™Fs\"

phErnAmAmt&yAkrZm^
Śrı̄ Sam
. ks.epa Harināmāmr.ta Vyākaran.a
The Shorter Grammar of the Nectar of Hari’s
Names
Version 0.1

™FjFvgo-vAEmEvrEctm^
by
Śrı̄ Jı̄va Gosvāmı̄
(edited, translated, and annotated
by
Nitai Das (Neal Delmonico))

March 29, 2001

 k ZmpAEstm-y újEmv nAmAvEl\ tnv{ .
(vErt\ EvtrdqA t(sAEh(yAEdjAmodm^ ; 1 ;
In order to worship Krsna, I string together a succession of his names like
a garland. May it quickly spread the joy produced by literature about him.
(1)

aAhtjESptjEVl\ d«A fNdAnfAsn-tomm^ .

hErnAmAvElvElt\ &yAkrZ\ v{ ZvAT mAEcmh^ ; 2 ;
Seeing that the multitude of grammars are full of meaningless statements,
we have strung together a grammar for Vais.n.avas made of a garland of the
names of Hari. (2)

&yAkrZ mznFvEt jFvnlNDA, sdAGs\Ev`nA, .

hErnAmAmtm^ ett^ Epbt ftDAvgAhtAm^ ; 3 ;
Let those who are perpetually distressed and want to preserve their lives
in the midst of the desert of grammar drink this nectar of the names of Hari
and dip into it a hundred times.

™FhEr\ mDr\ n(vA hErnAmAmt\ rsm^ .

&yAkrZÑ t‰ÅA Epbt v}jvAEsn, ; 4 ;
After offering obeisance to the sweet Hari, let the residents of Vraja drink,
with devotion to him, the grammar which is the juice of the nectar of Hari’s
names.

sA¬(y\ pAErhA-y\ vA -toB\ hlnmv vA ;

v{kWnAmg}hZmf qAGhr\ Evd, ; 5 ; ( BAg^ 6214 )
They know that saying the name of Vaikun.t.ha, whether by convention or
in joking, to fill in a gap or without effort, removes innumerable sins.

1
Chapter 1

Terminology and Sandhi

1.1 Terminology

1 . nArAyZAd‰
to_y\ vZ ‡m, .
From Nārāyan.a is produced this succession of letters.

a aA i I u U     e e ao aO a\ a,
.
kKgGR.
cCjJ.
VWXYZ.
tTdDn.
pPbBm.
yrlvfqsh".
et ’ vZA , ’ ’ a"rAEZ ’ ’ al, ’ c .
These are otherwise called the varn.a, the aks.ara, and the al.
eqAm‰v-TAnAEn:
The places of the production of these are:

2
 a - aA - kvg - h - EvsgA ZA\ kW,
a, ā, ka-varga (k, kh, g, gh, ṅ), and visarga (h.) [are produced] in the
throat;
i - I - cvg - y - fAnA\ tAl
i, ī, ca-varga (c, ch, j, jh, ñ), ya, and ś [are produced] in the palate;
u - U - pvgA ZAmo¤,
u, ū, and the pa-varga (p, ph, b, bh, m) [are produced] at the lips;
 -  - Vvg - r - qAZA\ m
ˆA
r., r̄., t.a-varga (t., t.h, d., d.h, n.), r, and s. [are produced] at the roof of the
mouth;
 -  - tvg - l - sAnA\ dtA,
l., l̄., ta-varga (t, th, d, dh, n), l, and s are produced] at the teeth;
ed{to, kWtAl

e and ai with the throat and palate;
aodOto, kWo¤m^
o and au with the throat and lips;
vkAr-y dto¤m^
v with the teeth and lips;
an-vAr-y Efro nAEskA vA i(yAdFEn ; 1 ;
anusvāra in the head or nose. (1)

1.1.1 Now the Terms (aT s\âA)

2 . t/AdO ctd f sv ˜rA, .

-vrA, , ac– ; 2 ;
2. In that, the fourteen at the beginning are the Controllers of All.

3
They are also [known as] the vowels (svara) and ac.

3 . df dfAvtArA, .
smAnA, , ak– ; 3 ;
3. The ten [at the beginning] are the Ten Incarnations.
They are also [known as] the uniform ones (samāna) and ak.

