(Thesis Title)

(In all capital letters)

By
(Name of the Student)

College of Engineering
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies
Dehradun
May, 2008
 (Thesis Title)
(In all capital letters)

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of

Master of Technology
(Refining & Petrochemical Engineering)

By
(Name of student)

Under the guidance of

………………….. ` ……………………..
………………….. ………………………
………………….. ………………………

(if there is only one guide, then leave left side blank)

Approved

………………………………..
Dean

College of Engineering
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies
Dehradun
May, 2008
(If work done externally then bring a certificate from the external supervisor
else this will be signed by the local research supervisor).

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work contained in this thesis titled “……………”
has been carried out by ……………………….under my/our supervision and
has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree.

……………………….. ………………………..
………………………. ……………………….
………………………. ……………………….
………………………. ……………………….
Date Date
Abstract/ Synopsis

This should provide the gist of the work done. An M.Tech thesis should contain an
abstract not exceeding 300 words, about one typed page in double space typing. It should
include significant result / conclusion of the study. It should be self-complete.

Abstract is not an Introduction to the subject and therefore, importance of the subject or
the work undertaken should not be included here. These can be discussed under
“Introduction”.

Thesis format
1. The thesis should be typewritten or printed on white paper of A-4 size using
standard fonts in size 10 or 12.
2. Printing should be done only on one side of each sheet. The line spacing should
be 1½ or 2. However, tables quotations, footnotes and bibliographic entries
(references) should be single-spaced.
3. Multiple copies can be made either by photocopying the original or printing
multiple copies. In either case the copies should be clear, neat, adequately dark
and even and without scars/smudges.
4. The thesis should be free from typographical errors, overwriting, cuttings/ strike-
overs etc.
5. Margins: Top and bottom of the page margin should be 25 mm. The left margin
may be 30 to 35 mm and right margin 15 to 20 mm.
6. Page numbering: Beginning with the first page of the text of the thesis (Chapter 1)
all pages should be numbered sequentially and consistently in Arabic numerals
throughout the thesis including tables, figures, appendices etc. The pages before
Chapter 1 should be numbered in lower case Roman numerals (i,ii,iii,iv,…………
etc.). The title page is page i but need not be marked.
Page numbering can be done either in the top right corner or at the center at the
bottom of each page.
7. Tables, Figures, Equations: All tables and figures (including charts, graphs, maps,
photographs, diagrams etc.) should be prepared, wherever possible, on the same
paper used to type the text and conform to the specifications mentioned earlier.
These (tables and /or figures) should be inserted as close to the textual reference
as possible. That is insert the table/figure immediately after it has been refered to
(or discussed) in the text.
All tables, figures and equations should be numbered sequentially either
throughout the thesis or chapter- wise using Arabic numerals. These are referred
in the body of the text using capitalized full word and number, e.g.Table 5, Figure
8, Equation 12 or Table 2.2, Figure 3.10, Equation 4.13 etc.
Each Table and Figure must be titled e.g.
Figures(graphs) should have properly labeled coordinates and scale marked and labeled
at the bottom and on left side (see figure above).
If tables and figures are of size half a page or less, they may appear on the same page as
text but separated above and below by an extra space. Photographs should be mounted/
pasted with paper cement on the same sheet of paper as the rest of the thesis. Do not use
staples or tape.
Binding: M.Tech thesis in draft form can be stappled or clipped or spiral bound.
However, the final copies to be submitted should be hard-bound.

Guidelines for arrangement of contents

The following sequence may be followed for thesis organization:
a) Preliminaries
i) Title page
ii) Certificates
iii) Abstract/ Synopsis
iv) Acknowledgement and/or Dedication
v) Table of contents
vi) List of figures
vii) List of tables
viii) Nomenclature
b) Text of Thesis
i) Chapter1 Introduction
ii) Chapter 2 Literature Review
iii) Chapter 3 Theoretical Development
iv) Chapter 4 Experimental/ Computational
v) Chapter 5 Results and Discussion
vi) Chapter 6 Conclusions & Recommendations
c) References
d) Appendices: where included

