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Ansgar Müller
Siemens AG
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
Contents
4 Outlook
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
In relation to medium voltage, Table 1 shows a selection of the most important standards in
the new IEC 62271 group. The old IEC numbers did not indicate whether there were any
relationships between standards. By contrast, some national standardisation organisations
have been combining switchgear and controlgear standards for more than two decades now;
for example in the German VDE 0670 group.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
1
Limited purpose switches need only master a selection of a multi-purpose switch's duties. Special
purpose switches are intended for switching tasks such as those of single capacitor banks, parallel
switching of capacitor banks, ring circuits formed by parallel-connected transformers or motors (in
the normal or braked state).
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
Class Description
M1 2,000 switching cycles Normal mechanical endurance
M
M2 10,000 switching cycles Extended mechanical endurance, low maintenance
2 x C and 3 x O with 10%, Normal electrical endurance (circuit-breaker not covered by
E1
30%, 60% and 100% Isc E2)
2 x C and 3 x O with 10%, Without ARE 2
30%, 60% and 100% Isc operation
E Extended electrical endurance
E2 26 x C 130 x O 10% Isc without maintenance of the arcing
26 x C 130 x O 30% Isc chamber
With ARE 2 operation
4xC 8 x O 60% Isc
4xC 6 x O 100% Isc
C = closing, O = opening; Isc = rated short-circuit breaking current
Above and beyond the lifetime data, the standard also describes capacitive switching
behavior by means of a class C, which summarizes the characteristics of three switching
tasks, namely the switching of
• Overhead lines
• Cables
• Capacitors (single and connected in parallel)
Class Description
2
ARE = automatic reclosing
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
Only at first glance does the definition of restriking probability as "low" and "very low" appear
imprecise. On the contrary, it is covered by an extremely complex type test. Two test
switching sequences have to be passed for each of the three test circuits (overhead line,
cable and capacitor), and the switching sequences and testing severity differ for the classes
C1 and C2. In the best and simplest case, during three-phase tests this signifies
C1: 144 breaking operations without restriking in accordance with conditions for class C1
C2: 200 breaking operations without restriking in accordance with conditions for class C2
However, this by no means reflects all definitions. The reason is that the occurrence of
restriking depends on marginal conditions (for example the condition of the switching
contacts, the load on the contacts due to previous switching operations, and the arcing time
during breaking) and, like many things in high-voltage physics, restriking is also a statistical
phenomenon. It would be unrealistic to expect a circuit-breaker that is completely and utterly
devoid of restriking. This is why restriking is allowed during the test series if subsequent
repetition of the test switching sequence concerned occurs without restriking. Repetition may
then call for about one hundred additional switching operations. This applies to three-phase
circuit-breaker tests; single-phase tests may call for more than five hundred switching
operations (with repetition). If a circuit-breaker does not pass the test for the desired class
C2, it can by reclassified in accordance with certain criteria as belonging to class C1.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
The standard does not define how often an earthing switch can be actuated mechanically.
There are no M classes for these switches.
3
Disconnectors up to 52 kV are only allowed to switch negligible currents up to 500 mA (e.g. voltage
transformers) or higher currents only if the voltage difference is insignificant (e.g. when changing
busbars with the bus coupling activated).
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
The new IEC 62271-200 standard superseded its predecessor IEC 60298 on November 1,
2003.
CENELEC ratified the IEC standard as the European standard EN 62271-200 on February 1,
2004. This date crucially influences the three-year transition period. Accordingly, the "old"
national standards corresponding to EN 60298 can still be used up to February 1, 2007.
• In terms of its definitions and requirements, the previous standard was recognizably ori-
ented to the design conditions of "removable" systems with switching devices on a truck
or a withdrawable part. Modern fixed mounting or gas-insulated systems (GIS) were un-
der-represented.
• Acording to their design, switchgear and controlgear were subdivided into three partition
types (Fig. 2): metal-clad, compartmented and cubicle. This subdivision, which was not
quite consistently defined, now only insufficiently described the attributes of current
switchgear and controlgear types.
