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INDEX
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................... 4

ROCKS AND MINERALS INDUSTRY ...................................................................... 4

Definition of rocks and industrial minerals .................................................................. 4

OTHER DEFINITIONS............................................................................................. 6

Industrial mineral ....................................................................................................... 9

OTHER DEFINITIONS............................................................................................. 9

IMPORTANCE .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

APPLICATIONS ...................................................................................................... 13

PRICES ...................................................................................................................... 13

INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT ............................................................ 15

CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................ 17

USES AND APPLICATIONS OF ROCKS AND MINERALS INDUSTRY ......... 17

IMPORTANCE OF USES AND APPLICATIONS IN EACH OF THE

ECONOMIC SECTORS .......................................................................................... 17

subsector construction .......................................................................................... 17

Subsector materials and basic inputs .................................................................. 17

chemical subsector................................................................................................. 17

subsector agribusiness .......................................................................................... 18

Subsector mining-metallurgical and energy ....................................................... 18

subsector environment .......................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................... 18

DESCRIPTION geoeconomic PROFILES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS

INDUSTRY ................................................................................................................... 18

clays ............................................................................................................................ 20

Types of clay .............................................................................................................. 21

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common clay ........................................................................................................... 21

sagger ...................................................................................................................... 22

Bentonite ................................................................................................................. 23

Kaolin: ..................................................................................................................... 24

aggregates .................................................................................................................. 25

Uses and applications ............................................................................................ 25

SULFUR .................................................................................................................... 26

APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................... 27

BARITE ..................................................................................................................... 27

APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................... 29

BORATES ................................................................................................................. 29

APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................... 29

DIATOMITE ............................................................................................................. 30

APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................... 30

FELDSPAR ............................................................................................................... 31

APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................... 31

CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................... 32

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 33

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INTRODUCTION

Industry rocks and industrial minerals has grown in recent years in a remarkable manner
throughout the world, and parallel to the process of phasing out traditional metal mining
manner. Within the total value of world production of mineral resources for the year
20061 was 682,708 million euros, equivalent to 898,000 million dollars. Of these, 25%
correspond to industrial minerals and rocks, and this percentage corresponds to 8%
aggregates; while 8% are metal mining and energy 66%.

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Consumption of rocks and industrial minerals is very large, highlighting tonnage

aggregates and natural stone on the rest of these resources. The reasons for this
development are mainly on technological advances that have allowed use these raw
materials to replace many costly metallic mineral mining and processing, as well as the
advantages that new products reach every day.

Peru has significant resources of rocks and industrial minerals distributed throughout its
territory, being increasingly important for many of them exported. An example are
borates, because our country is one of the seven major producers in the world. It is
estimated that in Peru the annual production of rocks and industrial minerals (including
aggregates) is around 25 million tons. In 2007 around 70 million dollars was exported
representing just over 4% of the value of domestic mining production.

CHAPTER I

ROCKS AND MINERALS INDUSTRY

Definition of rocks and industrial minerals

Mineral resources, broadly defined, are usually divided into energy resources, metal ores,
rocks and industrial minerals (or non-metallic minerals) and water. Some radioactive
minerals can be considered either as metallic ores or nuclear fuels.

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However, it is often problematic classification of a particular substance as rocks or

industrial mineral. Even the concepts of "industrial rock" and "industrial mineral" are not
clearly defined.

For example, halite (common salt) is also a "mena" sodium, barium barite, celestite
strontium, quartz, silicon, etc.

The caolinífera sand heavily exploited in Spain, is a typical example of a substance that
can be qualified as industrial rock (in the sense of being polymineral), although usually
considered industrial mineral. In scientific terms, even kaolin kaolin washing or the stone
(flint clay), which is extracted in Asturias, but rocks are minerals, because they are
composed of several different phyllosilicate group of kanditas (kaolins).

It is not easy, therefore, to define what rocks and industrial minerals are. Using their
intended is critical to include a particular substance in this group.

The rocks are for1med by one or more minerals, and can come from the cooling
crystallization of a magma, as in the case of igneous rocks, or be the result of the
accumulation and consolidation of products originating in the destruction of preexisting
rocks (sediment) giving rise to sedimentary rocks. When preexisting rocks are modified
by changes in temperature and / or pressure metamorphic rocks originate.

ornamental rock is that obtained from nature and is used as well, that is, without further
addition than being dimensioned, cut and polished. Always be referred to its composition,
its appearance and from the economic point of view, its usefulness. For the marketing of
each of the ornamental rocks should keep in mind the following requirements:

 It is homogeneous.
 Lacking cracks, cavities or fracturing.
 Not present physical and / or chemical changes.
 With the best appearance and beauty
 That it is not affected by atmospheric agents

Therefore, the proper use of an ornamental rock processing technology require a thorough
knowledge of the same and this information dare test and study is obtained. The criteria
used formerly to employ a rock in great works and monuments responded to the
identification of a risk associated with the idea of beauty and perpuriedad material.
Currently, the requirements of which shall be subject to an ornamental rock not respond

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exclusively to a static or iconic criterion of the work, but use different variables.
Likewise, we must take into account the incursion of artificial products on the market at
low prices.

