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Ejercicio N°1
Una Caldera de 73% de rendimiento produce 18 Ton/h de vapor, para ello se usa
combustible cuyo poder calorífico inferior es 10500 kcal/kg. Se sabe que la
temperatura de trabajo en la caldera y condensador es 573 y 300 K,
respectivamente. Determine las propiedades termodinámicas de cada estado del
ciclo de Carnot y el rendimiento del ciclo Rankine, calcule además el consumo de
combustible.
Desarrollo
Propiedades termodinámicas
|𝑊𝐵𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎 − 𝑊𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎 |
𝜂𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒 = ∙ 100
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠
Bomba
𝑏′
𝑚3 𝑁
𝑊𝐵𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑉(𝑃𝑏′ − 𝑃𝑎′ ) = (0.001 ) (8.625 − 0.0035) × 106 2
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑎′
𝑏′
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑉(𝑃𝑏′ − 𝑃𝑎′ ) = 8.621.5 → 8.6215
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑎′
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝐵𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎 = (ℎ𝑏′ − ℎ𝑎′ ) → ℎ𝑏′ = 𝑊𝐵𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎 + ℎ𝑎′ = (8.6215 − 111.76) = 120.98
𝑘𝑔
1
Turbina
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎 = (ℎ𝑐 − ℎ𝑑 ) = (2747.1 − 1703.96) = 1043.14
𝑘𝑔
Caldera
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎 = 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 = (ℎ𝑐 − ℎ𝑏′ ) = (2747.1 − 120.38) = 2626.72
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
|(8.6215 ) − (1043.14 )|
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜂𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒 = ∙ 100 = 39.38 %
𝑘𝐽
(2626.72 )
𝑘𝑔
̇
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 ̇
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠
𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎 = ̇
∙ 100 → 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = ̇ = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
∙ 100; 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 ̇ 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠
̇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎
̇
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
̇ 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠
𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎 = ̇
∙ 100 → 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = ∙ 100
̇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎
𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
̇ = 18 →5
ℎ 𝑠
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
(5 𝑠 ) (2626.72 ) 𝑘𝐽
̇ 𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = ∙ 100 = 17991.23
(0.73) 𝑠
̇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
̇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
̇ 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 → 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
̇ =
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 4.186 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 10500 ∙ = 43953
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
(17991.23 𝑠 ) 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
̇ = = 0.409
𝑘𝐽 𝑠
(43953 )
𝑘𝑔
2
Ejercicio N°2
Desarrollo
Pregunta a)
ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑔 ℎ𝑔 𝑆𝑓 𝑆𝑓𝑔 𝑆𝑔
𝑃 𝑇
(𝑀𝑃𝑎) (𝐾) 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝐾
Entropía
𝑆𝑎′ = 𝑆𝑓 + 𝑥𝑎′ ∙ 𝑆𝑓𝑔
2.6461 = (0.3510) + 𝑥 ∙ (8.2258) → 𝑥𝑎′ = 0.279
Entalpía
ℎ𝑎′ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥𝑎′ ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑎′ = (100.1) + (0.279)(2445) = 782.255 ( )
𝑘𝑔
3
ℎ𝑏′ = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥𝑏′ ∙ ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑏′ = (100.1) + (0.709)(2445) = 1834.49 ( )
𝑘𝑔
Propiedades termodinámicas
Carnot
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑚á𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑜 = (ℎ𝑏 − ℎ𝑎 ) + (ℎ𝑑 − ℎ𝑐 ) = −742.795 ( )
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 = ℎ𝑐 − ℎ𝑑 = 2803.1 − 1008.7 = 1795 ( )
𝑘𝑔
|𝑊𝑚á𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑜 | |−742.795|
𝜂𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = ∙ 100 = ∙ 100 = 41.38 %
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 1795
Ciclo Rankine
Bomba
𝑏′
𝑚3 𝑁
𝑊𝐵𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑉(𝑃𝑏′ − 𝑃𝑎′ ) = (0.001 ) (3 − 0.003) × 106 2
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑎′
𝑏′
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑉(𝑃𝑏′ − 𝑃𝑎′ ) = 2990 → 2.99
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑎′
4
Turbina
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎 = (ℎ𝑑 − ℎ𝑐 ) = (1834.49 − 2803.7) = −969.21
𝑘𝑔
Caldera
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑏 = 100.1 + 2.99 = 103.09
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 = (2803.7 − 103.09 ) = 2700.61
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
|𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑜 | |(2.99 𝑘𝑔) + (−969.21 𝑘𝑔)|
𝜂𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = ∙ 100 = 35.77 %
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑘𝐽
(2700.61 )
𝑘𝑔
Pregunta b)
̇
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 ̇
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠
𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎 = ̇
∙ 100 → 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = ̇ = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
∙ 100; 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 ̇ 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠
̇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎
̇
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
̇ 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠
𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎 = ̇
∙ 100 → 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = ∙ 100
̇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
̇ = 9500 → 2.64
ℎ 𝑠
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
(2.64 𝑠 ) (2700.61 ) 𝑘𝐽
̇ 𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = ∙ 100 = 9766.59
(0.73) 𝑠
̇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
̇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
̇ 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 → 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
̇ =
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 9000
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
(9766.59 𝑠 ) 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
̇ = = 1.085
𝑘𝐽 𝑠
(9000 )
𝑘𝑔