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xn = a
Ova definicija sigurno nije baš mnogo jasna!!! Ajde da vidimo par primera:
3
1 3 ⎛1⎞ 1
3
27 = 3 = 3;3 3 3 = ⎜ ⎟ =
8 ⎝2⎠ 2
− 32 = 5 (−2)5 = −2;
5 7
0 =0
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4
1 4 ⎛1⎞ 1
2
4 = 2 = 2;
2 2 4 = ⎜ ⎟ =
16 ⎝2⎠ 2
Pazi: 4 16 = 4 2 4 = 2; − 4 16 = − 4 2 4 = −2
Pogrešno je pisati: 4
16 = ±2 ZAPAMTI!!!
Važi:
⎧a , n − neparan
n
an = ⎨
⎩ a, n − paran
9 = 32 ; 3
23 = 2
(−3) 2 = − 3 = 3 ; 3
(−2) 3 = −2
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ZAPAMTI: Kad vidiš 2, 4, 6,… (parni koren) iz nekog konkretnog broja, rešenje je uvek
pozitivan broj. Kad vadiš 3, 5, 7… (neparan koren) iz nekog broja, rešenje može biti i
negativan broj, u zavisnosti kakva je potkorena veličina.
(−5) 2 = − 5 = 5 3
53 = 5
4
( −7 ) 4 = − 7 = 7 3
(−5) 3 = −5
5
⎛1⎞ 1
6
(−12) = − 12 = 12
6
5 ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 10 ⎠ 10
8 7
⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 ⎛ 3⎞ 3
8 ⎜− ⎟ = − = 7 ⎜− ⎟ = −
⎝ 3⎠ 3 3 ⎝ 5⎠ 5
a) x2 = x
b) 3
x3 = − x
v) x2 = −x
g) x 4 = x ( ) 4
____________________________________
Rešenje: a) x 2 = x je tačna samo za vrednosti x koje su veće ili jednake nuli, jer
⎧ x, x>0
⎪ Dakle x ≥ 0
x = ⎨− x ,
2
x<0
⎪0, za ,x = 0
⎩
b) 3
x 3 = − x je tačka samo za x = 0 !!! Zašto? Ako uzmemo da je x negativan broj, na
primer x = −5 ⇒ 3
(−5) 3 = −5 ≠ − (−5) = +5 , a ako uzmemo x > 0 , recimo x = 10
3
103 = 10 ≠ −10
v) x 2 = − x , x mora biti manje od nule, ili nula jer kao malopre važi:
⎧ x, x > 0
⎪
x = ⎨− x, x < 0 , Dakle x ≤ 0
2
⎪0, x = 0
⎩
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2
( ) 4
g) x 4 = x , Ovde mora biti x ≥ 0 . Zašto? Zbog ( x)4
koji ne može biti negativan
odnosno mora biti x > 0
Pravila:
m
1) n
am = a n
2) n
a ⋅b = n a ⋅ n b
3) n
a : n b = n a :b
4) ( a)
n
m
= n am
5) n m
a = n⋅m a
a mp = n a m ( p se skrati)
np
6)
Moramo naglasiti da pravila važe pod uslovima da je: a, b → pozitivni realni brojevi
m, n, p → prirodni brojevi.