4 . tqA\ ’O ’AvkA(mkO .
svZ s\âA c ; 4 ;
4. Each pair of them are Single-souled.
and also are given the name ”homogenous letters” (savarn.a).

5 . p
vo vAmn, .
 -vA, , En  -vAf^ c ; 5 ;
5. The former [of each pair] is the Dwarf.
They are also the short vowels or the shortened.

6 . prE-/Ev‡m, .
dFGA f^ c ; 6 ;
6. The latter is the Giant (Trivikrama).
They are also the long vowels.

7 . E/mA/o mhApzq, .
Ú
t - s\■; 7 ;
7. The one lasting three measures is the Great Giant (Mahāpurus.a).
It also has the name ”prolonged.”

8 . a - aA - vEj tA, sv ˜rA I˜rA, .

nAEmn, , icf^ c ; 8 ;
8. The Controllers of All, minus ”a” and ”ā,” are the Controllers.

4
 They are also the ”named ones” and ic.

9 . dfAvtArA IfA, .
ikf^ c ; 9 ;
9. The Ten Incarnations, minus ”a” and ”ā,” are the Lords.
They are also ik.

10 . a - aA - i - I - u - U antA, .
aZf^ c ; 10 ;
10. a, ā, i, ı̄, u, and ū are the Endless Ones (Ananta).
They are also called an..

11 . i - I - u - U ct,snA, .
iZ– ; 11 ;
11. i, ı̄, u, and ū are the Four Sanas (Catuh.sana).1
They are also called in..

12 . u - U -  -  ctB jA, .
uk– ; 12 ;
12. u, ū, r., and r̄. are the Four-armed Ones (Caturbhuja).
They are also called uk.

13 . e - e - ao - aO ct&y
hA, .
s@y"rAEZ , ec– . et sv E/Ev‡mA, ; 13 ;
13. e, ai, o, and au are the Four Manifestations (Caturvyūha.
They are also known as compound vowels (sandhyaks.ara) and ec. They are all
Trivikrama.

14 . a\ iEt Ev Zc‡m^ .
1
Sanaka, Sanandana, Sanatkumāra and Sanātana; incarnations of Vis.n.u born from
Brahmā.

5
 an-vAr, , Ebd, , lv– ; 14 ;
14. The nasal sound following a vowel is the Disk of Vis.n.u.
This is also known as anusvāara, bindu, and lava.

15 . a iEt Ev ZcAp, .
annAEsk,-c ; 15 ;
15. The nasalized letter is the Bow of Vis.n.u.
It also known as the anunāsika.

16 . a, iEt Ev Zsg ,
Evsg , , Evsj Eny, , Evs£, , aEBEn£An– ; 16 ;
16. The aspiration ”ah.” is the Creation of Vis.n.u.
It is also known as visarga, visarjanı̄ya, visr..s.ta, and abhinis..tāna.

17 . kAdyo Ev ZjnA, .
&yÒnAEn hl– . k - q - s\yog t ", ; 17 ;
17. The rest, beginning with ”ka,” are the People of Vis.n.u.
Also called the Consonants and hal. The union of k and s. produces ks..

18 . y - v - vEj tA-t blA, .

rl– ; 18 ;
18. The People of Vis.n.u, minus ”ya” and ”va,” are the Forces.
They are also known as ral.

19 . t mAtA, pÑ pÑ Ev ZvgA , .
vgA – k - c - V - t - p - nAmAn– ; 19 ;
19. The five groups of five, from ”ka” to ”ma” among the People of Vis.n.u, are
called the Groups of Vis.n.u.
The groups are also called ”ku,” ”cu,” ”t.u,” ”tu,” and ”pu.”

6
20 .  - vEj tA-t Ev ZgZA, .
my, ; 20 ;
20. The Groups of Vis.n.u minus ñ are the Tribe of Vis.n.u.
Also known as may.

21 . k - c - V - t - pA hErkmlAEn .
þTmA–p– ; 21 ;
21. ka ca t.a ta and pa are the Lotuses of Hari.
Also: the ”first ones” and cap.

22 . K - C - W - T - PA hErK‹A, .
E’tFyA[CP– ; 22 ;
22. kha cha t.ha tha and pha are the Swords of Hari.
Also: the ”second one” and chaph.

