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;+;f/sf] z'?

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cGt

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s] tkfO{nfO{ yfxf 5 ..
! k/d]Zj/ ;[li6stf{ x'g' x'G5
dflg; eP/ hGd]kl5 p:fsf] hGdg' / dg'{sf] ljrdf p;n] hfGg kg]{ Ps
cToGt} h?/L / ;To s'/f o; ;+;f/df s] 5 eg] o; ;+;f/sf] Ps hgf dflns
x'g'x'FG5 jxfF k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5F h:fn] o; a|Xdf08 / ;+;f/sf] dflg;
hftLnfO{ g/ / gf/L u/]/ cfkmg} ?kdf hldgsf] df6f]af6 /Rg'ePsf] klxnf]
dflg; lyP cfbd / xjf . k/d]Zj/n] dflg;sf] ef]hgsf] nfuL cGg,jLp nfUg]
kmn km'n,xfjfkflg,3fd,h'g tf/f lbg /ft ,cWof/f] pHofnf] ;[li6 ug'{ eof]
. afFRg ;f; km]g{sf] nfuL ;+t'lnt dfqfdf cyft{ @! k|ltzt clS;hg Uof;
agfpg' eof],- k[YjLsf] jfo"d08ndf @! k|ltzt clS;hg Uof; &( k|ltzt
cGo Uof; kfp5f}_ o; clS;hgaf6 $ k|ltzt dfq 36] k|f0fLhutd/]/ gi6
x'g] lyof] egL a}1fgLsx? eG5g\ .o;/L k/d]Zj/n] dflg; hfltnfO{ dfq
1fg,a'l¢,laj]s / zltm ePsf] cyjf cl3sf/ lbP/ ;[li6stf{ k/d]Zj/s} dfq ;]jf
ug'{ elg o; ;'Gb/ / ;'Aoj:yLt ;+;f/df /fVg'ePsf] 5.;fy} jxfFn]kmNb}–
k'mNb} ;+;f/ eb}{ hfg clwsf/ / cflzif lbg'ePsf] 5 . To;}sf/0f jxfF
eGg' xF'G5 z'? / cGt d g} x'F cyjf agfpg] klg gfz ug]{ klg d g} x'F
. jxfF cnf}lss zlQm ePsf] (Supernatural) k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 .
afOandf x]g'{ xj; ,pTklt !M !–#!, k|sfz ! M *,

a|Xdf08sf] ;[li6sQf{ k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5, eGg]s'/fdf s'g} z+sf 5}g, rfN;


8fjL{gsf] æs|d ljsfzjfb / cGo l;4fGtx?Æ vf/]h eO;s]sf] 5 pgLx?n]
cfkmgf] gfd k|Voft u/fpg dflg;nfO{ d'v{ agfpsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f
jxfFx?n]g} :jLsf/ u/]/ dg]{ a]nfdf kZrftfpg' klg ePsf] 5 .a|Xdf08-
;+;f/_ / o;df ePsf hLjx? 7Ls t/Lsfdf algPsf] / rln/x]sf] s'/f af6 klg
k/d]Zj/n]g} ;[li6 ug'{ ePsf] s'/f a'emg ;S5f} . z/L/df sDkLo"6/df
eGbf a9L cyjf %) v/a eGbf a9L DNAx'G5 ,o:n] z/L/sf] c+ux?df
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cfkmgf] cfkmgf] sfd ug]{ ;'rgf k7fpg] lgb]{zg lbG5 . Pp6f dfG5]df
@# hf]8L cyjf $^ j6f s|f]df];f]d x'G5 of] sf]|df];f]d cfwf afa' af6 /
cfwf cfdf af6 cfPsf] x'G5 . z/L/sf] ljsfz / lbgx'sf] sfo{ ;DkGtfsf]
nfuL of] s|f]df];f]d -8L Pg P_ rflxG5 . cGo ;[li6x?sf] s'/f ubf{ z's|
u|x k[YjLb]lv glhs 5 tfks|d Hofbf 5 k|f0fLx? ToxF hLpg ;Sb}g .
u|xx? y'k|} ePtf klg k[YjLdf dfq hLjx? afFRg ;Sg] jfo"d08n 5, ;"o{
/ k[YjLsf] b"/L Psbd 7Ls /x]sf] 5 , ;"o{sf] #^% lbgsf] utL 7Ls 5
o:sf] utL l56f] ePdf ;"o{ k[YjLb]lv 6f9LP/ lr;f] / l9nf] ePdf glhlsP/
tftf]eO{ k|f0fLx? aFfRg ;Sg] lyPg . ;"o{ clxn]sf] eGbf 7"nf] jf ;fgf]
ePdf tftf]n] 89g] / lr;f]n] ss|]/ dg]{ lyof] . tf/fx? gfz eP/ lj:kmf]6
xF'bf Tof] ljleGg cfs/sf] pNsflk08 algG5 ,obL afo"d08n d+un
u|xsf] eGbf kftnf] ePsf] eP To;sf] aiff{n] k[YjL gfz x'g] lyof],afSnf]
ePsf] eP hLjx? tfkn] dg]{ lyof] . ;d'Gb|nfO{ klg 7Ls gfkdf agfpg'
ePsf] 5 . o:n] ;f}{o phf{nfO{ ;f]Rb5 / lj:tf/} hldgdf kmofSb5 h:n]
ubf{ hLjx? afFRg ;'lj:tf x'G5 ;fy} k[YjLsf] udL{nfO{ 7Ls /fVb5 .
rGb|df klg k[YjLb]lv ghLs ePsf] eP ;d'Gb|df 7"nf] Hjf/ef6f cfP/
k[YjL gfz x'g] lyof],6f8f ePsf] eP dxf;fu/ crn eP/ kfgL / hdLgsf]
k|f0fLx? d/]/ :jfx x'g] lyof] o;/L rGb|df klg k[YjL b]lv 7Ls b'/Ldf
cjl:yt 5 . o;/L x/]s s'/f ;'Aoj:yLt 5 / rnL/x]sf] 5 eg] s] of] ;+;f/
cfkm}cfkm s|dljsf;af\bsf] l;4Gt cg';f/ algPsf] xf] eGg ;'xfp5 / < c+x
sbflk eGg ;'xfpb}g . oL ;a} s'/f agfpg] Ps hgf ;a{1fgL / ;a{zlQdfg
;[li6stf{ x'g' x'G5 h:nfO{ k/d]Zj/ elgG5 .

± s|lds?kdf lasf; x'g g;lsg] s'g} hl6n c+u b]vfpg ;lsof] eg] , d]/f]
l;¢fGt k"0f{ ?kdf c;kmnx'G5 . rfN; 8flj{g .

@ k/d]Zj/nfO{ s;}n] b]Vg;Sb}g

k/d]Zj/ s;}n] b]v]sf] 5}g, jxFfn] k7fpg' ePsf] k'q o]z"n] afx]s . lsgls
jxfFn] cfkmgf] cg'xf/ x]g{ dgflx ug'{ePsf] lyof], of] jxFfsf] OR5f
xf],s;}n] s/ nufpg, ljjfb ug{ ;sb}g . o:fsf] ljifodf afO{andf k/d]Zj/n]
cfkmgf] sfo{sQf df]zfnfO{ o:ftf] x's'd ug'{ ePsf] 5 M cf} t];|f] lbgsf]
lglDt tof/ /x"g, lsgls To; lbg ;Lg} kj{tdf ;a} dflg;x?sf gh/s} ;fdg]
k/dk|e' cfpg'x'g]5 . dflg;x?sf] lglDt rf/}lt/ af/ nufpg' / kj{tdfly ghfg' /
;Ldfgf klg g5'g" ,h:fn] kj{t 5'G5 Tof] lgZro dfl/g]5 .
k/dk|e' cfuf]df cf]]]]Å]{/ ToxfF cfpg'ePsf] sf/0fn] ;Lg} kj{t w'j}+
w'jfFn] e/Lof], / ;f/f kj{t hf]/l;t sfFKgnfUof] . t'/xLsf] r{sf] cfjfh

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alh/x]sf] ;dodf eQ df]zfn] cfkmgf] dflg;x?sf] ph'/L k]z ug{' eof] /
k/d]Zj/n] d]3 –uh{gdf ltgnfO{ hjfkm lbg'eof] . k|:yfg !( M !!–!@ ,
!(M !*–!(
k/d]Zj/ cfTdf x'g'x'G5, clg pxfFnfO{ k"Hg]x?n] cfTdf / ;Totfdf
k'Hg'kb{5. jxfF z{jzltmdfg\ ,;j{JofkL, / eok'0f{ x'g'x'G5 . jxfF clb[io
?kdf xfd|f] ljrdfcfpg' x'G5 / cfkmgf] sfd ug'{ x'G5 .
o"xGgf $ M @$
lxGbLdf Pp6f egfO{ 5 –hf] xf]tf x} jf] b]Vtf gxL ,hf] b]Vtf x} jf] xf]tf
gxL

#:ju{df o'¢ k[YjLdf o'¢

k/d]Zj/n] :ju{b"tx? cfkmgf] ;]jf u/fpgsf]nflu ;[li6 ug'{ eof] t/ ltgLx?