OTHER DEFINITIONS

GEOCATMIN: Rock and Industrial Minerals Contains information on the main

industrial rocks and minerals inventoried in the INGEMMET studies The Compendium
of industrial rocks and minerals in Peru, contains basic information concerning the
geological and market aspects of the main industrial rocks and minerals (RMI) existing
in the country, with a wide distribution in the national territory, but few have
characterization for their uses and industrial applications, which is why it is considered
important to encourage and promote their development. Econ. Alejandra Díaz
Valdiviezo Eng. Mario Carpio Ronquillo Bach. Fabricio Ramírez Carrión José Ramírez
Carrión.
It defines and explains the main concepts of RMI, importance, uses and industrial
applications, prices and influence of infrastructure and transport for its development. It
contains a matrix that is the first tool that quickly, accurately, concisely, updated and
timely (virtual) provides an overview of the uses, applications, location and geological
characteristics of the main quarries and occurrences of the IMR in Peru. It includes
descriptive geological-economic profiles that correspond to ornamental rocks,
aggregates and industrial minerals.
These products represent an important role in the current scenario, mainly in the area of
construction. In each of these profiles the definition, classification, characteristics,
physical-chemical properties, uses, applications, training conditions and environments,
the main quarries and occurrences, as well as their location, production, apparent
consumption, trade, will be summarized. internal and external, trade balance, referential
prices and other aspects of the situation of the world production of the RMI. Describes
the association of geological processes that have given rise to non-metallic deposits in
the national territory; identifying three large groups: deposits associated with magmatic
processes, deposits associated with sedimentary processes and deposits associated with
metamorphic processes.
Also, maps are presented with the zones of occurrence of each one of the RMI, based on
the available information, quarries and geological factors that allowed the formation of

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these deposits. In summary has been recorded the existence of 2 339 quarries and
occurrences of which 30% are limestone, silica and gypsum, 22% arid, 10% ornamental
rocks, 9% salt and the remaining 29% corresponds to the other RMI distributed in 23
regions. This figure is not complete, it is assumed that it represents only 40% of the
rights and concessions of RMI in Peru.
The Peruvian production of RMI experienced an appreciable growth in the last decade,
especially those aimed at the construction industry, which represented an annual
average of more than 100%.
Regarding foreign trade, RMI experienced a positive balance during the period 1995-
2007. Peru imports about forty processed mineral substances from several countries,
such as the United States, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, Chile, Colombia,
Mexico, etc., of which feldspars, ornamental rocks, siliceous sands, salt, kaolin,
bentonite and diatomite represent 74%. On the other hand, exports are represented by
more than 33 industrial rocks and minerals, of which 51% are ornamental rocks, 23%
borates and derivatives, 9% special clays and 17% correspond to the rest of the
substances. Efforts should be unified to prospect and investigate RMI; with a view to its
exploration, exploitation, transformation and application in the internal and external
market, progressively obtaining a greater production of these substances, with the
highest possible added value and for the benefit of the country. Title
Natural rocks: rocks formed and consolidated by natural processes that can be exploited
economically. Crushed natural rocks are used as mineral aggregates and carved as
natural stones8sillares, ornamental rock).
Carved stones: are compact natural stones without schistose exfoliation, can be served
in geometric pieces, handcrafted and decorative works.
Artificial stones: they are manufactured in substitution of the Natural Pebbles to obtain
stone materials with other characteristics and properties than those extracted from the
quarries.
Slates of roofing: they are exquisite clays and silt that have been formed essentially by
dynamic metamorphism. The roofing boards are compact, resistant to atmospheric
agents and easily split into flat plates with thicknesses of 3 to 5 mm; they are
predominantly applied as roofs and for the cladding of facades.
These concepts are used in technical literature with different meanings. In the German
case the natural sillar concept is used to distinguish this type of stones from artificial
ones, such as concrete ones. Instead of ornamental rock, terms such as monumental

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rocks or monumental ashlars are also used. In the English language, instead of natural
stone or sillar, the stone dimension concept is used, and for ornamental rock, the term
ornamental Stone.
The international commercialization of natural ashlars has created a large number of
scientific names that are not subject to any rule. Such is the case of "Belgian granite"
using limestone from dark gray to black and rich in fossils; dolomia de anrocht "for a
calcareous arisca rich in glauconite and blackish Swedish granite" for a basalt.

photo:

Handmade Quarry of Travertine Alapuquio-

El Ingenio, Department of Junín

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photo 2:

Mina Socorro, Department

of Junín, Panoramic View
of Travertine for Export

Industrial mineral

One of the most useful definitions is the one established by the National Mine Research
Plan in 1971, the Geological Mining Institute of Spain - IGME.
"Are those mineral substances used in industrial processes, directly or through adequate
preparation, depending on their physical or chemical properties, rather than the
substances, elements or energy that can be extracted from them"
Another important definition is the Industrial Minerals Association (IMA-Europe):
"Rock, mineral or natural product susceptible of acquiring by treatment, an added value
in the market, used as raw material or additives in a wide range of manufactures or other
industries".

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OTHER DEFINITIONS

Minerals are natural, solid and crystalline substances that have a defined chemical
composition. We can observe them with a magnifying glass or with a special or
petrographic microscope.

Industrial minerals are mineral substances that are used directly in industrial processes or
mediating an adequate preparation. They are generally used for their physical properties,
for example quartz is used for its optical properties and also as an abrasive for its hardness,
borates have important chemical properties, in general the minerals persist with the same
properties from the chain to its final application .

