, Genting

Berhad, Kuala Lumpur.

Government article The strategic approaches include… Ministry of Agriculture 1998, The third national agriculture policy,
(Ministry of Agriculture 1998). Ministry of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 15

Special publications
An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list
and materials

Patent Tadayuki, Kazuhsia and Atushi Tadayuki, O, Kazuhsia, Y & Atsushi, N 1999, Hard butter composition
(1999) show that… and its production, Japanese Patent 99-78710.

Video or television The process involves three stages… Mild steel with low current 1987, video recording, MIG Welding
recording (Mild steel with low curren, 1987). Institute, Cambridge, 5 January.

Pamphlet or TAR College’s philosophy is… (TAR TAR College Prospectus 2007/2008 2007, Tunku Abdul Rahman
brochure College Prospectus 2007/2008 College, Kuala Lumpur.
2007).

Audio cassette The original broadcast (War of the War of the worlds 1999, Mercury Theatre on the air, audio CD, Radio
Worlds 1999) in 1938 is said to Spirits, ASIN: B00002R145.
have caused mass panic amongst
listeners.

CD ROMs and DVDs Hawkings (1994) states that… Hawking, SW 1994, A brief history of time: An interactive adventure,
CD-ROM, London, Crunch Media.

Standard The standards set by SIRIM (2003) SIRIM 2003, Code of practices for access of disabled persons outside
states that … buildings (MS13311:2003), SIRIM Berhad, Shah Alam:

Personal It has been confirmed by Seow Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal
communication (2007, pers. comm. 10 July) that email messages are not included in a reference list.
this practice….

Thesis Lee (1995) recommends that … Lee, CW 1995, ‘Characteristics of rubber products for mining
applications’, Unpublished final year advanced diploma project,
Tunku Abdul Rahman College.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 16

Special publications
An example of citation in the text The entry in the reference list
and materials

Document on Ball, Lee, Phan and Ra (2001) Ball, K, Lee, YH, Phan, O & Ra, YS 2001, Adult retraining and reskilling
microfiche suggest that… in Australia and South Korea, microfiche, National Centre for
Vocational Education Research, Leabrook, Australia, Korea Research
Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Seoul, ED451368.

Acts of Parliament The Service Tax (Amendments) Service Tax (Amendments) 2002.
(2000) states that …

Industrial Relations Act 1967.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 17

7.5 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Here are some of the FAQs on referencing.

Question 1
If I read a book or a journal article by one author (Author 1) and he
mentions an idea by another author (Author 2), whose idea do I refer
to? How do I reference that?

You must mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your in-text
citations; and in your reference list, you only need to list the item you have
read, that is Author 1.

For example, if you read about an idea by Lim (Author 2) in a book by

Saunders (Author 1), you need to mention both the authors in your in-text
citations. Your in-text citations would appear as:

Lim (Saunders 2003, p. 71) states that … or

Lim’s study (cited in Saunders 2003, p. 71) indicates that … or
Saunders (2003, p. 71), in reporting Lim’s study, emphasized the aspect …

In the reference list, you list only Saunders’ (the source you read) and not
Lim’s (whose idea you only read about in Saunders’).

Question 2
How do I cite the authors’ names if they have the same family name in
the reference list? How do I show in my in-text reference which idea
belongs to which author?

You distinguish between the two authors in your assignment by adding

their initials to the in-text reference (which usually only has the family
name and date).

For example:

The theory was first suggested in 1970 (Johnson, HT 1971) but since then,
many researchers, including DE Johnson (2001), have rejected the idea.

Question 3
How do I cite an author who has written more than one work in the
same year? How do I show which idea comes from which reference?

You put a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the year or date and
keep these letters in your reference list as well.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 18

For example:

In a recent publication, Bart (2004b) argued that mission statements of

most organization are underutilised and most organization had jumped
on the bandwagon of creating mission statements without knowing the
true purpose of the statement (Bart 2004a).

The order of sequence in which you attach the letters is based on the
alphabetical order of the title of the work by the author.

Question 4
How do I cite information from my lectures, tutorials or study guides?

You do NOT cite your lectures, tutorials or study guides as sources unless
your lecturer has particularly said this is acceptable. This is because
lectures, tutorials and study guides are intended to give you an
introduction to a topic. In assignments where you undertake research, you
are expected to read widely and identify for yourself the main ideas that
are relevant from various sources. In addition, oral communication is not
generally referenced. Your lecturers and tutors do not reference their
comments. If you cite them as your source of an idea, it could be
inaccurate, possibly even plagiarism, because the lecturers might be
referring to someone else’s idea, not one of their own.

Question 5
What if I cannot find the author or a date in a website?

 When there is no name on a webpage, look for a sponsoring body like

an organisation or a government department responsible for the
information.
 Where there is no sponsoring body, use the title of the article or
document on the screen as the ‘author’.
 Where there is no date, use ‘n.d.’ (no date).

If a resource has no author and no date, you need to consider whether it is

a suitable source for academic work, as your work will suffer from lack of
credibility.

Question 6
How do I reference a graph or a figure that I copy or adapt?

A basic principle of Harvard referencing is providing the author and date

as an in-text reference. This also applies when you use other people’s

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 19

pictures, graphs or figures. You also need to make it clear if you have
adapted the picture or graph for your own purposes.

For example:

The Process

(AACSB 2006, p. 6)

Question 7
How do I cite Malaysian or Asian names?

You will need to be aware of the various ways to cite Asian names. For
Chinese and Japanese names, use the writers’ family names when you are
citing them in your text. As for your reference list, put the writers’ family
names first followed by their initials.

For example:

Full name In-text Reference List

citation
Chinese Name Sheng (2003) Sheng, YL 2003, The Chinese
Sheng Ye Lin dilemma, East West Ltd, New South
Wales.
Japanese Kimbara Kimbara, T 2007, The digital
Name (2007) collapse, Penguin, London.
Tatsyo
Kimbara

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 20

However, for Malay and Indian names, use the writers’ full names in both
the in-text citation and reference list.

For example:

Full name In-text Reference List

citation
Malay Name Mahathir Mahathir Mohammad 1982, The
Mahathir Mohammad Malay dilemma, Federal
Mohammad (1982) Publications, Petaling Jaya.

Indian Name Bala Bala Ramasamy 2003, ‘FDI and

Bala Ramasamy uncertainty: The Malaysian case
Ramasamy (2004) study’, Journal of Asia Pacific
Economy, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 75-79.

For names of other Asian writers such as Thai names, Cambodian names,
etc., you need to find out how other writers within your academic world
cite these names. Always refer to current journals or publications to see
how these Asian names are cited. If you are still unsure about this, refer
to various referencing guides which are available online.

Question 8
In the reference list, do I separate the various sources of references
that I have used in my in-text citations?

All references that you have referred to in your assignment or project

should be arranged in alphabetical order in one list with NO separation of
the sources into categories like books, journals, etc.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 21

 REFERENCES

Curtin University Library 2007, Harvard referencing, viewed 4 July 2007,

<http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/harvard.pdf>.

Fisher, D & Hanstock, T 1998, Citing references, Balckwell’s Bookshops,

Nottingham.

Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2005, Research methods for business

students, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow.

University of Bournemouth 2005, Citing references, viewed 4 July 2007,

<http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/
docs/Citing_Refs.pdf>.

University of South Australia 2006, Referencing using the Harvard author-date

system, viewed 4 July 2007, <http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/
learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvardreferencing.p
df>.

TAR University College Harvard Referencing System 22