dWo] n'l;km/ gfdsf] 3d08L :ju{b"tn] k/d]Zj/ ;+u a/fa/L x'g vf]Hbf /
r'gf}tL lbbf k/d]Zj/n] To; ;'Gb/ t/ 3d08L :ju{b"tnfO{ :ju{af6 tn
k[YjLdf v;fnL lbg' eof] / To; ;+u c? :ju{b"tx? klg cfP , To; :j{u b"tn]
eGg] ub{lyof] ls d :j{udf pSng]5' . k/d]Zj/sf] tf/fx?eGbf dfly d d]/f]
l;+xf;gnfO{ pRr kfg]{5' / pQ/sf] kNnf] 5]p;Dd d ;ef–d08nsf] kj{tdf
lj/fhdfg x'g]5' . afbnsf] pFrfO eGbf dfly pSng]5', d k/d k/d]Zj/em}
x'g]5' . k/d]Zj/n] To; :ju{b"t n'l;km/,lbofan;nfO{ tn k[YjLdf ˆoflslbg'
eof] . ca Tof] :j{u b"t z}tfg eO{ o; ;+;f/df cfkmgf] /fh rnfpb}
cfO/x]sf] 5 . dflg;x?nfO{ 5nL/x]sf] 5 .dflg;x?sf] Åbo,dg leq, z/L/
leqk;]/ a;]/ Psfcsf{df n8fO{ emu8f 3[0ff u/fpg] sfd u/fO{/x]sf] 5 .
k/d]Zj/n] ;[li6 ug'{ ePsf] dfgjhfltnfO{ o;n] cfs|d0f u/L/x]sf] 5 ,xfgL
gf]s;fgL k'¥ofxL /x]sf] 5 . k/d]Zj/sf]sfd / of]hgfx?sf] la/f]w ub}{
cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L o; ;+;f/df b'Oj6f dxf zlQx?sf] o'¢ tyf lvrftfgL tf+bL
b]lvg} rNb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .t/ cGtdf k/d]Zj/n] n8fO{ lhTg' x'g]5 ,lsgsL
dflg;, :ju{b"t / cGo ;a}nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] g} ;[li6ug'{ ePsf] xf] ;fy} jxfF
g} d'Vo zf;s x'g' x'G5 jxFfsf] gfd cb\e't ;Nnfxsf/ zlQmzfnL k/d]Zj/
cgGtsfnsf lktf ,zflGtsf /fhs'df/ x'g'x'G5 . xfd|f k|e' dxfg\ / clt
zltmzfnL x'g'x'G5, jxfFsf] ;dem ckf/ 5 .
ehg ;+u|x !$&M % ,!$%M !!–!@oz}of (M^ oz}of !$ M !!– !% k|sfz
!@ M &–(

$kfk s] xf], dflg; s;/L kfkL eof]


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ha k/d]Zj/n] klxnf] dflg; cfbdnfO ;[li6 ug{'eof] ta p;nfO{ Psnf] b]v]/
l69fpg' eof] / ;fyLsf] ?kdf xJjfnfO{ klg ;l[i6 ug{' eof] / cbgsf]
au}rfdf /fVg'eof] clg eGg'eof] au}rfdf ePsf] kmn–k'mn vfp t/
au+}rfsf] jLrdf Pp6f ?v 5 To:sf] kmn rfFlx gvfg' / g5'g' gq ltdLx?
dg]{5f} t/ ToxfF klg Tof] kmflnPsf] :ju{b"t cyjf zq' z}tfg ;k{sf] ?k
wf/0f u/L cfof] / Tof] kmn vfof} eg] ltdLx? k/d]Zj/ h:t} 1flg x'g]5f}
elg p:fsfpbf To; :qLn] kmn l6k]/ vfP / kltnfO{ klg lbP ,ltgLx?sf]
cfFvf v'Nof] / cfkm"nfO{ gfUu} kfP / k/d]Zj/ b]lv n'S'g k¥of],
dflg;n] k/d]Zj/sf] cf1f e+u ubf{ c6]/L / kfkL 7x/Lof] clg pxfFn]
cfbdnfO t}n] s9f]/ k/L>d u/]/ vfg]5;,:qLnfO{ rf+lx t}n] si6;fy
afnaRrf hGdfpg]5;\ / ;fFknfO{ rflX tF cfkmgf] e'8Ln] 3;|]/ lxF8\g]
5;\ ,t}n] w'nf] vfg]5;\ / :qL / To;sf] ;+tfgsf] jLRfdf b'ZdgL xflnlbg] 5'
cyf{t ltgLx?n] t]/f] lz/ s'Rrfpg] 5 / t}n] p;sf] s's'{Rrf 8:g]5;\ egL >fk
lbg' eof], hf] cfh clg ;w} e/L of] s'/f :yL/ /x]sf] / /xg] 5 . To; ;dob]lv
dflg; k/d]Zj/sf] gh/df lu/]sf],kfkL 7x/LPsf] / kfkL :jefj nLP/ cg}lts
sfd, b'/frf/ ug]{ u/]sf] / b'i6 :jefj wf/0f u/]sf] 5 h;nfO{ kfk eGb5 .
cyf{t Pp6} / klxnf] dflg; cfbd ¢f/f ;+;f/df kfk cfof] eg] kl5af6 Pp6} /
cGtLd dflg; o]z"¢f/f wfdL{stf klg cfof] . o]z"nfO{{ dfGbf dflg; wdL{
7xl/g] lgod agfO{ lbg' eof] . o;}sf/0f k|e' eGg' x'G5 M–
æwdL{sf]xL 5}g ,Pp6} klg 5}g, a'emg] sf]xL 5}g , k/d]Zj/nfO{
vf]Hg] sf]xL 5}g .
pTklt@, # /f]dL #M !)–!!

% z}tfg sf] xf]


z}tfg ;[li6stf{ cfkmgf] dflns k/d]Zj/ ;u+ n8fO{ emu8f ug]{ ,jxfF
eGbf 7'nf] x'g vf]Hg]:j{ub"t n"l;km/ xf] h:fsf] a{g0f dfly s|d;+Vof #
df u/LPsf] 5 .o;sf] w]/} kmf}hx? x'G5g\ ,/ o;n] e"t–k|]tsf] ?kdf klg
sfd u5{ ,Tof] ;a}nfO{ b'Mv lbg] cfTdf xf] / clb[io ?kdf /xG5 ,o;n]
k/d]Zj/ ;+u b'idgL ug]{ / ug{ nufpg], b'Mv lbg],bf]if nufpg],k/LIff
ug,]{ xTof/f, em"6 / em"6sf] lktf xf], dflg;nfO{ kfk ug{ nufpg] /
dflg;nfO{ wf]sf lbg] of] wf]s] afh xf],o:sf] 7"nf] zlQm 5 o:n]
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dflg;x?nfO{ cGwf ,u"Fuf , a}/f ,lj/fdL agfp5 / sltsf] t Hofg ;Dd lng
;S5 t/ o]z"n] dfq e"t tyf z}tfgnfO{ v]bg' ;Sg'x'G5 ;fy} ha ;+;f/sf]
cGt cfp5 To;nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] clUg–s'08 gs{df kmfNg' x'g]5 egL
wd{ zf:qdf n]lvPsf] 5 .
o"xGgf *M@@, Plkm;L @M@, k|sf; !@M (–!)dtL ( M #@, Ù !@
M@@ Ù k|sfz @)M & – !%Ù

^ d'ltm s] xf] / of] dflg;nfO{ lsg rflxG5


h;/L o; ;+;f/sf] ;/sf/sf] lgod –sfg'g 5 To;/Lg} k/d]Zj/sf] klg lgod–
sfg'g 5 ,ljlw–ljwfg 5, t/ dflg; ;[li6stf{ k/d]Zj/b]lv lj/fgf eP/
uPsf],ljlw–ljwfg gdfg]sf] / z}tfgsf] hfndf k/]/ cgf1fsf/LeO{ b'i6tf /
kfkL :jefj wf/0f u/]sf] x'gfn] k/d]j/n] To;sf] abnfdf b08 lbg] lgod
agfpg' ePsf] 5 ,t/ jxFfn] dflg; hfltnfO{ cf}wL dfof ug'{ ePsf] sf/0f
xfdLnfO{ b08af6 arfpg] pkfo ug'{ eO{ pxfFsf] Ps dfq k'q o]z"
vLi6nfO{ xfd|f] kfksf] ;hfo ef]Ugnufpg' eof],s|'zdf dg{,v'gaufpg
nufpg', y'k} rf]6 / kL8f ;xg nufpg' eof], / h;n] o]z" vLi6nfO{
k/d]Zj/sf] k'q / cfkmgf] d'ltmbftf elg u|xg u5{ p;n] d'ltm kfpF5 elg
lgod agfO{ lbg' ePsf] 5 . o;y{ k/d]Zj/sf] s|f]waf6 afFr]/ :ju{
hfgnfO{ dflg;hfltnfO{ d'ltm rflxG5 lsgls dflg;hfltsf] klg cfTdf
x'FG5 cfTdf slxNo} db}g o; ;+;f/ kl5 csf]{ ;+;f/df uP/ o'u o'u ;Dd
hLP/ a:g'k5{ elg wd{ zf:q afOann] atfpb5 .
jrgn] eG5 M–k[YjLdf dflg;x?sf] b'i6tf a9L ePsf] /=ltgLx?sf]
Åbosf]] ljrf/sf] h'g;'s}
klg efjgf lg/Gt/ v/fa} dfq ePsf] k/d]Zj/n] b]Vg'eof] / b08 lbg] ljrf/
ug'{ eof] .
pTklt ^ M %
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t/ klg k/d]Zj/sf] s[kflgwfg eP/, pxfFsf] dxf k|]dn] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ k|]d
ug'{ eof] . lsgeg]
ltdLx?n] ljZjf; ¢f/f cg'u|xaf6 p¢f/ kfPsf 5f} ,/ of] xfd|f] cfkmgf] sfd
af6 xf]Og t/
of] tf k/d]Zj/j/sf]] a/bfg xf] .
Plkm;L @M $, *–(
lsgeg] d/]sf / afFr]sf b'j}sf k|e' x'gnfO{ v|Li6 dg'{eof], / km]l/ lhpg'
klg eof] .
/f]dL !$M(

lsgeg] k/d]Zj/n] ;+;f/nfO{ o:tf] k|]d ug'{eof],pxfFn] cfkmgf Psdfq


k'qnfO{ kfk Ifdfsf]
lglDt aln r8g lbg'eof] , pxfFdfly ljZjf; ug]{ k|To]s gfz gxf];, t/ To;n]
cGgt hLjg
kfcf];\ . o"xGgf # M !^