In this category, manufactured products such as cement and can are sometimes
influenced. Products that are a mixture of natural and artificial materials such as
abrasives and refractories are also included. Within the industrial minerals we can
mention garnet, quartz and corundum as abrasives also clays,

PHOTO 3: Firth Lurín Lima Gravel and Sand Quarr

feldspars, quartz. For the ceramics and glass industry, calcite. Fluorite and borates for
the chemical industry.

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PHOTO 4:
Quarry of Limestones San
Martin, Atocongo - Lima

PHOTO 5: Samán
Common Clay
Quarry, San Pedro
de Lloc - La Libertad

IMPORTANCE

The development of industrial rocks and minerals has grown significantly in recent years
around the world, in parallel to the progressive reduction of traditional metal
mining. Among the main non-metallic mineral resources or industrial rocks and minerals
are: stone, sand and gravel, gypsum, marble, granite, stone, slate, andesite, travertine,
clays (kaolin, bentonite, limonite, pyrophyllite, others), dolomite , mica, pyrophyllite,
feldspars, phosphates, salts, silica, talc, gypsum, borates, diatomite, baritine, sulfur, salts,
pumice, etc., and are of extraordinary importance for the economic development of a
country. Without them, housing could not be built, there would not be materials for
infrastructure works (especially the communication channels necessary to exchange
goods according to current requirements), nor fertilizers to improve agricultural
production and there would be no raw materials and inputs for production of glass,
ceramics, cement, plasters, limes, binder, insecticides, pesticides, pastes, asphalts,

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plastics, additives, filters, etc. The cases mentioned are only some of thousands of
products and fields of application.

The mineral resources of Peru are a significant and decisive factor that has a favorable
impact on its development; in particular, the metallic mining resources whose
production has been shown predominantly throughout history, such as copper, iron,
zinc, lead, silver and gold, and also its industrial minerals and ornamental rocks that
constitute a vast and diverse potential that are increasingly most important for their
applications and uses in modern industry.
The country needs to develop its industry based on the rational use of rocks and
industrial minerals. To this end, the subsectors with the greatest demand and the main
substances they consume have been located and classified:
 Construction subsector: sand, gravel for concrete, limestone, silica, gypsum,
barite, clays for cements, clays for ceramics, plaster for stucco, pozzolana and
ornamental rocks, while the ceramic industry requires plastic clays, kaolin,
bentonite, feldspar , talc, pyrophyllite, borates, pigments and others.
 Chemical subsector: borates, barite, sulfur, salts, diatomite, mica, phosphate,
feldspar, silica, limestone, gypsum, kaolin, bentonite, etc.
 Agro-industry sub-sector: nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers, borates,
limestone, sulfur, gypsum, clays.
 Energetic mining subsector: refractory clays, bentonite, barite, sulfur, borates,
silica, limestone, etc.
 Environment subsector: limestone, bentonite, gypsum, clays, etc.
The availability of these resources will depend on the investigations carried out by the
State in its preliminary phase and also of an adequate network of road and energy axes
that, even if peripheral, must be connected to the areas where these deposits are located.
This is because the prospective phase of non-metallic mining is an activity that does not
generate revenues, and therefore is not assumed by private companies.
The geological knowledge of the natural riches of the regions of Peru allows us to
foresee a wide richness in rocks and industrial minerals, however its little diffusion is
clearly related to its low degree of use. It is therefore essential to establish the
possibilities offered by these resources for the development of local, regional and
national industries, without forgetting that their growth depends to a large extent on the

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cost of transport and also on the capacity to use them in the same regions. , generating
job opportunities and therefore the welfare of its population.
In the future there must be a sustainable industrial rock and mineral industry, capable of
supporting and developing raw materials that allow the support of a varied industrial
manufacturing and that at the same time promotes decentralization both in its use and in
its exploitation and processing at the national, as well as export to various countries of
the world.
Thus, knowledge of industrial rocks and minerals is very important to awaken in our
compatriots the desire to industrialize them and in this way ensure the well-being of
many peoples and boost the industrial development of the country. We must be aware
that the national product is the most advisable and encourage the consumption of our
products, because this is the first step for industrialization. The Compendium of
industrial rocks and minerals provides for the first time a matrix of the main industrial
rocks and minerals of Peru and their multiple uses and applications in various sectors of
the economy, that is, their potential in the national territory. Obviously this first
approach must be completed and complemented with future work.
The Peruvian State through its specialized institutions (such as INGEMMET from its
origin although with other denominations -SGM, INGEOMIN, etc.-) has stood out for
developing important advances in the geological, mining and economic-industrial
recognition of the mineral rock deposits industrial These investigations that must
continue because they constitute the base and the technical-economic sustenance in the
planning of the future development of the exploitation of these mineral deposits.
APPLICATIONS

The uses of rocks and industrial minerals are very extensive and are constantly
evolving. Examples include the replacement of asbestos by wollastonite or other fibrous
minerals, and sand quartz sand by garnet, alumina or slag, in both cases due to
recommendations from the health authorities. Each substance usually has several fields
of application. For example, limestone has a multitude of applications, including its use
as ornamental and construction rock, crushed aggregate, raw material for cement and
limes, acid soil amendment in agriculture, metallurgical flux, gas desulfurization and
many others.

