CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project has been carried

out by the student bearing the Roll NO________ of
class 12 ,Ramakrishna mission vidyapith, deoghar
towards the partial fulfillment of the chemistry
practical examination ,AISSCE 2018-2019
conducted by the CBSE. the project has been
conducted by the CBSE. the project has been
guidance of the undersigned.

_____________ ________________
TEACHER EXTERNAL
EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am also grateful to the revered secretary Maharaj
who encouraged me during the conduct of this
project.
I am thankful to our chief warden and our teacher
SHRI Shyamal Kumar Nandi and SHRI Gaurav
Dutta for their valuable guidance.
I am also thankful to our lab in charge SHRI Tara
Chand for providing the necessary requirements
and for his guidance.

Introduction

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) : In 1831 Michael Faraday

discovered the effect called “Electromagnetic Induction” just
converse to the magnetic effect of electric current.
When a coil made of copper wire is placed inside a magnetic
field, magnetic flux is linked with the coil. Faraday found that
when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed, an
electric current starts flowing in the coil, provided the coil is
closed one. The current and e.m.f. so produced are called
induced current and induced e.m.f. The induced current and the
e.m.f. in the coil last only so long as the magnetic flux linked
with the coil keeps on changing.

Thus electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of

production of electric current (or e.m.f.) in a coil when the
magnetic flux linked with the coil is changed.

Faraday’s ExpErimEnt

The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the

discovery of the electromagnetic induction.

When the strength of magnetic field is varied :

Consider two coil P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is
connected with galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When
tapping key is pressed and when it is released galvanometer
shows deflection showing the presence of induced current.

Explanation : When the tapping key is pressed then

magnetic flux linked with the coil S changed because of increase
in magnetic field of coil P and induced current is produced and
when it is released magnetic flux is again changed and induced
current is produced. But when the tapping key is kept pressed
then the magnetic flux linked with coil do not changed and
induced current do not produce so galvanometer shows no
deflection.

Faraday’s Laws oF ELEctromagnEtic induction :

The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic

induction are known as “Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction”. These are stated as below :
1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire
or a coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced e.m.f.
is produced.

2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic

flux continuous.

3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the

rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

LEnz’s ruLE :

Lenz’s rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of

induced current produced in the circuit.Lenz’s law states that the
induced current produced in a circuit always flows in such a
direction that it opposes the change or cause that produce it. Let
us now apply Lenz’s law to find the direction of flow of induced
current in the circuit.

On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise

direction and magnetic lines of force are directed from left to
right. Then magnetic flux linked with the coil S changed. The
direction of induced current should be such that it should oppose
the direction of flow of magnetic field lines. So induced current
in the coil S is in the direction opposite to the magnetic field in
P. Hence, direction of induced current in coil S is from right to
left. So induced current in coil S should flow in anticlockwise
direction.

Expression for Motional e.m.f. :

Consider that a uniform magnetic field B confined to the region

PQRS and a coil ABCD is placed inside the magnetic field. The
direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the
coil and in inward direction.

Consider that at any time t, the part BA’ = CD’ = x(say) of the
coil inside the magnetic field. If l is the length of the arm BC of
the coil, then area of coil inside the magnetic field at any time t.

A = BCX CD’ = lx

Therefore magnetic flux linked with the coil at any time t.

f = BA = Blx
Suppose that the coil is pulled out of the magnetic field with
velocity n. As the coil is pulled out magnetic flux linked with
the coil changes. The time rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with the coil is given by

If e is induced e.m.f. produced, then

e = -Bln

The negative sign shows that induced e.m.f. opposes to the coil
being pulled out of magnetic field.

Mutual Induction :

Consider two coil P and S are placed very close to each other.
Coil P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of
galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed then
magnetic flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it
opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S are
very close to each other. So magnetic flux also changed in coil S
and induced current is produced which opposes the direction of
flow of magnetic lines of force in coil P.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is

produced in a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic
flux linked with a neighboring coil is called mutual induction.

Coefficient of Mutual Induction :

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and f be the

magnetic flux linked with coil S

faI

f = MI

M = Coefficient of mutual induction.

Let e be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.

e= – (-ive sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)

M=e/
The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a
rate of change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil
induces an e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring coil.

Self Induction

Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When

key K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through
it and induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f. is
opposite to that of growth of current. On the other hand when
key is released the current in the coil decreases and e.m.f. is
produced in opposite direction. Thus during both growth and
decay of current an opposite induced e.m.f. is produced. This
e.m.f. is called back e.m.f.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced e.m.f.

is produced in the coil as a result of change in current or
magnetic flux linked with the coil is called self induction.

Coefficient of Self Induction :

Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil
and magnetic flux f linked with the coil.

faI

f = MI

L is called coefficient of self induction.

Let e be the induced e.m.f.

e=

e= (-ive sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.)

M=e/

Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of

change of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of
one volt.

Eddy Currents :
Eddy currents are the currents induced in a conductor, when
placed in a changing magnetic field. They are also known as
Focaults Currents.

Following experiment explain the origin of eddy currents.

Introduce a soft iron core inside a solenoid and connect it to the
source of alternating current. Place a metallic disk over soft iron
core.

Explanation : When the circuit is switched on the current

starts growing and hence magnetic flux linked with disk also
increases. Thus disk is converted to small magnet. If soft iron’s
upper face acquires north polarity. Then metallic disk’s lower
surface acquires north polarity and due to repulsive force
metallic disk placed over soft iron core is thrown up into the air.

Application of Eddy Currents :

1. Dead Beat Galvanometers :

The oscillation of a moving coil galvanometer generally take a

long time to die out. But by winding its coil on a metallic frame
made of copper or aluminium the galvanometer can be made
dead beat. It is because, due to production of eddy currents in a
metallic frame. The coil of galvanometer comes to rest very
soon.

2. Speedometer :

In speedometer, a small magnet is geared to the main shaft of

the vehicle. The magnet is mounted in an aluminium cylinder
with the help of hair springs. Due to rotation of magnet eddy
currents are produced which led the drum to oppose the motion
of relating magnet drum experience torque and gets deflected at
certain angle.

3. Electric Brakes :

A metallic drum is coupled to the wheels of train ; so that when

train rotates drum also rotates. In order to stop the train magnetic
field is applied to rotating drum. The eddy currents produced
oppose the motion of drum. Since drum is connected to wheels
of train, it comes to halt.
Bibliography

1. www.yahoo.com
2. www.google.com
3. www.live.com
4. www.rediffmail.com