& ;+;f/nfO{ klxnf] b08 lbg' ePsf]


cfbd / xJjfaf6 afn–aRrfx? eP, ltgLx? ;+;f/ e/L km}nb} uP t/ g"xsf]
;dodf cfOk'Ubf dflg;x? ;fÅ} b'i6 eO{ ;s]sf lyP,kfk a9b} uO{ /x]sf lyP
,clg k[YjLdf dflg;nfO{ agfpg' ePsf]df k/d]Zj/n] k5'tfpg' eof],clg o;n]
pxFfsf] ÅbonfO{ b'Mlvt t'Nofof] . To; ;dodf g"xdfq wdL{ ,l;4 clg
k/d]Zj/sf] ;fy–;fy lx8g] dflg; lyP ,t;y{ k/d]Zj/n] g"x;+u af]Ng' eof] clg
eGg' eof] M ;a} k|f0fLsf] cGt d]/f] ;fd' cfPsf] 5Ù lsgeg] ltgLx?sf]
sf/0fn] k[YjL cTofrf/n] e/LPsf] 5 clg x]/ d ltgLx?nfO{ k[YjL;d]t gi6
ug]{5' hnk|no u/fO{ d k[YjLdf ePsf ;a} kz' k|f0fLsf] cGTo ug]{ 5' .
ltdLn] cfkmgf] lglDt Pp6f hxfh agfO{ To;df cfkm\" ,kTgL / cfkmgf
tLg 5f]/f a'xf/L] / k[YjLdf ePsf] x/]s kz' k|f0fLsf] efn]–kf]yL u/L Ps Ps
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hf]8L / vfg]s'/f klg hxfhdf xfNg nufpg' eof],g"xn] ;a} sfd u/L l;WofO
;s]sf] ;ft lbg kl5 kfgL kg{ yfNof] / $) lbg $) /ft kfgL k/L ;+;f/ ;a} 8'a]/
gfz eP,cfh klg cf/f/ftsf] kxf8df ;d'Gb|sf] lrNnf] 9'+uf b]Vg kfp5f} .
36gf ;To xf] k/d]Zj/ slxNo} 9f6g' x'Gg k/d]Zj/ k|]dL x'g'x'G5 ;fy}
s|f]wL klg x'g'x'G5 .
pTklt ^,&,*,(Ù

* dflg;x? efiff–efiff / hft–hftdf af8LPsf]


afFr]sf g"xsf] az+n] e/LPsf] ;+;f/df ;a}sf] Pp6} efiff, Pp6} af]nL,
Pp6} hflt lyof] / zAbx? yf]/} lyof], dflg;x? v]tL ug]{, lzsf/ ug]{,
kz'kfng ug]{ u¥y]{ Ps 7fFpaf6 csf{] 7fFp ;b]}{ lx8y], t/
k/d]Zj/nfO{ dflg;x? cem w]/} efiff / hftdf af8g] O{R5f ug'{ eO
lzgf/ b]zdf cfO{k'Ubf ltgLx?sf] efiff vnan kfl/lbg' eof] clg Pp6fn]
csf]{sf] af]nL a'emg' 5f]8\of] / To; 7fFpsf] gfd afa]n -u8a8L_
/flvof] ,ca ltgLx? ;f/f ;+;f/ e/L 5/k:6 eP / hft hftdf efiff efifdf
b]zb]zdf af8LP . pTklt !!

( ;+;f/nfO{ bf];|f] b08 lbg'ePsf]


;bf]d / udf]/fsf] lrRrfx6 7"nf] ePsf] / ltgLx?sf] kfk Hofb} ef/L
ePsf] x'gfn] k/dk|e'n] cfsfzaf6 cfuf] / uGws aiff{pg'eof], cflg
pxfFn] tL zx/x?nfO{, ;d:t a];L / tL zx/x?sf ;a} afl;Gbfx?nfO{ ;fy}
hdLgdf pd|]sf ;a} yf]sx? ;{agfz kfl/lbg'eof] .
pTklt !*, !(
k/d]Zj/sf] cudatmf of]Pn eGg'x'G5 – cfsfz / k[YjLdf d crDdsf
sfdx? b]vfpg]5' , cyf{t /ut ,cfuf] / w'jfFsf] vfdfx? . k/dk|e'sf] Tof]
dxf / eoªs/ lbg cfpgeGbf cl3 ;"o{ cFWof/f]df / rGb| rflxF /utdf
kl/jtg{ x'g]5 , / k/dk|e'sf] gfpF lng] hf];'s} klg arfOg]5 . of]Pn
#M #)–#@

Page 8
lsgls ltdLx? cfkm} 7Ls7Ls hfGb5f} k|e'sf lbg tf /ftdf rf]/
cfPem}+ cfpg]5 , ha dflg;x?n] zflGt / ;'/lIft elg/x]sf] x'g]5g\ . ta
;'Ts]/L x'g] :qLnfO{ a]yf nfu]em} crfgs;+u ltdLx?dfly ljgfz
cfOnfU5 , / ltdLx? s'g} /Lltn] pDsg]5}gg\ .
! ly:;nf]lgsL %M @–#

!) dflg;x?nfO{ wf{lds lalw–lawfg agfO lbg'


ePsf]
dflg;x?sf] d'Vo sfd cfkmgf] ;l[i6stf{ k/d]Zj/nfO{ k"Hg',kljq hLjg
ljtfpg',,b'i6 / kfk sfd gu{g' eGg] lyof] . hfg cGhfgdf kfk sfd
ubf{klg k/d]Zj/n] dflg;nfO{ l67fPg' 5f]8g' ePg . t;{y dflg;n]
kfksf] b08 ef]Ug gk/f]; elg wf{lds ljlw–ljwfg tyf Aoj:yf agfOlbg'
eof],h:t} M xf]d aln,cGg aln,cw{ aln / kz' jln r9fO{ v'g aufO kfk
w'g] / Ps dfq k/d]Zj/sf] ;]jf ug]{ h'g s'/f cGo wd{nDjLx?n] cfh
klg dfGb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ .t/ dflg;x? lbg lbg} k/d]Zj/ b]lv 6f8LGb}
uP, wd08L cÅ+sf/L cTorf/L eP, cfkmg} OR5fdf rn]/ kfksfd ug{
5f]8]g eg] k/d]Zj/n] klg cfkmgf] b"t / ;]js -eljZo jtmf_ ¢f/f
dflg;x?nfO{ ;Dempg] sfd ug'{ eof] ,t/ klg b'i6tf a9b}g} uof] ,t;y{
k/d]Zj/¢f/ w]/}n] d[To" b08 kfP,Ps} kN6df xhf/f} dflg;x? d/]
b]zx?,hfltx? dfl;P/ uP . slt b]z / hfltx?df o'¢ eP . k/d]Zj/n]
lbg'ePsf] b08sf] sf/0f ;+;f/sf sltj6f wgL ,gfdL / zltmzfnL zx/x?
b]zx?/ hfltx? gfz eP/ uP . sDhf]/ eP/ uP . h;df a]lanf]g ,d]lbof
,kl;of{, 6fo/, u|Ls, ld;|b]z h:tf] gfdL / zltmzfnL zx/ / b]zx? kb5{ .
t/ klg k/d]Zj/n] dflg;nfO{ l67fPg' 5f]8g' ePg . o; 36gf
hfGgsf]nflu afOandf k|:yfg ,n]jLsf] k':ts k7g' xf]nf .

!! dflg;nfO{ d'lQmbftfsf] vfFrf]