Firstly, the boundary between metal-clad and compartmented was blurred because
insulator shutters were allowed in the case of metal-clad switchgear and controlgear.
Secondly, so many types of construction had now come into being that could be
classified as "cubicle" that this designation could no longer be used to describe clearly
defined attributes. And, thirdly, there is now a whole range of systems on the market that
hardly fits consistently into the patterns any more. Moreover, classification according to
the type of compartmentalisation could be misunderstood as an order of precedence in
terms of safety and reliability that does not reflect actual conditions.
• Not least, there were also formal and editorial reasons for the update, e.g. the need for
adaptation to IEC 606945, the "generic standard" for all high-voltage switchgear and
controlgear above 1 kV.
4
IEC 60298:1990 +A1:1994 + Corrigendum:1995 - A.C. metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear
for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
VDE 0670-6, Mai 1998 + Ber.1 März 1999 + Ber.2 Sept. 2001, Metallgekapselte Wechselstrom-
Schaltanlagen für Bemessungsspannungen über 1 kV bis einschließlich 52 kV
5
IEC 60694 Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear standards
VDE 0670-1000 Gemeinsame Bestimmungen fuer Hochspannungs-Schaltgeräte-Normen
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
Fig. 2: Classification in the previous IEC 60298 standard according to design features
Standards are primarily a contractual basis for manufacturers and operators and this is why
they must reflect market needs. The market has undergone considerable transformation in
the past decade. Due to the liberalization of electricity markets and cost pressure in all
sectors of the economy, the requirements for switchgear and controlgear have also changed.
• There was a wish for a type of classification that would be oriented to safety, availability
and maintainability, and thus to the "functionality" that stands behind the type of
construction.
• Gas-insulated switchgear and controlgear and other types of construction with fixed-
mounted switching devices have accounted for a large proportion of new installations
and, at least in some countries, have driven back the share of "removable" systems.
• Internal arc testing has become an attribute that has almost established itself worldwide
and which ought to be given more appreciation. A (still optional) genuine test with
defined test conditions and a "passed" or "failed" statement should take the place of a
mere "assessment of the effects".
• The standard should be open to future developments. For example, nowadays many
functions that were once mechanical are now performed electrically or by software.
Specifications stipulating mechanical designs should be dispensed with.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
and work activities. Ultimately, the number and design of the compartments define how
complex access to the parts of the switchgear and controlgear is without interrupting
operation in total, this being a measure of its operational availability and maintenance-
friendliness.
Compartmentalisation features
Non-accessible compartment
Accessible compartment
Loss of • LSC 1
service • LSC 2A
continuity • LSC 2B
3.3 Compartments
The PM class stands for "Partition metallic" with earthed, continuously metallic partitions and
metallic shutters between the main circuit and the open compartment.
The PI class stands for "Partition of insulating material" whenever at least one part of the
partitioning is non-metallic, i.e. one or more partition(s) or shutter(s) is or are made of
insulating material. Note: partitioning made of insulating material is subjected to complex
tests and inspections to verify dielectric strength.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
The partition class clearly designates the actual dielectric conditions around the work
location. Previously, this was not the case because IEC 60298 also allowed insulating
material shutters for metal partitioning.
The term "fluid" describes liquids and gases neutrally. Apart from a few exceptions, in
practice the word fluid stands for oil or SF6. The standard, however, understands "gas" to be
any gas or gas mixture, but with the exception of ambient air.
All definitions, terms and formulations in the standard have been adapted according to this
generalization in terms of fluid. For example, the rating plate no longer speaks of the filling
pressure (instead, in the case of oil it would be a level), but generally of the filling level.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
• Non-accessible compartment
A non-accessible compartment (typical of gas-insulated systems) may not be opened by
the operator because opening can destroy the space or render it useless. An appropriate
notice for the operator must be placed on or in the proximity of the compartment.