Zadaci:
1)
a) Izračunaj 36 − 2 25 + 4 16 − 5 32
36 − 2 25 + 4 16 − 5 32 =
= 6 − 2 ⋅ 5 + 4 2 4 − 5 25 =
= 6 − 10 + 2 − 2 = −4
9 3 1 4
b) Izračunaj + + 16
4 8
2 3
⎛3⎞ ⎛1⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ + 3 ⎜ ⎟ + 4 24 =
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
3 1
+ +2=4
2 2
2
⎛4⎞ 3
c) Izračunaj ⎜ ⎟ + − 27 − 4
⎝9⎠
2
⎛4⎞ 3
⎜ ⎟ + − 27 − 4 =
⎝9⎠
2
⎛2⎞ 2 2 1
= ⎜ ⎟ + 3 (−3) 3 − 2 = − 3 − 2 = − 5 = −4
⎝3⎠ 3 3 3
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d) Izračunaj 9 ⋅ 3 (−8) ⋅ 5 − 32
9 ⋅ 3 (−8) ⋅ 5 − 32 =
= 32 ⋅ 3 (−2) 3 ⋅ 5 (−2) 5 =
= 3 ⋅ (−2) ⋅ (−2) = 12
2) Izračunaj ( x − 5) 2 + ( x + 5) 2
( x − 5) 2 + ( x + 5) 2 = x − 5 + x + 5
Kako je:
⎧ x − 5, za x − 5 ≥ 0 ⎧ x − 5, za x ≥ 5
x−5 = ⎨ = ⎨ i
⎩− ( x − 5), za x − 5 < 0 ⎩− ( x − 5), za x < 5
⎧ x + 5, za x + 5 ≥ 0 ⎧ x + 5, za x ≥ −5
x+5 = ⎨ = ⎨
⎩− ( x + 5), za x + 5 < 0 ⎩− ( x + 5), za x < −5
I za x ≥ 5 i x ≥ −5
x − 5 + x − 5 = x − 5 + x + 5 = 2x
x ∈ [5, ∞ )
__________________________________________________________________
II za x ≥ 5 i x < −5
Nema rešenja
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III za x < 5 i x ≥ −5
x − 5 + x − 5 = − x + 5 + x + 5 = +10
x ∈ [− 5,5)
________________________________________________________________
IV za x<5 i x < −5
x − 5 + x + 5 = − x + 5 − x − 5 = −2 x
⎧− 2 x, x < −5
⎪
Konačno: x − 5 + x + 5 = ⎨10, − 5 ≤ x < 5
⎪2 x, x ≥ 5
⎩
Racionalisanje
Primeri:
1 1 5 5 5
1) = ⋅ = =
5 5 5 5 2 5
9 9 12 9 12 3 12 3 4 ⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 2 3 3 3
2) = ⋅ = = = = =
12 12 12 12 4 4 4 2
15 15 3 15 3 5 3
3) = ⋅ = =
2 3 2 3 3 2⋅3 2
Ovo je bio najprostiji tip zadataka. Gde racionalisanjem prebacujemo koren iz imenioca u
brojilac.
n
U sledecoj grupi zadataka ćemo koristiti da je n
a =a, a >0
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5
6
4) 3
= da bi ‘’uništili ’’ koren u imeniocu moramo napraviti 3
23 , a pošto imamo
2
6 3
treba racionalisati sa 2 2 . Dakle:
3 1
2
6 6 3 22 6 ⋅ 3 22 6 ⋅ 3 4
= ⋅ = = = 33 4
3
2 3
2 23 2 3
2 3 2
10 10 4 33 10 4 27 10 4 27
5) = ⋅ = = =
4
3 4 3 4 33 4 4
3 3
3
ab ab a1b 2 ab 3 ab 2 ab 3 ab 2 3 2
6) = ⋅ = = = ab
3
a 2b 3
a 2b1 3
a1b 2 3
a 3b 3 ab
Kad u imeniocu imamo zbir ili razliku dva kvadratna korena, upotrebljavamo razliku
kvadrata: ( A − B) ⋅ ( A + B) = A2 − B 2
1 1 2− 3 2− 3 2− 3
7) = ⋅ = = = 2− 3
2 + 3 2 + 3 2 − 3 22 − 3
2
4−3