ljleGg hflt / eflifsf] ?kdf dflg;x? ;+;f/df h;/L k}mlnb} uP . p;}u/L
g} ltgLx? ;fFrf] k/d]Zj/b]lv klg cem 6f8Lb} uP,wf{lds lgodx?
7Ls ;+un] kfng ug{ g;Sbf k/d]Zj/n] dflgsf] cj:yf b]v]/ km]/L
Page 9
l67fpg' eof] / ;+;f/df cfkmg} Psdfq k'q k7fP/ dflg;sf] ;f/f kfk
jxfFsf] /utn] wf]O z'4 agfO, wdL{ 7x/Lg] lgod agfO lbg' eof],
axFfsf] hGd cfheGbf @))) aif{ cuf8L ;+;f/sf] aLr P;Lof
dfxfb]zsf] o?;n]dsf] a}tnx]d ufFpdf ;f/f ;+;f/nfO{ arfpg egL
k/d]Zj/sf] cfTdfsf] cleif]s 4f/f ePsf] lyof] .-dflg;sf] z/L/af6
xf]Og_ clg jxfFsf] hGd cte"t t/Lsf ,of]hgf / k/d]Zj/sf] lgs6 hg
eljioaQmfsf] eljiojf0fL cg';f/ ePsf] lyof] . jxfFn] dflg;x?nfO{
k/d]Zj/sf] of]hgf ,k|]d, bof / d'lQsf] gofF af6f] ;fy} ;fFrf]
k/d]Zj/nfO{ gk'Hbf jxfFn] ug'{x'g] Gofo,b08, jxfFsf] s|f]w
cfOkg]{ ljifodf lzIff lbg' eO{ hjfgL cj:yfdfxF'bf g} lktf k/d]Zj/sf]
of]hgfg';f/ s|'zdf aln r8]/ v'g aufpg' eof] . axfF :j+od k/d]Zj/
x'g'x'glyof] t/ dflg;nfO{ l;sfpg' / aln r9g Pp6f 7f];÷ef}lts z/L/
rflxg] x'gfn] jxFfn] dflg;sf] z/L/ lnP/ k/d]Zj/sf]lbJo arg cg';f/
sGo] d/Lodaf6 hGd lng' eof] cyjf ;+;f/df cfpg' eof] . hjfg cj:yfdf
k'Ubf jxfF s"|;df aln r9]/ lrxfg cyjf kftfn ;Dd k'Ug'eO{ z}tfgnfO{
k/f:t u/L tLglbgdf af}/L p7g'eO{ km]/L cfkmgf] 3/ :j{u r9L
hfg'eof] t;{y hLOp7g] OZj/ jxFf dfq x'g' x'G5 elg wd{zf:q
/Oltxf;n] atfpb5 .o;/L k/d]Zj/n] k'/fgf] lgod x6fP/ gofF lgod
agfpg' eof] ;+;f/sf] ;a} wd{zf:qdf klg o]z' d'lQmbftf eO cfpg'
x'FG5 elg n]lvPsf] 5 ,t/ dflg;x?n] cb]vf u/]sf 5g\ .
argn] eG5 M– o;}sf/0f h;/L Pp6} dflg;¢f/f kfk ;+;f/df k|j]z eof] /
kfkaf6 d[To',To;/Lg} d[To' ;a} dflg;df AofKt eof] lsgls ;a}n] kfk
u/]sf 5g\ ,cyf{t xfd|f k'{vf klxnf] dflg; cfbd / xJjfn] cbgsf] au}rfdf
/xbf g} kfk u/]sf lyP / p;}sf] ;Gtfg xfdLdf klg ToxL v'g ePsf]
x'gfn] xfdL klg kfkL / bf]ifL 7x/LPsf 5f} . /f]dL
% M !@
lsgls h;/L Pp6} dflg;sf] cgf1fsfl/tfn] w]/} hgf kfkL 7xl/P, p;}u/L
Ps}hgfsf] cf1fsf/Ltf¢f/f w]/} hgf w{fdLs 7xl/g]5g\ . o]z"sf]
k/d]Zj/ k|ltsf] cf1fsf/Ltfsf] sf/0fn] xfdL ;a} jxfF¢f/f w{dL 7xl/g]
5f} . jxfFn] xfd|f] kfksf] ;hfo ef]Ug'eof] ,xfd|f] kfksf] C0f ltl/lbg'
eof], jxfFnfO{ d'lQbftf egL :jLsf/ug{ ;fy xfdL wdL{ 7xl/Gb5, of]
jxfFsf] cg'u|x -bof_ xf], xfd|f] sdfO{ xf]Og , xfdL oxL cg'u|xsf]
Page 10
;do leq 5f} , cg'u|xsf] ;do ;lsg;fy jxfFsf] s|f]w cfpg] 5 egL
n]lvPsf] 5 . Plkm;L @M * tLt; @M !!
/f]dL % M !^–!(
o]z"afx]s s:n] o;/L bfjL u/L eg]sf] 5 / –lsgeg] lktf cfkm}n]
ltdLx?nfO{ dfof ug'{x'G5 . lsgls ltdLx?n] dnfO{ dfof u/]sf 5f}
cf} d cfkm} cfPsf] xf]Og t/ k/d]Zj/sf] tkm{af6 cfPF elg ljZjf;
u/]sf 5f}, d lktfaf6 lg:s]/ ;+;f/df cfPsf] 5', / km]/L d ;+;f/nfO{
5f]8]/ lktfsxfF hfg]5' .
o"xGgf !^ M @&–@*
d ltdLx?nfO{ eGb5', To;f] xf]Og ,t/ ltdLx?n] dg lkm/fPgf} eg]
ltdLx? ;a} o;} u/L gfz x'g]5f} h;/L tL c7fÅ hgf d/]sf] lyof] cyf{t
;fg} kfk u/]klg dg{ k¥of] , o;y{ kfk ug{ 5f]8g' / o]z"nfO{ u|xg u/L
afFRg kg]5{ elg o]z"n] r]nfx?nfO{ l;sfpg' eof] .
n'sf !# M #–$
o]z"n] cfkmgf lktf k/d]Zj/nfO{ eGg' eof] – ætkfO{n] aln /
e]6Lx? rfxg'ePg clg eGg'eof] d o; ;+;f/df tkfO{sf] OR5f k"/f ug{
cfPsf] 5' . bf];|f]nfO{ :yflkt ug{ klxnf]rfFlx tkfO{n] vfl/h
ug'{x'G5 , k'/fgf] lgodnfO{ x6fO gof lgod lbg' ePsf] 5 . Æ
lxa|" !)M * –!) Ù
d'ltmbftfaf/] cGo argx? M–o]z"n] eGg'eof] af6f], ;To, / hLjg d
g} x'F, d afx]s c? sf]xL¢f/f lktfsxfF hfg;Sb}g . w]/}hgf d g}
O{Zj/x'F eGb} cfpg] 5g\ cfRosd{x? ug]{5g\ t/ xf]l;of//xf]
,wf]sfdf gk/ lsgls cGtsf] ;dodf oL s'/fx? x'g} k5{ .
o"xGgf !$M ^

!@ o]z"n] k|folZrtsf] lglDt d[To" ;xg' / v'g aufpg'


eof]

Page 11
o]z" xfd|f kfk–ck/fwsf] k|folZrtsf] lglDt v'g aufO{ dg'{ kbf{
k|foM dWolbg ePsf] lyof] ,/ t];|f] kx/;Dd} ;a} b]zel/ cGwsf/
eof] ,;"o{sf] t]h sd eof], / dlGb/sf] -ox"bLx?sf] cf/fwgfno_ kbf{
dfemdf Rofltof], cf} rsf]{ ;f]/n] s/fP/ o]z"n] eGg'eof],æ x] lktf ,
d d]/f] cfTdf tkfO{sf] xftdf lhDdf lbG5' .Æ cf} olt eg]/ pxfFn]
cfˆgf] k|f0f TofUg'eof] ta o]z" km]l/ 7"nf] ;f]/n] s/fpg'eof] / k|f0f
TofUg'eof . n"sf @# M $$–$^
ha o]z" s|";df x'g'x'GYof] jxfF 7"nf] ;f]/n] s/fpg' eof] / k|f0f
TofUg'eof] . x]/ dlGb/sf] kbf{ 6'Kkfb]lv km]b;Dd b'O efu eP/
Rofltof], / e}+rfnf] uof] , / r§fgx? kmf6] cf} t]>f] lbgdf lrxfgx?
p3fl/P ,/ ;'ltuPsf w]/} ;Gtx?sf d[t z/L/ hLljt eO p7], / ltgLx?
lrxfgaf6 lg:s], / d[tsaf6 o]z" af}/L p7g ;fy ;fy} ltgLx? kljq zx/df
k|j]z u/] / w]/}sxfF b]vf k/] . ha sKtfg / ltgL;Fu o]z"nfO{
?FUg]x?n] e'sDk / ToxFf eO/x]sf 36gf b]v], ta clt eoeLt eP/
ltgLx?n] o;f] eg] æ;fFRr}, logL k/d]Zj/sf] k'q /x]5g\ .Æ
dtL @& M %)–%$of] .
o]z"sf] 5]j}df s|";df 6fluPsf] dflg;n] o]z"n] s'g} klg ck/fw gu/L
xfd|f] lglDt pxfFn] b'Mv ef]uL/xg' ePsf] 5 elg :jLsf/ u/] ta t'/Gt}
o]z"n] eGg' eof] æd ltdLnfO{ ;fFRr} eGb5' , cfh} ltdL dl;t
:ju{–nf]sdf x'g]5f} ..Æ
n"sf @#M $@–$#
o]z" dg'{ eP/ km]/L t];|f] lbgdf af}/L p7g' eof] cyf{t d[To"nfO{
lht]/ p7g'eof] / cfkmgf r]nfx? / w]/} dflg;x? sxfF uO{ cflzif lbg]
sfd ,9f8; lbg] sfd ub}{ lx8bf o]z"]n] z+sf ug]{ yf]df gfd sf]
r]nfnfO{ eGg'eof] ltdLn] dnfO{ b]Vof},5f]of} o;}sf/0f ljZjfz
u/of}, t/ gb]v]/ ljZjfz ug]{x? wGo x'g\ .
o"xGgf @) M@(
o]z"n] cfkmgf r]nf o"xGgfnfO{ bzg{ lbb} eGg' eof] g8/fpm
cflb / cGt cf} hLljt rflxF d} x'F . d d/]sf] lyFP ,x]/ , d ;w}Fsf]

Page 12
lglDt hLljt 5', cf} d[To' / kftfnsf ;fFrfx? d;Fu 5g\ .
k|sfz !M !*
t/ d ltdLx?nfO{ eGb5', k"j{ / klZrdaf6 -cGohfltaf6_ w]/}hgf
cfpg]5g\ cf} ca|fxfd, O;xfs,ofs"a;Fu :ju{/fHodfa:g]5g\ .
dQL *M !!
o]z" r]nfx?sxfF cfP/ o;f] eGb} af]Ng'eof] :ju{ / k[YjLdf ;f/f
clwsf/ dnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf/0f uP/ ;a} b]zsf hftLx?nfO{ r]nf
agfcf], / lktf ,k'q / kljq cfTdfsf] gfpFdf alKt:df b]cf] . dQL @*M
!*–!(o]z"n] r]nfx?nfO{ a]yfgLdf nfg'eof] / ltgLx?nfO{ cfz{L{jfb
lbg' eof] / jxfF :ju{/f]x0f x'g'eof] / lktfsf] bflxg] xftkl§ a:g' ePsf]
5 km]/L jxfF l;sfpg xf]Og t/ Gofoug{ ;+;f/df cfpg'x'g]5 . ha
jxfF ;+;f/df cfpg' x'G5 To; ;do klxn] d/;s]]sfx? af}/L p7g]5 /
Gofo x'g]5 / pgLx?sf] sfdsf] Ogfd kfpg]5 . ds"{; !^M !( !
ly;nf]gL $M!^–!&, ! sf]l/GyL !%M @)–@#,
k/d]Zj/ ;To x'g'x'G5 ,hLljt x'g'x'G5 jxFf h] af]Ng' x'FG5 Tof] k'/f
eP/ 5f]85 dfly elgPsf s'/fx? ;a} g} Ps g Ps lbg k'/f eP/} hfg]5 .
tkfO{ ljZjf; ug'{xf]; rfx] gug{' xj; . t/ k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] o;f] eGb5 –
d]/f] d'vaf6 lg:sg] d]/f] arg klg d sxfF Aoy} kms{g]5}g , t/ d}n]
OR5f u/]sf] sfd To;n] k"/f ug]{5, / h'g sfdsf] lglDt d To;nfO{
k7fpF5', To;df Tof] ;kmn x'g]5 .
oz}of %%M !! .
hLljt k/d]Zj/sf] xftdf kg{' 8/nfUbf] s'/f] xf] . lxa|" !)M #!

