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PAGE GATE 2017 [Forenoon (Set - 1)]
1 Electronics & Communication Engg.
.Technical Part.
Question 1
In a digital communication system, the overall pulse shape p(t) at the receiver before the sampler has the
Fourier transform P(f ). If the symbols are transmitted at the rate of 2000 symbols per second, for which
of the following cases is the inter symbol interference zero?
(A) P( f ) (B) P( f )
1 1
f (kHz) f (kHz)
–1.2 0 1.2 –1.2 – 0.8 0 0.8 1.2
(C) P( f ) (D) P( f )
1 1
f (kHz) f (kHz)
–1.2 –1 0 1 1.2 –1.2 0 1.2
Ans. (B)
Sol. For zero ISI from Nyquist pulse shaping theorem, the pulse shaping criterion can be stated as :
m
The sum of all the individual pulse spectrum always adds upto a constant at each sampling instants
Ts

 m
 P f  T   Constant or Ts
m   s 
P( f )
f (kHz)
-1.2 -0.8 0 0.8 1.2
æ 1ö
Pç f- ÷
è Ts ø
f (kHz)
0 0.8 1.2 2.8 3.2
æ 1ö
Pç f + ÷
è Ts ø
f (kHz)
-3.2 -2.8 -1.2 -0.8 0
æ 1ö æ 1ö
P ( f )+ P ç f - ÷ + P ç f + ÷
è Ts ø è Ts ø
f (kHz)
Since, only option B results in complete flat band.

Hence, the correct option is (B).
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Question 2
Consider the D-Latch shown in the figure, which is transparent when its clock input CK is high and has
zero propagation delay. In the figure, the clock signal CLK1 has a 50% duty cycle and CLK2 is a one-
fifth period delayed version of CLK1. The duty cycle at the output of the latch in percentage is______.
TCLK
CLK1 D Q Output
CLK1
D-Latch
CLK2 CK
TCLK /5
CLK2
Ans. 30
Sol. Given :
TCLK
CLK1 D Q Output
CLK1
D-Latch
CLK2 CK
TCLK /5
CLK2
D flip-flop is positive edge triggered flip-flop.
Truth table of D-FF
TCLK
CLK D Q
D
0 0 0
0 1 0 CLK2
1 0 0
1 1 1 Output
TCLK /5
TCLK TCK 5T  2T 3T
For Q, TON    
2 5 10 10
TCLK TCK 7T
TOFF   
2 5 10
TON TON
% Duty cycle of Q    100%
T TON  TOFF
3T
( D )Q  10 100%  30%
3T 7T

10 10
Hence, the correct answer is 30.
Question 3
The open loop transfer function
( s  1)
G ( s)  p
s ( s  2) ( s  3)
where p is an integer, is connected in unity feedback configuration as shown in the figure.
G (s)
Given that the steady state error is zero for unit step input and is 6 for unit ramp input, the value of the
parameter p is_____________.
Ans. 1
( s  1)
Sol. Given : G ( s)  p
s ( s  2) ( s  3)
ess unit step input
0
ess unit ramp input

6
For step input :
1
ess  0  kP  
1  kP
k P  lim G ( s ) H ( s )
s 0
( s  1)
k P  lim 
s 0 s ( s  3) ( s  2)
P
1
k P  lim   P0
s 0 6  s P
For ramp input :

1 1
ess  6  kV 
kV 6
1
kV  lim sG ( s ) H ( s ) 
s 0 6
( s  1) 1
lim s  
s 0 s ( s  3) ( s  2) 6
P
1 1
lim 
  P 1
s 0 6  s P 1
6
 Key Point :
For Type 1 system, steady state error is finite when ramp input is applied to the system.
Question 4
5 10 10 
The rank of the matrix M  1 0 2  is
3 6 6 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Ans. (C)
5 10 10 
Sol. Given : M  1 0 2 
3 6 6 
Applying elementary transformation
R2  5R2  R1 and R3  5R3  3R1
 5 10 10 
M   0 10 0 
 0 0 0 
So rank of above matrix is 2 as there are two non-zero rows.
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 5
Three fair cubical dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability that all three dice have the same number
of dots on the faces showing up is (up to third decimal place) ____________.
Ans. 0.027
Sol. Three cubical dice are thrown simultaneously, so, number of sample space is n( S )  63  216.
Favourable outcome is that all dice should get same number. So, number of favourable outcomes is
n(A) = 6 i.e. 1,1,1 ,  2, 2, 2  ,  3,3,3 4, 4, 4  ,  5,5,5  ,  6, 6, 6 
No. of favourable outcomes
So probability of event =
No.of sample space
n( A) 6 1
P ( A)     0.027
n( S ) 216 36
Hence, the correct answer is 0.027.
Question 6
In the latch circuit shown, the NAND gates have non-zero, but unequal propagation delays. The present
input condition is : P = Q = ‘0’. If the input condition is changed simultaneously to P = Q = ‘1’, the outputs
X and Y are
P
X
Y
Q
(A) X = ‘1’, Y = ‘1’ (B) Either X = ‘1’, Y = ‘0’ or X = ‘0’, Y = ‘1’

(C) Either X = ‘1’, Y = ‘1’ or X = ‘0’, Y = ‘0’ (D) X = ‘0’, Y = ‘0’
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : The latch circuit is shown below.
P
X
Y
Q
If P  Q  0 , the latch will have output

X  Y 1
Let, the input be changed to P  Q  1
0 1
N1 1
1
1
N2 1
0 1
Past Present
Input Input
Let, propagation delay of past output N1 be less than that of N 2

Hence, output of N1 changes before output of N 2 can change.
1
N1 0= X
1
0
N2 1=Y
1 Present
Present Output
Input
Hence, X  0 and Y  1
Similarly, if propagation delay of N 2 is less
We get X  1 and Y  0
Question 7
Consider the following statements about the linear dependence of the real valued functions y1  1, y2  x
and y3  x 2 , over the field of real numbers.
I. y1 , y2 and y3 are linearly independent on 1  x  0
II. y1 , y2 and y3 are linearly dependent on 0  x  1
III. y1 , y2 and y3 are linearly independent on 0  x  1
IV. y1 , y2 and y3 are linearly dependent on 1  x  0
Which one among the following is correct?
(A) Both I and II are true (B) Both I and III are true
(C) Both II and IV are true (D) Both III and IV are true
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : y1  1, y2  x, y3  x 2
From Wronskian’s matrix,
f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x )
If W  f '( x) g '( x) h '( x)  0
f ''( x) g ''( x ) h ''( x)
then functions are linearly dependent.
Here f ( x)  1, g ( x)  x, h( x)  x 2
1 x x2
W  0 1 2x  2
0 0 2
W 0
So functions are linearly independent.
 Statement (I) & (III) are correct
Question 8
Which of the following can be the pole-zero configuration of a phase-lag controller (lag compensator)?
(A) jw (B) jw
s s
(C) jw (D) jw
s s
Zero - Pole -
Ans. (A)
Sol. Phase lag compensator :
For this compensator, pole is more close to origin as compare to zero. And it contain only one pole and
one zero.
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Question 9
A bar of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) is doped with Silicon such that the Silicon atoms occupy Gallium and
Arsenic sites in the GaAs crystal. Which one of the following statements is true?
(A) Silicon atoms act as p-type dopants in Arsenic sites and n-type dopants in Gallium sites
(B) Silicon atoms act as n-type dopants in Arsenic sites and p-type dopants in Gallium sites
(C) Silicon atoms act as p-type dopants in Arsenic as well as Gallium sites
(D) Silicon atoms act as n-type dopants in Arsenic as well as Gallium sites
Ans. (A)
Sol. Valency of Ga  3
Valency of As  5
Valency of Si  4
In GaAs crystal every As atom will form 5 bond with Ga atom and every Ga atom will form 3 bond with
As atom.
Replacement of by Si atom in GaAs :
In this case Si atom will form bond with Ga atom during formation of bond, four electron of Si will form
bond with four neighboring Ga atom, but Si atom will not be able to form bond with fifth Ga atom hence
hole will become in existence in crystal therefore crystal become P-type and Si will behave as acceptor.
Replacement of Ga atom by Si atom in GaAs :
In this case Si atom will form bond with As atom during formation of bond, three electron of Si will form
bond but fourth electron of Si will not participate. Fourth electron becomes free to move with in crystal,
therefore crystal will start to behave as an N-type crystal and Si atom will start to behave as a donor atom.
Question 10
The Miller effect in the context of a Common Emitter amplifier explains
(A) an increase in the low-frequency cutoff frequency
(B) an increase in the high-frequency cutoff frequency
(C) a decrease in the low-frequency cutoff frequency
(D) a decrease in the high-frequency cutoff frequency
Ans. (D)
Sol. Small signal equivalent circuit is shown below,
Cm
B C
rp Cp g mVp RC RL
Due to the miller effect C is not neglected hence by considering miller effect above circuit can be
redrawn as shown below,
B C
rp Cp CM g mVp RC RL
Where CM  C 1  g m  RC RL  
Hence overall input capacitance is given by,
C j  C  C M
Hence due to miller effect input capacitance increases.
Now cut-off frequency is given by,
1
f3dB 
Cj
Because due to miller effect C j increases hence f3dB will decrease.
Hence, the correct option is (D)
Question 11
The clock frequency of an 8085 microprocessor is 5 MHz. If the time required to execute an instruction
is 1.4 s, then the number of T-states needed for executing the instruction is
(A) 1 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : Clock frequency of microprocessor 8085 is 5 MHz.
Total time required for instruction is 1.4  sec .
1
So, time period of each clock cycle or duration of one T-state   0.2  sec
5 MHz
So, number of possible T-states or number of clock cycles
Total time required for instruction 1.4  sec
  7
Duration of one T-state 0.2  sec
Question 12
Consider the following statements for continuous-time linear time invariant (LTI) systems.
I. There is no bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stable system with a pole in the right half of the
complex plane.
II. There is no causal and BIBO stable system with a pole in the right half of the complex
plane.
Which one among the following is correct?

(A) Both I and II are true (B) Both I and II are not true
(C) Only I is true (D) Only II is true
Ans. (D)
Sol. Statement II : There is no causal and BIBO stable system with a pole in the right half of the complex
plane.
Since, we know that for a causal system to be stable all poles must lie on left half of the complex plane.
Hence, there is no causal and stable system with a pole in right half of complex plane.
Hence, Statement II is true.
Statement I : There is no bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stable system with a pole in the right
half of the complex plane
1
Consider a system with one right half pole H ( s) 
s2
If the system is anti-causal h(t )   e2t u (t )

Hence, 

h(t ) dt  
Hence, an anti-causal system is stable with pole on right half of complex plane.
Hence, Statement I is false.
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Question 13
For the operational amplifier circuit shown, the output saturation voltages are ± 15 V. The upper and lower
threshold voltages for the circuit are, respectively.
–
Vout
Vin +
10 kW
5 kW
+ 3V
–
(A) + 5 V and  5 V (B) + 7 V and  3V (C) 3V and  7 V (D) +3 V and  3V

Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : Vsat   15 V,  Vsat  15 V
–
Vout
Vin +
10 kW
Vf
5 kW
+ 3V
–
(i) Calculation of upper threshold voltage (VUT ) :

If V0  Vsat  15 V
then V f  VUT
Upper threshold voltage is given by,
Vref  2 V0  1 3  2 15 1
VUT    
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
6 15
VUT    7 V
3 3
(ii) Calculation of lower threshold voltage (VLT ) :
If V0  Vsat  15 V
then V f  VLT
Lower threshold voltage is given by,
Vref  2 V0  1 3  2 15  1
VLT    
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
6 15
VLT     3 V
3 3
Question 14
The voltage of an electromagnetic wave propagating in a coaxial cable with uniform characteristic
impedance is V (l )  e l  jt Volts, where l is the distance along the length of the cable in metres.
  (0.1  j 40) m 1 is the complex propagation constant, and   2109 rad/s is the angular frequency.
The absolute value of the attenuation in the cable in dB/metre is __________ .
Ans. 0.868
Sol. Propagation constant is given by,
    j   0.1  j 40  m 1
Np rad
  0.1 ,   40
m m
We know that,
1Np  8.686 dB
dB
So, attenuation in the cable (in dB/m)  0.1 8.686  0.868
m
Question 15
Which one of the following statements about differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is true?
(A) The sum of message signal sample with its prediction is quantized
(B) The message signal sample is directly quantized, and its prediction is not used
(C) The difference of message signal sample and a random signal is quantized
(D) The difference of message signal sample with its prediction is quantized
Ans. (D)
Sol. Transmitter of DPCM :
Figure shows the transmitter of Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) system. The sampled
signal is denoted by x(nTs ) and the predicted signal is denoted by xˆ (nTs ) . The comparator find out the
difference between the actual sample value x(nTs ) and predicted sample value xˆ (nTs ) . This is known as
prediction error and it is denoted by e(nTs ) . It can be defined as,
e(nTs )  x(nTs )  xˆ (nTs ) ….. (i)
Sampled
signal + e(nTs ) eq (nTs )
Quantizer Encoder DPCM
x(nTs ) – signal
xˆ(nTs )
+
Prediction
ﬁlter xq (nTs )
Fig. : A Differential pulse code modulation transmitter
Thus, error is the difference between unquantized input sample x(nTs ) and prediction of it i.e. xˆ (nTs ) .
The predicted value is produced by using a prediction filter. The quantizer output signal eq (nTs ) and
previous prediction is added and given as input to the prediction filter. This signal is called xq (nTs ) . This
makes the prediction more and more close to the actual sampled signal. The quantized error signal eq (nTs )
is very small and can be encoded by using small number of bits. Thus number of bits per sample are
reduced in DPCM.
The quantizer output can be written as,
eq (nTs )  e(nTs )  q (nTs ) ….. (ii)
Here, q(nTs ) is the quantization error. As shown in figure 1, the prediction filter input xq (nTs ) is obtained
by sum of xˆ (nTs ) and quantizer output eq (nTs ) i.e.
xq (nTs )  xˆ (nTs )  eq (nTs ) ….. (iii)
Substituting the value of eq (nTs ) from equation (ii) in the above equation, we get
xq (nTs )  xˆ (nTs )  e(nTs )  q(nTs ) …... (iv)
Equation (i) is written as,
e(nTs )  x(nTs )  xˆ (nTs )
 e(nTs )  xˆ (nTs )  x(nTs ) …… (v)
Therefore, substituting the value of e(nTs )  xˆ (nTs ) from above equation into equation (iv), we get,
xq (nTs )  x(nTs )  q(nTs ) …… (vi)
Question 16
Consider a wireless communication link between a transmitter and a receiver located in free space, with
finite and strictly positive capacity. If the effective areas of the transmitter and the receiver antennas, and
the distance between them are all doubled, and everything else remains unchanged, the maximum capacity
of the wireless link
(A) increases by a factor of 2 (B) decreases by a factor of 2
(C) remains unchanged (D) decreases by a factor of 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Capacity of wireless link is given by,
 P 
C  B log 2 1  R2  C
  
PA A
PR  T eT2 eR
d
Where AeT = Effective area of transmitter
AeR  Effective area of receiver
AeT'  2 AeT
'
AeR  2 AeR
d '  2d
P A' A'
PR'  T eT 2 eR
(d ')
P  2 AeT  2 AeR PT AeT  AeR
PR'  T 
 2d  d 
2 2
PR'  PR
Since received power does not change. So, capacity of wireless link will not change.
Question 17
A periodic signal x(t) has a trigonometric Fourier series expansion

x(t )  a0   (an cos n0t  bn sin n0t )
n 1
  
If x(t )   x( t )   x  t   , we can conclude that
 0 
(A) an are zero for all n and bn are zero for n even
(B) an are zero for all n and bn are zero for n odd
(C) an are zero for n even and bn are zero for n odd
(D) an are zero for n odd and bn are zero for n even
Ans. (A)