8)
11
=
11
⋅
6 + 2 11 6 + 2 11 6 + 2 11 6 + 2
= = =
( ) ( ) ( )
6− 2 6− 2 6+ 2
2
6 − 2
2
6−2 4
9)
5
=
5
⋅
2 3 +3 2
=
5 2 3+3 2 ( ) =
( ) ( ) (
5 2 3 +3 2 5 2 3 +3 2 5 2 3 +3 2
= =
)
2
2 3 −3 2 2 3 −3 2 2 3 +3 2 2 3 − 3 2 ( ) ( ) 2
4⋅3 − 9⋅ 2 12 − 18 −6
U zadacima u kojima se u imeniocu javlja zbir ili razlika ‘’trećih’’ korena moramo
koristiti:
A3 − B 3 = ( A − B)( A2 + AB + B 2 ) → Razlika kubova
A3 + B 3 = ( A + B)( A2 − AB + B 2 ) → Zbir kubova
10)
1 1 3 − 3 3 3 2 + 3 22 3 9 − 3 6 + 3 4 3 9 − 3 6 + 3 4 3 9 − 3 6 + 3 4
3 2
= ⋅ = = =
3
3 + 3 2 3 3 + 3 2 3 32 − 3 3 3 2 + 3 2 2 3
3
3 + 2
3
3
3 + 2 5
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11)
5
=3
5
⋅
3
52 + 3 5 3 4 + 3 4 2 5 3 25 + 3 20 + 3 16
=
(
= 5 3 25 + 3 20 + 3 16
) ( )
3 3
3
5− 4
3
5− 4 5 + 5 4+ 4
3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3
5 − 43
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6
3
12) = ovde ćemo uraditi dupli racionalizaciju da bi ''uništili'' četvrti koren.
4
5 −2
3
=
3
⋅
4
5+2 3 5+2
=
4
=
3 4 5+2
⋅
5+4 3
=
( ) ( ) ( 4
5+2 )( 5+4 ) = 3( 4
5+2 )( 5+4 )
4
5 − 2 4 5 − 2 4 5 + 2 4 52 − 2 2 5−4 5+4 52 − 4 2 −11
3) Izračunati:
a) 3
x 2 x −1 ⋅ 3 x −1 x
b) x3 x 2 ⋅ 3 x 2 : (x ) −1
3
Rešenje:
a)
2 1 2 1 1 1
− − −
3 −1 −1 2 3 −1 −1 5 −1 −1 −1
x 2
x ⋅ x 5
x = x 3
x ⋅ x 5
x = x ⋅ x ⋅x ⋅ x
3 6 5 10
= x ⋅x ⋅x ⋅x =
3 6 5 10
2 1 1 1 20 −5− 6 +3 12 2
− − +
=x 3 6 5 10
=x 30
=x 30
= x = 5 x25
(x )= 3 2
−1
x3 x 2 ⋅ 3 x 2 : x 3
x 2 ⋅ x 3 : x −3 =
b)
1 2 2 3 1 2 2 ⎛ 3⎞ 3+ 2 + 4 + 9 18
− + + −⎜ − ⎟
x ⋅x ⋅x :x
2 6 3 2
=x 2 6 3 ⎝ 2⎠
=x 6
= x = x3 6
1
ZAPAMTI: x = x2
4) Izračunaj:
a) 5 2 + 3 8 − 50 − 98
b) 3 + 3 27 − 2 48
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a)
5 2 + 3 8 − 50 − 98 =
5 2 + 3 4 ⋅ 2 − 25 ⋅ 2 − 49 ⋅ 2 =
5 2 + 3⋅ 2 2 − 5 2 − 7 2 =
5 2 + 6 2 −5 2 − 7 2 = − 2
b)
3 + 3 27 − 2 48 =
3 + 3 9 ⋅ 3 − 2 16 ⋅ 3 =
3 + 3⋅3 3 − 2 ⋅ 4 3 = 3 + 9 3 − 8 3 = 2 3
5) Izračunaj: 3 ⋅ 12 4 − 4 ⋅ 15 27 + 8 ⋅ 24 16 + 5 ⋅ 20 81
Rešenje:
3 ⋅ 12 4 − 4 ⋅ 15 27 + 8 ⋅ 24 16 + 5 ⋅ 20 81 =
3 ⋅ 12 2 2 − 4 ⋅ 15 33 + 8 ⋅ 24 2 4 + 5 ⋅ 20 34 =
3 ⋅ 6 2 − 45 3 + 8 ⋅ 6 2 + 55 3 =
−− −−− −− −−−
= 11 2 + 3
6 5
LAGRANŽOV INDENTITET:
a + a2 − b a − a2 − b
a± b = ±
2 2
2 + 22 − 3 2 − 22 − 3
a) 2+ 3 = +
2 2
2+ 1 2− 1
= +
2 2
3 1 3 +1
= + =
2 2 2
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b) 6 − 4 2 = pazi, prvo moramo 4 da ubacimo pod koren!!!