23 . g - j - X - d - bA hErgdA, .
ttFyA jb– ; 23 ;
23. ga ja d.a da and ba are the Clubs of Hari.
Also: the ”third ones” and jab.

24 . G - J - Y - D - BA hErGoqA, .
ctTA JB– ; 24 ;
24. gha jha d.ha dha and bha are the Sounds of Hari’s Conch.
Also: the ”fourth ones” and jhabh.

25 . R -  - Z - n - mA hErvZv, .
pÑmA annAEskA m– ; 25 ;
25. ṅa ña n.a na and ma are the Flutes of Hari.
Also: the ”fifth ones,” the nasals, and ñam.

7
 26 . t et’Ej tA Ev ZdAsA, .
Jp– ; 26 ;
26. The Groups of Vis.n.u minus the Flutes of Hari are the Servants of Vis.n.u.
Also: jhap.

27 . y - r - l - vA hErEm/AEZ .
at,-TA yZ– . et sEv ZcApA EnEv ZcApA– ; 27 ;

27. ya ra la and va are the the Friends of Hari.

Also: the semivowels and yan.. They are sometimes with the Bow of Vis.n.u and
sometimes without it.

28 . f - q - s - hA hErgo/AEZ .
u mAn, EqV, fl– ; 28 ;
28. śa s.a sa and ha are the Family of Hari.
Also: the us.man, .sit., and śal.

29 . f - q - sA, fOry, .
fr– ; 29 ;
29. śa s.a and sa are the Śauri.
Also: śar.

30 . Ev ZdAs - hErgo/AEZ v{ ZvA, .

DVo Jl– ; 30 ;
30. The Servants of Vis.n.u and the Family of Hari are the Vais.n.ava.
Also: dhut. and jhal.

31 . hErgdA - hErGoq - hErvZ - hErEm/AEZ h– goÿ

pAlA, .
Goqvto hf– ; 31 ;

8
 31. The Clubs of Hari, the Sounds of Hari’s Conch, the Flutes of Hari, the
Friends of Hari and ”ha” are the Cowherds.
Also: the voiced and haś.

32 . yAdvA ay .
aGoqA, Kr– ; 32 ;
32. The others are the Yādava.
Also: the unvoiced and khar.

33 . fOErvEj tA-t sA(vtA, .

Kp– ; 33 ;
33. The Yādavas minus the Śauri are the Sātvata.
Also: khap.

34 . vZ -v!p rAm, .
aV^ iV^ akAr i(yAEd c ; 34 ;
34. Rāma is used in indicating a letter itself.
Also: at., it., and akāra.

35 . tdAEd’y ’ym^ .
a-y l#mFnArAyZvAEc(vA‰gvàAmtA ; 35 ;
35. Each pair is called Dvaya.
Since Dvaya refers to Laks.mı̄-Nārāyan.a, it is a name of the Lord.

36 . aAdfo EvErEÑ, ; 36 ;
36. Substitution is Viriñci.

37 . aAgmo Ev Z, ; 37 ;
37. Insertion is Vis.n.u.

38 . lopo hr, .
9
 lk^ i(yy ; 38 ;
38. Elision is Hara.
This is also called luk.

39 . s
/AEZ qX^EvDAEn .
39. There are six kinds of sūtra.

s\âA c pErBAqA c EvEDEn ym ev c .

aEtdfo_EDkAr– qX^EvD\ s
/l"Z\ ; iEt ; 39 ;
The six kinds of sūtra are: 1. that which defines a name, 2. that which
gives a general procedure, 3. that which gives a necessary rule, 4. that which
restricts a rule, 5. that which gives a substitution, and 6. that which gives scope
of application of a rule.

a/ nAmkrZ\ s\âAEd sMp
Z m^ .

Here the assigning of terms and names is complete.

10
1.2 The Section on Sandhi sEDþkrZm^
1.2.1 The Sandhi of the Controllers of All (Vowels)
sv ˜rsED,
yEdd\ sEDEnmA Z\ vZA nAmArB mdA .
tn m k ZpAdANj mn,sEDEv DFytAm^ ;
As I begin joyfully the construction of the combination of the letters, may it
bring about the combination of my mind with the lotus feet of Kr.s.n.a!

sEDrkpd En(y\ En(y\ DAt
psg yo, .

aEn(y\ s
/Endf_y/ cAEn(yEm yt ;
Sandhi within a word is required, required between a verbal root and its prefix,
optional in the prescription of a sūtra, and everywhere else it is optional.

