Communication:

The word Communication has been derived from the Latin Language “Communicare” that means to
Impart or to share.

Communication is a process of sharing Ideas, Views, Feeling & Emotions from one person to another.

It requires two parties:-

1- Sender
2- Receiver

It is a two way process

Business communication:

Business communication is referred to the sharing of views, ideas, facts and findings from one person to
another for business and technical purposes.
Context in Communication

Contexts of Communication

Humans communicate with each other across time, space, and contexts. Those contexts are often
thought of as the particular combinations of people comprising a communication situation. For example,
theories of interpersonal communication address the communication between dyads (two
people). Group communication deals with groups, organizational communication addresses
organizations, mass communication encompasses messages broadcast, usually electronically, to mass
audiences, intercultural communication looks at communication among people of different cultures,
and gender communication focuses on communication issues of women and between the sexes. Newer
contexts include health communication and computer-mediated communication.

Contexts of communication are best thought of as a way to focus on certain communication processes
and effects. Communication context boundaries are fluid. Thus, we can see interpersonal and group
communication in organizations. Gender communication occurs whenever people of different sexes
communicate. We can have mass communications to individuals, group, and organizations.
STRUCTURE OF THE FIELD

Interpersonal communication

i n v o l v e s t h e s t u d y o f p e o p l e a n d their inter-action or relationships. Researchers in this area

studyt h e u s e o f v e r b a l a n d n o n v e r b a l m e s s a g e s i n d e v e l o p i n g a n d maintaining
relationships between people. Some topics they
findinteresting are interpersonal competence, impression formation,s p o u s a l c o n f l i c t , i n t e r p e r
s o n a l a t t r a c t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n apprehension, and relational communication.

Small-group communication

covers communication in groups

of t h r e e o f m o r e p e r s o n s . R e s e a r c h e r s o f t e n s t u d y h o w g r o u p s emerge, accomplish
their goals, and solve problems and howgroup leaders function. Topics in small-
group communicationinclude small-group effectiveness, cohesion, conflict, group roles,consensus,
productivity, group culture, and family communication.

Language and symbolic codes

i n c o n c e r n e d w i t h v e r b a l a n d nonverbal codes of communication. When examining these

codes,researchers focus on how language and nonverbal symbols are transmitted, are received,
and come to have meaning for peopleof the same of different cultures. Topics cover issues such as
texto r d i s c o u r s e , l a n g u a g e i n t e n s i t y , p r o x e m i c s , l a n g u a g e dev
elopment in children, conversational flow, listening, nonverbalimmediacy, and relational power.

Organizational communication

is concerned with the processingand use of messages between and within organizations. It focuseson the
complexities of communication in formal structures
wherem a n y i n t e r p e r s o n a l a n d g r o u p r e l a t i o n s h i p s a l r e a d y e x i s t . Researche
rs look at organizational networks systems, conflict,negotiation, superior/subordinate relationships, and
other aspectsof organizational life.

Public communication
covers communication in nonmediatedp u b l i c s e t t i n g s a n d f o c u s e s
m a i n l y o n o n e - t o - m a n y communication. Primary topics include rhetoric, public
address,analysis and delivery of speeches, persuasion, argumentation,
andd e b a t e . R e s e a r c h f o c u s e s o n s p e a k e r c r e d i b i l i t y , e t h i c s , i n t e r p r e t i n g l
i t e r a t u r e , p r o p a g a n d a , p o l i t i c a l c a m p a i g n s , a n d communication education.

Mass communication

focuses on communication from a source

oro r g a n i z a t i o n t o m a n y p e o p l e v i a m e d i a t e d c h a n n e l s s u c h a s television
or newspapers under conditions, of limited
feedback. Those who study mass communication are concerned with howsuch mediated messages are
formulated and received and howthey affect individuals and society, as well as the control of
powerin society. They are often interested in media effects, history,e t h i c s , f o r m a t i o n
of public opinion, policy and regulation,

2 i n t e r n a t i o n a l b r o a d c a s t i n g , a n d c r i t i c a l o r t e x t u a l a n a l y s i s o f messages.