Sol. x(t )  a0   (an cos n0t  bn sin n0t ) …. (i)
n 1
    T 
 x(t )   x(t )   x  t     x  t  0  …. (ii)
 0   2
Hence from equation (ii), it is clear that x(t ) is odd half wave symmetrical signal.
Because x(t ) is odd, hence coefficient of cosine term i.e. an will be zero.
Because x(t ) has half wave symmetry, hence only odd harmonic of bn will exist.
Question 18
An n+-n Silicon device is fabricated with uniform and non-degenerate donor doping concentrations of
N D1  1 1018 cm 3 and N D 2  1 1015 cm 3 corresponding to the n  and n regions respectively. At the
operational temperature T, assume complete impurity ionization, kT /q  25 mV, and intrinsic carrier
concentration to be ni  1 1010 cm 3 . What is the magnitude of the built-in potential of this device?
(A) 0.748 V (B) 0.460 V (C) 0.288 V (D) 0.173 V
Ans. (D)
kT
Sol. Given : N D1  1018 / cm3 , N D2  1015 /cm3 ,  25mV and ni  11010 /cm3
q
Built in voltage is given by,
 ND 
Vbi  VT ln  1 
 ND
 2 
 1018 
Vbi  25  103 ln  15   0.173 V
 10 
Question 19
For a narrow base PNP BJT, the excess minority carrier concentrations ( nE for emitter, pB for
base, nC for collector) normalized to equilibrium minority carrier concentrations ( nE 0 for emitter pB 0
for base, nC 0 for collector) in the quasi-neutral emitter, base and collector regions are shown below. Which
one of the following biasing modes is the transistor operating in?
5
10
DpB
Carrier Concentration
pB 0
Normalized Excess
DnC
nC 0
0
DnE
-1
nE 0
Emitter (P) Base (N) Collector (P)
X and Y axes are not to scale
(A) Forward active (B) Saturation (C) Inverse active (D) Cutoff
Ans. (C)
Sol. Figure shows the minority carrier distribution in the pnp transistor for the inverse-active mode. In this
case, the B-E junction is reverse biased and the B-C junction is forward biased. Electrons from the
collector are now injected into the base. The gradient in the minority carrier electron concentration in the
base is in the opposite direction compared with the forward-active mode, so the emitter and collector
currents will change direction.
Question 20
A good transconductance amplifier should have
(A) High input resistance and low output resistance
(B) Low input resistance and high output resistance
(C) High input and output resistances
(D) Low input and output resistances
Ans. (C)
Sol. Transconductance of an amplifier is defined as,
I Output current
Gm  0 
Vi Input voltage
A transconductance amplifier is shown below,
RS I0 IL
Vs Vi Ri GmVi R0 RL
For ideal transconductance amplifier,

Vi  VS
Hence, Ri should be infinite.
and I0  I L
Hence R0 should be infinite.
Table :
Ideal amplifiers Zi Z0
Voltage amplifier  0
Trans-resistance amplifier 0 0
Trans-conductance amplifier  
Current amplifier 0 

Question 21
Consider the 5  5 matrix
1 2 3 4 5
5 1 2 3 4 

A  4 5 1 2 3
 
3 4 5 1 2
 2
3 4 5 1 
It is given that A has only one real eigenvalue. Then the real eigenvalue of A is
(A)  2.5 (B) 0 (C) 15 (D) 25
Ans. (C)
1 2 3 4 5
5 1 2 3 4 

Sol. Given : A  4 5 1 2 3
 
3 4 5 1 2
 2 3 4 5 1 
 A  I  X   0
 A   X     X 
a 
b 
Let    
X 
c
 
d 
1 2 3 4 5  a  a
5 1 2 3 4   b  b 
  
 4 5 1 2 3  c     c 
    
3 4 5 1 2 d  d 
 2 3 4 5 1   e   e 
a  2b  3c  4d  5e  a …(i)
5a  b  2c  3d  4e  b …(ii)
4a  5b  c  2d  3e  c …(iii)
3a  4b  5c  d  2e  d …(iv)
2a  3b  4c  5d  e  e …(v)
By adding equation (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v),
15(a  b  c  d  e)  (a  b  c  d  e)
  15
Question 22
Consider a stable system with transfer function
s p  b1s p 1    bp
G(s)  q
s  a1s q 1    aq
where b1 ,...., bp and a1 ,...., aq are real valued constants. The slope of the Bode log magnitude curve of
G(s) converges to – 60 dB/decade as    . A possible pair of values for p and q is
(A) p  0 and q  3 (B) p  1 and q  7 (C) p  2 and q  3 (D) p  3 and q  5
Ans. (A)
s p  b s p 1    bp
Sol. Given : G ( s )  q 1 q 1
s  a1s    aq
Slope at    is 60 dB .
Slope at    is given by,
(Slope)  20(q  p) [Where q = number of poles, p = number of zeros]
For option (A), p  0, q  3
(Slope)  20(3  0)  60 dB [correctly matched with given value]
For option (B), p  1, q  7
(Slope)  20(7  1)  120 dB [does not match with given value]
For option (C), p  2, q  3
For option (D), p  3, q  5
Question 23
Consider a single input single output discrete-time system with x[n] as input and y[n] as output, where the
two are related as
 n x  n  ; for 0  n  10
y  n  
 x  n   x  n  1 ; otherwise
Which one of the following statements is true about the system?
(A) It is causal and stable (B) It is causal but not stable
(C) It is not causal but stable (D) It is neither causal nor stable
Ans. (A)
 n x ( n) ; 0  n  10
Sol. Given : y (n)  
 x(n)  x(n  1); Otherwise i.e. n  0 and n  10
For 0  n  10 : y (n)  n  x(n)
(i) Let x(n) is bounded i.e. as n  10 , x(n)  M
Where M is finite.
Then as n  10 , x(n) will approach to a finite value and hence as n  10 , then n  x(n) will go to
finite value. Hence in this interval y (n) is bounded i.e. system is stable.
(ii) Because output y (n) depends on present and past value of input, hence in this interval system is
causal.
For n  0 and n  10 :
(i) Let input x(n) is bounded.
Hence as n   , x(n) will go to a finite value and hence y (n)  [ x(n)  x(n  1)] will go to a finite
value.
Hence in this interval system is stable.
(ii) Because output y (n) depends on present and past value of input, hence system is causal.
Therefore on considering both the interval, we can say that the system is causal and stable.
Question 24
In the circuit shown, the positive angular frequency  (in radians per second) at which the magnitude of

the phase difference between the voltages V1 and V2 equals radians, is____________.
4
V2
1W 1H
100 cos wt 1W V1
Ans. 1
Sol.
V2
I 1W 1H
100 cos wt 1W V1
100 100
I 
2  jL 2  j
100
V1  I 1 
2  j
100  
V1    tan 1  
4  2 2
100  
V1  , V1   tan 1   …. (i)
4 2
2
100(1  j)
V2  I  (1  j) 
2  j
1  2  1   
V2  100   tan   tan 1   
4 2
 2 
1  2  
V2  100 , V2  tan 1   tan 1   …. (ii)
4 2
2
From equation (i) and (ii),
    
V1  V2   tan 1    tan 1   tan 1   
2 2 4

 tan 1  
4
   1 rad/sec
Question 25
Let ( X 1 , X 2 ) be independent random variables, X 1 has mean 0 and variance 1, while X 2 has mean 1 and
variance 4. The mutual information I ( X 1 ; X 2 ) between X 1 and X 2 in bits is ________.
Ans. 0
Sol. Mutual information between two random variable with joint density function f ( x, y ) is given by,
f ( x, y )
I ( X ; Y )   f ( x, y ) log dxdy
f ( x) f ( y )
Given X and Y are independent random variable,
f ( x, y )  f ( x ) f ( y )
f ( x) f ( y )
I ( X ; Y )   f ( x, y ) log dxdy
f ( x) f ( y )
I ( X ; Y )   f ( x, y ) log(1)dxdy
I ( X ;Y )  0
Question 26
The Nyquist plot of the transfer function
K
G ( s) 
( s  2s  2)( s  2)
2
does not encircle the point (–1 + j0) for K = 10 but does encircle the point (–1 + j0) for K = 100. Then the
closed loop system (having unity gain feedback) is
(A) Stable for K  10 and stable for K  100
(B) Stable for K  10 and unstable for K  100
(C) Unstable for K  10 and stable for K  100
(D) Unstable for K  10 and unstable for K  100
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
K
(i) G ( s) H ( s) 
( s  2s  2)( s  2)
2
(ii) If K is 10 Nyquist plot do not enclose 1  j 0.

(iii)If K is 100 Nyquist plot enclose 1  j 0.
Img Img
For K = 10 For K = 100
(-1, 0)
w=¥ Re w=¥ Re
(-1, 0) w=0 w=0
Clockwise
encirclement
N=–2
Fig. (i) Fig. (ii)

Number of encirclement about critical point (1  j 0) in anti-clock wise is given by,
N  PZ ...(i)
Where, P = Number of open loop poles in right half of s-plane
Z = Number of closed loop poles in right half of s-plane
For the system to be stable : Z = 0
From figure (i),
N 0
s3  4s 2  6s  4  0
Routh Tabulation :
s3 1 6
s2 4 4
s1 5 0
s0 4
In the above Routh table, there is no sign change in first column. So there is no pole lie in right half of s-
plane.
So, P0
From equation (i), we get
0  0Z
Z 0 [system is stable]
From figure (ii),
N  2
2  0  Z
Z 2 [system is unstable]
Question 27
A finite state machine (FSM) is implemented using the D flip-flops A and B, and logic gates, as shown in
the figure below. The four possible states of the FSM are QAQB = 00, 01, 10 and 11.
QA
D Q D Q QB
A X IN B
CK Q CK Q
CLK
Assume that X IN is held at a constant logic level throughout the operation of the FSM. When the FSM is
initialized to the state QAQB = 00 and clocked, after a few clock cycles, it starts cycling through
(A) all of the four possible states if X IN  1

(B) three of the four possible states if X IN  0
(C) only two of the four possible states if X IN  1
(D) only two of the four possible states if X IN  0
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : Possible states of the FSM are
QAQB  00, 01, 10,11
X IN is at constant logic level throughout the operation.
i.e. X IN  0 or 1 constantly
from figure, DA  QA  QB
DB  QA . X IN
(i) Take X IN  0
QA QB DA  QA  QB DA  QA  X IN QA1 QB 1
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
From above truth table we can see that there are only 2 distinct states out of 4 if X IN  0
(ii) Take X IN  1
QA QB DA  QA  QB DA  QA  X IN QA1 QB 1
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
From above truth table we can see that there are 3 distinct states out of 4 if X IN  1
Question 28
A linear time invariant (LTI) system with the transfer function
K ( s 2  2 s  2)
G ( s) 
( s 2  3s  2)
is connected in unity feedback configuration as shown in the figure.
G (s)
For the closed loop system shown, the root locus for 0 < K <  intersects the imaginary axis for K = 1.5.
The closed loop system is stable for
(A) K > 1.5 (B) 1 < K < 1.5
(C) 0 < K < 1 (D) no positive value of K
Ans. (A)
K ( s 2  2 s  2)
Sol. Given : G ( s) 
( s 2  3s  2)
Characteristics equation is given by,
1  G (s) H (s)  0
K ( s 2  2 s  2)
1 0
s 2  3s  2
s 2  3s  2  K ( s 2  2 s  2)  0
s 2 (1  K )  s (3  2 K )  2  2 K  0
Routh Tabulation :
s2 1 K 2  2K
s1 3  2K 0
s0 2  2K
For the system to be stable all the coefficient of first column of Routh table should be of same sign.
For stability, 3  2 K  0 , 2  2 K  0 and 1 + K > 0
K  1.5 and K  1
Hence for stability, K  1.5
Question 29
An optical fiber is kept along the ẑ direction. The refractive indices for the electric fields along x̂ and ŷ
directions in the fiber are nx  1.5000 and n y  1.5001, respectively ( nx  n y due to the imperfection in
the fiber cross-section). The free space wavelength of a light wave propagating in the fiber is 1.5 m . If
the lightwave is circularly polarized at the input of the fiber, the minimum propagation distance after
which it becomes linearly polarized, in centimetres, is _____________.
Ans. 0.375

Sol. Initially the wave is circularly polarized. So, the initial phase difference between field components is .
2
To become linearly polarized, the wave must travel a distance such that, the phase difference between

the field components is  hence path difference is .
2

So, Zk x  Zk y 
2
f f  
2Z   rx   rx  
C C  2
4Z
 nx  n y   1
0 
0 1.5
Z  μm
4  nx  n y  4 1.5  1.5001
Z  0.375cm
Question 30
A continuous time signal x(t )  4 cos(200t )  8cos(400t ) , where t is in seconds, is the input to a linear
time invariant (LTI) filter with the impulse response
 2sin 300t
 ; t0
h(t )   t
 600 ; t0
Let y(t) be the output of this filter. The maximum value of |y(t)| is ________
Ans. 8
Sol. Given : x(t )  4 cos 200t  8cos 400t
 2sin 300t
 ; t0
h(t )   t
 600 ; t0
h(t ) is a sinc function, whose frequency spectrum is shown below.
H ( w)
w
-300p 0 300p
Frequency spectrum of x(t ) is given below,
X ()  2[(  200)  (  200)]  4[(  400)  (  400)]
X (w)
w
-400p -200p 0 200p 400p
Y ()  H ()  X ()
Y ()  4[(  200)  (  200)]
 Take inverse Fourier transform of Y () ,
y (t )  8cos 200t
Hence y (t ) max  8
Question 31
A 4-bit shift register circuit configured for right-shift operation, i.e. Din  A, A  B, B  C , C  D , is
shown. If the present state of the shift register is ABCD = 1101, the number of clock cycles required to
reach the state ABCD = 1111 is _____________.
Din
A B C D
Clock
Ans. 10
Sol. For right shift SIPO shift register,
Bn 1  An
Cn 1  Bn
Dn 1  Cn
As per the given circuit
An 1  An  Dn
State table for given right shift SIPO shift register :
Present State Next state
Clock An Bn Cn Dn An 1  An  Dn Bn 1  An Cn 1  Bn Dn 1  Cn Clock
pulse pulse
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2
2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 3
3 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 4
4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 5
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 6
6 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 7
7 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 8
8 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 9
9 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 10
Question 32
For the DC analysis of the Common-Emitter amplifier shown, neglect the base current and assume that
the emitter and collector currents are equal. Given that VT  25 mV, VBE = 0.7 V, and the BJT output
resistance r0 is practically infinite. Under these conditions, the midband voltage gain magnitude
v0 V
Av  , is _____________.
vi V
VCC = 12 V
RC 2 kW
73 kW R1 10 mF
10 mF C2
C1
RL = 8 kW V0
Vi 47 kW R2
RE 2 kW CE
100μF
Ans. 128
Sol. The midband gain of common emitter configuration is,
V
Av  0   g m RL'
Vin
V0
Magnitude of voltage gain  g m RL'
Vin
Using DC Analysis (For calculation of gm ) :
(i) All capacitors are open circuit.
(ii) AC voltage source is replaced by short circuit.
12 V 12 V
2 kW
2 kW
73 kW
28.59 kW
0A
47 kW 4.7 V
2 kW 2 kW
Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

Using Thevenin’s theorem,
Rth  73  47  28.59 k
47
Vth  12  4.7 V
120
Applying KVL in the loop shown in figure (b),
 4.7  0.7  2 I E  0 [given I B is negligible]
4.7  0.7 4
IE    2 mA
2 2
Hence, I E  I C  2 mA
IC 2 mA
gm    0.08 A/V
VT 25 mV
Using AC analysis :
(i) All capacitors are short circuited.
(ii) All DC voltage source is replaced by short circuit.
2 kW
73 kW
V0
8 kW
Vin 47 kW
2 kW
Fig. Common emitter without RE

Modified figure is shown below,
V0
RL' = 2 kW P 8 kW
Vin 47 kW P 73 kW = 1.6 kW
= 28.59 kW
V0
So, AV    g m RL'  g m RL'
Vin
AV  0.08  1.6 103  128
Question 33
The following FIVE instructions were executed on an 8085 microprocessor.
MVI A, 33 H
MVIB, 78 H
ADD B
CMA
ANI 32 H
The Accumulator value immediately after the execution of the fifth instruction is
(A) 00 H (B) 10 H (C) 11 H (D) 32 H
Ans. (B)
Sol.
Instruction Operation
MVI A, 33 H Register A is loaded with 33 H
MVI B, 78 H Register B is loaded with 78 H
ADD B (A+B) A
B 78 H 0111 1000
+A + 33 H + 0011 0011
1010 1011 A
CMA All bits of Register A complemented individually
A= 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 A
ANI 33 H (Register A AND 33 H)  A
A= 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
AND 33 H = 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 A
Question 34
Let X(t) be a wide sense stationary random process with the power spectral density S X ( f ) as shown in
figure (a), where f is in Hertz (Hz). The random process X(t) is input to an ideal lowpass filter with the
frequency response
 1
1, f  2 Hz
H( f )  
0, f  1 Hz
 2
as shown in figure (b). The output of the lowpass filter is Y(t),
SX ( f )
Ideal lowpass
exp(- f ) X(t) ﬁlter h(t) Y(t)
cutoff = 1/2 Hz
f
0
Let E be the expectation operator and consider the following statements :