40 . dfAvtAr ekA(mk EmEl(vA E/Ev‡m, .

k ZAg} , rADAgtA , hEr hrFEt , hrFhA , Ev Z
dy, , Ev Z
YA , nrB}AtEq, ,
gm|kAr, ; 40 ;
40. One of the Ten Incarnations followed by its Soulmate
combines to form the Giant (Trivikrama).
kr.s.n.a + agre = kr.s.n.āgre rādhā + āgatā = rādhāgatā hari hari + iti =
hari harı̄ti hari + ı̄hā = harı̄hā vis.n.u + udayah. = vis.n.ūdayah. vis.n.u + ūd.hā
= vis.n.ūd.hā narabhrātr. + r.s.ih. = narabhrātr̄.s.ih. gaml. + l.kārah. = gaml̄.kārah.
(40)
41 . a’yEm’y e .
yAdvdý, , goklf, , mTrf, ; 41 ;
41. A or ā followed by i or ı̄ combine to form ”e.”
yādava + indrah. = yādavendrah. gokula + ı̄śah. = gokuleśah. mathurā +
ı̄śah. = mathureśah. (41)
42 . u’y ao .
pzqom, , spZo Y, , ’Arko(sv, ; 42 ;

11
 42. A or ā followed by u or ū combine to form ”o.”
purus.a + uttamah. = purus.ottamah. suparn.a + ūd.hah. = suparn.od.hah.
dvārakā + utsavah. = dvārakotsavah. (42)
43 . ’y ar^ .
k ZED , ; 43 ;
43. A or ā followed by r. or r̄. combine to form ”ar.”
kr.s.n.a + r.dhih. = kr.s.n.ardhih. (43)
44 . ’y al^ .
ymnSkArAyt ; 44 ;
44. A or ā followed by l. or l̄. combine to form ”al.”.
yamunā + l.kārāyate = yamunalkārāyate (44)
45 . e’y e .
k Z{knAT, , k Z{˜y m^ , -v{rm^ , -v{rF , -v{ErZF c ; 45 ;
45. A or ā followed by e or ai combine to form ”ai.”
kr.s.n.a + ekanāthah. = kr.s.n.aikanāthah. kr.s.n.a + aiśvaryam = kr.s.n.aiśvaryam
sva + ı̄ram = svairam sva + ı̄rı̄ = svairı̄ sva + ı̄rin.ı̄ = svairin.ı̄ (45)
46 . ao’y aO .
k ZOdnm^ , k ZOà(ym^ , þOY, , þOEY– ; 46 ;
46. A or ā followed by o or au combine to form ”au.”
kr.s.n.a + odanam = kr.s.n.audanam kr.s.n.a + aunnatyam = kr.s.n.aunnatyam
pra + ūd.hah. = praud.hah. pra + ūd.hiśca = praud.hiśca (46)
47 . i’ymv y, sv ˜r .
hy c nm^ , hyA snm^ , d@ypdý-y , zEÉyqA i(yAEd ; 47 ;
47. I or ı̄ becomes ”y” when followed by the Controllers of
All.
hari + arcanam = haryarcanam hari + āsanam = haryāsanam dadhi +
upendrasya = dadhyupendrasya rukmin.ı̄ + es.ā = rukmin.yes.ā iti + ādi =
ityādi (47)

12
 48 . u’y\ v, .
m@vEr, , Ev vAE™t, ; 48 ;
48. U or ū becomes ”v” when followed by the Controllers of
All.
madhu + arih. = madhvarih. vis.n.u + āśritah. = vis.n.vāśritah. (48)
49 . ’ym^ r, .
rAmB}A/dy, , rAmB}A/
{˜y m^ ; 49 ;
49. R. or r̄. becomes ”r” when followed by the Controllers of
All.
rāmabhrātr. + udayah. = rāmabhrātrudayah. rāmabhrātr. + aiśvaryam =
rāmabhrātraiśvaryam (49)
50 . ’y\ l, .
fÊT , ; 50 ;
50. L. or l̄. becomes ”l” when followed by the Controllers of
All.
śakl. + arthah. = śaklarthah. (50)

