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(1st Lecture)
2- Define the terms , "intra" and " extra" cellular pathogens, immune
response and inflammation?
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Definitions:
Immunology: is the study of the immune system
System: The whole unit which composed of different elements to perform a
specific function. [ e.g: respiratory system, digestive system, immune system..etc...]
Immunity: The ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents such
as bacteria, toxins, viruses and foreign tissues.
Antibody: are proteins that are formed in response to an antigen and that react
specifically with that antigen
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Dr.Fadwah AlGhalib Basic Immunology 2nd yr 2011
Antigens: are substances that can stimulate an immune response, that react specifically
by binding to effector molecules (antibodies) and effector cells ( T lymphocytes).
Intracellular pathogens: enter inside the human cells and multiply. [ All viruses
and some protozoan, some bacteria,]
Extracellular pathogens: Exist outside the host cells (human cells). [ large
parasites, and many bacteria] they live in tissues & body's fluid.]
Define Homeostasis? Hemeos (the same) stasis (standing): Is the maintained steady-state
conditions existing in healthy individuals.
b. Defence: initiating an immune response, The immune system can eliminate threats by
isolation, disruption, or ingestion or by combination of the three actions
c. Regulation:
i--control of the immune responses to maintain hemeostasis, and return the immune
system to a state that existed before the antigenic stimulation.
ii--To prevent tissue injury that may result from an exaggerated immune Response.
Agranular Leukocytes:
Plasma cells
Monocytes (are phagocytic cells in circulation) in tissues are
Macrophages
Dendritic cells ( are phagocytic cells)
Lymphocytes (T, B, & NK cells)
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Dr.Fadwah AlGhalib Basic Immunology 2nd yr 2011
1) Natural immunity:
1- Cells:
2) Adaptive Immunity:
There are two major branches of the adaptive immune responses:
ii- T CELLS:
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Dr.Fadwah AlGhalib Basic Immunology 2nd yr 2011
a- Helper T-cells –.
1) They secrete lymphokines (cytokines) which are hormones that stimulate other cells in
the body to resist invading antibodies.
2) They display the protein CD4 on their surface;
3) which assist in both cell mediated immunity (CMI) and Antibody-mediated immunity
(AMI).
b- Killer T-cells –
1) which kill antigens directly once stimulated by agents released by the helper T-cells.
2) They display the protein CD8 on their surface;