Environmental Engineering - 1

UNIT-I

Dr. N. RUBEN
Associate Professor &
Head,
Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Vignan’s University,
Guntur, A.P.
 Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
Outline of UNIT 1

Need for Protected water supply

Objectives of Env. Engineers

Estimating Requirements
Outline Percapita Consumption

Fire Demand

Prediction of Population
 Need for Protected Water supply

 An Environmental Engineer has to design water supply schemes like Pipe Length,

Pipe diameter, overhead tanks, Pumps etc.

Department of Civil Engineering

Need for Protected Water supply

Department of Civil Engineering

 Need for Protected water supply Scheme

 It helps the people in various aspects like… drinking, cooking, bathing etc

 It would help in supplying water for fountains, gardening et.. Which helps in better

beautification

 It reduces environmental pollution….

Department of Civil Engineering

 Need for Protected water supply Scheme

 It shall ensure safety against fire by supplying sufficient quantity of water to

extinguish.
 The existence of good water scheme shall help attracting industries
 Which increases industrialization and modernization

Department of Civil Engineering

 Role of Environemntal engineer

 An Environmental Engineer
Must understand natural and engineered purification process by knowing the
basics of biological and chemical reactions involved.

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 Estimation of quantity of Water

 He has to evaluate two things…..

1) Amount of Water demanded by public or Population of area – UNIT I

2) Amount of water available @ Sources like Rivers, Wells etc. – UNIT II

How much water should I require

(Drinking, Washing clothing..etc)
for a whole day?

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 Estimation of quantity of Water

 While planning a water supply scheme, the following estimations are generally

taken….

1. Total annual volume (Q) in litre or Million litres.

2. Annual average rate of flow (Draft) in Litres /day i.e., Q/365.

3. Annual average rate of flow in litres per day per person(P) or (Litres per capita

𝑸
per day or lpcd) called per capita demand is estimated by = litres/day
𝑷∗𝟑𝟔𝟓

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 Estimation of quantity of Water

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 Types of Water Demand

 Domestic Water Demand

 Industrial Water demand

 Institution and Commercial water Demand

 Demand for Public Use

 Fire Demand

 Water required to compensate losses in wastes and thefts

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 Types of Water Demand

 Domestic Water Demand

 This includes water required in residential buildings for drinking, Cooking,
bathing, lawn Sprinkling Gardening etc.,
 As per IS: 1172-1993(Basic Requirements of water supply, Drainage and
Sanitation)
 The minimum consumptions for a town or City or town shoul be taken
between 200 lpcd to 135 lpcd*
* for weaker sections, lpcd = Litre percapita per day

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 Types of Water Demand
Minimum Domestic Water Consumption (IS:1172-1993)
Consumptions in litres per head Consumptions in
Use Use litres per head
per day (l/h/d)
per day (l/h/d)
Drinking 5
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 75
Washing of Cloths 25 Bathing 55

Washing of Utensils 15 Washing of Cloths 20

Cleaning of Houses 15 Cleaning of Houses
10
Gardening 15
Washing of Utensils 10
Flushing 45
TOTAL 200 Flushing 30
TOTAL 135
Full Flushing Systems (Rich People)
Weaker sections (Poor People)
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 Types of Water Demand

 The total domestic water consumption usually amounts to 50% -60% of the total
water consumption.

 The total domestic water demand = Total Design Population * per capita domestic
consumption
Ex: 2011 – 5000 thousand
and Percapita consumption = 135 l/h/d
Therefore, total domestic water demand = 5000* 135 = 6,75,000 l /day

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 Types of Water Demand

 Industrial Water demand

 Represents the water demand of industries.
 Vary with the number and type of industry
 The percapita consumption of a normal industrial city = 50 litres/person/day
 In Industrial cities, like Gurgon Delhi, it may be computed as high as
450 litres/person/day

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 Types of Water Demand
 Institutional and Commercial Water Demand
 Represents institutions like hospitals, hotels, restaurants, schools and colleges
etc
 On an average, the percapita demand to meet institutional water requirements
= 20 litres/head /day
 For highly commercialized cities, it is as high as 50 litres/head /day

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 Types of Water Demand

 Demand for Public Use

 It Includes quantity of water required for public utility purposes such as
Watering of public parks, gardening, washing of roads, use in public Fountain.
 For most of water supply schemes in India, 55 of the total consumption to meet
this demand
 Generally the percapita for Public use is = 10 l/h/d

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 Types of Water Demand

 Fire demand
 In thickly populated and industrial areas, fires generally break out.
 In Modern public water schemes, a provision is made to fight fire accidents.
 Fire Hydrants are usually fitted in the water pipeline at every 100 to 150m
apart.

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 Types of Water Demand
 Fire demand

 The minimum water pressure available at fire hydrants should be of order of

100 to 150KN/m2 or (10 to 15m of water head)

 Should work for 4 to 5 hours of constant use of fire hydrant.

 The percapita fire demand is generally ignored while computing total

percapita water requirement of a city.

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 Types of Water Demand
 Fire demand
 Empherical formula to calculate -Fire demand
 Kuichling’s Formula.
𝑸 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝑷 where 𝑸 = Amount of water required in litres/Minute
𝑷 = Populations in thousands
 National Board of Fire (Writers Formula)

𝑸 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟐√𝑷 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑷 when 𝑷 = Population is less than 2,00,000.

 Buston’s Formula.
𝑸 = 𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝑷 where 𝑸 = Amount of water required in litres/Minute
𝑷 = Populations in thousands
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 Types of Water Demand

 Water required to compensate for losses and thefts

 It includes the water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing or
 Stolen water due to unauthorized connections
 These losses should be taken n to consideration in design of supply systems.
 A 15% of the total consumption can be taken

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 Total Requirement of water –Town/City

 The annual average daily draft in litres/day required by town is given below

Annual average daily draft in litres /day =

Probable no. of persons * annual average daily consumption of each
person called per capita demand(q)

 Design Period: The future period for which the water supply scheme has to be
designed from estimated water quantity required for municipal uses.

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 Types of Water Demand

 Future Population :
 Suppose in a certain area, Population in 2018 = 1,00,000
 Generally water supply scheme is designed for 30 Years…
 So prediction of Population in 2048 is necessary and should be accurate.

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 Types of Water Demand

 Future Population :
 Suppose in a certain area, Population in 2018 = 1,00,000
 Generally water supply scheme is designed for 30 Years…
 So prediction of Population in 2048 is necessary and should be accurate.
 Based on Future development of a town, there are different method to predict
future population.
1) Arithmetical method 2) Geometrical Increase method 3) Incremental
increase method 3) Decreasing Rate Method 4) Logistic Curve Method.

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 Need for planned water supplies

 Based on Future development of a town, there are different method to predict

future population. Some are…..
1) Arithmetical method
2) Geometrical Increase method
3) Incremental increase method
4) Decreasing Rate Method
5) Logistic Curve Method.

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 any
any

? ?
please
please