51 . e ay^ , e aAy^ .
k Zy(kq , , go=yAyAsnm^ ; 51 ;
51. E becomes ”ay” and ai becomes ”āy” when followed by
the Controllers of All.
kr.s.n.e + utkars.ah. = kr.s.n.ayutkars.ah. gopyai + āsanam = gopyāyāsanam
(51)

52 . ao av^ , aO aAv^ .
Ev ZEvh , k ZAv/ ; 52 ;
52. O becomes ”av” and au becomes ”āv” when followed by
the Controllers of All.
vis.sn.o + iha = vis.n.aviha kr.s.n.au + atra = kr.s.n.āvatra (52)

13
 53 . e - ao<yAm-y hro Ev ZpdAt .
hr_/ , Ev Zo_/ ; 53 ;
53. After e/o at the end of a word ”a” is elided (a is replaced
with avagraha).
hare + atra = hare ’tra vis.n.o + atra = vis.n.o ’tra (53)
54 . ayAdFnA\ yvyovA .
k Z u(kq , , ymnAyA aG , , go=yA aAsnm^ , Ev Z ih , k ZA a/ ; 54
;
54. Beginning with ay (ay, āy, av and āv when followed by
the Controllers of All) there is optional (elision) of ”y” or ”v.”
kr.s.n.e + utkars.ah. = kr.s.n.ayutkars.ah. = kr.s.n.a utkars.ah.
yamunāyai + arghah. = yamunāyāyarghah. = yamunāyā arghaH
gopyai + āsanam = gopyāyāsanam = gopyā āsanam
vis.n.o + iha = vis.n.aviha = vis.n.a iha
kr.s.n.au + atra = kr.s.n.āvatra = kr.s.n.ā atra (54)
55 . aorAmAtAnAmntAnA\ cA&yyAnA\ sv ˜r
 n sED, .
no updý, ; 55 ;
55. There is no change to an indeclinable/interjection ending
in an Endless One or ”o” when followed by a Controllers of All.
no + upendrah. = no upendrah. (55)
56 . adso_mF(y-y .
amF aQytEþyA, ; 56 ;
56. There is no sandhi of the ”amī” form of the pronoun
”adas” [when a Controller of All follows].
amī acyutapriyah. (56)
57 . mhApzq-y c .
drAŸAnAdO y×Evfq
 vAÈ-yAt sMboDnpd-y s\sAro mhApzq, ; Úts\â–
; 57 ;
57. And of a Mahāpurus.a.

14
 In the special effort of calling from a distance and so forth, the Transmi-
gration of the calling word at the end of the sentence is a Mahāpurus.a. It
also is called pluta. (57)

58 . a(ysv ˜rAEdvZA , s\sArs\âA, .

aAgQC hr3 , Et¤ hr3 ; 58 ;
58. The final letters headed by Conrollers of All receive the
name Transmigrations.
āgaccha hare-3, tis.t.ha hare-3. (58)

59 . EvcAr p
v vAÈ-y s\sAr, .

tmAlo n3 , k Zo n ; 59 ;
59. In cases of deliberation, the Transmigration belongs to
the prior sentence.
tamālo nu-3, kr.s.n.o nu. (59)

60 .

p
vA D -y (vrAm, -yAEddtAvr-y Eh .

EvBÄAvyvA-mAQCrAmo E’B v(yt ;
hr + C/m^ + ett^ + t = hrA3 iQC/mt ? pVo + C/m^ =
pVA3 uQC/Em(yEp ; 60 ;

60. However, the ”a” [replacement] of the prior half should

become [Mahāpurus.a] and ”i” or ”u” should come in place of
the latter half. Moreover, after those divided limbs (”i” or ”u”),
a ”ch” is doubled.
hare + chatram + etat + te = harā-3 icchatrametatte, pat.o + chatram
= pat.ā-3 ucchatram. (60)
av , hlFfA , þAQC Et , ZAZ , go_g}\ , gvdý i(yAdy-(vAHyAtsmAÿ
syov #yt
 dg m(vAt^ .

15
 Because they are difficult to understand, adyeva, halı̄śa, prārcchati, r.n.ārn.am
.,
go ’gram, gavendra and so forth will be described in the verb and compound
sections.