I. E[ X (t )]  E[Y (t )]
II. E[ X 2 (t )]  E[Y 2 (t )]
III. E[Y 2 (t )]  2
Select the correct option :
(A) only I is true (B) only II and III are true
(C) only I and II are true (D) only I and III are true
Ans. (A)
Sol.
H( f )
LTI
X(t) Y(t)
System
1
 1 1
1,   f 
H( f )   2 2
f
0, Otherwise 1 0 1
-
2 2
The mean value of output random process is given by,
E[Y (t )]  H (0) E[ X (t )]
E[Y (t )]  1 E[ X (t )] [From figure, H (0)  1]
E[Y (t )]  E[ X (t )]
Statement 1 is correct.
The relationship between output and input PSD is given by,
2
SYY ( f )  H ( f ) S XX ( f )
1 1
SYY ( f )  S XX ( f )   f 
2 2
Power of output random process can be calculated as,

P0   SYY ( f ) df

1/2 1/2 2[e f ]1/2

P0   df  2 e  f df 
 f
e 0
 2(1  e1/2 )  0.786 W
1/2 0 1
E Y 2 (t )   0.786 W
Statement 3 is incorrect.
Power of input random process can be calculated as,

Pi   S XX ( f ) df

  2[e f ]0
Pi   e f df  2 e f df   2W
 0 1
E  X 2 (t )   2 W
 E[ X 2 (t )]  E[Y 2 (t )]
Statement 2 is also incorrect.
Question 35
For the circuit shown, assume that the NMOS transistor is in saturation. Its threshold voltage Vth  1 V
W 
and its transconductance parameter  n Cox    1 mA/V 2 . Neglect channel length modulation and body
L
bias effects. Under these conditions, the drain current I D in mA is ___________.
VDD = 8 V
R1 = 3 MW RD = 1 kW
ID
R2 = 5 MW RS = 1 kW
Ans. 2
Sol.
VDD = 8 V
R1 = 3 MW RD = 1 kW
ID
R2 = 5 MW RS = 1 kW
5 3 5
Then, VTh   8  5 V , RTh   1.875 k
8 35
8V
ID
1kW
0A
+
VGS–
1.875 kW
1 kW
5V
5  VGS  I D  0
VGS  5  I D
Given MOSFET is in saturation region,
K
I D  n (VGS  VTN ) 2
2
1
I D  (5  I D  1) 2
2
2 I D  (4  I D ) 2
I D2  8I D  16  2 I D
I D2  10 I D  16  0
( I D  8)( I D  2)  0
I D  8 mA, 2 mA
If I D  8 mA
VGS  5  8  3V  VTN [Not possible]
If I D  2 mA
VGS  5  2  3V  VTN [Possible]
I D  2 mA
Question 36
In binary frequency shift keying (FSK), the given signal waveforms are
u0 (t )  5cos(20000t ); 0  t  T
and u1 (t )  5cos(22000t ); 0  t  T
where T is the bit-duration interval and t is in seconds. Both u0 (t ) and u1 (t ) are zero outside the interval
0  t  T . With a matched filter (correlator) based receiver, the smallest positive value of T (in
milliseconds) required to have u0 (t ) and u1 (t ) uncorrelated is
(A) 0.25 ms (B) 0.5 ms (C) 0.75 ms (D) 1.0 ms
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
u0  t   5cos  20000t  , 0t T
u1  t   5cos  22000t  , 0t T
For the signal to be uncorrelated,
Y (T )  E u0 (t )u1  t  T    0
T
Y (T )   5cos  20000t  5cos  22000(t  T )  dt
0
T
25
cos  42000t  22000T   cos  22000T  2000t )  dt
2 0
Y (T ) 
25  sin  42000t  22000T  sin  22000T  2000t  

T
Y (T )    
2  42000 2000 0
25  sin  20000T )  sin(22000T  sin  20000T )  sin(22000T  
Y (T )    
2   42000   2000  
For T  0.5 ms, Y T   0
For T  1ms, Y T   0
25 1  sin (5.5) 
For T  0.25 ms, Y T      sin (5.5)   0
2 2000  21 
25 1  sin (16.5) 
For T  0.75 ms, Y T      sin (16.5)   0
2 2000  21 
Hence, minimum value of T for which Y (T )  0 is 0.5 ms.
Question 37
The amplifier circuit shown in the figure is implemented using a compensated operational amplifier (op-
amp), and has an open-loop voltage gain, A0  105 V/V and an open-loop cut-off frequency, fC  8 Hz.
R2 = 79 kW
R1 = 1 kW
V0
Vin
The voltage gain of the amplifier at 15 kHz, in V/V, is __________ .

Ans. 44.37
Sol. For practical non-inverting Op-Amp, voltage gain is given by,
V0 AOL
 Af 
Vi 1  AOL
1
For AOL  105 , Af  … (i)

Since, the above circuit is a non-inverting op-amp

V0 R 79
 Af  1  2  1   80
Vi R1 1
Vin
V0
79 kW
Vf 1 kW
Vf 1 1
  
V0 1  79 80
AOL 105
Avf    80
1  AOL 1  105  1
80
OR AOL  10 (High Gain value)
5
R
Avf  1  2  1  79  80
R1
Concept :
Gain bandwidth product of close loop system = Gain bandwidth product of open loop system
Avf  BW '  AOL  BW
80  BW '  105  8
BW '  10 kHz
AV0 80
Avf    44.37
2 2
 f   
15
1   1  
 BW '   10 
Question 38
The dependence of drift velocity of electrons on electric field in a semiconductor is shown below. The
semiconductor has a uniform electron concentration of n  11016 cm 3 and electronic charge
q  1.6  1019 C . If a bias of 5 V is applied across a 1 m region of this semiconductor, the resulting
current density in this region, in kA/cm2, is _________.
Drift velocity (cm/s)
constant
107
r
ea
lin
Electric field (V/cm)

0 5 ´ 105
Ans. 1.6
Sol. Given : N D  1 1016 atoms/cm3 , q  1.6  1019 C , V  5 volts, d  106 m  10 4 cm
V 5
Electric field E   4 V/cm
d 10
Drift velocity is given by,
Vd  E
Vd 107
   20 cm 2 /V-sec [From figure]
E 5 105
Current density is given by,
J  N D n q E
5
J  1016  20  1.6 1019  4
 1.6 kA/cm 2
10
Question 39
As shown, a uniformly doped Silicon (Si) bar of length L = 0.1 m with a donor concentration
N D  1016 cm 3 is illuminated at x = 0 such that electron and hole pairs are generated at the rate of
 x  4
GL  GL 0 1   , 0  x  L , where GL 0  10 /cm s . Hole lifetime is 10 s , electronic charge
17 3
 Lp 
q  1.6  1019 C, hole diffusion coefficient D p  100 cm 2 /s and low level injection condition prevails.
Assuming a linearly decaying steady state excess hole concentration that goes to 0 at x = L, the magnitude
of the diffusion current density at x = L/2, in A/cm2, is ________.
Light
Si ( N D = 1016 cm -3 )
x=0 L = 0.1 mm
Ans. 16
 x 
GL  GL 0 1   , GL 0  10 /cm s , DP  100 cm /sec
17 3 2
Sol. Given :
 LP 
 P  104 sec, q  1.6  1019 C
G ( x)
GL0
x
0 LP
dP dP GL0
J P   qDP  where, 
dx dx LP
LP  DP   P  0.1 cm
dP
So,  1018
dx
J P  1.6  1019  100 1018
J P  16 A/cm 2
Question 40
A three dimensional region R of finite volume is described by
x2  y 2  z3 ; 0  z  1
where x, y, z are real. The volume of R (up to two decimal places) ____________.
Ans. 0.785
Sol. Let x2  y 2  l 2
Here revolution is about z axis
1
Volume of region R   l 2 dz
0
Here, l  x2  y 2
l  x2  y2  z3
1 1
z 4 
So, volume of region R   z dz  3
  0.7853
0
4 0
4
Question 41
Let x(t) be a continuous time periodic signal with fundamental period T = 1 seconds. Let ak  be the
complex Fourier series coefficients of x(t), where k is integer valued. Consider the following statements
about x(3t) :
I. The complex Fourier series coefficients of x(3t) are ak  where k is integer valued.
II. The complex Fourier series coefficients of x(3t) are 3ak  where k is integer valued.
III. The fundamental angular frequency of x(3t) is 6rad/s.
For the three statements above, which one of the following is correct?
(A) only II and III are true (B) only I and III are true
(C) only III is true (D) only I is true
Ans. (B)
Sol. By time scaling property for fourier series
If ak is the fourier series coefficient of x(t ) then, for signal x(at ) , fourier series coefficient is ak with time
T0
period
a
Hence, frequency is a0
Hence, for signal x(3t ) , fourier coefficient is ak and fundamental angular frequency is 6 rad/s .
Hence, only statement I and III are true.
Question 42
As shown, two Silicon (Si) abrupt p-n junction diodes are fabricated with uniform donor doping
concentrations of N D1 = 1014 cm–3 and N D 2 = 1016 cm–3 in the n-regions of the diodes, and uniform
acceptor doping concentrations of N A1  1014 cm–3 and N A 2  1016 cm–3 in the p-regions of the diodes,
C2
respectively. Assuming that the reverse bias voltage is >> built-in potentials of the diodes, the ratio
C1
of their reverse bias capacitances for the same applied reverse bias, is ______________.
p n p n
1014 cm -3 1014 cm -3 1016 cm -3 1016 cm -3
C1 C2
Diode 1 Diode 2
Ans. 10
Sol.
p n p n
1014 cm -3 1014 cm -3 1016 cm -3 1016 cm -3
C1 C2
Diode 1 Diode 2
A qNW 2
Since, C , Vbi 
W 2
1 1
N and C 
W2 W
1 1
1
(N )2  and C  ( N ) 2
W
Where, N  N A  N D
1016 1016
Then, N 2  N A2  N D2   5  1015 /cm3
2  1016
1014 1014
N1  N A1  N D1   5 1013 /cm3
2 10 14
1 1
C2  N 2  2  5 1015  2
So,      10
C1  N1   5 1013 
Question 43
A half wavelength dipole is kept in the x-y plane and oriented along 450 from the x-axis. Determine the
direction of null in the radiation pattern for 0     . Here the angle  (0    ) is measured from the
z-axis, and the angle  (0    2) is measured from the x-axis in the x-y plane.
(A)   900 ,   450 (B)   450 ,   900
(C)   900 ,   1350 (D)   450 ,   1350
Ans. (A)
 
jI 0 e  jr cos  cos  
Sol. ES  2  along Z-plane
2r sin 
 
cos  cos(90  ) 
ES  jI 0 e  jr 2  in xy plane
2r sin   90   
  z
 jr cos  sin ) 
jI 0 e 2 
ES 
2r cos 
For   900 , Half wave y
dipole
  45o
cos  sin 900 
ES  2 0
cos 90 0
0 x
Applying L ' Hospital’s rule,

d    
cos  sin   sin  sin   cos 
d 2   lim 2 
ES  lim0
90 d
cos 
900  sin 
d
ES  0
For   900 and   450 the direction of null will occur.
Question 44
In the figure shown, the npn transistor acts as a switch.
5V
4.8 kW
Vin (t )
12 kW
2V
Vin (t )
T
t (in sec)
0V
For the input Vin (t ) as shown in the figure, the transistor switches between the cut-off and saturation
regions of operation, when T is large. Assume collector-to-emitter voltage at saturation VCE ( sat )  0.2 V
and base-to-emitter voltage VBE  0.7 V . The minimum value of the common-base current gain () of the
transistor for the switching should be __________.
Ans. 0.90
Sol.
5V
IC
4.8 kW
C
(2)
12 kW B
Vin
IB
(1) E
VBEON  0.7 V
VCEsat  0.2 V
VCC  VCE , sat 5  0.2
IC    1 mA
4.8 4.8
Applying KVL in input loop
Vin  I B  12  0.7  0
Vin  0.7
IB 
12
1.3
IB   0.108 mA  108.33 A
12
I 1
So,  C   9.25
I B 0.108
 9.25
   0.90
1   10.25
Question 45
Two discrete-time signals x[n] and h[n] are both non-zero only for n = 0, 1, 2 and are zero otherwise. It is
given that
x  0  1, x 1  2, x  2  1, h  0  1
Let y  n  be the linear convolution of x  n  and h  n  . Given that y 1  3 and y  2  4, the value of the
expression (10 y[3]  y[4]) is _________.
Ans. 31
Sol. Given :
x(n)  {1, 2, 1}

h(n)  {1, h1 , h2 }

X ( z )  1  2 z 1  z 2
H ( z )  1  h1 z 1  h2 z 2
Y ( z)  X ( z)  H ( z)
Y ( z )  1  h1 z 1  h2 z 2  2 z 1  2h1 z 2  2h2 z 3  z 2  h1 z 3  h2 z 4
Y ( z )  1  (h1  2) z 1  (h2  2h1  1) z 2  (2h2  h1 ) z 3  h2 z 4
 y (n)  {1, h1  2, h2  2h1  1, 2h2  h1 , h2 }

y (1)  h1  2  3  h1  1
y (2)  h2  2h1  1  4  h2  1
y (3)  2h2  h1  3
y (4)  h2  1
 10 y 3  y  4  30  1  31
Question 46
Which one of the following options correctly describes the locations of the roots of the equation
s 4  s 2  1  0 on the complex plane?
(A) Four left half plane (LHP) roots
(B) One right half plane (RHP) root, one LHP root and two roots on the imaginary axis
(C) Two RHP roots and two LHP roots
(D) All four roots are on the imaginary axis
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : s4  s2  1  0
s 4  0s 3  s 2  0s  1  0
Routh Tabulation :
s4 1 1 1
s3 0 0
Since row of zeros appear in the Routh table, we form the auxiliary equation using the coefficients of s 4
row
A(s)  s 4  s 2  1
A '( s)  4s 3  2s
s3 4 2 0
s2 1/2 1
s1 –6 0
s0 1
In the above Routh table, there are two sign changes in first column. So there must be two poles lie in
right half of s-plane.
Concept : If ROC exists, then poles are symmetrical about origin.
Roots of auxiliary equation,
A( s )  s 4  s 2  1  0
Put s 2  x ,
 x2  x  1  0
1 3
x j  e  j 2  /3 , e  j 2  /3
2 2
Put x  s 2
s   x1/ 2   (e j 2  /3 )1/ 2 ,  (e  j 2  /3 )1/2
s   e j /3 ,  e  j /3
1 3 1 3
s     j ,    j 
2 2  2 2 
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
s j ,  j , j , j
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 The pole-zero diagram is,

jw
3
+j
2
s
1 1
-
2 2
3
-j
2
Hence, there are two right hand poles and two left hand poles.
Question 47
Starting with x = 1, the solution of the equation x3  x  1 , after two iterations of Newton-Raphson's
method (up to two decimal places) is _____________.
Ans. 0.686
Sol. Let f ( x)  x3  x  1  0
By Newton - Raphson’s iterative method,
f ( xn )
xn 1  xn 
f '( xn )
Given : x0  1  f ( x0 )  1  1  1  1
Now, f '( x)  3 x 2  1
f '( x0 )  3  1  4
f ( x0 )
So, x1  x0 
f '( x0 )
1 3
x1  1  
4 4
3
3 3 3
x1   f ( x1 )        1  0.1718
4 4 4
2
3
f '( x1 )  3    1  2.6875
4
f ( x1 )
x2  x1 
f '( x1 )
3 0.1718
x2    0.686
4 2.6875
Question 48
Let h[n] be the impulse response of a discrete-time linear time invariant (LTI) filter. The impulse response
is given by
1 1 1
h  0  , h 1  , h  2  and h  n   0 for n < 0 and n > 2.
3 3 3
Let H () be the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of h[n], where  is the normalized angular
frequency in radians. Given that H (0 )  0 and 0  0   , the value of 0 (in radians) is equal to ____.
Ans. 2.093
 1 1 1 
Sol. Given : h( n)   
3 3 3
  