Interlock-controlled
• Access enabled if HV
accessible
• Access for normal parts are dead and
operation and earthed
maintenance • Access controlled by
Procedure-based
e.g. to replace fuses locking and work
accessible
instructions
• Not to be opened for
Tool-based normal operation / • Tools for opening,
maintenance specific procedure for
accessible
access (instructions)
e.g. for cable testing
• Access not possible / not intended for user;
Non-accessible opening may destroy compartment ( indication )
e.g. gas-insulated compartment
• Category LSC 2
This category applies to switchgear and controlgear that possess not only the
compartment of a single busbar, but also other, accessible, compartments.
When any one compartment of a functional unit is opened, all neighboring functional
units of the opened unit may remain live and can be operated as normally. The
compartment of a single busbar, which prevents system operation when it is opened, is
an exception to this rule. LSC 2 consists of two subdivisions:
• Category LSC 2B
This category applies to switchgear and controlgear belonging to the category LSC 2 in
which the cable terminal compartment can also remain live if any other compartment in
the same functional unit is open.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
• Category LSC 2A
This category applies to switchgear and controlgear belonging to the category LSC 2
that does not conform to LSC 2B.
• Category LSC 1
This category applies to switchgear and controlgear that does not conform to LSC 2.
LSC 1: The number "1" stands for the lowest service continuity and signifies that at least
one further functional unit, besides the open one, must be deactivated6.
Class 1 has no partitions between the functional units, for example.
LSC 2: The number "2" means that no functional units apart from the one with the open
compartment need to be deactivated, i.e. the system remains available.
LSC 2A: "A" means that the functional unit with the open compartment must be taken out of
operation completely.
Class 2A requires: - Partitions to neighboring functional units
- At least two compartments in a functional unit
- An isolation distance from the busbar
LSC 2B: "B" means that, even in the functional unit with an open compartment, the other
compartments may remain live. 2B offers the highest availability.
Class 2B requires: - Partitions to neighboring functional units
- At least three compartments in a functional unit
- Isolation distances from the busbar and the cable
The LSC categories do not make any difference between fixed-mounted compartments with
shutters and temporary partitions (e.g. protective plates).
LSC categories only make sense for switchgear and controlgear in which other
compartments, with the exception of the busbar compartment, are accessible. This
6
If it is the busbar compartment, all other functional units belonging to this busbar section must be
deenergized.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
categorization can therefore not be applied to gas-insulated switchgear and controlgear. This
may be irritating, but Section 6.1 of this paper discusses this issue in greater detail.
3.3.5 Examples
The following examples elucidate the new classifications.
a) Air-insulated switchgear and controlgear with three compartments and metallic shutters.
Old IEC 60298 designation: metal-clad
Accessibility of compartments
• BB: tool-based
• CB: interlock-controlled
or procedure-based
• Cable: tool-based
Accessibility of compartments
• BB: tool-based
• Disconnector and earthing
switch: non-accessible
• CB: interlock-controlled
• Kabel: interlock-controlled
Loss of service continuity
• Category LSC 2A
Partitions and shutters
• Class PM
Internal arc classification
• Classification IAC
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
Accessibility of compartments
• BB: tool-based
• CB: non-accessible
• Cable: tool-based
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
• SF6 may be replaced with air, but all other fluids must not be replaced for testing.
Ö This is intended to avoid SF6 decomposition products and unnecessary emissions and
is also for industrial safety reasons. However, it must be mentioned that the reaction
products of the materials resulting from an arc burning in air also pose problems.
• Degree of accessibility A, B or C
Degrees A (specialist personnel) and B (general public) remain unchanged. The degree of
accessibility C for devices and systems mounted on a pole is new.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
• Accessibility A, B or C
80 cm • Arc initiation and direction
or
of power flow
10 cm
Ö Other arrangements
are permitted
The distance between the system and the ceiling is 60 cm, unless the system itself is less
than 1.50 m high. In this case, the ceiling is at least 2 m high (above the floor).