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The very pure, micronized or ultramicronized limestone is known industrially as

calcium carbonate, it is used in the chemical industry and as a white load in the
pharmaceutical industry. Table 1 presented below illustrates its complexity and its
multiple uses in the activities of a country.
PRICES

The price or economic value of industrial or non-metallic minerals is determined by

their physical and chemical characteristics, and by the technical specifications required
for a specific use. The technical specifications vary according to the use of the material,
for example, the limestones used in the manufacture of cement for construction, those
aimed at pharmaceutical uses such as antacid and toothpaste, or as a food supplement
for animals, will have different technical specifications and a value according to your
specifications and application.
Also keep in mind that industrial minerals have varied applications in durable and non-
durable goods. In many industrial activities and products ranging from building
construction, table ceramics, sanitary and paintings, even the most sophisticated
applications in today's electronics industry. On the other hand, consumers often ignore
that industrial minerals are essential for the manufacture of many goods comprising a
wide range, from books to pharmaceuticals.

Therefore the determination of prices of industrial minerals occurs within the domestic
market economy, governed by supply, demand and transportation. They are crucial for
many industrial minerals occurring in the world market and can be traded internationally;
The exceptions are low-value products such as sand, gravel and crushed stone, which
have a low unit value and are produced for local markets.

Those minerals of intermediate value and used for the manufacture of cement up to salt,
can be transported between intermediate to long distances, provided that their transport
is in mass and with low cost. The industrial minerals of greater value are marketable
internationally, for example, Peru exports borates, baritine, common salt, clays, among
others.
In short, prices of industrial minerals, like metals, respond to the intensity of international
trade, but overall never varied as metals and their prices are generally more stable. Unlike
metals, recycling potential industrial minerals is low and competitors substitute materials

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are frequently more expensive and less efficient, for example, calcite instead of hillock
as filler in papermaking.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT

The state of infrastructure, transport systems and road network directly influence the
exploration, exploitation and marketing of non-metallic raw materials and industrial rocks
and minerals. Therefore infrastructure and transportation are key elements in the
development of non-metallic mining activities, since freight has strong impact on the
pricing and marketing of these commodities, which by their nature represent large
volumes and low economic values.

To develop these raw materials must be remembered that the deposits are located
anywhere and require access to be exploited economically. In our country a conveyor belt
is not installed by lack of energy, water and other near mineral occurrences, as well as the
high costs involved. For example, the quarries that are exploited by small or medium-
sized producers of ornamental rocks mules used as transportation for the development of
mining operations. Thus in Arequipa mules are used to move the slabs stones from the
quarry to storage and then be transported by truck to the sales center, as we can see in the
picture below. In general, many of these materials are transported over long distances,

Figure 6: Transport flagstone in acémilas, Yura

Arequipa - 2007

Deposits that somehow have been developed or partially worked are those who are close
to the road network and drinking places. It is important to note that rocks and industrial
minerals represent a large group and for development need to be processed through

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specific treatments in order to achieve higher value added, which in addition to better
meet the demand of the industrial sector, has greater meaning as transportation to the
country's economy.

In Peru there is a small number of companies that have located in Lima treatment plant,
where minerals produced in various parts of the country benefit. These are marketed with
greater added value, satisfying some of the demand of the country and dabbling in some
cases exports.

Transport infrastructure is essential for developing any non-metallic mining project in

Peru. The influence of current road conditions for the flow of raw materials is extremely
important because lots of these minerals are transported by road. High fuel prices and the
poor state of roads negatively influence the costs of such materials.

The task of the state is the construction of transport infrastructure, roads. Railways, ports
and airports, etc. However, the private sector in road issues are not highlighted due
conjugated various public and private interests to improve development of an authentic
and modern infrastructure for the development of each of the regions.

The possibilities of development of this industry depends on the existence of an adequate

road infrastructure that enables producers to offer their products and timely comply with
orders, ie provide optimal and accurate services, covering transportation needs with
timely delivery of the products. For all this it is essential to improve the infrastructure of
transportation to encourage the commercial activities of the industry, particularly exports
that are considered key because they generate foreign exchange for the country.

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CHAPTER II

USES AND APPLICATIONS OF ROCKS AND MINERALS INDUSTRY

In this chapter we try to express in a matrix, fast and comprehensive, the various uses and
applications of rocks and industrial minerals and their impact and importance in each of
the economic sectors and major industrial groups in the country. -Still incomplete- this
information should be complemented by further studies and ongoing updates, which will
achieve an increasingly complete work for the benefit of industry and society.

IMPORTANCE OF USES AND APPLICATIONS IN EACH OF THE

ECONOMIC SECTORS

construction subsector

This sector has a marked impact on the regional and national development by direct or
indirect multiplier effect it has on other economic sectors. The building industry has a
large market for minerals and non-metallic products such as cement, lime, plaster, brick,
tiles, floors, tiles, sanitary, marble, granite, tiles, tiles, blocks put, glass, ceramics, and all
the rocks and its derivatives produced in other subsectors.