1 1 1
H ( z )   z 1  z 2
3 3 3
1
H ( z )  [1  z 1  z 2 ]
3
For frequency response put z  e j ,
1
H (e j )  [1  e  j  e 2 j ]
3
But H (e j )  H ()
1
H ()  [1  e  j  e 2 j ]
3
H ()  0
1  e j  e2 j  0
Let e  j  x
1  x  x2  0
1 3
Roots are x  j
2 2
1 3
e  j  cos   j sin   j
2 2
1
cos  
2
2
So,   2.093
3
Question 49
Which one of the following gives the simplified sum of products expression for the Boolean function
F  m0  m2  m3  m5 where m0 , m2 , m3 and m5 are minterms corresponding to the inputs A, B
and C with A as the MSB and C as the LSB?
(A) AB  ABC  ABC (B) AC  AB  ABC
(C) AC  AB  ABC (D) ABC  AC  ABC
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : A is MSB and C is LSB.
So, Function is F ( A, B, C ) i.e.,
F ( A, B, C )  m0  m2  m3  m5
F ( A, B, C )  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC
F ( A, B, C )  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC [ X  X  X  ABC  ABC  ABC ]
F ( A, B, C )  AC ( B  B )  AB (C  C )  ABC
F ( A, B, C )  AC  AB  ABC
Question 50
Which one of the following is the general solution of the first order differential equation
dy
 ( x  y  1) 2
dx
where x, y are real ?
(A) y  1  x  tan 1 ( x  c) , where c is a constant (B) y  1  x  tan ( x  c) , where c is a constant
(C) y  1  x  tan 1 ( x  c) , where c is a constant (D) y  1  x  tan ( x  c) , where c is a constant
Ans. (D)
dy
Sol. Given :  ( x  y  1) 2 … (i)
dx
Let x y  p … (ii)
dy dp
1  …. (iii)
dx dx
Put equation (ii) and (iii) in (i)
dp
 1  ( p  1) 2
dx
dp
 ( p  1) 2  1
dx
dp
 dx
( p  1) 2  1
Integrating both sides,

1
 ( p  1)2  1 dp   dx
tan 1 ( p  1)  x  c
p  1  tan ( x  c)
x  y  1  tan ( x  c) [Using equation (ii)]
y  1  x  tan ( x  c)
Question 51
In the circuit shown, the voltage VIN (t ) is described by :
0, for t  0
VIN (t )  
15 Volts, for t  0
where t is in seconds. The time (in seconds) at which the current I in the circuit will reach the value 2
Amperes is __________.
1W I
+
VIN (t ) 1H 2H
Ans. 0.34
Sol.
I1 1W I
+
15 V s 1H 2s 2H
15
s 15  3
I1 ( s )   2
s  2s 2 s  3s
1
3s
45 45
I1 ( s )  
s (2 s  3)  3
2s  s  
 2
s 1 45
 I ( s )   I1 ( s )  
3s 3  3
2s  s  
 2
15 / 2 5 5
I ( s)   
 3 s 3
ss   s
 2 2
3t
 i (t )  5  5 e 2
Let at t  t0 , i (t ) becomes 2 A
3t0
 5  5e 2
2
3t0
3
 e 2

5
2 3
t0   ln  
3 5
t0  0.34 sec
Question 52
The figure shows an RLC circuit excited by the sinusoidal voltage 100cos(3t) Volts, where t is in seconds.
V1
4W 1H +
5W
100 cos3t V2
1
F
36
amplitude of V2
The ratio is __________
amplitude of V1
Ans. 2.6
Sol.
+ V1 –
4W 1H
I +
V (t ) = 100 cos wt Z1 5W
w = 3rad/sec Z2 1 V2
F
36
–
Z1  4  jL  4  j 3
3
Z1  5 tan 1  
4
j j
Z2  5   5
C 1
3
36
 12 
Z 2  5  j12  13  tan 1  
 5
V1  I  Z1 , V2  I  Z 2
V2 Z 2 13  3  12  
     tan 1    tan 1   
V1 Z1 5  4  5 
V2
  26
V1
Question 53
2
Let f ( x)  e x  x for real x. From among the following, choose the Taylor series approximation of f ( x)
around x  0 , which includes all powers of x less than or equal to 3.
3 3 7
(A) 1  x  x 2  x3 (B) 1  x  x 2  x3 (C) 1  x  x 2  x 3 (D) 1  x  3x 2  7 x3
2 2 6
Ans. (C)
2
Sol. Given : F ( x)  e x  x
Taylor series is defined as,
( x  a ) 2 F ''(a ) ( x  a )3 F '''(a)
F ( x)  F (a)  ( x  a) f '(a)    ......
2! 3!
Taylor series around x  0 is given by,
x2 x3
F ( x)  F (0)  xF '(0)  F ''(0)  F '''(0)  ......
2! 3!
2
F ( x)  e x  x
F (0)  e0  1
2
F '( x)  e x  x .(2 x  1)
F '(0)  1
2 2
F ''( x)  e x  x .2  (2 x  1)e x  x .(2 x  1)
2
F ''( x)  e x  x (4 x 2  4 x  3)
F ''(0)  3
F '''( x)  e x  x  8 x  4   (4 x 2  4 x  3)e x  x .(2 x  1)
2 2
F '''( x)  e x  x  8 x  4   (2 x  1)(4 x 2  4 x  3

2
F '''(0)  7
Taylor series around x  0

3x 2 7 x3
F ( x)  1  x 

2 6
Question 54
Let I   (2 z dx  2 y dy  2 x dz ) where x, y, z are real, and let C be the straight line segment from point
C
A : (0, 2, 1) to point B : (4, 1, –1). The value of I is __________.

Ans. –11
Sol. We need to integrate 2 zdx  2 ydy  2 xdz along path from point
A(0, 2,1) to B(4,1, 1)
(0, 2,1) (4, 2,1) (4,1,1) (4,1, -1)
A x (varies) P y (varies) Q z (varies) B

y=2 x=4 x=4
z =1 z =1 y =1
Step I : Integrate along line joining A(0, 2,1) & P (4, 2,1)
Hence dy  dz  0 & z  1
4
I1   2dx  8
0
Step II : Integrate along line joining P(4, 2,1) & Q(4,1,1)

Hence dx  dz  0
1
1
I 2   2 ydy   y 2   3
2
2
Step III : Integrate along line joining Q(4,1,1) & B (4,1, 1)
Hence dx  dy  0 & x  4
1 1
I 3   2 xdz   8dz  16
1 1
Hence I  I1  I 2  I 3  8  3  16  11
Hence, the correct answer is –11.
Question 55

The expression for an electric field in free space is E  E0 ( xˆ  yˆ  j 2 zˆ)e j ( t kx  ky ) , where x, y, z represent
the spatial coordinates, t represents time, and , k are constants. This electric field
(A) does not represent a plane wave.
(B) represents a circularly polarized plane wave propagating normal to the z-axis.
(C) represents an elliptically polarized plane wave propagating along the x-y plane.
(D) represents a linearly polarized plane wave.
Ans. (C)

Sol. Given : E  ( xˆ  yˆ  j 2 zˆ ) exp  j (t  kx  ky ) 

E  ( xˆ  yˆ ) exp  j (t  kx  ky )   j 2 zˆ exp  j (t  kx  ky ) 
    
first term second term
  
E  E1  j 2 E2

For E1  ( xˆ  yˆ ) exp  j (t  kx  ky ) 

E1  ( xˆ  yˆ ) exp  j t  (kx  ky ) …. (i)
 
Es  E0 e  j k r …. (ii)
On comparing equation (i) and (ii),

Propagation vector, k  kaˆ x  kaˆ y

Position vector r  xaˆ x  yaˆ y
E0  xˆ  yˆ
From above result we can draw a figure as shown below,
y
E0
450
-x x
450
-y
 
Here E0 and k are perpendicular to each other so it is a perpendicular polarization.

For E2  zˆ exp  j (t  kx  ky ) 

E2  zˆ exp  j t  (kx  ky ) …. (iii)
 
Es  E0 e  j k r …. (iv)
On comparing equation (iii) and (iv),

Propagation vector, k  kaˆ x  kaˆ y

r  xaˆ x  yaˆ y
E0  zˆ
Again if we draw a figure for above result as shown below,

y
E0
-x x
450
-y
Here result E0 and k are perpendicular to ach other because plane of incidence is xy and electric field is
in z-direction. So, it is also a perpendicular polarization.
  
Now, E  E1  j 2 E1
 
E1 and E2 both are perpendicular polarized and E1  E2 ,   900 . EM wave is elliptically polarized.
.General Aptitude.
Question 1
Some tables are shelves. Some shelves are chairs. All chairs are benches. Which of the following
conclusions can be deduced from the preceding sentences?
(i) At least one bench is a table
(ii) At least one shelf is a bench
(iii) At least one chair is a table
(iv) All benches are chairs
(A) Only (i) (B) Only (ii) (C) Only (ii) and (iii) (D) Only (iv)
Ans. (B)
Sol. . Method 1 :
B
T S
T S C
B
T S
Only conclusion (ii) follows.

. Method 2 :
Some tables are shelves,
TS …. (i)
Some shelves are chairs,
SC …. (ii)
All chairs are benches,
C=B ….. (iii)
Using equation (ii) and (iii),
SB
 Atleast one shelf is a bench.
Question 2
I ___________ made arrangements had I ___________informed earlier.
(A) could have, been (B) would have, being
(C) had, have (D) had been, been
Ans. (A)
Sol. Could have, been
I could have made arrangements had I been informed earlier. Use of conditional sentence based on past
participle form.
Question 3
40% of deaths on city roads may be attributed to drunken driving. The number of degrees needed to
represent this as a slice of a pie chart is
(A) 120 (B) 144 (C) 160 (D) 212
Ans. (B)
40
Sol. 40% of 3600   3600  1440
100
So, the angle subtended on pie chart  1440 .
Question 4
In the summer, water consumption is known to decrease overall by 25%. A Water Board official states
that in the summer household consumption decreases by 20%, while other consumption increases by 70%.
Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) The ratio of household to other consumption is 8/17
(B) The ratio of household to other consumption is 1/17
(C) The ratio of household to other consumption is 17/8
(D) There are errors in the official's statement.
Ans. (D)
Sol. Let H be household water consumption and P be other water consumption.
Total water consumption initially = H + P
After 25% decrement in overall water consumption,
 New overall water consumption = 0.75 (H + P)
After 20% decrement in household water consumption,
New household water consumption = 0.8 H
After 70% increment in other water consumption,
New other water consumption = 1.7 P
According to given condition

New household water consumption + New other water consumption = New overall water consumption
0.8 H + 1.7 P = 0.75 (H + P)
0.05 H = – 0.95 P
H
 19
P
Ratio cannot be negative.
 There are errors in the official statement.
Question 5
She has a sharp tongue and it can occasionally turn
(A) hurtful (B) left (C) methodical (D) vital
Ans. (A)
Sol. Hurtful
Hurtful means causing pain or suffering or something that is damaging or harmful. The expression 'sharp
tongue' defines a bitter or critical or rude manner of speaking.
Question 6
“If you are looking for a history of India, or for an account of the rise and fall of the British Raj, or for the
reason of the cleaving of the subcontinent into two mutually antagonistic parts and the effects this
mutilation will have in the respective sections, and ultimately on Asia, you will not find it in these pages:
for though I have spent a lifetime in the country. I lived too near the seat of events, and was too intimately
associated with the actors, to get the perspective needed for the impartial recording of these matters”.
Here, the word ‘antagonistic’ is closest in meaning to
(A) impartial (B) argumentative (C) separated (D) hostile
Ans. (C)
Question 7
A contour line joins locations having the same height above the mean sea level. The following is a contour
plot of a geographical region. Contour lines are shown at 25 m intervals in this plot.
425 Q
450 550
575
P
550
500
500 475
The path from P to Q is best described by

(A) Up-Down-Up-Down (B) Down-Up-Down-Up
(C) Down-Up-Down (D) Up-Down-Up
Ans. (C)
Sol. Contour lines can be observed to cross region with height
550 500 575 550
Down Up Down
Down-Up-Down satisfies.
Question 8
There are 3 Indians and 3 Chinese in a group of 6 people. How many subgroups of this group can we
choose so that every subgroup has at least one Indian?
(A) 56 (B) 52 (C) 48 (D) 44
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
3 Indian men 
 Total 6 men
3 Chinese men 
Total number of groups N  2n ( a )  26  64
They will be one empty group hence N = 64 – 1 = 63
The number of groups having no Indian  3C1  3C2  3C3  7
 Number of groups having atleast one Indian = 63  7  56
Question 9
S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z are seated around a circular table. T's neighbors are Y and V. Z is seated third
to the left of T and second to the right of S. U's neighbors are S and Y: and T and W are not seated opposite
each other. Who is third to the left of V?
(A) X (B) W (C) U (D) T
Ans. (A)
Sol. Following circular seating arrangement can be drawn
X
Z S
W U
V Y
T
Only one such arrangement can be drawn. The person on third to the left of V is X.
Question 10
Trucks (10 m long) and cars (5 m long) go on a single lane bridge. There must be a gap of at least 20 m
after each truck and a gap of at least 15 m after each car. Trucks and cars travel at a speed of 36 km/h. If
cars and trucks go alternately, what is the maximum number of vehicles that can use the bridge in one
hour?
(A) 1440 (B) 1200 (C) 720 (D) 600
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
Length Gap
Truck  10 m 20 m
Car  5 m 15 m
5
Speed  36 km/hr   10 m/s
18
Truck Car
20 m 15 m
10 m 5m
50 m
Distance 50
Time    5sec
Speed 10
If 50 m distance is covered in 5 seconds by two vehicles (one truck and one car) then in one hour maximum
3600  2
number of vehicles passing through the lane =  1440
5

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PAGE GATE 2017 [Afternoon (Set - 2)]
.Technical Part.
Question 1
The smaller angle (in degrees) between the planes x + y + z = 1 and 2x – y + 2z = 0 is ______.
Ans. 54.73
Sol. Given : x  y  z  1 and 2 x  y  2 z  0

For the first plane A  (1,1,1)  aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z

For the second plane B  (2, 1, 2)  2aˆ x  aˆ y  2aˆ z
Angle between two planes can be calculated as,
 
A B
cos     …..(i)
A B
 
Where, A  B  (aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z )  (2aˆ x  aˆ y  2aˆ z )  2  1  2  3

A  12  12  12  3

B  22  ( 1) 2  22  9  3
From equation (i),
3 1
cos   
3 3 3
 1 
  cos 1    54.73
0
 3
Question 2
For the circuit shown in the figure, P and Q are the inputs and Y is the output.
PMOS
Y
NMOS
P
Q
The logic implemented by the circuit is

(A) XNOR (B) XOR (C) NOR (D) OR
Ans. (B)
Sol. P is connected to gate terminal of PMOS as well as NMOS. If P is at logic ‘0’, then PMOS turns ON &
NMOS turns OFF. If P is at logic ‘1’, then PMOS turns OFF & NMOS turns ON.
If PMOS is turned ON then output Y is connected to Q .
If NMOS is turned ON then output Y is connected to Q .
Output
P Q PMOS NMOS  Q (if PMOS is ON)
 Q (if NMOS is ON)
0 0 ON OFF 0 (PMOS ON)
0 1 ON OFF 1 (PMOS ON)
1 0 OFF ON 1 (NMOS ON)
1 1 OFF ON 0 (NMOS ON)
Question 3
Consider an n-channel MOSFET having width W, length L, electron mobility in the channel  n and oxide
capacitance per unit area Cox . If gate-to-source voltage VGS  0.7 V , drain to source voltage VDS  0.1V
W
 n Cox  100 A/V 2 , threshold voltage VTH  0.3V and  50 , then the transconductance g m (in mA/V)
L
is ________.
Ans. 0.5 mA/V
Sol. Given : For n-channel MOSFET,
VDS  0.1 V, VGS  0.7 V, VTH  0.3 V
W
 n Cox  100 A/V 2  0.1 mA/V 2 ,  50
L
VGS  VTH and VDS  VGS  VTH
So n-channel MOSFET is in linear region.
Transconductance for n-channel MOSFET is given by,
I D  nCoxW
gm   VDS
VGS L
g m  0.1 50  0.1  0.5 mA/V
Question 4
An n-channel enhancement mode MOSFET is biased at VGS  VTH and VDS  (VGS  VTH ) , where VGS is
the gate-to-source voltage, VDS is the drain-to-source voltage and VTH is the threshold voltage.
Considering channel length modulation effect to be significant, the MOSFET behaves as a
(A) voltage source with zero output impedance
(B) voltage source with non-zero output impedance
(C) current source with finite output impedance
(D) current source with infinite output impedance
Ans. (C)
Sol. The small signal equivalent circuit of MOSFET in saturation is as shown in below figure
G D
+
VGS g mVGS r0
 VGS  VTH and VDS  VGS  VTH