List of Figures: should identify each figure with figure number, title and page number
and similarly List of Tables.
Nomenclature: All mathematical symbols used in the thesis should be arranged
alphabetically and explained as to what these stand for along with units. Greek letters
such as α , β , γ if used, should be grouped separately. Any sub-script or superscript used
should be shown separately. Finally if acronyms /abbreviations have been used, those
need to be given with their expanded form. Examples follow
Nomenclature
bj = flow rate of ith component in bottom product, m3/h
BL= total flow rate of bottom product (liquid), m3/h
.
.
.
hij= enthalpy of jth component in liquid leaving ith stage, J/kg
Greek Letters
β = move suppression factor
ω j= acentric factor for jth component
Superscripts
L=liquid
.
.
.
Subscripts
i=stage number
j= component number
.
.
.
Abbreviations
ATF= Aviation turbine fuel
CDU= Crude distillation unit
.
.
.
Text of thesis is organized in a number of chapters.
Each chapter can be subdivided in sections and each section into sub-sections. For
example:
Chapter 3: Theoretical Development
3.1 Model Equations
3.2 Thermodynamic Properties
3.2.1 Enthalpy of Liquid and Vapor
3.2.2 Vapor-liquid Equilibrium
3.3 Solution Procedure
3.3.1 Convergence Criterion
…
….
Table of Contents should include all this information. A sample is attached at the end
(Appendix).
1. Do not use SMS language anywhere. A thesis is a formal document and informal
words and /or symbols should be avoided while preparing the text. For example,
for “reaction” do not use “rxn”
for “and” do not use “&”
for “refinery” do not use “ref”
etc.
2. Do not reproduce anything from others’ work without appropriate referencing/
acknowledgment. This is plagiarization which is unethical, immoral and also illegal.
This means you must not download material from internet and reproduce. Same thing
holds for journals, books too. This, however, does not mean that you cannot draw
material from other sources. It only means you can include the same material but in
your own language i.e. you can paraphrase the substance using your own language. If
 you must reproduce a particular statement verbatim then use it as quotation giving
full reference of the source from where it is being lifted, but this must be done rarely.
Literature Citation: Whenever, you take any material from any source and put it in
your own language, still it needs to be acknowledged which is done by citing the
reference at appropriate place in your text. For example, say, you have used an
equation to calculate critical temperature of psendocomponents given in a paper by
Riaz and Daubert then you can write this as:
The critical temperature of each psendocomponent (Tc)j is calculated using the
correlation given by Riazi and Daubert [11]
(Tc ) j = 24.2787(Tavq )0.58848
j ( Sg )0.3596
j (2.7)
Here [11] refers to the 11 th citation in “Reference” section of your thesis where
complete reference is available.
When the number of author(s) is one or two, the reference is cited by the surname of
the single author or both authors with reference number in square brackets. But if
more than two authors are present in any reference then only surname of the first
author is used followed by et al. For example,
The details about the software NPS01 can be found in the manual by Philip et al. [18].
In the “Reference” section, however, you have to give names of all the authors along
with their initials.

Chapter 1 Introduction
This is the first chapter of the thesis. It should serve as an introduction to the subject
being investigated its importance and reasons for the student’s interest in the problem. It
should outline the scope, aim and general character of the research. In the end, it should
contain a brief statement of the problem investigated. The methodology followed may
also be briefly mentioned.

Chapter 2 Literature Review

This chapter/section should include the work done by other investigators in the area of
study with a critique about their strengths and weaknesses. While reference to classical
works may be included, more recent literature should be emphasized. The style should
be how the particular area of investigation has developed over the years giving major
developments,(with references cited) until present time but the published papers should
not be itemized and described as 1,2,3, etc. The purpose of this chapter/section is to
bring out the current state of knowledge in the area of study.

Body of the thesis:

This is the substance of your thesis inclusive of rest of the chapters, their sections and
subsections, tables, figures etc.

Chapter 3 Conclusion and Recommendations

This is the last major chapter of the thesis. Actually these are two separate chapters
merged in one because of their size. The conclusion section should summarize the results
of your work in a short paragraph. The recommendation section should include any
recommendation (s) you would like to make for future work to be carried out is that area.

References:
1. Details of all the references you have cited in the text must be collected here. The
number of references included here must be exactly equal to those cited. No more, no
less.
2. All reference must be completed including names of all authors, titles, name of the
journal, volume number, year of publication. If it is a book, monograph or report
them names of authors/editors, title, publisher, years of publication, edition, volume
etc. should be included. A few examples are given for guidance.

1. Tomich,J.F., A new simulation method for equilibrium stage processes, AIChE

J.,16(2),229-232 (1970)
2. Boston, J.F and Sullivan Jr.,S;L, A new class of solution methods for
multicomponent, multistage separation processes, Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, 52(2),52-63 (1974)
3. Edmister, W.C. and Lee, B.I., Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics, Volume 1,
Second Edition, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company (1984),pg 123 & 153.
4. Philip, E.G., Murray, W., Saunders, M.A. and Wright, M.H., User’s Guide for
NPSOL (Version 4.0): A Fortran Package for Non-linear Programming, Department
of Operations Research, Stanford University, California (1986)

APPENDIX
Sample TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
NOMENCLATURE x
ABSTRACT xiv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Column Configuration ……………………………………………… 2
1.2 Feed Characterization ……………………………………………… 3
1.3 Present Study ………………………………………………………… 4

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6

3. MODEL DEVELOPMENT 11
3.1 Model Equations ………………………………………………………… 11
3.2 Thermodynamic Properties ……………………………………………. 16
3.2.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium ……………………………………….. 17
3.2.2 Enthalpy of Liquid and Vapor …………………………………… 18
3.3 Solution Procedure …………………………………………………... 20
3.3.1 Block Thomas Algorithm ………………………………………… 22
3.3.2 Convergence Criterion …………………………………………. 22
3.3.3 More Suppression Factor ……………………………………….. 23
3.3.4 Variables’ Bounds ……………………………………………… 23
3.3.5 Initial Guesses ……………………………………………… 24
3.4 Pre-Flash Drum Calculation …………………………………………. 25
3.4.1 Iso-thermal Pre-flash …………………………………………. 25
3.4.2 Adiabatic Pre-flash …………………………………………. 25

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

4.1 Model Validation ……………………………………………………. 28
4.2 Simulation of the Stabilizer …………………………………………. 35
4.3 Case Studies ……………………………………………………….. 35
4.3.1 Case 1 ………………………………………………………. 36
4.3.2 Case 2 ………………………………………………………. 37
4.3.3 Case 3 ………………………………………………………. 39
4.3.4 Case 4 ……………………………………………………….. 41
4.4 Discussion of Results for Stabilizer Simulation …………………… 43
4.5 Pre-flash Unit …………………………………………………… 43
4.6 Discussion of Results for Pre-flash Calculations ………………. 47

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY 49
APPENDIX 1 52
APPENDIX 2 53