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Zebrafish Development
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[Expand] Embryology - 6 Apr 2018 Expand to Translate

Contents
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 1 Introduction
 2 Some Recent Findings
 3 Movies
 4 Timeline and Stages of Embryonic Development
4.1 Pharyngula Period
 5 Skull
 6 Neural
6.1 Sensory
 7 Molecular
7.1 Fibroblast Growth Factor
 8 References
8.1 Journals
8.2 Reviews
8.3 Articles
8.4 Search Pubmed
 9 Additional Images
 10 Terms
 11 External Links
11.1 Online Atlases
 12 Glossary Links

Introduction

Zebrafish or zebra danio (danio rerio) are seen as the latest "model' for embryological development studies. These embryos have the great
advantage that they develop as "see through" embryos, that is, all internal development can be clearly observed from the outside in the living
embryo. Much of the early modern work using this embryo model began with the papers of Kimmel.[1][2]
Several large laboratories in the US are now developing large breeding programs to carry out "knockouts" and to find spontaneous mutants of
interest.

Fish Links: Zebrafish Development | Medaka Development | Salmon Development | Movie - Zebrafish Heart | Student Group Project -
Zebrafish | Recent References | Category:Zebrafish | Category:Medaka

Some Recent Findings

 Nipbl heart and organ patterning[3]

 A crystal-clear zebrafish for in vivo imaging[4] "Here we present crystal, an optically clear zebrafish mutant obtained by combining
different viable mutations affecting skin pigmentation. Compared to the previously described combinatorial mutant casper, the crystal mutant
lacks pigmentation also in the retinal pigment epithelium, therefore enabling optical access to the eyes. Unlike PTU-treated animals, crystal
larvae are able to perform visually guided behaviours, such as the optomotor response, as efficiently as wild type larvae. To validate the in
vivo application of crystal larvae, we performed whole-brain light-sheet imaging and two-photon calcium imaging of neural activity in the
retina."

 Construction of a vertebrate embryo from two opposing morphogen gradients[5] "Here, we show that opposing gradients of bone
morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Nodal, two transforming growth factor family members that act as morphogens, are sufficient to induce
molecular and cellular mechanisms required to organize, in vivo or in vitro, uncommitted cells of the zebrafish blastula animal pole into a
well-developed embryo." BMP

 FishFace: interactive atlas of zebrafish craniofacial development at cellular resolution[6] "We present the Fish Face Atlas, an online,
3D-interactive atlas of craniofacial development in the zebrafish Danio rerio. Alizarin red-stained skulls scanned by fluorescent optical
projection tomography and segmented into individual elements provide a resource for understanding the 3D structure of the zebrafish
craniofacial skeleton." See also Online Zebrafish Atlases
 Multifactorial Origins of Heart and Gut Defects in nipbl-Deficient Zebrafish, a Model of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome[3] "Cornelia de
Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is the founding member of a class of multi-organ system birth defect syndromes termed cohesinopathies, named
for the chromatin-associated protein complex cohesin, which mediates sister chromatid cohesion. Most cases of CdLS are caused by
haploinsufficiency for Nipped-B-like (Nipbl), a highly conserved protein that facilitates cohesin loading. ... These findings support the view
that birth defects in CdLS arise from collective effects of quantitative changes in gene expression. Interestingly, both the phenotypes and
gene expression changes in nipbl morphants differed from those in mutants or morphants for genes encoding cohesin subunits, suggesting
that the transcriptional functions of Nipbl cannot be ascribed simply to its role in cohesin loading. (OMIM - CDLS1 | CDLS2 | CDLS3)

 The zebrafish transcriptome during early development[7] "The three earliest developmental stages were similar when comparing highly
expressed genes, whereas the 50% epiboly stage differed from the other three stages in the identity of highly expressed genes, number of
uniquely expressed genes and enrichment of GO molecular functions. Taken together, these observations indicate a major transition in
gene regulation and transcriptional activity taking place between the 512-cell and 50% epiboly stages, in accordance with previous studies."