Hence MOSFET is in saturation region and therefore it will act a current source.
Because channel length modulation effect is considerable, hence output impedance will exist.
Therefor MOSFET behave as a current source with finite impedance.
Question 5
The output V0 of the diode circuit shown in the figure is connected to an averaging DC voltmeter. The
reading on the DC voltmeter in volts, neglecting the voltage drop across the diode, is _______.
10sin wt
f = 50 Hz 1 kW V0
Ans. (3.183)
Sol. Given circuit is shown in below figure,
10 sinwt
1 kW V0
f = 50 Hz
Above circuit is a half wave rectifier and DC voltmeter will read the average value of V0 , hence average
value of V0 i.e. output of half wave rectifier is given by,
Vm 10
Vavg    3.18
 
Question 6
A two wire transmission line terminates in a television set. The VSWR measured on the line is 5.8. The
percentage of power that is reflected from the television set is _______.
Ans. 49.82
Sol. Given : VSWR = 5.8

Reflection coefficient is given by,
VSWR  1 5.8  1 12
  
VSWR  1 5.8  1 17
Percentage of reflected power is given by,
2
Pr  12 
 100    100     100  49.82%
2
Pi  17 
Question 7
An n-p-n bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is operating in the active region. If the reverse bias across the
base collector junction is increased, then
(A) The effective base width increases and common-emitter current gain increases
(B) The effective base width increases and common-emitter current gain decreases
(C) The effective base width decreases and common-emitter current gain increases
(D) The effective base width decreases and common-emitter current gain decreases
Ans. (C)
Sol. If reverse bias across base collector junction will increases, then
(i) Depletion width across base collector junction will increase.
(ii) Effective base width will decrease.
(iii) Recombination of carrier in base region will decrease.
 I 
(iv) Common emitter current gain    C  will increase
 IB 
Question 8
The input x(t ) and the output y (t ) of a continuous time system are related as,
t
y (t )   x(u ) du
t T
The system is,

(A) Linear and time variant (B) Linear and time-invariant
(C) Non-linear and time variant (D) Non-linear and time invariant
Ans. (B)
t
Sol. Given : y (t )   x(u)du
t T
(i) At input x1 (u ) ,
t
y1 (t )   x (u)  du
t T
1
At input x2 (u ) ,
t
y2 (t )   x (u)  du
t T
2
At input x3 (u ) ,
t
y3 (t )   x (u)  du
t T
3
If x3 (u )  Ax1 (u )  Bx2 (u )
t t
 y3 (t )  A  x1 (u )  du  B  x (u)  du
1
t T t T
 y3 (t )  Ay1 (t )  By2 (t )
Hence it is linear.
(ii) at input x1 (u ) ,
t
y1 (t )   x (u)  du
t T
1 …(i)
At input x2 (u ) ,
t
y2 (t )   x (u)  du
t T
2
x2 (u )  x1 (u  t0 )
t
 y2 (t )   x (u  t )  du
t T
2 0 …(ii)
From equation (i),

t  t0
y1 (t  t0 )  
t T t0
x1 (u )  du …(iii)
because the time shifting in case of integration will not affect the integrated value. Hence from
equation (ii) and (iii) y2 (t )  y1 (t  t0 ) . Hence it is time invariant.
Question 9
In the figure, D1 is a real silicon p-n junction diode with a drop of 0.7 V under forward bias condition and
D2 is a Zener diode with breakdown voltage of  6.8 V . The input Vin (t ) is a periodic square wave of
period T , whose one period is shown in the figure.
Vin (t )
10 mF
14 V
D1
T t (sec) 10 W Vout (t )
D2
– 14 V
Assuming 10  T , where  is the time constant of the circuit, the maximum and minimum values of
the output waveform are respectively.
(A) 7.5 V and – 20.5 V (B) 6.1 V and – 21.9 V (C) 7.5 V and – 21.2 V (D) 6.1 V and – 22.6 V
Ans. (A)
T
Sol. Case I : 0  t  , Vin (t )  14 V
2
D1  F .B. (0.7 V)
D2  Break down (6.8 V)
Equivalent circuit is shown in below figure,
Vc
+ –
+
10 mF
+ 0.7 V
–
14 V 10 W Vout (t )
+ 6.8 V
–
–
Vout  7.5 V
Apply KVL in the loop shown in figure,
 14  Vc  7.5  0
Vc  6.5 V
T
At t  capacitor will charge up to 6.5 V due to small time constant.
2
T
Case II :  t  T , Vin (t )  14 V
2
D1  R.B. (open circuit)
D2  F .B.
Equivalent circuit is shown in below figure,
Vc = 6.5 V
+ –
+
10 mF
-14 V 10 W Vout (t )
S.C.
–
Apply KVL in the loop shown in figure,

14  Vout  6.5  0
Vout  20.5 V
Hence, the correction option is (A).
Question 10
 1 1 0 0 0 
 0 0 1 1 0 
 
The rank of the matrix  0 1 1 0 0  is __________.
 
 1 0 0 0 1 
 0 0 0 1 1
Ans. 4
 1 1 0 0 0 
 0 0 1 1 0 
 
Sol. Given : A   0 1 1 0 0 
 
 1 0 0 0 1 
 0 0 0 1 1
 1 1 0 0 0 
 
 0 0 1 1 0 
R4  R4  R5
  0 1 1 0 0 
 
 1 0 0 1 0 
 0 0 0 1 1
 1 1 0 0 0 
 
 0 0 1 1 0 
R3  R3  R4
  1 1 1 1 0 
 
 1 0 0 1 0 
 0 0 0 1 1
 1 1 0 0 0
 1 1 0 0 0 

R2  R2  R3
  1 1 11 0
 
 1 0 0 1 0
 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
 1 1 0 0 0 
 
R  R  R

1 1 2   1 1 1 1 0 
 
 1 0 0 1 0 
 0 0 0 1 1
Because number of non-zero rows in above matrix is 4. Hence, rank of matrix is 4.
Question 11
Two conducting spheres S1 and S2 of radii a and b ( b  a ) respectively, are placed far apart and connected
by a long, thin conducting wire, as shown in the figure.
S2
S1
Wire
Radius ra
Radius rb
For some charge placed on this structure, the potential and surface electric field on S1 are Va and Ea , and
that on S2 are Vb and Eb , respectively. Then, which of the following is CORRECT?
(A) Va  Vb and Ea  Eb (B) Va  Vb and Ea  Eb
(C) Va  Vb and Ea  Eb (D) Va  Vb and Ea  Eb
Ans. (C)
Sol. When two sphere are connected through conducting wire, then charge flows from higher potential to lower
potential sphere until both sphere’s attains same potential.
kqa kqb qa qb
So, Va  Vb     …. (i)
ra rb ra rb
Electric field outside sphere is given by,
kq
E 2
r
Electric field outside sphere A is given by,
kq
Ea  2a
ra
Electric field outside sphere B is given by,
kq
Eb  2b
rb
1 1
Given : rb  ra   …. (ii)
rb ra
From equation (i) and (ii),
kqa kqb
 2
ra2 rb
Ea  Eb
Question 12
Consider the random process X (t )  U  Vt , where U is a zero mean Gaussian random variable and V is
a random variable uniformly distributed between 0 and 2. Assume that U and V are statistically
independent. The mean value of the random process at t  2 is ______.
Ans. 2
Sol. Given : X (t )  U  Vt , E[U ]  0 , V ~ UDF [0, 2]
1
 0v2 fV (v)
fV (v)   2
 0 Otherewise 1
2
Mean value of V is given by,
v
ab 02 0
E[V ]   1 2
2 2
E[ X (t )]  E[U ]  E[Vt ]
At t  2sec ,
E[ X (t  2)]  E[U ]  2 E[V ]
E[ X (t  2)]  0  2 1  2
Hence, correct answer is 2.
Question 13
Consider the circuit shown in the figure.
Y 0
MUX 0
0 1 MUX F
1
X
Z
The Boolean expression F implemented by the circuit is
(A) X Y Z  X Y  Y Z (B) X Y Z  X Z  Y Z
(C) X Y Z  X Y  Y Z (D) X Y Z  X Z  Y Z
Ans. (B)
Sol. Output equation for a multiplexer
I0 0
Y
I1 1
S
Y  SI 0  SI1
Y 0
P
MUX 0
0 1 MUX f
1
X
Z
In the given circuit, output of 1st MUX,
P  XY  X  0
P  XY
Output of 2nd MUX is given by,
f  Z P Z P
f  Z  XY  Z  XY
f  Z X Y  Z(X Y )
f  X Y Z  XZ  Y Z
Question 14
Consider the circuit shown in the figure. Assume base-to-emitter voltage VBE  0.8 V and common base
current gain ( ) of the transistor is unity.
+18V
44 kW 4 kW
2 kW
16 kW
The value of the collector-to-emitter voltage VCE (in volts) is ________.

Ans. 6
Sol. Given : VBE  0.8 V and common base current gain ( )  1

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of given circuit
18 V
4 kW
IC
Rth 2
IE
Vth 1
2 kW
R1 R2 44 16
Rth    11.73k
R1  R2 60
V 18 16
Vth  CC  R2   4.8 V
R1  R2 60
  1

    i.e., I B  0 and hence I C  I E
1 
Applying KVL in loop 1,
Vth  I B Rth  VBE  I E RE  0
Vth  VBE 4.8  0.8
IE    2 mA  I C
RE 2
Applying KVL in loop 2,
VCE  18  I C (4  2)  18  2  6  6 V
Question 15
A connection is made consisting of resistance A in series with a parallel combination of resistances B and
C. Three resistors of value 10 , 5 , 2  are provided. Consider all possible permutations of the given
resistors into the positions A, B, C and identify the configurations with maximum possible overall
resistance, and also the ones with minimum possible overall resistance. The ratio of maximum to minimum
values of the resistances (up to second decimal place) is _____.
Ans. 2.14
Sol.
RB
RA
RC
P Q
RB  RC
Req  RA 
RB  RC
Because parallel combination of two resistance will be approximately to the lower resistance hence Req
will be maximum when RA  10  .
5  2 80
 Req ,max  10  
7 7
10  5 80
Req ,min  2  
15 15
Req ,max 15
  2.14
Req ,min 7
Question 16
1
The residues of a function f ( z )  are
( z  4)( z  1)3
1 1 1 1
(A)  and  (B) and 
27 125 125 125
1 1 1 1
(C)  and (D) and 
27 5 125 5
Ans. (B)
1
Sol. Given : f ( z) 
( z  4) ( z  1)3
Residue of f ( z ) at z = a
f ( z ) ( z  a) z a
1
So residue of f ( z )  at z = 4
( z  4) ( z  1)3
1
 ( z  4)
( z  4) ( z  1)3 z 4
3
 1 
 
 z 1  z 4
1

125
Residue of f ( z ) with multiple pole at z = a with order n
1  d n 1 
 n 1 ( z  a ) f ( z )  
n
(n  1)!  dz z a
1
Residue of with 3 poles at z = –1
( z  4) ( z  1)3
1  d 2  1 3 

  2  ( z  4) ( z  1)3  ( z  1)  
2 !  dz    z 1
1  d 2  1 
   
2  dz 2  z  4   z 1
1  d  ( z  4)0  ( z  4)  
  
2  dz  ( z  4) 2  z 1
1  d  1  
  
2  dz  ( z  4) 2   z 1
1  ( z  4) 2  0  (1)2( z  4) 
  
2 ( z  4) 4  z 1
1 2 

2  ( z  4)3  z 1
1

125
Question 17
The general solution of the differential equation,
d2y dy
2
 2  5y  0
dx dx
in terms of arbitrary constant K1 and K 2 is,
(A) K1e( 1 6)x

 K 2 e( 1 6)x
(B) K1e( 1 8)x
 K 2 e( 1 8)x
(C) K1e(  2 6)x

 K 2e(  2 6)x
(D) K1e(  2 8)x
 K 2 e(  2 8)x
Ans. (A)
d2y dy
Sol. Given : 2
 2  5y  0
dx dx
 ( D 2  2 D  5)  y  0
 D2  2D  5  0
2  4  20 1
D  1  24
2 2
D  1  6
 M 1  1  6
M 2  1  6
 y (t )  k1e M1x  k2 e M 2 x
y (t )  k1e( 1 6)x
 k2 e( 1 6)x

Question 18
Y (s)
For the system shown in the figure,  ______.
X ( s)
–
+ +
X (s) G (s) = 2 Y (s)
+
Ans. (1)
Sol.
- +
X (s) G (s) = 2 Y (s)
+ +
Signal flow graph of above block diagram is shown below

-1
X (s) Y (s)
1 1 2 1
1
Forward path gain : P1  2 , P2  1
Individual loop gain : L1  2
Determinate :   1  L1  1  2  3
Now from Masson’s gain formula
2
Y (s) P k k
 k 1
X ( s) 
1   2  1
Y ( s ) P1  P2 2  1
 
X ( s) 1  L1 1  2
Y (s)
 1
X ( s)
Question 19
A sinusoidal message signal is converted to a PCM signal using a uniform quantizer. The required signal
to quantization noise ratio (SQNR) at the output of the quantizer is 40 dB. The minimum number of bits
per sample needed to achieve the desired SQNR is _____.
Ans. 7
Sol. Given : SQNR = 40dB
For a PCM signal,
SQNR(dB)  1.76  6.02 N
where, N  no. of bits/sample
40  1.76  6.02 N
N  6.35
Minimum number of bits/sample = 7 [to keep SQNR 40 dB].
Question 20
In the circuit shown V is a sinusoidal voltage source. The current I is in phase with voltage V. The ratio
Amplitude of voltage across the capacitor
is _____.
Amplitude of voltage across the resistor
5W 5H I
R L
V 5F
Ans. 0.2
Sol.
5W 5H I
+V –
R
+
V VC 5H
–
Because I is in phase with V, hence power factor angle  will be zero i.e. circuit is in resonance.
 X L  XC
1 1 1
    rad/sec
LC 25 5
1 1
 XC   1
c 1  5
5
 VC  IX C  I
VR  I  R  5 I
VC 1
  0.2
VR 5
Question 21
Which one of the following graphs shows the Shannon capacity (channel capacity) in bits of a memoryless
binary symmetric channel with crossover probability p ?
(A) (B)
Capacity
Capacity
1 1
p p
0 1 0 1
(C) (D)
Capacity
Capacity
1 1
p p
0 1 0 1
Ans. (C)
Sol. For a memoryless BSC, with cross-over probability p, capacity is given by,
C  1  p log 2 p  (1  p ) log 2 (1  p)
At p  0 , C  1 0  0  1
Capacity
1
1  1   1 
At p  , C  1       0
2  2   2 
p
At p  1 , C  1 0  0  1 0 1

Question 22
In a DRAM
(A) Periodic refreshing is not required
(B) Information is stored in a capacitor
(C) Information is stored in a latch
(D) Both read and write operations can be performed simultaneously
Ans. (B)
Sol. Inside a dynamic RAM chip, each memory cell holds one bit of information and is made up of two parts:
a transistor and a capacitor. These are extremely small transistors and capacitors so that millions of them
can fit on a single memory chip. The capacitor holds the bit of information - a 0 or a 1. The transistor acts
as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the memory chip read the capacitor or change its state.
A capacitor is like a small bucket that is able to store electrons. To store a 1 in the memory cell, the
bucket is filled with electrons. To store a 0, it is emptied. Therefore, for dynamic memory to work, either
the CPU or the memory controller has to come along and recharge all of the capacitors holding a 1 before
they discharge. To do this, the memory controller reads the memory and then writes it right back. This
refresh operation happens automatically thousands of times per second.
This refresh operation is where dynamic RAM gets its name. Dynamic RAM has to be dynamically
refreshed all of the time or it forgets what it is holding. The downside of all of this refreshing is that it
takes time and slows down the memory.
Question 23
An LTI system with unit sample response h[n]  5[n]  7[n  1]  7[n  3]  5[n  4] is a
(A) low-pass filter (B) high-pass filter (C) band-pass filter (D) band-stop filter
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : Impulse response h[n]  5[n]  7[n  1]  7[n  3]  5[n  4]
Taking Z transform,
Transfer function, H ( z )  5  7 z 1  7 z  3  5 z  4
At low frequency, z  1
H ( z ) z 1  5  7  7  5  0
At high frequency, z   1
H ( z ) z 1  5  7  7  5  0
Since, it is not passing low frequency and high frequency. Hence, it is a band-pass filter.
Question 24
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
(A) Lead compensator is used to reduce the settling time.
(B) Lag compensator is used to reduce the steady state error.
(C) Lead compensator may increase the order of a system.
(D) Lag compensator always stabilizes an unstable system.
Ans. (D)
Sol.
Sr. Lag Compensator Lead Compensator
1. Low pass filter High pass filter
2.  decreases, n decreases  increases, n increases
Sr. Lag Compensator Lead Compensator

3. Gain cross over frequency gc decreases Gain cross over frequency gc increases
4. Bandwidth decreases Bandwidth increases
5. 4 4
Settling time Ts  increases Settling time Ts  decreases
n n
6. Lag compensator improves the steady state Lead compensator improves the transient
performance of the system (decreases the performance of the system (decreases the
steady state error) time domain parameter)
Hence incorrect statement is (D) and correct option is (D).