Subsector materials and basic inputs

Comprising glass and ceramic and much of industrial minerals used to make various
inputs and outputs directed to the construction industry and other of the other sectors.

chemical subsector

It is related to a range of industrial minerals, through an appropriate treatment, they are

used in various industries. In the case of this subsector it is vital to carry out intensive
investigations in order to obtain innovative products that reach a mass market. sulfuric,
and boric, sodium chloride: In this subsector various products involved directly or
indirectly in other subsectors, for example are produced. etc. In addition, this sub groups
the following industries: rubber, refractories, paper, plastics, glass, fertilizers, abrasives,

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dyes, pesticides, pesticides, paints, lacquers, solvents, chemical, chemical-

pharmaceutical, tanning, textiles, preservatives, preservatives , neutralizers and others.

subsector agribusiness

Groups industries related to the manufacture and packaging of food for human and
animal consumption (packaging of fruit and vegetables, production of oils, vegetable and
animal fats, soft drinks, milkshakes and liquor, water, refining, food processing balanced
animal, etc.), and require nonmetallic substances such as borates salt lime, calcium
carbonates, espomita, diatomite, bentonite, kaolin, etc.

Subsector mining-metallurgical and energy

Groups basic industries iron and steel, nonferrous metals, concentration, politicization,
smelting, leaching, metal refining, drilling oil and gas, etc. These demand minerals such
as limestone, bentonite, dolomite, calcite, fluorite, diatomaceous earth, silica, clays, etc.
for their processes.

subsector environment

Groups specialized industries in decontaminating landfills, wastewater treatment, and

separation of turbid liquids gas treatment. These claim limestone, bentonite, clay, borates,
sulfur, etc.

Another important application and use of salt is the control of ice and snow on roads,
power plants, etc.

CHAPTER III

DESCRIPTION geoeconomic PROFILES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS

INDUSTRY

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It describes aspects such as: definition, composition, characteristics, type, properties,

uses, conditions, training environments, favorable geological units in the country,
national market (supply and demand), potential (see annex: Location Map and
Relationship of quarries and occurrences), volume of production, apparent
consumption, foreign trade (import and export), trade balance, prices and world
production.
Peru must develop their industries on the basis of rational use of resources of rocks and
industrial minerals. It is therefore important that the State continues to assume research
and generate basic geoeconomic updated information in order to encourage investment
of private capital and / or mixed in the development of these important resources. As
described in the previous chapter, there is an increasing demand for non-metallic rocks
and minerals, grouped in the subsectors.

In Peru industries increased demand for these materials are in the sub-construction (sand,
gravel for concrete, limestone, silica, gypsum, pozzolan cement, feldspar, pottery clay,
silica for glass, gypsum stucco and ornamental) rocks; chemical (sulfur, borates,
carbonates, clays, kaolin, bentonite, pyrophyllite, talc and kieselguhr to various uses in
basic chemistry, paint, paper, plastics, detergents, fertilizers and pesticides, abrasives,
medicines for humans and animals, etc.); Agribusiness (nitrogenous, phosphate and
potash); ceramic (plastic clays, feldspar, pigments); power mining (limestone, silica, salt,
sulfur, kaolin, bentonite, barite, etc.); and finally the environment subsector (limestone,
pumice, salt, silica, etc.).

Rocks and industrial minerals are undoubtedly the mineral resources of the third
millennium, given the growing demand for them in a globalized economy. Its importance
determines that these non-renewable resources are managed and administered with clear
and transparent policies and by the State as responsible for the country's sustainable
development laws.

The wide variety of rocks and industrial minerals that exists in the country favors its
inclusion in various industries; its properties and physical and chemical characteristics
define their uses and applications in different industries. Its growing economic and social
importance in the development of the country makes it essential and urgent need to have
basic information about each of these resources. Geological-economic descriptive profile
presented below involves thirty-three substances: ornamental rocks (andesite, marble,
granite, travertine, onyx, slate, stone slabs, stones, etc.), aggregates (gravel, sand, clay,
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stone classified, etc.); industrial minerals (limestone, gypsum, asbestos, ocher, silica,
pozzolans, common clays, kaolin, pyrophyllite, bentonite (smectite), diatomite, feldspar,

We hope this information assists in the knowledge of these resources and encourage
investment in them. In the process of decentralization that our country, we must raise
awareness and disseminate the fact that the raw materials present in each of the regions
are of vital importance because its development will generate new jobs and thus improve
living standards of its inhabitants.

clays

It is a mineral that is composed of aluminum silicates, hydrous elements which owes its
pasty consistency. It can be produced by different broken rocks, including granite is. The
colorations having vary; Mostly, you may notice orange tones if it contains many
impurities, but can be white if it is totally pure. The particles that form are very small, at
least 0.002 mm thick.

One of its most important characteristics is that it can acquire elasticity if joined with a
little water, plus it can become integral with fairly consistent if dried or is heated to
temperatures above 800 ° C.

The ancients used to create figurines and utensils, which had the mission to enrich their
culture. With it are made specifically ceramics, vases, containers, pans and even musical
instruments. It is a fairly common mineral and affordable price. It is an important material
in the production of paper and cement.

Similarly, it can be classified in: primary clay is one that can be located in their home
area, however, only one example of this known type and kaolin; secondary clay,
meanwhile, are those that can not
be found in their home, they are mobilized
by various factors. They can be
divided according to their composition
(filitenses fibrous clays and
clays), plasticity (plastic and plastic
little) plus calcareous clays,

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declassification blocks and mudstone.

Photo 7: Clay

Types of clay

common clay

Clays are defined in two ways: their mineralogical composition:

Are hydrated silicates lighting (secondary minerals) coming from the chemical
weathering of silicate as feldspars, pyroxenes and amphiboles. There are also clays
hydrothermal which generally come from the transformation of magmatic, acidic and
intrusive rocks, and are often associated with reefs and other types of mineralized
structures.