6 + 6 2 − 32 6 − 6 2 − 32
6 − 16 ⋅ 2 = 6 − 32 = +
2 2
6 + 36 − 32 6 − 36 − 32
= +
2 2
6+2 6−2
= + = 4 − 2 = 2− 2
2 2
2+ 3 2− 3
7) Dokazati da je vrednost izraza + iracionalan broj.
2 + 2+ 3 2 − 2− 3
3 +1 3 −1
2 + 3 =(prethodni zadatak) = , slično je i 2− 3 = , Dakle:
2 2
2+ 3 2− 3 2+ 3 2− 3
+ = + =
2 + 2+ 3 2 − 2− 3 3 +1 3 −1
2+ 2−
2 2
2+ 3 2− 3
= + = Pazi na znak!!!
2 + 3 +1 2 − 3 +1
2 2
=
2 2+ 3( +
)
2 2− 3 ( )
3+ 3 3− 3
=
(2 )( ) (
2 + 6 3− 3 + 2 2 − 6 3+ 3 )( )
(
3+ 3 3− 3 )( )
6 2 −2 6 +3 6 − 18 + 6 2 + 2 6 −3 6 − 18
= 2
32 − 3
12 2 − 2 18 12 2 − 2 9 ⋅ 2 12 2 − 6 2 6 2
= = = = = 2
9−3 6 6 6
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4+2 3
8) Dokazati da je: = 3 +1.
10 + 6 3 3
4 + 2 3 = 3 +1+ 2 3 = 3 + 2 3 +1 = ( 3) + 2
2
3 +1 = ( 3 +1 ) 2
( A + B)
3
= A3 + 3 A2 B + 3 AB 2 + B 3
( )
3 3 2
3 + 1 = 3 + 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅1 + 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅12 + 13
= 27 + 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅1 + 3 3 + 1
= 9 ⋅ 3 + 9 + 3 3 + 1 = 3 3 + 3 3 + 10 = 10 + 6 3
Dakle:
4+2 3
=
( 3 + 1) = ( 2
3 +1 ) 2
= 3 +1
3
10 + 6 3 3
( 3 + 1) 3
3 +1
6
9) Racionalisati:
21 + 7 + 2 3 + 2
6 6 6
= =
21 + 7 + 2 3 + 2 7 ⋅ 3 + 7 + 2 3 +1 7 3 +1 + 2 3 +1 ( ) ( ) ( )
6 3 −1 7 − 2
= ⋅ ⋅ =
( 3 +1 )( 7 +2 ) 3 −1 7 − 2
=
(
6 3 −1 7 − 2 )( =
6 3 −1 7 − 2
=
) ( )( ) ( 3 −1 )( 7 −2 )
⎛⎜ 3 − 12 ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 7 − 2 2 ⎞⎟
2 2
2⋅3
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
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1
10) Racionalisati: 3
9 + 6 +3 4
3
1 1 3
3−3 2 3
3−3 2 3
3 −32
= ⋅ = = =
3
9 + 3 6 + 3 4 3 32 + 3 3 ⋅ 3 2 + 3 22 3 3 − 3 2 3 33 − 3 23 3− 2
3
3 −32
= =33 −32
1
11