Question 25
 x (t )   0 0   x1 (t )   0 
Consider the state space realization  1         u (t ), with the initial condition
 x2 (t )   0  9   x2 (t )   45
 x1 (0)  0 
 x (0)   0  where, u (t ) denotes the unit step function. The value of lim x12 (t )  x22 (t ) is _______.
 2    t 
Ans. (5)
 x1 (t )  0 0   x1 (t )   0 
Sol. Given :  x (t )   0 9   x (t )    45 u (t ) ...(i)
 2    2   
 x1 (0)  0 
and  x (0)   0 
 2   
State equation is given by,
x  Ax  Bu …(ii)
On comparing equation (i) and (ii), we get
0 0  0
A  , B 
 0 9   45
Solution of above state equation in time domain is given by,
x(t )  ZIR  ZSR
Where, ZIR  f [ x(0)] I / P 0 and ZSR  f ( I /P) x (0)0
t
x(t )  exp( At ) x(0)   exp  A(t  ) Bu ()d 
0
In case of zero initial condition we consider zero state response.

x(t )  ZSR
X ( s)  ( s) BU ( s) ...(iii)
s 0 
[ sI  A]   
0 s  9 
Laplace transform of state transition matrix can be written as,

1 
s 0 
L[(t )]  ( s )  [ sI  A]1   
0 1 
 s  9 
0
0
BU ( s )    U ( s )11   45 
 45 21  
 s  21
From equation (iii), we get
X ( s)  ( s) BU ( s)
1   0 
s 0  0
X ( s)     45    45 
0 1     
 s  
 s ( s  9) 
 s  9  22 21
Using partial fraction,

 0 

X ( s)  5 
  5 
s s  9
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
 0 
x(t )   9 t 
5  5e 
 x1 (t )   0 
 x (t )   5  5e 9t 
 2   
x1 (t )  0 , x2 (t )  5  5e 9t
x1 ( )  0, x2 ( )  5  5(e 9 )  5
The value of lim x12 (t )  x22 (t )  x12 ()  x22 ()  0  (5)2  5
t 

Question 26
The unmodulated carrier power in an AM transmitter is 5 kW. This carrier is modulated by a sinusoidal
modulating signal. The maximum percentage of modulation is 50%. If it is reduced to 40%, then the
maximum unmodulated carrier power (in kW) that can be used without overloading the transmitter is
______.
Ans. (5.2 to 5.3)
Sol. Given : Pc  5kW, ma  50% or 0.5
Maximum modulated power is given by,

 m2   0.52 
Pt  Pc 1  a   5 1  
 2   2 
Pt  5.625kW
If the modulation index is ma  40%
 0.42 
5.625  Pc 1  
 2 
Pc  5.208 kW
Question 27
Figure-I shows a 4-bit ripple carry adder realized using full adders and figure-II shows the circuit of a full
adder (FA). The propagation delay of the XOR, AND and OR gates in figure II are 20 ns, 15 ns and 10
ns, respectively. Assume all the inputs to the 4-bit adder are initially reset to 0.
Y3 X3 Y2 X2 Y1 X1 Y0 Y0
Z4 Z3 Z2 Z1 Z0
FA FA FA FA
S3 S2 S1 S0
Fig. I
Xn
Yn Sn
Z n+1
Zn
Fig. II
At t = 0, the input to the 4-bit adder are changed to X 3 X 2 X 1 X 0  1100, Y3Y2Y1Y0  0100 and Z 0  1 . The
output of the ripple carry adder will be stable at t (in ns) = _______.
Ans. (50)
Sol. Given : Propagation delay of the XOR gate = 20 ns,
Propagation delay of the AND gate = 15 ns,
Propagation delay of the OR gate = 10 ns
Internal diagram of full adder is shown below.
Xn
Yn Sn
Z n+1
Zn
The internal diagram of 4 bit ripple carry adder can be form as given below.
X0
A0
20
Y0 20 S0
C0
15 15 Z1
10
B0
Z0
X1
A1
20
Y1 20 S1
C1
15 15 Z2
10
B1
X2
A2
20
Y2 20 S2
C2
15 15 Z3
10
B2
X3
A3
20
Y3 20 S3
C3
15 15
10 Z4
B3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 t (nsec)
X0
Y0
Z0
A0
B0
1 1
S0
20
C0
Z1
0 0
X1
Y1
A1
B1
0 0
S1
C1
Z2 0 0
X2
Y2
A2
B2
S2
0 0
C2
1 1
Z3
25
X3
Y3
A3
B3
0 0
S3
45
C3
1
Z4
0
50
In given 4-bit ripple carry adder, we will get the stable output when S3 S2 S1S0  0001 and Z 4 Z 3 Z 2 Z1  1100
as shown in the above waveform we get S3 S2 S1S0  0001 and Z 4 Z 3 Z 2 Z1  1100 , at t = 50 nsec, hence we
will get the stable output at t = 50 nsec.
Hence the correct answer is 50.
Question 28
A programmable logic array (PLA) is shown in the figure.
P P Q Q R R
R
The Boolean function F implemented is
(A) PQR  PQR  PQR (B) ( P  Q  R )( P  Q  R )( P  Q  R )
(C) PQR  PQR  PQR (D) ( P  Q  R )( P  Q  R )( P  Q  R )
Ans. (C)
Sol. Function F from the circuit
F  PQR  PQR  PQR
Hence, the correction option is (C).
Question 29
Two n-channel MOSFETs, T1 and T2 , are identical in all respects except that the width of T2 is double
that of T1 . Both the transistors are biased in the saturation region of operation, but the gate over drive
voltage (VGS  VTH ) of T2 is double that of T1 , where VGS and VTH are the gate-to-source voltage and
threshold voltage of the transistors, respectively. If the drain current and trans-conductance of T1 are I D1
and g m1 respectively. The corresponding values of these two parameters for T2 are
(A) 8I D1 and 2 g m1 (B) 8I D1 and 4 g m1 (C) 4 I D1 and 4 g m1 (D) 4 I D1 and 2 g m1
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : W2  2W1 , V0V2  2V0V1
I D  K n (VGS  VTN ) 2 , g m  2 K n (VGS  VTN )
 V0V  VGS  VTN

 nCoxW
Kn 
2L
C W
I D1  n ox 1 (VGS  VTN ) 2
2L
 C W 
I D2  8  n ox 1  (VGS  VTN ) 2
 2L 
I D2  8 I D1
 nCoxW1
and g m1  (VGS  VTN )
L
 C W 
g m2  4  n ox 1  (VGS  VTN )
 L 
g m2  4 g m1
Question 30
Consider the parallel combination of two LTI system shown in the figure.
h1 (t )
x(t ) y (t )
h2 (t )
The impulse response of the system are

h1 (t )  2(t  2)  3(t  1)
h2 (t )  (t  2)
If the input x(t ) is a unit step signal, then the energy of y (t ) is _____.
Ans. 7
Sol. Given : h1 (t )  2(t  2)  3(t  1) , h2 (t )  (t  2) , x(t )  u (t )
h1 (t )
x(t ) y (t ) x(t ) h(t ) y (t )
h2 (t )
y (t )  h(t ) * x(t )
y (t )  [2(t  2)  3(t  1)  (t  2)]* u (t )
y (t )  [2u (t  2)  3u (t  1)  u (t  2)]
y (t )
2
t
-2 -1 0
-1
The energy of output signal is given by,

 1 2
E y (t ) dt   (2) 2 dt   (1) 2 dt
2
 2 1
E  43  7J
Question 31
An abrupt p-n junction (located at x  0 ) is uniformly doped on both p and n sides. The width of the
depletion region is W and the electric field variation in the x-direction is E ( x) . Which of the following
figures represents the electric field profile near the p-n junction?
(A) E(x) (B) E(x)
n-side p-side n-side p-side
(0, 0)
x x
W W
(C) E(x) (D) E(x)

n-side p-side n-side p-side
W W
x x
(0, 0)
Ans. (A)
Sol. An electric field is created in the depletion region by the separation of positive and negative space charge
density.
r ( x) (C/cm 2 )
n side p side
qN D
Donor ion
xp
x
- xn
- qN A Acceptor ion
E ( x) (V/cm)
qN D qN A
xn = xp
e e
x
- xn xp
From Poisson’s equation

d 2V ( x)  ( x)

dx 2 
 dV ( x)
 E ( x) 
dx
dE ( x) ( x)
  ….. (i)
dx 
Where V ( x)  electric potential, E ( x)  electric field, ( x)  volume charge density
From figure, volume charge density is,
qN D ,  xn  x  0
( x)  
 qN A , 0  x  x p
From equation (i),
( x )
E ( x)   dx

qN qN D
E ( x)   D dx  x  C1 ….. (ii)
 
At x   xn , E ( x)  0
 qN D xn
0  C1

qN D xn
C1 

From equation (ii), electric field E ( x) at n-side is given by,
qN D qN x
E ( x)  x D n
 
qN D
E ( x)  ( x  xn ),  xn  x  0 ….. (iii)

In the p-region, electric field is determine from,
 qN A  qN A
E ( x)   dx  x  C2 ….. (iv)
 
Since E ( x) is continuous at x = 0,
qN D xn
From equation (ii), E (0) 

From continuity equation, N A x p  N D xn
qN A x p
So, E (0) 

From equation (iv), E (0)  C2
qN A x p
C2 

From equation (iv), electric field E ( x) at p-side is given by,

 qN A qN A x p qN A
E ( x)  x  (x  xp )
  
Question 32
Assuming that transistors M 1 and M 2 are identical and have a threshold voltage of 1 V, the state of
transistors M 1 and M 2 are respectively
3V
2.5 V M2
2.0 V M1
(A) Saturation, Saturation (B) Linear, Linear

(C) Linear, Saturation (D) Saturation, Linear
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
3V
2.5 V M2
Vx
2.0 V M1
For transistor M 2 :
VDS  3  Vx
VGS  2.5  Vx
VOV  VGS  Vth  1.5  Vx
VGS  Vth and VDS  VOV
So transistor M 2 is in saturation.
Assume M 1 is also in saturation
So, I D 2 saturation  I D1 saturation

kn (2.5  Vx  1) 2  kn (2  1) 2
1.5  Vx  1
Taking positive sign
1.5  Vx  1
Vx  0.5
Taking negative sign
1.5  Vx  1
Vx  2.5
For Vx  2.5 ,
For transistor M 2 : VGS  0 V
Vth  VGS
So, M 2 is in cutoff region.
So Vx  2.5 [Not possible]
For Vx  0.5 ,
Vth  VGS and VDS  VOV
So, M 2 is in saturation region.
VDS  Vx  0.5 V
Vth  VGS and VDS  VOV
So, our assumption is wrong and M 1 is in linear region.
Question 33
Consider the circuit shown in the figure.
3i0
P
1W i0
10 V 1W 1W
Q
1W
The Thevenin equivalent resistance (in ) across PQ is _______.
Ans. –1
Sol. Given :
3i0
P
1W i0
10 V 1W 1W
Q
1W
Calculation of Rth : Remove 10 V voltage source by short circuit

3i0
i2 2 I dc
P
1W i0
1 1W Vdc
Q
1W i1 A
Vdc i0 1 i0
Rth    …. (i)
I dc I dc I dc
Applying KCL at node (A),
i1  i0  I dc
Applying KVL in loop (1),
i0  i1  i2  0
i2  i1  i0  2i0  I dc …. (ii)
Applying in loop (2),
i2  3i0  0 …. (iv)
From equation (ii) and (iii),
 2i0  I dc  3i0  0
I dc  i0
i0
 1
I dc
Hence from equation (i),
Rth  1 
Question 34
In the circuit shown, transistors Q1 and Q2 are biased at a collector current of 2.6 mA. Assuming that
transistor current gains are sufficiently large to assume collector current equal to emitter current and
V 
thermal voltage of 26 mV, the magnitude of voltage gain  0  in the midband frequency range is
 VS 
________ (up to second decimal place).
5V
1 kW
V0
Q1
VS
Q2
RB2
-5 V
Ans. 50
Sol. Given :
(i) Collector current = I C1  I C 2  2.6 mA
(ii)  is large
(iii) Thermal voltage = VT  26 mV
. Method 1 :
AC equivalent model :
Replace all the DC voltage source by short circuit.
B1 I B1 C1 I C1
V0
Vs rp1 bI B1 bI B1 1 kW
E1
I E1
E2
rp 2 bI B 2
IB2 IC 2
B2 C2
RB 2
B1 I B1 C1 I C1
V0
E1
I E1
E2
rp 2 bI B 2
IB2 IC 2
B2 C2
From the above circuit, output voltage V0 is given by,

V0  I B1 103 …. (i)
Apply the KVL in the loop shown in above figure.
Vs  r1  I B1  r 2  I B 2 …. (ii)
Apply KCL at node E1 i.e. E2 ,
I B1  I B 2  I B 2  I B 2  0
(1  ) I B1  (1  ) I B 2
I B1  I B 2 …. (iii)
Vs  (r1  r 2 ) I B1
 
Where r1  , r 2 
g m1 gm2
 1 1 
Hence Vs      I B1 …. (iv)
 g m1 g m 2 
Put the value of I B1 from equation (i) into equation (iv), hence
 1 1  V0
Vs      3
 g m1 g m 2  10
V0 103

Vs 1 1

g m1 g m 2
I C1 2.6 I 2.6
Where g m1   and g m 2  C 2 
VT 26 VT 26
V0 103 103
Hence     50
Vs 26 26 20

2.6 2.6
. Method 2 : 5V
1 kW
Voltage gain of this combination of BJT is given by, V0
V0  RC Q1

Vs re1  re 2 VS
VT VT 26
Where re1     10  Q2
I e1 I C1 2.6
RB2
V V 26
And re 2  T  T   10 
I e 2 I C 2 2.6 -5 V
V0 1000 V0
Hence    50 or  50
Vs 20 Vs
 Key Point :
AC equivalent model :
Replace all the DC voltage source by short circuit.
B1 I B1 C1 I C1
V0
E1
I E1
E2
rp 2 bI B 2
IB2 IC 2
B2 C2
V0  1  I B1  RC …. (i)
Apply KCL at E1 :
I B1  1 I B1  I B 2  2 I B 2
1  2
I B1  IB2 …. (ii)
1  1
Apply KVL in loop shown in figure,
Vs  r1 I B1  r 2 I B 2  0 …. (iii)
 1  1 
Vs   r1  r 2   I B1 …. (iv)
 1  2 
From equation (i) and (iv),
V0 1 RC

Vs 1  1
r1  r 2 
1  2
 r1  1re1 r 2  2 re 2
V0 1 RC

Vs 1  1
1re1  2 re 2 
1  2
2
 1 1  1  1
1  2
V0 1 RC RC
  
Vs 1re1  1re 2 re1  re 2
Question 35
An integral I over a counterclockwise circle C is given by,
z2 1
I   2 e z dz
c z 1
If C is defined as z  3 , then the value of I is