!# o]z"n] ug'{ePsf] cfro{sd{x?

z}tfgn] o]z"nfO{ lrGb5 t/ xfdL dflg; hfltn] rfFlx slxn] lrGg] <

ha pxfF kfl/kl§ ubl/gLx?sf] d'n'sdf cfOk'Ug'eof] ,ta, e"tx?n]


u|:t kf/]sf] b'Ohgfn] lrxfgaf6 lg:s]/ pxfFnfO{ e]6 u/] . hf] olt

Page 13
8/nfUbf lyP, ls sf]xL klg ToxfFaf6 cf]xf]/–bf]xf]/ ug{;St}g lyP .
clg ltgLx?n] k/d]Zj/sf] k'q o]z"nfO{ lrlgxfn] / o;f] eGb} lrRofP,
æx] k/d]Zj/sf k'q, xfdLx?sf] tkfO{;Fu s] ;/f]sf/ < s] tkfO{ a]nf
gk'Ub} xfdLx?nfO{ ;tfpg cfpg'ePsf] xf] < Æ cf} e'tx?n]
pxfFnfO{ o;f] eg]/ ljGtL u/],æolb tkfOn] xfdLnfO{ lgsfNg'xG5
eg] ,xfdLnfO{ Tof] k/ rl//x]sf] 7"nf] ;'Fu'/sf aufndf k7fOlbg'
xf]; .Æ clg pxfFn] ltgLx?nfO{ hfcf] eGg'eof], ta Tof]
e"tcfTdfx? lg:s]/ ;'Fu'x?df k;] clg ;'Fu'/sf] hDd} aufn eL/af6
;d'Gb|df bu'/] / kflgdf gi6 eOd/] / tL dflg;x? lgsf] eP .
dtL *M @*–#$

k/d]Zj/ Psdfq x'g' x'G5 egL ltdL ljZjf; ub{5f} , ltdLn] c;n ub{5f}
. b'i6cfTdfx?n] klg ljZjf; ub{5 ,/ y/ y/ sfD5g\ . ofs"a @ M !(

!$ o]z"n] /f]uL ljdf/Lx? lgsf] kfg'{ ePsf]


ha ;fFem k¥of], ta ltgLx?n] pxfFsxfF e"t nfu]sf] w]/} hgfnfO{
NofP . / pxfFn] jrgn]g} b'i6cfTdf e"tx?nfO{ wkfpg'eof], / hlt
ljdf/L lyP, ;a}nfO{ lgsf] kfg'{eof] . cf} oz}of cudjQfn] af]n]sf s'/f
k"/f eof],æpxfF cfkm}n] xfdLx?sf sdhf]/L lng'eof], / /f]ux?
af]Sg'eof]Æ dtL *M !^–!& oz}of %#M
o]z"n] cGwfx?nfO{ cfFvf lbg' eof], alx/fx?nfO{ ;'Gg ;Sg]
agfpg' eof], kIff3ft /f]uLnfO{ hfltkfg'{ eof] cfTdf xTof ug{
vf]Hg]nfO{ arfpg' eof], e"t k|]t lgsfnLlbg' eof] ,b'i6 dflg;x?nfO{
;Hhg agfpg' eof],cFfwLnfO{ zfGt kfg'{ eof],dflg;sf] Åbodf
zflGt lbg' eof],cfh klg oL sfdx? eOg}/x]sf] 5 . oL s'/fx? dtL,
ds"{;, n"sf, o"xGgf ,k|]l/tsf] k':tsdf n]lvPsf] 5 k7g' xj; . o]z"n]
of] cflzif cfkmgf hgx?nfO{ klg lbg' ePsf] 5, / eGg'ePsf] 5 sL

clg o]z"n] r]nfx?nfO{ eGg'eof] ,;f/f hutdf uP/ ;f/f ;[li6nfO{


d'ltmsf]

Page 14
;';dfrf/ k|rf/ u/ . ljZjf; ug]{ / jlKt:fdf lng]n] p4f/ kfpg]5, t/
cljZjf; ug]{ bf]ifL 7x/Lg]5 . cf} ljZjf; ug]{x?;Fu oL lrÅx?
x'g]5g\–d]/f] gfpFdf ltgLx?n] e"tx? wkfpg]5g\ , / gofF
efiffx? ltgLx?n] af]Ng]5g\ . ltgLx?n] ;k{x? ;dfTg]5g\ / s'g}
ljiffn' s'/f] lkP tfklg s'g} lsl;dn] To;n] ltgLx?sf] xflg ug]{5}g,
ltgLx?n] /f]uLx?dfly xft /fVg]5g\, / ltgLx? lgsf] eOhfg]5g\ .
ds"{; !^ M !%–!*
cfh klg w]/} dflg;x?n] /f]uaf6 r+ufO{ kfO{/x]sf5g\ ,e'"tk|]t /
z}tfgaf6 5'6sf/f kfO/x]sf5g\ ,d[To"sf] d'vaf6 k{ms]/ c;n / si6
d'St hLjg ljtfO/x]sf5g\ ,jxfFsf] k|]d / zltmnfO{ b]v]/
k/d]Zj/sf] k|z+;fu/L/x]sf 5g\

!% cGo cfkt ljktx? cfOnfu]sf]


dflg;x?sf] rfn–rng lbg lbg} lju|b} uO/x]sf\] 5 . ca ;do cfpb} 5
d[To" kl5 dfq geP/ d[To" cl3 klg dflg;x?n] b'Mv si6 / 7"nf 7"nf
ljklt ef]Ug kg]{5 . lbg lbg} ;+;f/sf] xfnt v/fa aGb} uO /x]sf] 5 .,
gofF gofF /f]u ljdf/x? a9b} uO/x]sf] 5, s'nt -8|u P8LS6]gz_df
kb}{ uO{/x]sf] 5 . b}jLs k|sf]k , k|fsl[ts k|sf]kx? a9b}uO/x]sf] 5
. ;"o{n] cfkmgf] tfk a9fO /x]sf]5 .\;'gfdL,cfFwL–a]x/L e'Orfnn]
nfvf} dflg;sf] d[To" eO ;s]sf] 5 . ljleGg b]zx?df $ /]S6/ eGbf
dflysf] e'Orfnf]] xfn;Dddf ^) nfv kN6 cfPsf] / ^) nfv eGbf w]/}
dflg;x? d/L ;s]sf] /Ls{8 (Wikipedia/Facebook)kfpb5f} . csf{tL/
n8fO{x?n] w]/} dflg;x? d/L;s]sf] /Ls{8 kfpb5f} ;g !(!$–!* &sf]
klxnf] / ;g !(#(–$% sf] bf];|f] ljZjo'4df nueu ;f8] kfFr s8f]/ of]4f
/ ;fw/0f dflg;x? df/LP .c? ;fgf 7"nf u[x o'4 clgsfn ,v8]/L s'kf]if0f
/ udL{sf] sf/0fn] nueu !%^* ;fn b]lv otf s/f]8f} dflg;x?sf] d[To'
ePsf] 5 . xfjfk|b'if0fsf] sf/0fn] cs;Lhgsf] sdL eP/ lat]sf] ;fn ;Dd
nueu &) nfv dflg;x? d/]sf] WHO sf] l/kf]6{ 5 . lgs6 eljiodf klg
cem} 7"nf–7"nf e}rfnf] cfpg] ,clgsfn nfUg] /f]u ljdf/ a8g]

Page 15
;'gfdL cfpg], n8fOx? 5]8Lg],k|fs[lts k|sf]k, b}jLs k|sf]k
cfOnfUg] s'/fx? wd{zf:q afOandf eljiojf0fLsf] ?kdf n]vLPsf] 5 .
afO{an wd{ zf:q vf]hL vf]hL k9g' xj; .

!^ clGtd lbgsf lrGxx?÷eljioafgL k[/f


k/d]Zj/n] o;} ;+;f/df :ju{b"t k7fP/ / cfkmgf ;]js eljZojtmfx?¢f/f
dflg;dfly cfpg nfu]sf] b08 ,;+si6 af/] / afFRg] pkfoaf/] va/ lbg
k7fpg x'GYof] . To;/Lg} o]z"n] klg r]nfx?nfO{ @))) aif{ c3f8L
g} eGg' ePsf] lyof], ha ;+;f/sf] cGt cfpg] ;do glhs x'G5 ta
7fFp–7fFpdf 7"nf–7"nf e'OFrfn,clgsfn / dxfdf/Lx?, n8fOx?
x'g]5g\ clg cfsfzdf 8/nfUbf–8/nfUbf b[Zo / a8]–a8] lrGxx?
x'g]5g\ . n"sf @!M !!
cfhsf] ;+;f/df j[xt ?kdf gofF k'/fgf /f]u–ljdf/x? a8L/x]sf] 5 h:t}
s'i7/f]u,6L)jL),SofG;/,Pr)cfO)le)P8\;, 8]u", j8{ˆn',Oaf]nf
efO{/;lh+sfefO{/;,lrsgu'lgof,n]K6f]:kf]l;;,;'u/, :6f]g,An8 k|];/,
l8k|]zg,xf6{ P]6]s,Kof/fnfO;, j8{ˆn' ,xTof, cfTdf xTof,rf]/L
,8s}tL,ckx/0f, anfTsf/,b]x Aofkf/,Aolerf/,;dlnËuL lajfx ,o:tf
cg]sf} vfnsf] /f]u ;fy} cg}lts cfr/0fx?af6 pTkGg ePsf] kfksf]
sf/0f dflg;x?sf] hLjg b'vLt / si6s/ aGb} uO{/x]sf] 5 . o;tf Åbo
lj/tm nfUbf] ;do 5 . o;/L dflg; lbg lbg} kfkdf km:b} uO{/x]sf]
sf/0f k/d]Zj/n] klg ;+;f/ gi6 ug]{ k'j{ of]hgf agfpg' ePsf] s'/f
afOandf kfp5f} .
cf} /fHosf] of] ;';dfrf/ ;f/f ;+;f/df ;a hfltx?nfO{ ;fIfLsf] lglDt
k|rf/ ul/g]5, Tokl5 cGt x'g]5 .
dlt @$M !$
t/ ltdLrflxF x] bflgPn,o; rd{kqsf d'Ýfsf argx? cGtsf] ;do;Dd
aGb u/L df]xf]/ nufP/ /fv . w]/} hgf 1fg a9fpgnfO{ otf / ptf
hfg]5g . o:tf w]/} eljioafgLx? k'/f x[b}hfb}5 ,dflg;sf] 1fg a9]/
sxfF k'uL;s]sf] 5 ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 .
bflgPn !@M $

cGtsf] lbg cfpg cl3 hflt,hfltsf] lj?4df / /fHo /fHosf] lj?4df


p7g]5, 7"nf 7"nf e}rfnf] hfg]5 ,cf} ljleGg 7fFpx?df ?9L / clgsfn
x'g]5, cfsfzaf6 8/nfUbf nIf0f / 7"nf 7"nf lrGxx? x'g]5g\ elg
o]z"n] r]nfx?nfO{ eGg' eof] . n'sf @! M !)–!!