Interpersonal Communication

Conflict management Dyadic communication Gender and communication Instructional communication Interpersonal
influence Interpersonal perception Intrapersonal communication Relational communication

Small-GroupCommunication

Decision making Family communication Group dynamics Intergenerational communication Leadership Problem solving

LanguageandSymbolicCode

Developmental communication Discourse analysis Intercultural communication Linguistics Nonverbal communication

Semantics Semiotics Textual analysis

Organizational Communication

Business and professional speaking Health communication Human communication technology Negotiation and mediation
Organizational behavior Socialization and assimilation Training and development

Public Communication
Argumentation Communication pedagogy Debate Environmental communication Freedom of speech

Barriers to Communication :-

Most people would agree that communication between two individuals should be simple. It’s important
to remember that there are differences between talking and communicating. When you communicate,
you are successful in getting your point across to the person you’re talking to. When we talk, we tend to
erect barriers that hinder our ability to communicate. There are seven of these types of barriers to
effective communication.

Physical barriers are easy to spot –

doors that are closed, walls that are erected, and distance between people all work against the goal of
effective communication. While most agree that people need their own personal areas in the workplace,
setting up an office to remove physical barriers is the first step towards opening communication. Many
professionals who work in industries that thrive on collaborative communication, such as architecture,
purposefully design their workspaces around an “open office” plan. This layout eschews cubicles in favor
of desks grouped around a central meeting space. While each individual has their own dedicated work
space, there are no visible barriers to prevent collaboration with their co-workers. This encourages
greater openness and frequently creates closer working bonds.

Perceptual barriers,

in contrast, are internal. If you go into a situation thinking that the person you are talking to isn’t going
to understand or be interested in what you have to say, you may end up subconsciously sabotaging your
effort to make your point. You will employ language that is sarcastic, dismissive, or even obtuse, thereby
alienating your conversational partner. Think of movie scenarios in which someone yells clipped phrases
at a person they believe is deaf. The person yelling ends up looking ridiculous while failing to
communicate anything of substance.

Emotional barriers

can be tough to overcome, but are important to put aside to engage in conversations. We are often
taught to fear the words coming out of our own mouths, as in the phrase “anything you say can and will
be used against you.” Overcoming this fear is difficult, but necessary. The trick is to have full confidence
in what you are saying and your qualifications in saying it. People often pick up on insecurity. By
believing in yourself and what you have to say, you will be able to communicate clearly without
becoming overly involved in your emotions.

Cultural barriers

are a result of living in an ever shrinking world. Different cultures, whether they be a societal culture of a
race or simply the work culture of a company, can hinder developed communication if two different
cultures clash. In these cases, it is important to find a common ground to work from. In work situations,
identifying a problem and coming up with a highly efficient way to solve it can quickly topple any
cultural or institutional barriers. Quite simply, people like results.

Language barriers

seem pretty self-inherent, but there are often hidden language barriers that we aren’t always aware of.
If you work in an industry that is heavy in jargon or technical language, care should be taken to avoid
these words when speaking with someone from outside the industry. Without being patronizing,
imagine explaining a situation in your industry to a child. How would you convey these concepts without
relying on jargon? A clear, direct narrative is preferable to an incomprehensible slew of specialty terms.

Gender barriers

have become less of an issue in recent years, but there is still the possibility for a man to misconstrue
the words of a woman, or vice versa. Men and women tend to form their thoughts differently, and this
must be taken into account when communicating. This difference has to do with how the brain of each
sex is formed during gestation. In general, men are better at spatial visualization and abstract concepts
such as math, while women excel at language-based thinking and emotional identification. However,
successful professionals in highly competitive fields tend to have similar thought processes regardless of
their gender.

Interpersonal barriers

are what ultimately keep us from reaching out to each other and opening ourselves up, not just to be
heard, but to hear others. Oddly enough, this can be the most difficult area to change. Some people
spend their entire lives attempting to overcome a poor self-image or a series of deeply rooted
prejudices about their place in the world. They are unable to form genuine connections with people
because they have too many false perceptions blocking the way. Luckily, the cure for this is more
communication. By engaging with others, we learn what our actual strengths and weaknesses are. This
allows us to put forth our ideas in a clear, straightforward manner.