 Genetic analysis of fin development in zebrafish identifies furin and hemicentin1 as potential novel fraser syndrome disease
genes[8] " Three of them are due to mutations in zebrafish orthologues of FRAS1, FREM1, or FREM2, large basement membrane protein
encoding genes that are mutated in mouse bleb mutants and in human patients suffering from Fraser Syndrome, a rare congenital condition
characterized by syndactyly and cryptophthalmos. Fin blistering in a fourth group of zebrafish mutants is caused by mutations in
Hemicentin1 (Hmcn1), another large extracellular matrix protein the function of which in vertebrates was hitherto unknown. Our mutant and
dose-dependent interaction data suggest a potential involvement of Hmcn1 in Fraser complex-dependent basement membrane anchorage.
Furthermore, we present biochemical and genetic data suggesting a role for the proprotein convertase FurinA in zebrafish fin development
and cell surface shedding of Fras1 and Frem2, thereby allowing proper localization of the proteins within the basement membrane of
forming fins."

[Expand] More recent papers

Movies
Movie of an immobilized zebrafish embryo development from the 1-cell stage to 85 hours post fertilisation (hpf).[9]
Zebrafish Embryo
Page | Play
Duration Period Name Image

0 - 0.75 Zygote
hrs Period

0.75 - Cleavage
2.25 hrs Period

2.25 - Blastula
5.25 hrs Period
5.25 -
Gastrula
10.33
Period
hrs

10.33 - Segmentation
24 hrs Period
24 - 48 Pharyngula
hrs Period

48-72 Hatching
hrs Period
72 hrs -
Larval Period
30 Days
 Timeline and Stages of Embryonic Development
Pharyngula Period
 Transition from Prim 5 to Long-pec
 The body axis begins to straighten and the head straightens out and lifts dorsally
 Notochord is well developed
 Formation of the Dorsal and Ventral Stripe
 Nervous system is hollow and expanding anteriorly
 The brain has developed into 5 distinct lobes
 Seven pharyngeal arch's develop rapidly during this stage
 Pectoral fins begin to develop
 The Circulatory system develops and the heart beats for the first time
 Blood begins to circulate through a closed circuit of channels
 Tactile sensitivity appears and uncoordinated movements occur
 

day 1

brain fold

myotomes


trunk

trunk

perichordal sheath

enveloping layer
 

enveloping layer

Skull
 Zebrafish Skull Neural Crest Contribution
[10]

Diagrams depict the cartilage elements

and bones that are NC-derived (green),
and those that show no evidence of NC
contribution, and are presumably derived
from mesoderm (magenta).

 Top - shows a dorsal view of the

chondrocranium from an approximately 12
dpf larva.
 Second - side view of the bones of an
adult skull, with some elements of the
pectoral girdle also shown.
 Third - a dorsal view of the dorsal aspect
of the adult skull.
 Bottom - view is of the base of the
neurocranium, with the pharyngeal
skeleton removed.

(text modified from figure legend)

Links: Neural Crest Development |

Skull Development
 Neural
Sensory
Lateral line is a zebrafish sensory system, used to detect changes in water flow, composed of clusters of mechanosensory hair cells called
neuromasts.

Molecular
Fibroblast Growth Factor
 Fgf8 and Fgf3 - regulating the segmentation of the pharyngeal endoderm into pouches.[11]
 Fgf24 and Fgf8 - promotes posterior mesodermal development.[12]

 Sox9 - required for cartilage morphogenesis.[13]