By their granulometry: They are composed of finer natural fragments (<2 microns or
1/256 mm). In nature generally we find mixed with other materials such as silt, sand
(quartz high) moisture and organic material clays. This set of materials is called "clay
material". The grain size is very irregular, since particles smaller than 0.002 mm, which
are mainly clay minerals, via silty fractions (0.002 to 0.06 mm) and sand (0.06 to 2.0
mm). The common clay has often iron compounds, and therefore yellowish brown to
brown-and carbonates colors.

Common clays are argillaceous materials most widely distributed in the world because
they are mixed with other materials. The common clay presents unconsolidated, generally
it consists of particles smaller than 1/256 mm (4 microns).

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Common clays mostly consist of mixtures of different clay minerals, illite and smectite
generally, and other minerals. Due to the high content of fluxes (alkalis, iron compound,
lime), start melting (sintering) at temperatures of 950 ° to 1200 ° C. Common clays are
not as plastic as smectite, kaolinitic clays or others.

Photo 8:

Ladrillera de
Moche, La
Libertad

PHOTO 9:
Handcrafts export,
Chulucanas - Piura

sagger

The clays consist essentially disordered kaolinite and further halloysite, illite, and quartz.
Clays are distinguished with high contents of SiO2, used as molding sands and strong
earth, and clays with a high content of Al2 O3 which is mainly applied as raw material
for chamotte or clays as binders. Since plastic kaolinitic clays have been treated in the
previous subchapter, mostly presented below the properties of clays and fire clays flint.

Such clays are characterized by being resistant to heat. The melting point of each fireclay
determines its particular application in the refractory industry. Ceramic raw materials do
not have a definite melting point, melt within a temperature range.

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The fire clays or clays themselves consist essentially disordered kaolinite and illite and
halloysite addition; typically they have iron oxides, which causes not burn white. These
clays are distinguished by their high content of quartz.

They are clays with a high melting point exceeding 1434 ° C, although pyrometric limits
may vary depending on usage. The melting point is a function of the kaolinite content of
the clay, the main constituent of clays. Clay minerals that lower melting point
(montmorillonite, illite), and those containing alkalis and iron should be removed, which
is usually done by a choice of clay during its operation and, in special cases, by washing.

Figure 10:
Underground
Mining in
Chacopampa,
Chupaca - Junín

Bentonite

The term bentonite was first used by Knigth for a type of plastic clay in particular, highly
colloidal, found in the town of Fort Benton (United States). This clay had the peculiarity
of swelling and increase several times its original volume when placed in contact with
water. Bentonite is a rock consisting essentially of minerals from the smectite, regardless
of any genetic connotation.

The criteria used by the industry are based on behavior and physicochemical properties;
and the accepted industry classification establishes types of bentonite based on their
ability to swell in water:

• highly swellable or sodium bentonite.

• slightly swellable or calcium bentonite.

• moderately inflatable or intermediate Bentonitas.

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The smectite is defined as a clay mineral of fine crystalline grain, usually derived by
devitrification and chemical alteration of volcanic ash or tuff, whose main constituents
are the clay mineral called montmorillonite greater extent (not less than 85%) and
beidellite lesser extent. Other clay minerals such as illite and kaolinite are present in many
bentonites in varying amounts (5% to 10% of total), cristobalite is also found, but to a
lesser extent than the other two.

Photo 11: View

of the
underground
mine workings
of Vichayal

Kaolin:

The term kaolin used mineralogical sense for structural clay mineral two layers
(phyllosilicates di octahedral) whose main mineral is kaolinite and polymorphs are dickite
and nacrite. Dickite has an ordered monoclinic structure with two layers of kaolinite in
the unit cell, while nacrite, is very rare, kaolinitic has six layers.

Defects in the crystal lattice are frecuentes.8 Kaolin is a hydrated aluminum silicate which
mainly originates from the decomposition of feldspathic rock. The term refers to kaolin
clays in predominantly mineral kaolinite.

In the technical and commercial sense, the concept of kaolin is used for fine-grained
natural product, consisting primarily of kaolin group minerals, kaolinite first and rarely
halloysite, dickite and nacrite. They can also occur mica, quartz, feldspar, smectite and
other subordinate minerals.

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Figure 12:

Kaolin quarry
Chorobal La
Lumbre in the
province of Viru

Figure 13:
Panoramic Lotus
Flower quarry in
Pasco

aggregates

Aggregates, also called aggregates can be naturally occurring or result from crushing,
grinding and classification of preexisting rocks exploited in quarries. The main deposits
of alluvial aggregates are materials that make piedmont deposits in the hillsides, terraces
alongside rivers, plains, alluvium or residual deposits in weathered rock.

Many of them are exploited sporadically in quarries of various sizes. Aggregates or

mineral aggregates (sand, gravel and crushed natural rock) are used instead of dry
materials. Mineral aggregates are often called dry (dry) when mixed with a binder
medium either bituminous, which hardens hydraulically or otherwise.

Uses and applications

Within the non-metallic construction, also called aggregated rock granular materials used
in pavement roads with or without addition of active elements (bases and sub granular

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bases, stabilized bases, etc.), the ballast of railroad tracks and the breakwater as an
element of protection against water erosion, etc.