(A)  i sin(1) (B)  2i sin(1) (C)  3i sin(1) (D)  4i sin(1)
Ans. (D)
Sol.
Im ( z )
+3i
z =3
+i
Re ( z )
-3 3
-i
-3i
z2 1 z
I   2 e dz  2i  Res ( z  i )  Res ( z  i ) 
c z 1
Residue of f ( z ) at z  a is given by lim ( z  a ) f ( z )

z a
z 1 z
2
Residue of e at z  i
z2 1
( z 2  1) 2 i 2 i
 lim ( z  i ) ez  e  e
z i ( z  i )( z  i ) ii 2i
z2 1 z
Residue of e at z   i
z2 1
( z 2  1) 2 i
 lim ( z  1) ez  e
z  i ( z  i )( z  i ) 2i
z2 1 z
I   e dz  2i  Res ( z  i )  Res ( z  i ) 
c z2 1
 2 2   ei e  i 
I  2i  ei  e  i    4i   
 2i 2i   2i 2i 
 ei  e  i 
I   4i     4i sin (1) Ans.
 2i 
Question 36
For a particular intensity of incident light on a silicon p-n junction solar cell, the photo current density (
J L ) is 2.5 mA/cm 2 and the open circuit voltage ( Voc ) is 0.451 V, consider thermal voltage ( VT ) to be 25
mV. If the intensity of the incident light is increased by 20 times, assuming that the temperature remains
unchanged, Voc (in volts) will be ______.
Ans. (0.525)
Sol. Open circuit voltage of solar cell is given by,
 J 
Voc  VT ln 1  L 
 Js 
Where, J L  Photo current density,
J s  Reverse saturation current density,
VT  Thermal voltage.
When intensity of the incident light is increased by 20 times then J L'  20 J L
Given : Temperature is constant, so J s'  J s , VT'  VT
 J  J 
Open circuit voltage Voc  0.451 V  VT ln  1  L   VT ln  L  …..(i)
 Js   Js 
New open circuit voltage,

 J' 
Voc'  VT' ln 1  L 
 J s' 
J' 
Voc'  VT ln  L 
 J s' 
 20 J L 
Voc'  VT ln  
 Js 
J 
Voc'  VT ln  L   VT ln 20
 Js 
From equation (i), Voc'  0.451  (0.025ln 20)  0.525 V
Question 37
1  1 x y  1  1 x y 
The values of the integrals   
0 0 ( x  y) 3
dy  dx and

  
0 0 ( x  y) 3
dx  dy are

(A) same and equal to 0.5 (B) same and equal to – 0.5
(C) 0.5 and – 0.5, respectively (D) – 0.5 and 0.5, respectively
Ans. (C)
1 1 x  y  1 1 x y 
Sol. Given : 0  0 ( x  y)3 dy  dx and 0  0 ( x  y)3 dx  dy are
x y
1 1
Let, I1    dy dx
0 0
( x  y ) 3
  2x
1 1
1  
I1       2 
dy  dx
0 0  ( x  y ) 3
( x  y )  
1   1 
1
 1 
1

I1    2 x  2 
   dx
0   2( x  y )  0  x  y  
 0
1
 1 
1
1
I1   dx     0.5
( x  1)  x  1 
2
0 0
 x y
1 1
 
1 1
1 2y 
And let, I2     dx  dy     dx  dy
00
( x  y) 3
 00
( x  y) ( x  y)
2 3

1
1
 1 2y 
I2    
( x  y ) 2( x  y )  0
dy
0 
1
1
1  1 
I2   dy       0.5
0
(1  y ) 2
 y  1 0

Question 38
The state diagram of a finite state machine (FSM) designed to detect an overlapping sequence of three bits
is shown in the figure. The FSM has an input ‘In’ and an output ‘Out’. The initial state of the FSM is S0 .
00 In = 0
S0 Out = 0
In = 1
Out = 0
In = 0 In = 1
Out = 0 01
Out = 0
S1 In = 0
Out = 0
10 In = 1
S2 Out = 0
In = 0 In = 1
Out = 0 Out = 1
S3
11
If the input sequence is 10101101001101, starting with the left-most bit, then the number of times ‘Out’
will be 1 is _____.
Ans. (4)
Sol. Given : Input sequence is 10101101001101
Initial state In Next state Out
S0 1 S1 0
S1 0 S2 0
S2 1 S3 1
S3 0 S2 0
S2 1 S3 1
S3 1 S1 0
S1 0 S2 0
S2 1 S3 1
S3 0 S2 0
S2 0 S0 0
S0 1 S1 0
S1 1 S1 0
S1 0 S2 0
S2 1 S3 1
Hence the number of times ‘Out’ will be 1 is 4.
Question 39
A modulating signal given by x(t )  5sin(4103 t  10 cos 2103 t ) V is fed to a phase modulator with
phase deviation constant K p  5 rad/V . If the carrier frequency is 20 kHz, the instantaneous frequency (in
kHz) at t = 0.5 m sec is ________.
Ans. 70
Sol. Given : x(t )  5sin (4103 t  10 cos 2103 t ), k p  5 rad/v, f c  20 kHz
In PM, frequency deviation is given by,
Kp d
f  [ x(t )]
2 dt
Kp d
f  5sin (4103 t  10 cos 2103 t ) 
2 dt
5
f   5 cos  4 103 t  10 cos 2  103 t )    4  103  202  103 sin 2 103 t 
2
At t  0.5ms ,
25
f  cos[2  10][4 103  0]
2
f  25  2 103  50 kHz
Frequency deviation can also be written as,
f  fi  f c
fi  f  f c
fi  50  20  70 kHz
Question 40
Passengers try repeatedly to get a seat reservation in any train running between two stations until they are
successful. If there is 40% chance of getting reservation in any attempt by a passenger, then the average
number of attempts that passengers need to make to get a seat reserved is ___________.
Ans. (2.5)
Sol. ' X '  Number of attempts
X 1 2 3 4 5
P 0.4 0.6  0.4 0.62  0.4 0.63  0.4 0.64  0.4
E ( X )   xi P ( xi )
i
E ( X )   0.4  (0.6)  0.4  (0.6) 2  0.4  (0.6)3  0.4  (0.6) 4  0.4

E ( X )   0.4(1  2  0.6  3  0.62  4  0.63  ........)
1  1 
E ( X )   0.4  (1  x) 2  1  2 x  3x  .....
2
(1  0.6) 2  
1
E( X )    2.5
0.4
Question 41
Consider an LTI system with magnitude response
 f 
1  , f  20 
H ( f )   20  and phase response arg {H ( f )}  2 f
 0, f  20 

If the input to the system is
     
x(t )  8cos  20t    16sin  40t    24 cos  80t   ,
 4  8  16 
then the average power of the output signal y (t ) is ___________.
Ans. 8
 f
1  f  20
Sol. H ( f )   20
 f  20
 0
 f
1  20 20  f  0

 f
H ( f )  1  0  f  20
 20
 0 Otherwise


H ( f )  2 f
 f 
1  20    2 f 20  f  0
 
 f 
 H ( f )   1     2 f 0  f  20
 20 
 0 Otherwise


 
For X 1 (t )  8cos  20t   ;
 4

X 1 (t )  8 f  10 Hz
4
 f  
 Y1 (t )  1     2 f  8
 20  4
 f   
Y1 (t )  8 1      2 f  
 20   4
 
Y1 (t )  4   200   f  10 Hz
4 
 
For X 2 (t )  16sin  40t   ;
 8

X 2 (t )  16 f  20 Hz
8
 H ( f )  0 for f  20 Hz
 
 Y2 (t )  16   0 
 8
Y2 (t )  0
 
For X 3 (t )  24 cos  80t   ;
 16 

X 3 (t )  24 , f  40
16
 H ( f )  0 for f  40 Hz
 
 Y3 (t )   24   0 
 16 
Y3 (t )  0
Hence Y (t )  Y1 (t )  Y2 (t )  Y3 (t )  Y1 (t )
 
Y (t )  4   200 
4 
  
Y (t )  4 cos  20t   200 
 4 
Note : Power of A cos t is A2 / 2
42
Hence power of Y (t )  PY   8 Watt
2
Question 42
A second order LTI system is described by the following state equations
d
x1 (t )  x2 (t )  0
dt
d
x2 (t )  2 x1 (t )  3 x2 (t )  r (t )
dt
where x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) are the two state variables and r (t ) denotes the input. The output c(t )  x1 (t ) . The
system is
(A) Undamped (oscillatory) (B) Under damped
(C) Critically damped (D) Over damped
Ans. (D)
d
Sol. Given : x1 (t )  x2 (t )  0
dx
d
x2 (t )  2 x1 (t )  3 x2 (t )  r (t )
dx
x1  x2  0
x2  2 x1  3x2  r (t )
 x1   0 1   x1   0 
 x    2 3  x   1  r (t ) ...(i)
 2   2  
State equation is given by,
x  Ax  Bu …(ii)
0 1
A 
 2 3
Characteristic equation is given by,
sI  A  0 Img(jw)
 s 0  0 1 
 0 s     2 3   0
   
 s 1  Real (s)
 2 s  3  0 –2 –1
 
s 2  3s  2  0 ....(i)
( s  2)( s  1)  0
s  2, s  1
Negative unequal real roots represent over-damped system.
Also,
For a second order system, characteristics equation is given by,
s 2  2n s  2n  0 ....(ii)
2n  3 and n  2
2  2  3
  1.06  1
So, the system is over-damped.
Question 43
A unity feedback control system is characterized by the open-loop transfer function
10 K ( s  2)
G(s)  3
s  3s 2  10
The Nyquist path and the corresponding Nyquist plot of G( s) are shown in the figures below,
jw jImg
+ j¥ s-plane
G(s)-plane
+ j 5.43 K
+
s = Re jq
j0 R®¥ - jw
w=0
s Re
0 -K 2K
- j 0- + jw
- j 5.43 K
- j¥ -
Nyquist path for G(s) Nyquist plot for G(s)
If 0  K  1 , then the number of poles of the closed-loop transfer function that lie in the right-half of the
s-plane is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Ans. (C)
10 K ( s  2)
Sol. Given : G(s)  3 and H ( s)  1
s  3s 2  10
Img
G(s)-plane
+ j 5.43 K
- jw
-1 + j 0 w=¥ w=0
Re
-K 2K
+ jw
0 < K <1
- j 5.43 K
Number of encirclement about critical point (1  j 0) in anticlockwise is given by,

N  PZ ...(i)
Where, P = Number of open loop poles in right half of s-plane
Z = Number of closed loop poles in right half of s-plane
From figure, N = 0
s 3  3s 2  0s  10  0
Routh Tabulation :
s3 1 0
2
s 3 10
10
s1 0
3
s0 10
From Routh table, two sign changes in first column i.e., two poles lie in the RHS of s–plane.
 P=2
0  2Z
Z 2 (system is unstable)
Question 44
A unity feedback control system is characterized by the open-loop transfer function
2( s  1)
G ( s)  3
s  Ks 2  2s  1
The value of K for which the system oscillates at 2 rad/sec is_______.
Ans. (0.75)
2( s  1)
Sol. Given : G (s)  3 , H (s)  1
s  Ks 2  2 s  1
1  G ( s) H ( s)  0
s 3  Ks 2  2 s  1  2 s  2  0
s 3  Ks 2  4s  3  0
Routh Tabulation :
s3 1 4
2
s K 3
4K  3
s1 0
K
s0 3
4K  3 3
We will get row of zeros when 0  K  0.75
K 4
Because of row of zeros, we form the auxiliary equation using the coefficients of s 2 row
A(s)  Ks 2  3  0
K (2 )  3  0
At   2 rad/sec , K (22 )  3  0
3
K  0.75
4
Alternative method :
The system is oscillating hence this is a marginally stable system.
For marginally stable system :
Internal product = External product
Internal product = 4K , external product = 3
3
4 K  3  K   0.75
4
 For a third order system only,
IP > EP : system is stable.
IP < EP : system is unstable.
IP = EP : system is marginal stable.
Question 45
The permittivity of water at optical frequencies is 1.75  0 . It is found that an isotropic light source at a
distance d under water forms an illuminated circular area of radius 5 m as shown in the figure. The critical
angle is (C ) .
5m
Air
Water qC d
Light source
The value of d (in m) is _____.
Ans. (4.33)
Sol. Given : Critical angle is c .
The smallest angle of incidence at which a light ray passing from one medium to another less refractive
medium can be totally reflected from the boundary between the two.
Air e = e0
5m B
Water O
e = 1.75 e0
qc d
A Point source
Normal
The critical angle is given by,

n 
c  sin 1  2 
 n1 
where, n2  refractive index of air  c 00
n1  refractive index of water  c 00 1.75
 c 00 
c  sin 1    49.1
0
 c   1.75 
 0 0 
5
In AOB , tan c 
d
5
d  4.33m
tan 49.10
Question 46
In the voltage reference circuit shown in the figure, the op-amp is ideal and the transistors Q1 , Q2 .....Q32
are identical in all respects and have infinitely large values of common-emitter current gain () . The
collector current ( I C ) of the transistors is related to their base-emitter voltage (VBE ) by the relation
V 
I C  I S exp  BE  , where I S is the saturation current. Assume that the voltage VF shown in the figure is
 VT 
0.7 V and the thermal voltage VT  26 mV .
20 kW
20 kW + 15 V
–
Vout
+
-15 V
5 kW
Vp
...........
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q32
The output voltage Vout (in volts) is ________.
Ans. 0.7
Sol. Given circuit is shown below,
20 kW 0A
20 kW + 15 V
0.7 V –
Vout
0.7 V +
-15 V
5 kW I
V p = 0.7
...........
+ Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q32
0.7 – 0.7 – 0.7 – 0.7 –
Non-inverting voltage VNI  0.7 V (from figure)

From virtual ground concept, VNI  VI  0.7 V
VI  VP 0.7  0.7
Current through 5 kresistor I    0A
5 5
Apply KVL in loop shown in figure,  Vout  0  20  0.7  0  Vout  0.7 V .
Question 47
A MOS capacitor is fabricated on p-type Si (Silicon) where the metal work function is 4.1 eV and electron
affinity of Si is 4.0 eV, EC  EF  0.9 eV , where EC and EF are conduction band minimum and the Fermi
energy levels of Si, respectively. Oxide layer permittivity  r  3.9, 0  8.85  1014 F/cm . Oxide thickness
tox  0.1m and electronic charge q  1.6 1019 C. If the measured flat band voltage of this capacitor is
– 1 V, then the magnitude of the fixed charge at the oxide-semiconductor interface, in (nC/cm2) is ______.
Ans. 176.026
Sol. Given :
Metal work function em  4.1 eV EVac EVac
Electron affinity e  4 eV efm efs ec
EC  EFP  0.9 eV EFm EC

0.9 eV
es  e  0.9 EFP
es  4.9 eV Metal Semiconductor
m  4.1 V , s  4.9 V
Metal semiconductor work function is given by,
ms  m  s  4.1  4.9  0.8 V
ox 3.9  8.85 1014
Cox   4
 34.515 109 F/cm 2
tox 0.110
Flat band voltage is given by,

Qss
VFB  ms 
Cox
Qss
 0.8  1  0.2 V
Cox
Fixed charge at the oxide-semiconductor interface is,
Qss  0.2  Cox  0.2  34.515 109 C/cm
Question 48
The switch in the circuit shown in the figure, was open for a long time and is closed at t  0 . The current
i(t ) (in Ampere) at t  0.5 sec is ______.
i (t ) 5W
10 A 5W t=0
2.5 H
Ans. 8.16
Sol. (i) At t  0  :
5W
10 A 5W
–
IL(0 )
10
I L (0 ) 5 A
2
From property of inductor,
I L (0 )  I L (0 )  5 A
(ii) At t  0  :
Inductor behaves as a current source of initial value of 5 A.
A
i (0+ )
5W
10 A 5W
0.5 A
Apply KCL at node A,

10  i (0 )  5  0
i (0 )  5 V
(iii) Calculation of Rth :

