THERMORECEPTORS PAIN RECEPTORS
- respond to heat or cold - respond to “noxious” stimuli,
or essentially anything that
causes tissue damage
- also called as nociceptors
Conjunctiva The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that covers 
the exposed front portion of the sclera and lines the inside of the
eyelids.
Cornea The cornea is the transparent membrane which forms the
outer coating at the front of the eyeball and covers the iris and
pupil.
Iris. It changes the size of the pupil and allows different amounts
of light to enter the eye.
Lens The lens bends light rays so that they form a clear image at
the back of the eye – on the retina.
Macula The macula is very important as it gives us the vision
needed for detailed activities such as reading and writing, and the
ability to appreciate colour.
Pupil The pupil is the dark circular hole in the centre of the iris
which allows light to enter the retina.
Retina The retina produces an image which is sent along the optic
nerve for the brain to interpret, rather like developing a camera
film.
Sclera The sclera is the white of the eye and forms the outer
coating of the eyeball.
Vitreous The vitreous is the clear, jelly-like substance that fills the
inside of the eye from the lens to the retina.
External or outer ear, consisting of:
o Pinna or auricle. This is the outside part of the ear.
o External auditory canal or tube. This is the tube that connects
the outer ear to the inside or middle ear.
 Tympanic membrane (also called the eardrum). The
tympanic membrane divides the external ear from the middle
ear.
 Middle ear (tympanic cavity), consisting of:
o Ossicles. Three small bones that are connected and transmit the
sound waves to the inner ear. The bones are called:
 Malleus
 Incus
 Stapes
o Eustachian tube. A canal that links the middle ear with the
back of the nose. The eustachian tube helps to equalize the
pressure in the middle ear. Equalized pressure is needed for the
proper transfer of sound waves. The eustachian tube is lined
with mucous, just like the inside of the nose and throat.
 Inner ear, consisting of:
o Cochlea (contains the nerves for hearing)
o Vestibule (contains receptors for balance)
o Semicircular canals (contain receptors for balance)
 FILTER-FEEDERS FLUID-FEEDERS

Filter feeders are animals that get their food
by moving water through a structure that acts as
a sieve. They draw in water and strain small
organisms and food particles present in the
medium.
Fluid feeders are organisms that suck fluids
containing nutrients from a living host. It can
refer to: Hematophagy, feeding on blood.
Nectarivore, feeding on nectar. Plant sap
feeders.

SUBSTRATE-FEEDERS BULK-FEEDERS

Substrate Feeders are organisms that live in
or on their food source. Some other substrate
feeders include maggots (fly larvae), which
burrow into animal carcasses.
Most animals, including humans, are bulk
feeders, which eat relatively large pieces of food.
Their adaptations include tentacles, pincers,
claws, poisonous fangs, jaws, and teeth that kill
their prey or tear off pieces of meat or
vegetation.

*some types of earthworms

are substrate feeders

PHOTORECEPTORS MECHANORECEPTORS CHEMORECEPTORS

- respond to radiant energy - respond to physical - respond to specific molecules,
(visible light in most deformation of the cell often dissolved in a specific
vertebrates; visible as well as membrane from mechanical medium (such as saliva or
UV light in many insects) energy or pressure, including mucus), or airborne molecules
touch, stretch, motion, or
sound