Aggregates such as defined, are sets of rock grains of widely varying sizes that can range
from almost impalpable powder, 60 microns in diameter, and larger fragments greatest
dimension which can reach several meters.

The main fields of application of these raw materials can meet in:

 Aggregates for concrete preparation.

 Aggregates for the manufacture of asphalt binders (roads).
 Ballasts, ballasts and sub gravels.
 Breakwaters to protect port facilities, rivers and canals.
 Fillers and various applications.
 industrial raw materials (cement, sand for filters, fillers, micronized, etc.).

SULFUR

Sulfur is a nonmetallic characteristic yellow, semitransparent, amber brightness and

conchoidal fracture element. Melting at 112 ° C and burns with blue flame producing
SO2.

Ranks 16 in abundance among elements in the earth's crust and is widely distributed both
in the free state and combined with other elements, such as organic complex metal
sulfides, coal, mineral ores, sulphates, hydrogen sulfide in natural gas and sulfur in crude
oil. They are sources of sulfides, but the most important are the native sulfur, hydrogen
sulfide in natural gas and pyrite (FeS2) (Ruckmick et al. 1979).

Native sulfur is near craters or flanks of volcanoes where exhaust, and hot springs deposits
of active volcanoes. (INGEMMET-ENADIMSA, 1980).

Sulfur is one of the most common elements in nature and essential component of many
industrial products. It is used to make various materials and numerous organic and
inorganic compounds.

Sulfuric acid is one of the most important industrial reagents, while being the most
important industrial compound derived from sulfur; as a basic input is used in numerous
and varied industrial processes.

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APPLICATIONS

The main application is the manufacture of sulfuric acid, which is one of the chemical
compounds of such large and important as the applications do not have any other
chemical. It is used both in the manufacture and preparation of sulfur compounds of sulfur
dioxide, as in the manufacture of numerous materials that do not contain sulfur.

It is also used to make explosives, pigments, soaps, detergents, dyes, plastics, in the
manufacture of matches, for vulcanized rubber and as a fungicide for plants. In the
pharmaceutical industry, in cosmetics, in photography to set the negative, paints, enamels,
insecticides, gunpowder, etc.

BARITE

Barite is a barium sulfate (BaSO4) also called heavy spar high density, and is
predominantly white to light gray, with variable transparency or totally opaque
(Camacho, 2002).

Barium element is not free in nature, but the combined state of sulfate, carbonate, silicate,
etc. It is widely distributed in the earth's crust and is also found in solution in the sea.

Barite belonging to the family of sulfates is the mineral barium occurs most abundantly
in nature, and which also has major commercial importance for industrial applications.
The whiterita Family mineral carbonates is a much rarer species barium, commonly found
in barite veins associated with galena.

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APPLICATIONS

According Lorenz and Gwosdz (2004), barite is used alone subordinately as primary
building material (aggregate for heavy concrete manufacturing). The main mass of the
extracted barytes is applied universally to increase density of drilling muds polls oil and
natural gas. In the USA. used for these purposes more than 90% of the consumed barite.

A drilling muds can be added to 3.5 kg of barite per liter without substantially increasing
the viscosity. Other applications are barite fillers for paints, paper etc., the starting
material for the manufacture of chemicals barium and radiocontrast media. Soluble
barium compounds are poisonous. However, barite currently has more direct important
applications as seen

BORATES

Borates are salts or esters of boric acid. They are widely distributed in nature and are
present in oceans, sedimentary rocks, coal, shale and soil. More: commercially important
borates are borax, boric acid, sodium perborate or ulexite and colemanite mineral.

Borates chemistry are chemical compounds containing xoaniones boron, boron in an

oxidation state of +3. The simplest borate ion is the trigonal planar, BO33-, although
many others are conocidos.BO33- salts formed with metal elements. Boron is found in
nature is commonly as a borate mineral. Boron silicates combined with also found to form
complex silicates minerals such as boronturmalina. Many borates are easily hydrated and
containing structural hydroxyl groups.

APPLICATIONS

 Boric acid
 fertilizers
 Textile fibers
 Enamel and ceramic industry
 Pesticides, etc.
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DIATOMITE

The diatomite and organogenic sedimentary rocks are formed by frustules of diatoms.
The frustules are composed essentially of amorphous silica (opal). These organisms
appeared during the transition from the Cretaceous to Tertiary and can form colonies in
fresh or brackish water according to their species.

This accumulation occurs in large and shallow sedimentary environments, where the
water contains many nutrients and silica. Furthermore, it must be protected terrigenous
supply means so that the accumulation is sufficiently rich in siliceous debris.

«La diatomita es una roca sedimentaria térrea, mayoritariamente no consolidada, que

consiste en frustulas microscópicos de doble valva de algas silíceas unicelulares
(diatomeas). Estas formaciones organogenéticas se pueden originar en ambientes
marinos, salobres y límnicos. Componentes subordinados se componen, según el origen
de las diatomitas, de materia orgánica, cuarzo, minerales de hierro (mayoritariamente
pirita), minerales de arcilla, calcita y material volcánico. El color de diatomitas depende
esencialmente del contenido de sustancia orgánica y hierro y de la distancia al nivel del
agua subterránea.»