References
1. Jump up ↑ Kimmel CB, Sessions SK & Kimmel RJ. (1981). Morphogenesis and synaptogenesis of the zebrafish Mauthner neuron. J. Comp.
Neurol. , 198, 101-20. PMID: 7229136 DOI.
2. Jump up ↑ Kimmel CB, Sepich DS & Trevarrow B. (1988). Development of segmentation in zebrafish. Development , 104 Suppl, 197-207. PMID:
3077108
3. ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Muto A, Calof AL, Lander AD & Schilling TF. (2011). Multifactorial origins of heart and gut defects in nipbl-deficient zebrafish, a
model of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome. PLoS Biol. , 9, e1001181. PMID: 22039349 DOI.
4. Jump up ↑ Antinucci P & Hindges R. (2016). A crystal-clear zebrafish for in vivo imaging. Sci Rep , 6, 29490. PMID: 27381182 DOI.
5. Jump up ↑ Xu PF, Houssin N, Ferri-Lagneau KF, Thisse B & Thisse C. (2014). Construction of a vertebrate embryo from two opposing
morphogen gradients. Science , 344, 87-9. PMID: 24700857 DOI.
6. Jump up ↑ Eames BF, DeLaurier A, Ullmann B, Huycke TR, Nichols JT, Dowd J, McFadden M, Sasaki MM & Kimmel CB. (2013). FishFace:
interactive atlas of zebrafish craniofacial development at cellular resolution. BMC Dev. Biol. , 13, 23. PMID: 23714426 DOI.
7. Jump up ↑ Vesterlund L, Jiao H, Unneberg P, Hovatta O & Kere J. (2011). The zebrafish transcriptome during early development. BMC Dev.
Biol. , 11, 30. PMID: 21609443 DOI.
8. Jump up ↑ Carney TJ, Feitosa NM, Sonntag C, Slanchev K, Kluger J, Kiyozumi D, Gebauer JM, Coffin Talbot J, Kimmel CB, Sekiguchi K,
Wagener R, Schwarz H, Ingham PW & Hammerschmidt M. (2010). Genetic analysis of fin development in zebrafish identifies furin and
hemicentin1 as potential novel fraser syndrome disease genes. PLoS Genet. , 6, e1000907. PMID: 20419147 DOI.
9. Jump up ↑ Swinburne IA, Mosaliganti KR, Green AA & Megason SG. (2015). Improved Long-Term Imaging of Embryos with Genetically
Encoded α-Bungarotoxin. PLoS ONE , 10, e0134005. PMID: 26244658 DOI.
10. Jump up ↑ Kague E, Gallagher M, Burke S, Parsons M, Franz-Odendaal T & Fisher S. (2012). Skeletogenic fate of zebrafish cranial and trunk
neural crest. PLoS ONE , 7, e47394. PMID: 23155370 DOI.
11. Jump up ↑ Crump JG, Maves L, Lawson ND, Weinstein BM & Kimmel CB. (2004). An essential role for Fgfs in endodermal pouch formation
influences later craniofacial skeletal patterning. Development , 131, 5703-16. PMID: 15509770 DOI.
12. Jump up ↑ Draper BW, Stock DW & Kimmel CB. (2003). Zebrafish fgf24 functions with fgf8 to promote posterior mesodermal development.
Development , 130, 4639-54. PMID: 12925590 DOI.
13. Jump up ↑ Yan YL, Miller CT, Nissen RM, Singer A, Liu D, Kirn A, Draper B, Willoughby J, Morcos PA, Amsterdam A, Chung BC, Westerfield M,
Haffter P, Hopkins N, Kimmel C, Postlethwait JH & Nissen R. (2002). A zebrafish sox9 gene required for cartilage morphogenesis. Development
, 129, 5065-79. PMID: 12397114

Journals
Zebrafish "is the only peer-reviewed journal to focus on the zebrafish, which has numerous valuable features as a model organism for the study
of vertebrate development. Due to its prolific reproduction and the external development of the transparent embryo, the zebrafish is a prime
model for genetic and developmental studies, as well as research in toxicology and genomics. While genetically more distant from humans, the
vertebrate zebrafish nevertheless has comparable organs and tissues, such as heart, kidney, pancreas, bones, and cartilage." [jour PubMed
listing]

