Electrodynamic Duo Part One Feb 08, 2011

thunderbolts.info/tpod/2011/arch11/110208electrodynamic1.htm

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A 9.4 Tesla electromagnet built for brain research, about 200,000 times Ja
more powerful va
than Earth's magnetic field. Credit: Siemens press picture. Scr
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Magnetism and electricity have been known since ancient times. More Kit
recently, how the two forces connect has prompted more interest.
The Greeks were familiar with magnetis lithos, or "Magnesian stone" as e
arly as 500 B.C.E. Magnesian stone, from which the word "magnet" is der
ived, was originally found on the coast of what is now Turkey. Later, the SUBSCRI
magnetic rocks came to be known as "lodestones" and were probably us BE
ed as compasses to guide ships since the eleventh century.

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Not much was known about how compasses worked until the time of Sir
William Gilbert, commonly referred to as "the father of magnetism and el
ectricity" because of experiments leading to the groundbreaking book, D
FR
e Magnete in 1600. Gilbert was the first person to use terms like
EE
“magnetic pole,” “electric force,” and “electric attraction.” He also coined
up
the word "electricity" from the Greek word for amber, elektron.
dat
e-
In 1820, Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted found that electric curr
We
ent flowing through a wire deflected a compass needle, inspiring electro
ekl
magnetic theory. When he placed a magnetic compass below an electric
y
current, the needle moved perpendicular to the wire.
dig
A magnet is simply any object that possesses magnetic properties. Prim est
arily, that means two poles known as "north-seeking" and "south-seeking, of
" which on separate magnets attract each other. Like poles of different Pic
magnets, on the other hand, repel each other in the same way that tur
opposite electric charges attract or repel. eo
f
In the eighteenth century, C. A. Coulomb discovered that the force betwe the
en magnetic poles could be described using the same inverse square rel Da
ationship as that between electric fields. Just as with electricity, magneti y,
sm is directly proportional to the strength of the combined poles and Th
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the poles. un
Also similar to electricity, magnetism acting at a distance is described a der
s a "field of force" because it has no known physical component. blo
g,
"Magnetic flux" is a term that illustrates how force appears to flow out of For
a magnet at one pole and back into it at the other. This effect can be see um
n in the patterns that form when iron filings are sprinkled on a paper with ,M
a magnet underneath it. The patterns are known as "lines of induction." T ulti
here is no physical flow, but the lines of induction confirm descriptions o me
f magnetism. Lines of induction (magnetic field lines) emanate from a m dia
agnet's north pole and terminate at the south pole. The number of lines p an
er a given area indicates the field strength: where the lines converge at th d
e poles, the field is large, while the field becomes progressively weaker w mo
here the lines diverge. re.

The electrical basis for magnetism has been verified down to the level of
the electron. Since an electron spins and has an electric charge, it is ofte
n said to be "charge in motion, which by definition results in a magnetic fi
eld. *** NEW
DVD ***
In 1825, Ampère demonstrated that a current-carrying conductor exerts f
orces on a magnet and that a magnet also exerts forces on a current-car
rying conductor. Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry followed with their
discoveries that current can be generated in a conductor by changing the Sy
magnetic field surrounding it. So-called "electromagnetic induction," alon mb
g with the realization that electric currents create magnetic fields, paved t ols
he way for both the electric generator and the electric motor. of
an
Further relationships between electricity and magnetism were elucidated Ali
by James Clark Maxwell. In particular, a changing electric current in a co en
nductor creates a changing magnetic field around the conductor, thus cr Sk
eating a changing electrical field. Oscillating electric and magnetic fields y
(now called "electromagnetic radiation") can therefore become self-sust Sel
aining, like a wave propagating through space. Also, since the velocity of ect
electromagnetic radiation is identical with the velocity of light, light's clo ion
se connection with electricity and magnetism was revealed. sP
layl
Solid, liquid, and gas are the commonly understood states of matter, alth ist
ough the readers of these pages are aware that a fourth state known as "
plasma" exists. Plasma is estimated to constitute 99 percent or more of
the Universe, and is distinctive because it contains a large enough numb
er of electrically charged particles for its electrical properties and behavi
or to be altered.

In a neutral gas, positive and negative charges combine: the positive E-BOOKS
charges (protons) in the atomic nuclei are surrounded by an equal numb
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er of negatively charged electrons. The atoms are electrically neutral. Ga
s becomes plasma when heat or some other energy strips some electro
ns off some of the atoms. A positive charge is left on those atoms, while
the detached negative electrons move around. This results in an electric
ally charged gas that is said to be "ionized." When enough ions accumula
te so that the electrical characteristics of the gas are affected, it is a plas An
ma. e-b
oo
Irving Langmuir was first to use the term "plasma" (referring to an ionize ks
d gas) in the 1920s. He noticed similarities in the structure of electric dis eri
charges through mercury vapor. Regions close to the walls in the glass di es
scharge chamber, or near the electrodes were already called "sheaths." for
However, the ionized material filling the discharge chamber had no name tea
, so Langmuir decided to call it "plasma." Plasma was found to be an exc ch
ellent electrical conductor with behavioral laws all its own. ers
,g
Stephen Smith en
era
l re
ad
ers
an
ds
pe
cia
list
sa
lik
e.

VIDEO

"The Cosmic Thunderbolt" (FREE

YouTube video, first glimpses of Episode Two in the "Symbols of an Ali viewing)
en Sky" series.

Th
un
der
bol
ts
of t
he
And don't forget: "The Universe Electric" Go
Three ebooks in the Universe Electric series are now available. Consist ds
ently praised for easily understandable text and exquisite graphics.

PREDICT
IONS

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 Fol
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stu
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MULTIM
EDIA

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 Ou
rm
ulti
me
dia
pa
ge
ex
plo
res
ma
ny
div
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et
opi
cs,
inc
lud
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af
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not
co
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by
the
Th
un
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bol
ts
Pro
jec
t.

OUR VISI
TORS:

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Authors David Talbott and Wall
ace Thornhill introduce the read
er to an age of planetary instabil
ity and earthshaking electrical e
vents in ancient times. If their h
ypothesis is correct, it could not
fail to alter many paths of scien
tific investigation.
More info
Professor of engineering Donald Sc
ott systematically unravels the myth
s of the "Big Bang" cosmology, and
he does so without resorting to blac
k holes, dark matter, dark energy, ne
utron stars, magnetic "reconnection"
, or any other fictions needed to pro
p up a failed theory.
More info
In language designed for s
cientists and non-scientist
s alike, authors Wallace Th
ornhill and David Talbott s
how that even the greatest
surprises of the space age
are predictable patterns in
an electric universe.
More info
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f
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EXECUTIVE EDITORS: David Talbott, Wallace Thornhill

MANAGING EDITOR: Stephen Smith

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS: Mel Acheson, Michael Armstrong,

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