La diatomita es una sustancia no metálica compuesta esencialmente por sílice amorfa

generada por la fosilización de organismos acuáticos microscópicos. La importancia que
tiene esta sustancia es evidente si consideramos que muchas de las bebidas que
consumimos han sido purificadas y/o clarificadas utilizando ayudas filtrantes hechas de
diatomita, siendo su uso como filtro su principal aplicación a nivel mundial.

USOS

 Filtrante de líquidos, aceites y grasas

 Industria de construcción
 Carga o relleno
 Abrasivo, etc.

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FELDESPATO

Derived from the Germanic words meaning Field field, and Spat which means espato,
and together mean "glass field," commonly known as a mineral cultivable. It is also a
contraction of a name longer than is Field pair, a generic term used by geologists to refer
to any metal ore with little glassy finish. It was Johan Gottschalk Wallerius who gave him
that name in 1747.

Feldspar name corresponds to a large mineral group consisting of aluminum silicates

combined in three forms: potassium, sodium and calcium. The chemical formula is
XAlSiO8 feldspar, where X can be sodium (Na), potassium (K) or calcium (Ca). These
aluminosilicates of potassium, sodium, calcium and barium are the most abundant
minerals and occupy almost half the volume of the earth's crust.

Together, its varieties are the most abundant and widespread family of minerals is known.
Feldspars have great scientific and economic interest, as the essential constituent of many
rocks and because through their study is possible to understand the physical chemical
mechanisms that have been involved in the formation of the lithosphere, and also because
they are extremely exploited in large amount in various industries.

APPLICATIONS

The main applications of feldspar and nepheline syenite are in the industry of ceramics
and glass worldwide. In both applications the feldspathic minerals are used primarily as
sources of alumina and to a lesser extent as a source of silica and alkali. Ceramic is the
largest consumer of feldspar followed by glass. Feldspar relining has a much smaller
portion of the market. Ceramics and glass consume 90% of the production (approximately
55% worldwide base of ceramic and 35% glass). It is also used in pottery, paints, coatings,
plastics, rubber, rubber, sealants, adhesives, welding electrodes and abrasives.

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CONCLUSIONS

The results presented in this report entitled "Compendium of rocks and industrial minerals
in Peru" is the result of the analysis and evaluation of the information available in official
sources state: Ministry of Energy and Mines; Geological Mining and Metallurgical
Institute; National Institute of Statistics and Informatics; Ministry of Industry, Trade,
Tourism and Trade Negotiations; Central Reserve Bank; as well as private entities such
as the Peruvian Chamber of Construction, among others. The data are incomplete because
of the lack of detailed information because there is scarce and scattered.

Another major difficulty is the birth of rights and concessions (metallic and nonmetallic
mining) that started from the nineties and still persists. All this prevents have fast and
accurate information that indicates the substance or substances refer (limestone, borate,

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bentonite, quartz, gypsum, etc.). It is therefore urgent that relevant agencies to adjust
their systems to capture and detailed and orderly presentation of this information, so that
query the database from official sources is properly harnessed and investigations facilitate
and promote each of the industrial minerals and ornamental rocks Peru.

To undertake any project in the country related to rocks and industrial minerals requires
quantitative and qualitative date, reliable and adequate information, based on the mining
and non-metal industry.

Currently several industrial minerals located in northern, central and southern Peru,
whose volume is benefited existing processing plants in Lima and Callao, where products
are obtained with higher added value that supply domestic consumption while they are
exploited They are accepted in foreign markets.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABELE, G. (1957) - Recognition phosphates in Peru. Bulletin Geological Society of Peru

(32): 5-19.

Acosta, A. (1985) - mineralogical and genetic study of talcs Sierra of stays (Ridges
Béticas). Geological Bulletin, 96 (2): 150-159.

AGRAMONTE, J. & mabire, B. (1977) - Preliminary Geological Survey of pozzolan and

limestone deposits in the area of Ayacucho; ITINTEC-INGEOMIN Convention. Lima:
Institute of Geology and Mining, 60 p

AGRAMONTE, J. (1978) - Geological Survey preliminary diatomites Quicapata

(Huamanga-Ayacucho); INGEMMET-ITINTEC Convention. Lima: INGEMMET, 38 p

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AGRAMONTE, J. (1983) - Diatomite Ayacucho and parallel with Tarucani and

Bayóvar. Bulletin Geological Society of Peru (72): 259-270.

POOL, A. (1981) - Gypsum and other - Chilca. In: Samamé, M. El Minero Peru. Lima:
Editora Peru, t. 4, vol. 3, p. 1444- 1466.

CENTRAL BANK OF PERU RESERVADEL (2005) - National Accounts Peru, database

(CD ROM). Lima: Central Reserve Bank of Peru.

Barbieri, M. (1987) - Use of strontium isotopes to determine the sources of hydrothermal

fluorite and barite from northwestern Sicily (Italy). In: Chemical Geology (Isotope
Geoscience), 66 (3/4): 273-278.

Benbow J. (1988) - Pyrophyllite; Far East steels the market. Industrial Minerals, (249):
37-49.

BUSTAMANTE, J. (1998) - Geology, benchmarking and quantification of reserves of

diatomite deposits in the region of Arequipa. Thesis Geological Engineering, National
University of San Agustin, Arequipa, 100 p

COILA, Y. (1997) - Feasibility Project "Industrial production of clay bricks in the

department of Puno, Yacimiento Quella Pampas." Thesis, Universidad Nacional del
Altiplano, Puno, 74 p.

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