Page 16
o;y{ xfdL lvi6ogx? af6 tkfO{x?nfO{ oxL ljGtL ub{5f} ls k/fs|dL
k/d]Zj/sf] of]hgf a'emg' xj; / o]z"nfO{ d'lQmbftf elg u|x0f ug'{
xj; :j{udf cfkmgf] 3/ agfpg' xj; / o;} ;+;f/df klg o]z"n] lbg'x'g]
zflGt kfP/ hLpg' xj;\ . @@@@@@@

!& k/d]Zj/sf] af]Ng], sfd ug]{ t/Lsf /


eljZojf0fLx?
;+;f/df 7"nf 7"nf e}rfnf] hfg]5, cf} ljleGg 7fpFx?df ?9L ljdf/ /
clgsfn x'g]5, cfsfzaf6 8/nfUbf nIf0f / 7"nf 7"nf lrGxx? x'g]5g\
.
n"sf @!M !!
cf} ljh'nLx?, cfjfhx? / uh{gx? eP / 7"nf] e"sDk eof] . olt 7"nf] /
eoÍ/, ls dflg;x? k[YjLdf ePb]lv o;f] Tolt 7"nf] e"sDk ePs} lyPg
. of] rfFlx kl5 x'g] s'/fsf] bz{0f xf] .
k|sfz !^ M !*
cf} x]/, d rfF8} cfpF5' . o; k':tssf] cudaf0fL kfng ug]{ wGosf]
xf] . x]/ d rfF8} cfpF5' / x/]s dflg;nfO{ cfkmgf] cfkmgf]
sfdcg';f/ lbg] Ogfd d ;Fu 5 d cnkmf / cfd]uf, klxnf] / kl5Nnf]
,cflb / cGt x'F .
obL jxfF cfpg l9nf] ug'{ eP klg s] eof] / s'/f t Pp6} xf] lsgls
xfdL t xfd|f] ;do cfPkl5 hfg} k5{ / jxfFnfO{ e]6\g} k5{ ,;+;f/df
z/L/df x'Fbf g} d'ltm dfUg] / kfpg] sfd ug{ k5{, To;kl5 t s]xL
l;k nfUb}g /x]5 , lsgls k/d]Zj/n] tf]lslbg' ePsf] ;do oxL g} xf] ,
;+;f/df hLpbf] /xbf u/]sf] sfdsf] kmn dfq d[To"kl5 klg kfpg
;S5f} . -eljiojf0fL_
k|sfz @@ M & , !@–!#
k/dk|e' cfuf]df cf]Å]{/ ToxfF cfpg'ePsf] sf/0fn] ;Lg} kj{t lans'n}
w'j}+ w'jfFn] e/Lof] , / ;f/f kj{t hf]/l;t sfFKof] . k|:yfg !( M !*
Page 17
k[YjLsf] w"nf]df ;'t]sf eL8x? p7g]5g\ sf]xL cgGt hLjgsf] nfuL /
c?x? rflxF zd{ / cgGt lt/:sf/sf] nfuL . bflgPn !@ M @
c/LPn zx/sf] lj?¢df oz}ofsf] cudaf0fL k/dk|e'af6 cfPsf] M
u8ofË–u'8Ë, e}rfnf], 7"nf] cfjfh, e'd/L / cfFwL–a]ÅL e:d ug]{
cfuf]sf] Hjfnfl;t ;]gfx?sf k/dk|e' To;sxfF cfpg'x'g]]5 / To; afuL
zx/nfO{ gi6 ug'{ x'g]5 . -eljiojf0fL_
oz}of @(M ^
?9=L / /tmkft4f/f d To;sf] OG;fkm ug]{5' . d To;dfly, / To;sf
bnx?dfly / To;l;t ePsf hflt hfltx?sf ;a} le8=x?dfly 3g3f]/ aiff{
,9'Ëfx?em} s8f cl;gf, cfuf] / uGws aiff{pg]5' . o;/L d]/f] dxfgtf /
kljqtfsf] k|df0f lbP/ w]/} hfltx?sxfF cfkm}nfO{ k|s6 ug]{5' . ta
ltgLx?n] d g} k/dk|e' xF' egL hfGg]5g\ . OhlsPn #* M
@@–@# --eljiojf0fL_

!* cGo 36gfx? 36]sf]


/f]dL gfu/Ls kfjn ox"bL hftsf / xfsLd klg lyP, ltgn] o]z"nfO{ ljZjf;
ug]{ ox"bL v|Li6og / cGohflt v|Liogx?nfO{ ;tfpb}{ lx8bf bdLzssf]
af6f]df o]z"af6 bzg{ kfP / ltgn] crfgs :ju{af6 Pp6f Hof]lt ltgsf] jl/kl/
rDsof], / ltgL e"OFdf nf]6], cfFvf gb]vg] eP / ltgn] o;f] eGg] ;f]/
;'g],æ x] zfjn ,x] zfjn -k'/fgf] gfd _ ltdL lsg d]/f] v]bf] ub5f}{ <Æ
ltgn] eg], æx] k|e', tkfO{ sf] x'g'x'G5 <Æ clg pxfFn] eGg'eof], æd
o]z" x'F, h;sf] v]bf] ltdL u5f} Æ;'O/fx?df nfQL xfGg' ltd|f lglDt sl7g
5 .Æ kl5 af6 xglgof gfdsf] k/d]Zj/sf] eQn] k|fy{gf u/L ltgL ;¢] eP , /
cGohfltx?nfO{ vLi6 lrgfpb} hLjg ljtfP . clg o]z"n] kfjnnfO{ eGg'
eof], æhfp ,lsgls d ltdLnfO{ cGohfltx?sxfF oxfFaf6 6f9f 6f9f;Dd
k7fpg]5' .Æ k|]l/t (M #–$# k|]l/t @@ M @!
t/ xfsLdsf] c1fgtfn] ubf{ h]ndf k/]sf k/d]Zj/sf hg kfjn / l;nf; cfwf /ftlt/
k|y{gf ub}{ k/d]Zj/sf ehg ufO/x]sf lyP, / c? s}bLx?n] ;f] ;'lg/x]sf lyP
Page 18
. ta PSsfl; Pp6f 7"nf] eF}rfnf] uof], / emofnvfgsf hux? xlNnP, /
t'/Gt} tfnf nufPsf hDd} 9f]sfx? pl3|P / ;a}sf kmnfdsf ;fËnf]sf
baGwgx? v'n] / ltgLx? d'tm eP . emofnvfgfsf] xflsd of] b]lv 8/n]
y/y/ sfDb} cfTdf xTof ug]} cf6bf kfjn / l;nf;n] ltgnfO{ ;DemfP / ltgn]
/ ltgsf kl/jf/n] alKt:df lnP / cfGgb;fy hLjg latfP .
k]|l/t !^ M @%–#$

!( cGo d'Vo / ;Tojrgx?


afa' cyjf cfdfnfO{ d eGbf a9tf dfof ug]{ d]/f] of]Uosf] x'Fb}g / 5f]/f
jf 5f]/LnfO{ a9tf dfof ug]{ d]/f] of]Uosf] xF'b}g . dtL !)M #&
ha k/d]Zj/n] lbg'x'g] d'ltmsf] af/]df ljhg ?kL ljp 5/LG5 s'g} jLp rfxL
af6f]sf] lsgf/df k5{g / pd|gb}g cyf{t p;n] arg t ;'G5g\ t/ z}tfg cfP/ tL
ltgLx?n] ljZjf; gu?g\ / d'ltm gkfpmg\ egL ltgLx?sf xboaf6 jrg
n}hfG5 .
n"sf *M !@
o]z"n] eGg'eof] æaf6f] ,;To /hLjg d}+ x"F ,d afx]s c? sf]xL
4f/lktfsxfF :ju{df hfg;St}g . Æ o"xGgf !$ M ^
k/dk|e' eGg'x'G5, d k/d]Zj/ xF' . cab]lv p;f] klg d pxLg} x'F . cf}
d]/f] xftaf6 5'6fpg] sf]xL klg 5}g . d sfd ug]{5' , dnfO{ s;n] /f]Sg
;S5 < oz}of $# M !#
lsgeg] xfd|f lglDt Pp6f k'q lbOPsf] 5 . zf;g pxfFsf] xftdf x'g]5 .
pxfFsf] gfp pb]ssf] o'ltm lgsfNg'x'g] k/fs|dL k/d]Zj/, ;gftgsf lktf ,
zflGtsf /fhs'df/ sxnfO{g]5 .
-eljiojf0fL k'/f ePsf] 5 _ oz}of ( M ^
o]z" g} k/d]Zj/sf k'q x'g'x'G5 egL ljZjf; ug]{ afx]s ;+;f/dfly ho k|fKt
ug]{ c?sf]
5/< ! o"xGgf %M %
Page 19
:ju{ / k[YjL lat]/ hfg]5, t/ d]/f] arg rfFlx lat]/ hfg]5}g -jxfFn] cfkmgf]
arg af]nL k'/f ug'{ x'g]5_
dQL @$ M
#%
o]z"k|e" :ju{ hfg'ePsf] 5, / lktf k/d]Zj/sf] bflxg] xfttkm{ a:g' ePsf]5,
:ju{b'tx? ,clwsf/Lx? / ;fdYo{x? pxfFs} clwgdf /flvPsf 5g\ .
! kq'; # M
@@