Thus ends the Section on Sandhi of the Controllers of All (Vowels).

16
1.2.2 Ev ZjnsED, The Sandhi of the People of Vis.n.u
(Consonants)

61 . Ev ZdAso Ev ZpdAt hErGoq c hErgdA .

vAgQyt-y , vA`goEvd-y , q³oEpkA , BgvEdQCA , kkEÛ Zo, ; 61 ;
62 . hErvZO hErvZvA .
jgàAT, , jg‘AT i(yAEd ; 62 ;
63 . yAdvmA/ hErkmlm^ .
vAÃ Z-y ; 63 ;
64 . tt, f[Co vA .
svA?COErvA ; 64 ;
65 . ho hErGoq, .
vA`Gr, , vAGr, i(yAEd ; 65 ;
66 . dtO prvZO l - c - Vvg q En(ym^ .
t¥#mFpt, i(yAEd ; 66 ;
67 . t– f .
tc^ fOr, ; 67 ;
68 . no_t–Cyo, frAm, , VWyo, qrAm, , tTyo, srAm, ,
Ev Zc‡p
vo Ev ZcApp
vo vA .
BgvA\–lEt , BgvA\[CAdyEt , BgvA\£Fkt , BgvA\¤Ãr, , BgvA\-trEt , Bÿ
gvA\-T
(kroEt ; 68 ;
69 . f cAto vA .
BgvAÑ^ f
r, , BgvA^ f
r, , BgvAÑ^ C
r, ; 69 ;
70 . mo Ev Zc‡\ Ev Zjn .
k Zm^ + -mrEt = k Z\ -mrEt ; 70 ;
71 . Ev Zc‡-y hErvZEv Zvg Ev ZpdAt-y t vA .
k Z¬Ft yEt , k ZMBjEt vA . vgA dy/ n — s\v(sr, ; 71 ;
72 . E’, sv ˜rmA/AQC, .
k Z + C/m^ = k ZQC/m^ ; 72 ;

17
 73 . aAÁAR^<yA\ En(ym^ .
aAQCAdyEt , mAEQCdt^ , ; 73 ;
74 . vAmnt^ RZnA E’, sv ˜r .
py ¼nt, , sgZnt, , kv àE-t ; 74 ;
75 . Ev Zjn Ev Zjno vA , h - rO EvnA .
d@ypdý-y , dpdý-y vA ; 75 ;
76 . rrAmAt^ , sv ˜r
 t hErgo/\ EvnA .
hyA sn\ , hyA sn\ vA ; kA Z kA Z vA ; 76 ;
77 . Ev ZjnAE’ ZdA-yAdf n\ svg Ev ZdAs .
BgvAëC
r, , BgvAC
ro vA ; 77 ;
78 . srAm VnA<y\ t`vEt vÄ&ym^ .
qV^ + sADv, = qV^(sADv, , BgvAn^ + sAD, = BgvA(sAD, ; 78 ;

iEt Ev ZjnsED,

18
1.2.3 aT Ev Zsg sED,
79 . Ev Zsg , pPyozp@mAnFy, , kKyoEj ŸAm
lFyo vA .
k Z, Plm^ , k Z ^ Pl\ vA , k Z, prm, , k Z ^ prmo vA . k, k Z, ,
kk Z, , k Z, KlEt , k ZKlEt vA i(yAEd ; 79 ;

80 . cCyo, frAm£Wyo, qrAm-tTyo, srAm, .

k Z–rEt , k Z[CAdyEt , k Z£Fkt , k¤rAm, , k Z-trEt , k Z-T
ÿ
(kroEt ; 80 ;

81 . fOErq fOErvA .
k Zf^ frZm^ , k Zq^ qXo , hrs^ srEBvA ; 81 ;

82 . aAdrAmgopAlyozEn (ym^ .
k Zo_/ , k Zo gQCEt ; 82 ;

83 . a’y - Bo - Bgo - aGo<yo lo=y, , sv ˜r

 t y– , n c
lo=y sED, .
k Z ih , k ZEyh vA ; k ZA a/ , k ZAy/ vA ; Bo ant , Boynt
vA ; Bgo ant , Bgoynt vA ; aGo av{ Zv , aGoyv{ Zv vA .