A distinction is made between whether or not the rear side is accessible, i.e. whether or not
the system is set up directly on the wall. Accessible rear sides must be tested with a distance
of 80 cm from the wall and rear panels directly on a wall must be tested with a distance of 10
cm.
Ö The 80 cm dimension is the result of the indicator rack's setup width.
Additional rules and regulations apply if a system is to be placed closer than 10 cm to the
wall than when tested. The distance from the wall must be greater than a lasting deformation
of the functional unit's enclosure as a result of the arc. Hot gases must not escape directly
towards the wall either.
Ö The wall must not support a system and must not hinder gas expulsion. Otherwise, the
wall could exert such an unfavorable influence on the pressure conditions in the system that
the result of testing (without the wall's influence) would no longer be representative of the
setup conditions.
If it is intended to bolt a system directly to the wall, internal arc resistance for this kind of
setup must be verified by a separate test.
Other heights and distances may be examined in additional tests for each separate case.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
Criterion 1
• Doors and covers remain closed.
• Deformations are acceptable if no part reaches the indicators or walls
(depending on what is closer).
• The IP degree of protection no longer needs to be assured.
Additional conditions if the system is to be placed closer to the wall than during testing:
• Lasting deformation is less than the intended distance from the wall.
• Expelled gases are not pointed at the wall.
Criterion 2
• The enclosure does not break during testing.
• No parts up to a single weight of 60 g may fly off.
Criterion 3
• Up to a height of 2 m, holes must not be burned into the freely accessible
exterior parts of the enclosure
Criterion 4
• Indicators must not be ignited by hot gases. Permitted exception:
• ignition by burning paint coatings, adhesive labels or glowing particles is acceptable.
Criterion 5
• Earth connections remain effective.
• Verify by visual inspection or by measurement in cases of doubt.
If internal arc testing has been passed, switchgear and controlgear is assigned the following
designations on the rating plate:
Qualification: IAC ("Internal Arc Classified")
Accessibility: A, B or C
with details of the tested, accessible sides F, L, R
F = front, L = Side ("lateral"), R = rear
Tested values: Current [kA] and duration [s]
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
Degree of accessibility: The degrees A (authorized personnel) and B (general public), which
had already been defined previously, remain unchanged. The degree of accessibility C for
devices and systems mounted on a pole is new.
Hybrid forms of accessibility can also be declared, for example some sides accessible to the
public and others only to specialist personnel or not at all. For example, a system such as the
one shown on the right in Fig. 14 could serve as a load-center substation in a factory hall.
These designations are unusual and it remains to be seen whether they are absolutely
necessary on the rating plate. It must be said that, in total, as far as internal arc protection is
concerned, the test results have become more comparable due to the defined test conditions
and so users are able to assess safety with greater ease.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
One shortcoming of the standard is that this circumstance is not recognizable in an additional
LSC category. LSC incorporates the right concept, i.e. that the design of a system
determines its loss of service continuity category. Service continuity is inseparably linked with
reliability, though. However, the standard does not contain any stipulations and definitions
relating to reliability due to a lack of a secured – and internationally recognized – database.
3.5.3 PD measurement
Even the old standard included an informative attachment about measurement of partial
discharges (PD) which described measurement methods, but did not specify any permissible
PD limits. As the partial discharge rate says something about the dielectric state of the
insulation, it would be desirable for the standard to define testing. At the moment, though,
several prerequisites for this are missing. Up to now, there have been no internationally
established, generally valid assessment criteria to determine which PD levels are still
tolerable for functional units or entire systems. Limits would have to be coordinated with
those of individual components such as instrument transformers. Moreover, it is difficult to
include interfering influences on a PD measurement locally in standards definitions. This is
why the definition of permissible PD levels is still a matter for negotiation between operators
and manufacturers, who are best able to assess the characteristics of their products.
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IEC 62271 standards for medium-voltage switchgear and controlgear
4 Outlook
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