@) k/d]Zj/ ;{jJofkL x'g'x'G5


tkfO{ xfd|f] k/d]Zj/b]lv n'Sg] 7fp g} 5}g M–
tkfO{sf] cfTdfsf] b[li6af6 d sxfF hfpF < cyjf tkfO{sf] ;fdg]af6 d
sxfF efu"F < :j{udf pSn]+ eg], tkfO{ ToxfF x'g'x'G5, kftfndf cfˆgf]
cf]5ofg agfPF eg] , ToxfF klg tkfO{ x'g'x'G5, ;d'b|sf] kNnf] lsgf/df
a;]+ eg] cyjf cWof/f]df n'Sbf klg ToxfF tkfO{n] dnfO{ b]Vg'
x'G5 . ehg;+u|x !#(M &–!@

k/d]Zj/n] xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgsf] sfd / Aojxf/x?sf] n]vf lx;fa /fVg' x'G5,
To; k':tsnfO{ hLjgsf] k':ts elgg5 . tL k':tsdf ltgLx?sf sfd
n]lvPadf]lhd tL d/]sf / hLpbfx?sf OG;fkm x'g]5 . x]/ , d rFf8}
cfpF5'/ x/]s dflg;nfO{ cfˆgf] cfˆgf] sfdcg';f/ lbg] Ogfd d;Fu 5 . d
cNkmf / cf]d]uf, klxnf] / kl5Nnf], cflb / cGt x'F .

Page 20
k|sfz @) M !@ / @@M
!@–!#

@! ;+;f/sf] ;a} wd{zf:qnfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ o:tf]


n]lvPsf] kfpF5f} M–
-;a} wd{sf] eljZojf0fL o]z"df k'/f ePsf] _
u?ª k'/f0f ! M %$–%%, klt / kTgLsf] ldng¢f/f hGdLPsf] 5f]/fn]
dftf–lktfsf] d[To' kl5 u/]sf] bfxf ;+:sf/, tk{g tyf s[ofsfhn] d'ltm df]If
kfpg ;Sb}g t/ d[tsn] u/]sf] k'0on] s]xL ;do ;Ddsf] nfuL dfq :ju{df
a:g kfp5 / p km]/L dfgj rf]nf lnP/ o; ;+;f/df *$ nfvsf] h'gL lnP/ cfpg
k5{ cyjf gs{df hfg k5{ .

s:tf] k'qn] df]If lbg ;S5 <


;+;f/sf] d'Vo d'Vo wd{ zf:qdf x]bf{
lxGb' wd{ zf:q u?ª k'/f0fsf] & M !)–!# sGo] :qLaf6 hGd]sf]
kljq / wdf{Tdf k'qn] lktf k/d]Zj/sf] ;a} cf1f dfg]/ sfd ug'{x'g] 5 .
;+;f/df Pp6} dfq O{Zj/ k'q hGdg' x'g]5 / jFxfn] ;f/f ;+;f/sf] ;a} hflt /
s'nx?nfO{ d'ltm bg' x'g]5 egL n]lvPsf] 5 . cfdf–afa'af6 hGd]sf]
k'qn] xf]Og .
u?ª k'/f0f & M ( d'ltm lbg'x'g] k'q w/tLdf dfq ;'esfo{ ug]{ xf]Og t/
kftfnnf]sdf k'gfd eGg] g/s df uP/ hxfF cfbL sfndf k|nodf 8'a]sf
dflg;x? 5g\ , hf]x? g/sd} s}b u/]/ /flvPsf] 5 cGtLd lbgsf] Gofosf]
lbg cl3g} d'ltm kfpg egL pgLx?nfO{ klg;'';dfrf/ ;'gfP/ km]/L oxL

Page 21
w/tLdf km{sL cfpg' x'g] / km]/L :ju{ hfg] clg oxL dflg;nfO{ a|Xdfn]
k'qgfd lbPsf x'g egL u?ª k'/f0fsf] &M ( df n]lvPsf] kfpb5f} .
eljio k'/f0fsf] #@ kbdf n]lvPsf] 5 ls O;f gfd ePsf] dflg; sGo] :qLsf]
ue{af6 hGdg] 5, O{:j/ k'q x'F eGg] gfDdf :yfkgf x'g]5 snLo'usf
dflg;x?sf] Åbodf wf{ldstf :yfkgf ug]{5 / Tof] s;}n] tf]8g ;Sb}g egL
n]lvPsf] 5 , ;fy} ha @* cf} snLo"u w/tLdf x'g]5, Pp6L :qLsf] k'q
hGdg] 5 / Tof] k'qn] kftfnnf]s, w/tL / :j{unf]u k|sfzLt ub}{ ;+rfng
ug]{5 ,Tof] k'q o1zfnL,o1?kL / ;tsd{ k|]dL sxnLg] 5 egL Cuj]b !)
cWofo ;'Sn *) kb ! df n]lvPsf] 5 .
csf]{ cem} rfvnfUbf]s'/f s] 5 eg] Tof] cfpg] jfnf k'qn] dflg;x?sf]
kfksf] ;hfosf] lglDt s7f]/ b08÷rf]6 kfpg' k5{, sf7df em'08Lg' kg]{5
s'6fO lk6fO ;xg'kg]{5 ,bf]iffOGg] 5 ,sfnsf] h:tf] b08 ef]Ug' kg]{5 /
jxfFsf] z/L/af6 au]sf] /utn] k[YjLdf ePsf ;Dk'0f{ dflg;x?n] cgGtsf]
lglDt d'ltm kfpg]5 egL Cuj]bsf] !) cWofo *# sf] ^ kbdf / r08L zf:q
@ sf] @! / @@ kbdf n]lvPsf] kfp5f} . ;fy} dfxfef/t k':tsdf o:tf]
n]lvPsf] 5 ls of] w/tLdf ePsf] dflg;x?n] kfkdfly,,cw{ddfly
cGwsf/dfly g/sdfly,z}tfgdfly ljhoePg cyf{t ljhoL / pTtd k'qnfO{
kfPg eg] d'ltm cZ;Dej 5 .
a|Xdf,ljig' ,dx]Zj / ## sf]6L b]jL b]jtfx?n] k'0f{ k/dfTdfsf] uLt ufO{
/x]sf 5g\ d'ltm lbg'xf]; egL hf] lgifs0w k'/f0fdf n]vLPsf] 5 eujfgx?
;[i6Lu/LPsf] xf] jxfFx? a}u'07df uP/ d'lQmlbg'xf]; eGb}O{Zj/sf] hk
ub} al;/x]sf 5g\,t/ Tof] a}s'07 klg dxfk|nodf gf; x'g]5 egL a|xdf] ljwf
pklg;bsf] %@ kbdf n]lvPsf] 5 .
af}w wd{zf:qsf] @& kbdf a'4n] o:tf] n]Vg'ePsf] 5 M z/L/nfO{
a8f] si6lbP/ d'ltm kfpgsf] nfuL uofdf ^ aif{ tk:of a;]kl5 d}n]
Hof]tLsf] bz{g kfP . k/d]Zj/n] k7fpg' ePsf] k'qdfq Hof]tL x'g' x'G5 .
lqlk6s zf:qsf] @& v08sf] @# kbdf o:tf] n]lvPsf] 5 sL d kl5
cfpg]jfnfsf] skfndf sf8fsf] vf]k, xft / v'§fdf sf6L 7f]s]sf], rf]6}rf]6 /
sf]vfdf 5'/Ln] /f]k]sf] rf]6 x'g]5 p;}n] dfq df]If lbg ;Sg'x'g]5 .

Page 22
s'/fg zf:qdf xh/t d'xjtn] s'/fg ;'/fpn tl/odsf] ^^ M !@ kbdf / ;'/fpn
clDaofsf] @!M(! kbdf n]Vg' ePsf] 5 ls cnnfxn] -O{Zj/_ s'df/L
:qLnfO{ ue{ lbP/ O{;fgjLnfO{ hGdfpg' x'g]5 / jxfFrflx cNnfxsf] -
O{Zj/_a/fa/sf] zltm / clwsf/ lnP/ cfpg' x'g]5 , clg hutsf] cGtLd
sofdb-O{G;fkm_ axFfn]g} ug'{x'g]5 .
ke'o]z"rflx pklg;b,k'/f0f,;+lIfKt ejLio k'/f0f,u?ª k'/f0f,Cuj]b,af}4 wd{
zf:q, s'/fg,afOan cyf{t ;+;f/sf] ;a} wd{ zf:qx?n] dfu u/]sf]
O{Zj/÷d'ltmbftf x'g'x'G5 .oL w{d k':tsx? agf/; cyjf b]zsf] d'Vo d'Vo
k':ts k;n / k':tsnfodf kfpg' ;Sg'x'g]5 . vf]hL vf]hL k9g' xj; s;}sf] cfzf
e/f];f gug'{ g} c;n x'g]5 egL n]vs eGg'x'G5 .

