BIOINSTRUMENTATION DESIGN

The purpose of this type of instrument is to monitor the output

of sensors and to extract information from the signals that are
produced by the sensors.
1- Sensors are used to measure any quantity, property, or signal
(bioelectrical, chemical or mechanical ), and converted them
electrical signal.
2- The analog O/Ps of biosensors are processed with analog
processing. The signals are amplified, filtered, conditioned, and
converted to digital form using A/D converter.
3- The A/D converter samples the continuous-time into signal
digital signal "a sequence of numbers" every sample instant tk
seconds (with, amplitude takes one of 2n discrete values).
The minimum sampling rate is twice the highest frequency
content of the signal fs= 2fm.
Realistically, we use fs= 5fm or fs= 10fm sample to achieve better
accuracy by reducing aliasing error so information is not lost.
4- Basic instrumentation systems also include output display devices
to view the signal in a format that is easy to understand.
These displays may be numerical or graphical, discrete or continuous,
and permanent or temporary.
Most output display devices are visually, and sometimes audible for
example, a beeping sound with each heartbeat.
5- Computer storage memory is used to store data.
Once the are stored, they are processed by digital computers, using
many methods (Power spectral density- Wavelet transform)
Using Bioinstrumentation at home
With the invention of the telephone and now with the Internet,
signals can be acquired with a device in one location, in a patient’s
home, and transmitted to another device for processing and/or
storage. ‫أﺟﻬﺰة ﻗﻴﺎس اﻻﺷﺎرت أو ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺿﺮﺑﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬
This has made it possible, for example, to provide quick diagnostic
feedback if a patient has an unusual heart rhythm while at home. It
has also allowed medical facilities in rural areas to transmit diagnostic
images to tertiary care hospitals so that specialized physicians can
help general practitioners arrive at more accurate diagnoses.
Two other components play important roles in instrumentation
systems.
1- The calibration signal ‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة اﻹﺷﺎرة‬. A signal with known amplitude
and frequency content is applied to the instrumentation system at the
sensor’s input. The calibration signal allows the components of the
system to be adjusted so that the output and input have a known,
measured relationship.
2- A feedback element ‫ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬, " pacemakers and ventilators"
collect physiological data and stimulate a response—a heartbeat or
breath—when needed or are part of biofeedback systems in which the
patient is made aware of a physiological measurement, such as blood
pressure, and uses conscious control to change the physiological
response.‫ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