Reviews
Willy Supatto, Julien Vermot From cilia hydrodynamics to zebrafish embryonic development. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol.: 2011, 95;33-66 PubMed
21501748
Lara Carvalho, Carl-Philipp Heisenberg The yolk syncytial layer in early zebrafish development. Trends Cell Biol.: 2010, 20(10);586-92
PubMed 20674361
Sebastiaan A Brittijn, Suzanne J Duivesteijn, Mounia Belmamoune, Laura F M Bertens, Wilbert Bitter, Joost D de Bruijn, Danielle L Champagne,
Edwin Cuppen, Gert Flik, Christina M Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Richard A J Janssen, Ilse M L de Jong, Edo Ronald de Kloet, Alexander Kros,
Annemarie H Meijer, Juriaan R Metz, Astrid M van der Sar, Marcel J M Schaaf, Stefan Schulte-Merker, Herman P Spaink, Paul P Tak, Fons J
Verbeek, Margriet J Vervoordeldonk, Freek J Vonk, Frans Witte, Huipin Yuan, Michael K Richardson Zebrafish development and
regeneration: new tools for biomedical research. Int. J. Dev. Biol.: 2009, 53(5-6);835-50 PubMed 19557689
Jeroen Bakkers, Manon C Verhoeven, Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried Shaping the zebrafish heart: from left-right axis specification to epithelial
tissue morphogenesis. Dev. Biol.: 2009, 330(2);213-20 PubMed 19371733
Tzu-Min Chan, William Longabaugh, Hamid Bolouri, Hua-Ling Chen, Wen-Fang Tseng, Chung-Hao Chao, Te-Hsuan Jang, Yu-I Lin, Shao-Chin
Hung, Horng-Dar Wang, Chiou-Hwa Yuh Developmental gene regulatory networks in the zebrafish embryo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta: 2009,
1789(4);279-98 PubMed 18992377

Articles
Search Pubmed
Search Pubmed: Zebrafish Development

Additional Images


Zebrafish day 1 SEM

 

Wdr18 expression

Wdr18 expression 6 somite stage

Zebrafish brain fold

 

Stages primordial germ cell migration

Retinal patterning model

Non-mammalian VEGF Receptors

 

Bone growth

Terms
 deep cell layer - (DEL) formed after blastula stage that forms the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).
 epiboly - (Greek, "epibol" = a throwing or laying on) Term describing the division and movement of ectodermal cells during gastrulation, thinning
and spreading this layer to cover the whole of the embryo. Cellular movements are thought to occur in all vertebrates, but have been most
clearly identified in both the zebrafish and frog (xenopus laevis).
 enveloping layer - (EVL) an epithelial monolayer formed after blastula stage that undergoes epiboly.
 Kupffer's vesicle - (ciliated organ of asymmetry, primitive node) a transient epithelial fluid-filled sac located midventrally posterior to the yolk cell
or its extension. The vesicle has been described as equivalent to the primitive node for establishing embryo left-right (L-R) axis. PMID 21876750
 yolk syncytial layer - (YSL) membrane-enclosed group of nuclei that lie on top of the yolk cell formed after blastula stage that undergoes
epiboly.

External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer
works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should
never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial
affiliation.

 NIH NIH Zebrafish Initiative

 ZFIN - The Zebrafish Model Organism Database
 Keller at European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Germany Movies - Reconstruction of zebrafish early embryonic development by scanned light
sheet microscopy
 YouTube Timelapse recording of about 18 hours of embryonic development of the zebrafish with some annotation

Online Atlases
 Fish Face Atlas 3D-interactive atlas of craniofacial development in the zebrafish Danio rerio.
 Zebrafish Atlas
 3D Atlas of Zebrafish Vasculature Anatomy
 Zebrafish Brain Atlas
 Atlas of Zebrafish Anatomy
 Atlas of Zebrafish Development
 Zebrafish Anatomy Portal
 FishNet 3D developmental atlas

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| Development Timetable | K12

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Glossary Links
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 Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2018, April 6) Embryology Zebrafish Development. Retrieved from
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Zebrafish_Development

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© Dr Mark Hill 2018, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G

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