@@ o]z" rf8} cfpg'x'G5


t/ x] lk|o xf], of] s'/f] gla;{ ,ls k|e'sf lglDt Ps lbg xhf/ aif{h:tf] xf], /
xhf/ aif{ Ps lbgh:tf] sltn] l9nfO egL ;Dem]em}+ cfkmgf] k|;t1faf/]
k|e' l9nf] ug'{x'Gg, t/ sf]xL klg gi6 gxf];\, t/ ;a}n] kZrftfk u?g\ eGg]
OR5f /fv]/ pFxfn] xfdLtkm{ wL/h b]vfpg'x'G5 ,cyf{t jxfF cfpg l9nf]
u/L /xg' ePsf] 5 lsgls jxfF arfFpgxf]Og clGtd Gofo ug'{ cfpg'
x'G5 .
t/ k|e'sf] lbgrflxF /ftL rf]/ cfPem} cfpg]5, h;df cfsfzx? 7"nf] zAb u/]/
lalthfg]5g\ , tTjx? k|r08 tfkn] ubf{ kUng]5g\ / k[YjL / To;df ePsf
sfdx? hn]/ :jfx x'g]5g\,. @ kq';
#M *–!)
t/ tL lbgdf To; 3f]/ b'Mvkl5 ;"o{ cWof/f] x'g]5 , / rGb|dfn] cfkmgf]
rds lbg]5}g , cf} tf/fx? cfsfzaf6 v:gnfUg]5g\, / :ju{df ePsf zltmx?
8Udufpg]5g\ . clg ltgLx?n] o]z"nfO{ zltm / afbnx?df :ju{ b"tx?;+u
Gofoug{ cfpFb} u/]sf] b]Vg]5g\ . -eljiojf0fL_
ds{"; !#M @$–@^

@# ;a}sf] k'g?Tyfg / clGtd OG;fkm

d[To' kl5 :ju{df x'g] OG;fkm af/] k/d]Zj/sf] hg o"xGgfn] b]Vg'ePsf]


bz{0f h'g rfFlx o]z" ;+;f/df clGtd kN6 cfpg'ePkl5 k'/f x'g]5 M clg
d}n] Pp6f 7"nf] ;]tf] l+;xf;g / To;dfly lj/fhdfg x'g'x'g]nfO{ b]v]+ .

Page 23
pxfFsf] ;fdg]af6 k[YjL / cfsfz efu] , / ltgLx?sf lglDt st} 7fFp kfOPg
. d}n] 7"nf] / ;fgf ;a} d/]sfx? l;+xf;gsf] ;fdg] ple/x]sf] b]v]+ . cf}
k':tsx? vf]lnPsf lyP . cf} csf]{ Pp6f k':ts klg vf]lnof], hf] hLjgsf]
k':ts xf] . cf} ltgLx?n] h] h] u/]sf lyP ,tL k':tsx?df ltgLx?sf sfd
n]lvPadf]lhd tL d/]sfx?sf] OG;fkm ePsf] lyof] . clg ;d'Gb|n] To;df
ePsf d'bf{x?nfO{ lbOxfNof] , cf} d[To' / kftfnn] klg ltgLx?df ePsf
d'bf{x?nfO{ lbOxfn] . cf} ltgLx? k|To]ssf] cfˆgf] cfˆsf] sfdcg';f/
OG;fkm eof] / s;}n] c;n / s;}n] v/fa k'/:sf/ kfP . -eljiojf0fL_
k|sfz @)M !!–!#

x]/, d ltdLx?nfO{ Pp6f /x:o eGb5' ,xfdL ;a} dl/hfFb}gf} , t/ xfdL


;a}sf] kl/jQ{g x'g]5 . Ps} If0fdf, cfvfFsf] Ps lgd]ifdf , t'/xLsf] cflv/L
cfjfhdf, lsgeg] t'/xL aHg]5 / d/]sf
x? cljgfzL ?kdf laFptfOg]5\ , cf} xfdL afFlr/x]sfx?sf] :j?k rflxF
cnf}lss t/Lsfn] kl/j{Qg x'g]5 / :ju{df OG;fkmsf] lglDt nluOg] 5 .
lsgls o; ljgfzLn] cljgfzL , / o; d/0fzLnn] cd/ ?k wf/0f ug}k5{ . t/ ha
o; ljgfzLn] cljgfzL ?k wf/0f u/]sf] , / d/0fzLnn] cd/ wf/0f u/]sf] x'G5
, ta n]lvPsf] Tof] s'/f k'/f x'g]5 , -eljiojf0fL _æ d[To"' ljhodf lglnof]
.P d[To' , t]/f] ljho sxfF < P d[To' t]/f] vLn sxfF <Æ -eljiojf0fL_
! sf]) !% M %!–%%
o; s'/fnfO{ k'i6L ug{ afOandf n]lvPsf] 36gfnfO{ x]g{]5f} .
k/d]Zj/sf] etm xgf]s , Plnof / o]z" :j+od hLpb} :ju{ uPsf lyP pgLx?
c;n / k/d]Zj/sf] cf1fsf/L etmx? lyP . pTklt % M @$, lxa|' !! M% ,
@ /fhf @ M !! , n'sf @$M %!, ds"{; !^ M!( , o]z"n] d d/]sf] tLg lbg
/ tLg /ft ljt] kl5 a}/L p7g]5' egL eGg'ePsf] lyof] / pxfF a}/L p7g'klg
eof] o; s'/fnfO{ s;}n] em'§f ;fljt ug{ ;Sb}g . ds{"; * M #! Ù
o"xGgf @ M !(
o; s'/fnfO{ pbfx/0f :j?k b]vfpg 3]/} ;do c3f8Lg} k/d]Zj/n] of]gfnfO{
c§]/L u/] jfkt ;hfO{ lbg 7"nf] df5fsf] k]6leq xfNg' eof] / tLg lbg ,tLg
/ft ljt] kl5 df5fnfO{ cf1f ug'{eof] / of]gfnfO{ ;d'Gb| lsgf/df
ps]lnlbPsf] / p;sf] hLpbf] jf af}/L p7]sf] s'/fn] o]z" klg k[YjLd'lg /x]/
af}/L p7g' x'G5 eGg] s'/f dflg;hftLnfO{ atfpg' ePsf] 5 .
dQL !@ M $), of]gf ! M # ,!&Ù @M (– !)Ù
#M@

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@$ lg0fo{ tkfO{s} xftdf 5
;+;f/sf] ;a} wd{zf:q af6 olt w]/} 1fgx?, k|df0fx? ,ujfxLx? k|fKt
u¥/f}, b]Vof},/ klg xfd|f] cfFvf v'Nb}g eg] b'Mv / cfklt cfOkg'{
lgZrLt 5 t;y{ ca tkfO{n] cfkmgf] lglD]t cfkm} lg0fo{ nLg] ;do cfPsf]
5 . o]z"n] To;} si6ef]Ug' ePsf] 5}g, v'g aufpg' ePsf] 5}g o;sf] df]n
Ps lbg xfdL;a}n] r'sfpg} k5{ , d[To" cfpg clwg} cfTdfnfO{
d'lQlbnfpg] sfd u/f} , wg–;Dklt,;kmntf, 1fg , O{Hht sxLFaf6 kfP
klg d'lQsf]nfuL o]z"sf]df hfg} k5{ eGg] s'/f x]/L;s]sf 5f} ;fy} o]z" /
k/d]Zj/sf hgx?n] af]Ng' ePsf] eljiojf0fLx? Ps Ps u/]/ k"/f
x'b}uO{/x]sf] s'/f ;dfrf/x? af6 ;'Gg,k9g kfO{/x]sf 5f} . kf]xf]/ ;fn dfq
7"nf] e'Orfnf] uO{ ,g]kfndf dfq s/La gf}xhf/ dflg; d/] nfvf} dflg;
3/ljxLg eP .cGt cfpg slt ufÅf] s'/f xf] lsgls o;nfO{ ;xg slt ;f¥Åf] 5
sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsGb}g . xfdL dflg; hfltx?sf lktf k/dZj/nfO{ klg o:tf
36gfx? ePsf] b]Vbf slt b'Mv nfUbf] /x]5 elg tnsf jrg af6 a'emg
;S5f}
wd{ zf:qdf o:tf] n]lvPsf] 5 M – w]/} ;do;Dd d r"krfk nfu]/ a;F] . d
r"krfk a;]F / cfkm}nfO{ /f]sL/fv]F . ca d ;'Ts]/Ln] em}F lrRofpg]5' .
anhkmtL u/L d ;f; km]g]F5' . d kxf8x? / 8Ff8fx?nfO{ phf8 kfg]{5'
/ ltgsf ;f/f jg:kltnfO{ ;'sfOlbg]5' . gbLx?nfO{ d 6fk"df kl/jtFg
u/Llbg]5', / bxx?nfO{ ;'sfOlbg]5' . -eljiojf0fL_
oz}of $@M !$–!%
lsgeg] d]/f] ljrf/x?ltdLx?sf ljrf/ xf]Ogg\ . ltdLx?sf rfn d]/f] rfn
xf]Ogg\,k/dk|e' eGg'x'G5 . lsgls h;/L cfsfz k[YjLeGbf cUnf] 5
,To;/Lg} d]/f] ljrf/ ltdLx?sf ljrf/eGbf cUnf] 5 . oz}of %% M *–(
;do cem 5 ,of] ;donfO{ v]/f] gkmfnf} ;+;f/nfO{ klg gx]/f} cfkmgf]
cfTdfsf] hu]8f cfkm} u/f} k/d]Zj/n] tkfO{nfO{ w]/} dfof / ;xfotf
ug'[{x'G5 . ;+;f/df e'nL ga;f} tkfO{n] ;TonfO{ kfpg'ePsf] 5 o;y{ o;
;+;f/ 5f]8g cl3 g} d'QL kfpg] sfd u/f} . ltgLx? slxNo} ef]sfpg /
ltvf{pg] 5}gg\ , gtf ;'\"o{sf] /fk cyjf tfk ltgLx?dfly kg]{5, ;+;f/df h:tf]
b'Mv ,lk8f, zf]s,?jfO{ 5}g ,ToxfF t cfGgb} cfGgb x'g]5 xfdL ToxfF

Page 25
cnf}lss z/L/df x'g]5f} , o:tf] ;'v / ;'gb/tfn] e/LPsf] :ju{df a:gkfpg' slt
cfGgbsf] s'/f 5 . Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / o;} ;+;f/df klg o]z" tkfOsf] ;xf/f /
ldq x'g'x'G5 . cem eGg kbf{ o:tf crDdsf / /x:osf jrgx? afOandf
w]/} 5g\ t/ cfhnfO{ otLd} z'e]S5f ;lxt of] n]vnfO{ oxL aGb ub{5f} .|
k|sfz &M !^ Ù @!M $ Ù
kfy{gf / ;xfotfsf] nfuL lgDg 7]ugfdf ;Dks{ ug'{xj; .
7]ugf
================================================
========
kmf]g gDa/
===============================================

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