Current source replaced by O.C.
5W
5W
Ü Rth = 5 W
L 2.5 1
Time constant,     sec
Rth 5 2
(iv) At t   :
i (¥) = 10 A
5W
10 A 5W
Current i (t ) is given by,

i (t )  i ()  i (0 )  i ()  e t / 
i (t )  10  (5  10)e  t /0.5
At t = 0.5 :
i (0.5)  10  5 e 1  8.16 A
Question 49

If the vector function F  aˆ x (3 y  k1 z )  aˆ y ( k2 x  2 z )  aˆ z ( k3 y  z ) is irrotational, then the values of the
constants k1 , k2 and k3 respectively, are
(A) 0.3,  2.5, 0.5 (B) 0.0, 3.0, 2.0 (C) 0.3, 0.33, 0.5 (D) 4.0, 3.0, 2.0
Ans. (B)

Sol. Given : F  (3 y  k1 z )aˆ x  (k2 x  2 z )aˆ y  aˆ z (k3 y  1)
 
and  F  0 i.e. F is irrotational.
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
   
 F 
x y z
(3 y  k1 z ) (k2 x  2 z ) (k3 y  1)
   
  F  aˆ x   (k3 y  1)  (k2 x  2 z ) 
 y z 
     
aˆ y   (k3 y  1)  (3 y  k1 z )   aˆ z  (k2 x  2 z )  (3 y  k1 z ) 
 x z   x z 

 F  (k3  2)aˆ x  aˆ y (k1 )  aˆ z (k2  3)

For  F to be zero,
k3  2, k1  0 and k2  3
Question 50
Consider a binary memory less channel characterized by the transition probability diagram shown in the
figure.
0.25
0 0
0.25
0.75
1 1
0.75
The channel is
(A) Lossless (B) Noiseless (C) Useless (D) Deterministic
Ans. (C)
Sol.
0.25
0 0
0.25
0.75
1 1
0.75
Channel transition matrix is given by,
0.25 0.75
P Y /X    
0.25 0.75
Lossless channel : A channel described by a channel matrix with only one nonzero element in each
column is called a lossless channel.
1 2 
3 0 0 0
3
 
Example : P Y /X    0 0
3 1
0
 4 4 
 
0 0 0 0 1
 
Deterministic channel : A channel described by a channel matrix with only one nonzero element in each
row is called a deterministic channel.
1 0 0 
Example : P Y /X   0 1 0 
0 1 0 
Noiseless channel : A channel is called noiseless if it is both lossless and deterministic.
1 0 0 
Example : P Y /X   0 1 0 
0 0 1 
So, the given channel is useless.
Question 51
Standard air filled rectangular wave guides of dimensions a  2.29 cm and b  1.02 cm are designed for
radar applications. It is desired that these waveguides operate only in the dominant TE10 mode with
operating frequency at least 25% above the cut-off frequency of the TE10 mode but not higher than 95%
of the next higher cut-off frequency. The range of allowable operating frequency f is
(A) 8.19 GHz  f  13.1 GHz (B) 8.19 GHz  f  12.45 GHz
(C) 6.55 GHz  f  13.1 GHz (D) 1.64 GHz  f  10.24 GHz
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : a  2.29 cm and b  1.02 cm
Case 1 : f  f c  25% of f c
5
f  fc …..(i)
4
Cut-off frequency is given by,
2 2
c m n
fc     
2  a  b
For TE10 mode, m  1, n  0
c 3 108
fc    6.55GHz
2a 2  2.29 10 2
From equation (i), operating frequency will be,
5
f   6.55 109  8.19 GHz
4
Case 2 : f  95% of f c
f  0.95 fC
For TE20 mode (next higher cut-off frequency), m  2, n  0
c 3 108
fc    13.1GHz
a 2.29 10 2
f  0.95 13.1109
f  12.44 GHz
So, the range of operating frequency would be,
8.19 GHz  f  12.44 GHz
Note :
For TE01 , m  0, n  1
c 3 108
fc    14.7 GHz
2b 2 1.02 10 2
For TE11 , m  1, n  1
2 2
c 1 1
fc     
2 a b
3 108 
2 2
1   1 
fc   1 
 2 
 16 GHz
2  2.29 10   1.02  10 
So, next higher cut-off frequency we will get for TE20 mode.
Question 52
1
The minimum value of the function f ( x)  x( x 2  3) in the interval 100  x  100 occurs at x = _____.
3
Ans. 1
f ( x )  x  x 2  3
1
Sol. Given : in [–100, 100]
3
1
 ( x 3  3 x) in [–100, 100]
3
f '( x)   3x 2  3  x 2  1  0
1
3
  x  1 x  1  0
 x  1, 1 are the stationary points
f ''( x)  2 x
f ''(1)  2  0, (Maxima)
f ''(1)  2  0, (Minima)
For calculating minimum value of f ( x) in  100, 100 , we have to check value of f ( x) at boundary
and stationary point.
1
f (100)  (100)  (100) 2  3  333233.3
3
1
f (100)  (100)  (100) 2  3  333233.3
3
1 2
f (1)  (1)  (1) 2  3   0.666
3 3
1 2
f (1)  (1)  (1) 2  3     0.666
3 3
 Minimum value of function occurs at x  100
Question 53
1  sin t 
The transfer function of a causal LTI system is H ( s )  . If the input to the system is x(t )   u (t ) ,
s  t 
where u (t ) is a unit step function, the system output y (t ) as t   is _____.
Ans. (0.5)
sin t
Sol. Given : x(t )  u (t )
t
LT 1
sin tu (t )  
s 1
2
From property of Laplace transform,

f (t ) 
LT
 F ( s)
f (t ) LT 
   F ( s ) ds
t s
sin t  ds
 LT
u (t )   2
t s s 1
sin t 1  ds
LT
u (t )    2
t  s s 1
  tan 1 s  s
1  ds 1 
X (s)  
 s s 1 
2
1  
X ( s)    tan 1 s 
 2 
Output of given LTI system,
y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )
Taking Laplace transform, Y ( s)  X ( s) H ( s)
1  
Y (s)    tan 1 s 
s 2 
1  1 tan 1 s  1 tan 1
Y (s)     
s 2   2s s
From final value theorem, lim y (t )  lim sY ( s )
t  s 0
 1 tan 1 s   1 tan 1 s 
 lim s    
s  s  0  2  
lim
s  0  2s
1
  0  0.5
2
Question 54
The signal x(t )  sin(14000 t ) , where t is in seconds, is sampled at a rate of 9000 samples per second.
The sample signal is the input to an ideal low pass filter with frequency response H ( f ) as follows :
1, f  12 kHz
H( f )  
0, f  12 kHz
What is the number of sinusoids in the output and their frequencies in kHz?
(A) Number of sinusoids = 1, Frequency = 7 (B) Number of sinusoids = 3, Frequencies = 2, 7, 11
(C) Number of sinusoids = 2, Frequencies = 2, 7 (D) Number of sinusoids = 2, Frequencies = 7, 11
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : x(t )  sin (14000 t ), f s  9000 samples/sec
Cutoff frequency of LPF = 12 kHz.
The frequency components present in sampled signal is given by,
f m , f s  f m , 2 f s  f m , 3 f s  f m .....
f m  7 kHz
f s  f m  9  7  16 kHz and 2 kHz
2 f s  f m  18  7  25kHz and 11 kHz
3 f s  f m  27  7  34 kHz and 20 kHz
The number of components present at the output of LPF will be three and they are 7 kHz, 2 kHz and 11
kHz.
Question 55
An electron ( q1 ) is moving in free space with velocity 105 m/s towards a stationary electron ( q2 ) far away.
The closest distance that this moving electron gets to the stationary electron before the repulsive force
diverts its path is _______ 10 8 m .
Given mass of electron m  9.1110 31 kg .
1
Charge of electrons e  1.6 1019 C and permittivity 0  10 9 F/m
36
Ans. 5.063
Sol. Given :
q1 v = 105 m/s q2
Moving r Stationary
Mass of electron m  9.1110 31 kg

Charge of electrons e  1.6 1019 C
Velocity of electron of q1 (v)  105 m/sec
1 2
Initial kinetic energy (KE)initial  mv
2
1 q1q2
Initial potential energy (PE)initial  0
40 r r 
1 2
Final kinetic energy (KE)final  mv 0
2 v 0
1 q1q2
Final potential energy (PE)final 
40 r
From energy conservation theorem,
(KE)initial  (PE)initial  (KE)final  (PE)final
1 2 1 q1q2
mv 
2 40 r
2q1q2
r
40 mv 2
q1  q2  e  1.6 1019
2  9 109  (1.6 1019 ) 2 18 1.62 1029
r 
9.11031 1010 9.11021
18 1.62
r 108  5.063 108 m
9.1
.General Aptitude.
Question 1
The ninth and the tenth of this month are Monday and Tuesday _______.
(A) Figuratively (B) Retrospectively (C) Respectively (D) Rightfully
Ans. (C)
Question 2
It is ____ to read this year’s textbook _____ the last year’s.
(A) easier, than (B) most easy, than (C) easier, from (D) easiest, from
Ans. (A)
Question 3
500 students are taking one or more courses out of Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. Registration
records indicate course enrolment as follows : Chemistry (329), Physics (186), Mathematics (295),
Chemistry and Physics (83), Chemistry and Mathematics (217), and Physics and Mathematics (63). How
many students are taking all 3 subjects?
(A) 37 (B) 43 (C) 47 (D) 53
Ans. (D)
Sol.
83
C 329 P 186
217 63
M 295
P ( A  B  C )  P ( A)  P ( B )  P (C )  P ( A  B )  P ( A  C )  P ( B  C )  P ( A  B  C )
P ( A  B  C )  329  186  295  83  63  217  x  500
x  500  447  53
Question 4
Fatima starts from point P, goes North for 3 km and then East for 4 km to reach point Q. She then turns
to face point P and goes 15 km in that direction. She then goes North for 6 km. How far is she from point
P, and in which direction should she go to reach point P?
(A) 8 km, East (B) 12 km, North (C) 6 km, East (D) 10 km, North
Ans. (A)
Sol.
4 km
3 km
8 km 5 km
P
6 km
10 km
Question 5
A rule states that in order to drink beer, one must be over 18 years old. In a bar, there are 4 people P is 16
years old, Q is 25 years old, R is drinking milkshake and S is drinking a bear. What must be checked to
ensure that the rule is being followed?
(A) Only P ' s drink (B) Only P ' s drink and S ' s age
(C) Only S ' s age (D) Only P ' s drink, Q ' s drink and S ' s age
Ans. (B)
Sol. Since age of P is less than 18 year, so we have to check of P and since S is drinking a bear so we have to
check age of S for Rule is being flowed.
Question 6
Each of P, Q, R, S, W, X, Y and Z has been married at most once. X and Y married and have two children
P and Q, Z is grandfather of the daughter ‘S’ of P. Further Z and W married and are parents of R. Which
one of the following must necessarily be FALSE?
(A) X is the mother in law to R (B) P and R are not married to each other
(C) P is son of X and Y (D) Q cannot be married to R
Ans. (B)
Sol.
X Y
Z
R P Q
W
S
= Marry
= Son or daughter
(i) X is mother in law to R. Therefore option (A) is true.

(ii) P and R can marry. Therefore option (B) is false.
(iii) Q and R cannot marry. Therefore option (C) is true.
(iv) P is son of X and Y. Therefore option (D) is true.
Question 7
The number of 3 digit numbers such that the digit 1 is never to the immediate right of 2 is
(A) 781 (B) 791 (C) 881 (D) 891
Ans. (C)
Sol. Total number of 3 digit numbers  900 100 to 999
Numbers which have 1 on immediate right of 2
210, 211,........, 219  10 numbers and 121, 221,321,.....921  9 numbers
So, number of 3 digit number such that digit 1 is never on the immediate right of 2  900  10  9   881
Question 8
1200 men and 500 women can build a bridge in 2 weeks. 900 men and 250 women will take 3 weeks to
build the same bridge. How many men will be needed to build the bridge in one week?
(A) 3000 (B) 3300 (C) 3600 (D) 3900
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
1200 men  500 women  2 weeks
900 men  250 women  3 weeks
Let, ‘x’ men can finish entire work  1 week
‘y’ women can finish entire work  1 week
1 1 1
1200   500   ….(i)
x y 2
1 1 1
900   250   …(ii)
x y 3
Solving equation (i) and (ii),
x  3600, y  3000
Hence the correct option is (C).
Question 9
A contour line joins locations having the same height above the mean sea level. The following is a contour
plot of a geographical region. Contour lines are shown at 25 m intervals in this plot.
R
425 550
450
575
Q P
S
575
550
T 500
0
50 475
0 1 2 km
Which of the following is the steepest path leaving from P?

(A) P to Q (B) P to R (C) P to S (D) P to T
Ans. (B)
Question 10
“If you are looking for a history of India, or for an account of the rise and fall of the British Raj, or for the
reason of the cleaving of the subcontinent into two mutually antagonistic parts and the effects this
mutilation will have in the respective sections, and ultimately on Asia, you will not find it in these pages
for though I have spent a lifetime in the country, I lived too near the seat of events, and was too intimately
associated with the actors, to get the perspective needed for the impartial recording of these matters.”
Which of the following statement best reflects the author’s opinion?
(A) An intimate association does not allow for the necessary perspective.
(B) Matters are recorded with an impartial perspective.
(C) An intimate association offers an impartial perspective.
(D) Actors are typically associated with the impartial recording of matters.
Ans. (C)

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We have tried to provide the GATE 2017 questions along with their solutions.
However, if you find any discrepancy, please write to us at info@gateacademy.co.in
GATE ACADEMY is not responsible for any error due to data misprint/human
errors/data insufficiency etc.
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PAGE GATE 2017 [Forenoon (Set - 1)]

1 Electronics & Communication Engg.

Since, only option B results in complete flat band.

ess unit ramp input

For ramp input :

(A) X = ‘1’, Y = ‘1’ (B) Either X = ‘1’, Y = ‘0’ or X = ‘0’, Y = ‘1’

If P  Q  0 , the latch will have output

Let, propagation delay of past output N1 be less than that of N 2

Which one among the following is correct?

(A) + 5 V and  5 V (B) + 7 V and  3V (C) 3V and  7 V (D) +3 V and  3V

(i) Calculation of upper threshold voltage (VUT ) :

For ideal transconductance amplifier,

Hence, the correct option is (C).

(ii) If K is 10 Nyquist plot do not enclose 1  j 0.

For K = 10 For K = 100

Fig. (i) Fig. (ii)

(A) all of the four possible states if X IN  1

Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

Fig. Common emitter without RE

Let E be the expectation operator and consider the following statements :

1/2 1/2 2[e f ]1/2

25  sin  42000t  22000T  sin  22000T  2000t  

The voltage gain of the amplifier at 15 kHz, in V/V, is __________ .

Since, the above circuit is a non-inverting op-amp

Electric field (V/cm)

1014 cm -3 1014 cm -3 1016 cm -3 1016 cm -3

1014 cm -3 1014 cm -3 1016 cm -3 1016 cm -3

Applying L ' Hospital’s rule,

 The pole-zero diagram is,

Integrating both sides,

F '''( x)  e x  x  8 x  4   (2 x  1)(4 x 2  4 x  3

Taylor series around x  0

A : (0, 2, 1) to point B : (4, 1, –1). The value of I is __________.

A x (varies) P y (varies) Q z (varies) B

Step II : Integrate along line joining P(4, 2,1) & Q(4,1,1)

Again if we draw a figure for above result as shown below,

Only conclusion (ii) follows.

According to given condition

The path from P to Q is best described by

For more GATE 2017 Subject wise Video Tutorials Subscribe

The logic implemented by the circuit is

 VGS  VTH and VDS  VGS  VTH

Sol. Given : VSWR = 5.8

The system is,

From equation (i),

Equivalent circuit is shown in below figure,

Apply KVL in the loop shown in figure,

Sol. Output equation for a multiplexer

The value of the collector-to-emitter voltage VCE (in volts) is ________.

Sol. Given : VBE  0.8 V and common base current gain ( )  1

(A) K1e( 1 6)x

(C) K1e(  2 6)x

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Signal flow graph of above block diagram is shown below

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Sr. Lag Compensator Lead Compensator

Hence incorrect statement is (D) and correct option is (D).

In case of zero initial condition we consider zero state response.

Laplace transform of state transition matrix can be written as,

Using partial fraction,

Hence, the correct answer is 5.

Maximum modulated power is given by,

 V0V  VGS  VTN