84 . r I˜rAt^ sv ˜rgopAlyo, .

hrErdm^ , hErg QCEt ; 84 ;

85 . a¡o Ev Zsg -y ro rAE/ - !prTAtrAdyq .

ahrh, , ahg Z, ; nh — ah,pEt, ; 85 ;

86 . ro r lo=y, p
v – E/Ev‡m, .

B}At, rAmAnj\ p[y = B}AtA rAmAnj\ p[y ; hEr, rADAEþy, = hrF
rADAEþy, ; 86 ;

19
 iEt Ev Zsg - sED, ;

iEt ™F™Fs\"p - hErnAmAmtAHy - v{ Zv&yAkrZ


s\âA - sED - þkrZ\ þTm\ smAØm^ ; 1 ;

20
Chapter 2

aT Ev Zpd - þkrZm^

y ek, sv !pAZA\ sv nAßA\ tTA™y, .

t-y Ev Zo, pd\ sv Ev ZBÅA En!=yt ;

1 . aDAt - Ev ZBEÄkmT vàAm .

B
- sntAA DAtv, ; -vAEd - EtvAA Evq^nBÄy, ; 1 ;

2 . þkEt, p
vA .
sA c nAm - DAt - BdAEøEvDA ; 2 ;

3 . þ(yy, pr, .
s c -vAAHyAt - kEˆtBdAÎtEv D, ; 3 ;

4 . t/ nAß, s aO js^ ( þTmA ), am^ aO fs^ ( E’tFyA ),

VA <yAm^ EBs^ ( ttFyA ), R <yAm^ <ys^ ( ctTF ), REs <yAm^
<ys^ ( pÑmF ), Rs^ aos^ aAm^ ( q¤F ), ER aos^ sp^ ( sØmF )
.

5 . t/ j - V - f - pA it, , u– so, , RsEr– .

eEt gQCEt n Et¤tFEt it^ , anbD– ; 5 ;

21
 6 . nAms\â–tEv D, .
yTA p\El½, pzqom, ; -/FEl½o l#mF, ; np\skEl½o b}œs\â, ; aElÿ
½o_&yy, ; 6 ;

2.1 aT sv ˜rAtA, pzqomEl½A,

t/ þTmA k Z - s —

7 . s - r - rAmyoEv Zsgo Ev ZpdAt .

k Z, , ev\ k ZO , k ZA, ; 7 ;

8 . dfAvtArAdMfsorrAmhr, .
k Zm^ , k ZO ; 8 ;

9 . dfAvtAr-y E/Ev‡m, fEs t-mAt^ so n, p\Es .

k ZAn^ ; 9 ;

10 . arAmAt, k Zs\â, .

11 . k ZAt^ VA in, .
k Zn ; 11 ;

12 . k Z-y E/Ev‡mo gopAl .

k ZA<yAm^ ; 12 ;

13 . k ZAE‰s^ es^ .
k Z{, ; 13 ;

14 . k ZAt^ Ry , .
k ZAy , k ZA<yAm^ ; 14 ;

22
 15 . k Z-y e v{ Zv
 bh(v .
k Z<y, ; 15 ;
16 . k ZAt^ RsrAt^ .
k ZAt^ , k ZA<yAm^ , k Z<y, ; 16 ;

17 . k ZAt^ Rs, -y .
k Z-y ; 17 ;

18 . k Z-y e aoEs .
k Zyo, ; 18 ;

19 . vAmn - gopF - rADA<yo nXAEm .

uVAEvtO ; 19 ;

20 . vAmn-y E/Ev‡mo nAEm , n - fNd-y t vA , n Ets - cÿ

túo, .
k ZAnAm^ , k Z , k Zyo, ; 20 ;

21 . I˜r - hErEm/ - kR<yo þ(yy - EvErEÑ - s-y qo , nm -

Ev Zsg - &yvDAn_Ep , n t Ev ZpdAt - sAtFnAm^ .
k Zq ; 21 ;
22 . sMboDn sb ˆs\â, .
sMbEˆ– ; 22 ;

23 . e - ao - vAmn<yo bˆ-yAdf nm^ .

h k Z , h k ZO , h k ZA, . ev\ rAm, , rAmO , rAmA, ; rAmm^ , rAmAEv(yAEd
; 23 ;

23