Communication is not a one-way street. To have others open up to you, you must be open yourself. By
overcoming these barriers to communication, you can ensure that the statement you are making is not
just heard, but also understood, by the person you are speaking with. In this way, you can be confident
that your point has been expressed.

Communication noise

In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent over a channel
by an encoder. There are many examples of noise:
Environmental noise

Noise that physically disrupts communication, such as standing next to loud speakers at a party, or the
noise from a construction site next to a classroom making it difficult to hear the professor.

Physiological-impairment noise

Physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness preventing
messages from being received as they were intended.

Semantic noise

Different interpretations of the meanings of certain words. For example, the word "weed" can be
interpreted as an undesirable plant in a yard, or as a euphemism for marijuana.

Syntactical noise]

Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as abrupt changes in verb tense during a
sentence.

Organizational noise

Poorly structured communication can prevent the receiver from accurate interpretation. For example,
unclear and badly stated directions can make the receiver even more lost.

Cultural noise

Stereotypical assumptions can cause misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-

Christian person by wishing them a "Merry Christmas".

Psychological noise

Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness may cause
someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders such as Autism may also severely hamper
effective communication.

Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in
which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and
between different social settings.

(1) Semantic Barriers

There is always a possibility of misunderstanding the feelings of the sender of the message or getting a
wrong meaning of it. The words, signs, and figures used in the communication are explained by the
receiver in the light of his experience which creates doubtful situations. This happens because the
information is not sent in simple language.

The chief language-related barriers are as under:

(i) Badly Expressed Message:

Because of the obscurity of language there is always a possibility of wrong interpretation of the
messages. This barrier is created because of the wrong choice of words, in civil words, the wrong
sequence of sentences and frequent repetitions. This may be called linguistic chaos.

(ii) Symbols or Words with Different Meanings:

A symbol or a word can have different meanings. If the receiver misunderstands the communication, it
becomes meaningless. For example, the word ‘value’ can have different meanings in the following
sentences:

(a) What is the value of computer education these days?

(b) What is the value of this mobile set?

(c) Value our friendship.

(iii) Faulty Translation:

A manager receives much information from his superiors and subordinates and he translates it for all
the employees according to their level of understanding. Hence, the information has to be moulded
according to the understanding or environment of the receiver. If there is a little carelessness in this
process, the faulty translation can be a barrier in the communication.

(iv) Unclarified Assumptions:

It has been observed that sometimes a sender takes it for granted that the receiver knows some basic
things and, therefore, it is enough to tell him about the major subject matter. This point of view of the
sender is correct to some extent with reference to the daily communication, but it is absolutely wrong in
case of some special message,

(v) Technical Jargon:

Generally, it has been seen that the people working in an enterprise are connected with some special
technical group who have their separate technical language.

Their communication is not so simple as to be understood by everybody. Hence, technical language can
be a barrier in communication. This technical group includes industrial engineers, production
development manager, quality controller, etc.
(vi) Body Language and Gesture Decoding:

When the communication is passed on with the help of body language and gestures, its
misunderstanding hinders the proper understanding of the message. For example, moving one’s neck to
reply to a question does not indicate properly whether the meaning is ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.

(2) Psychological or Emotional Barriers

The importance of communication depends on the mental condition of both the parties. A mentally
disturbed party can be a hindrance in communication. Following are the emotional barriers in the way of
communication:

(i) Premature Evaluation:

Sometimes the receiver of information tries to dig out meaning without much thinking at the time of
receiving or even before receiving information, which can be wrong. This type of evaluation is a
hindrance in the exchange of information and the enthusiasm of the sender gets dampened.

(ii) Lack of Attention:

When the receiver is preoccupied with some important work he/she does not listen to the message
attentively. For example, an employee is talking to his boss when the latter is busy in some important
conversation. In such a situation the boss may not pay any attention to what subordinate is saying. Thus,
there arises psychological hurdle in the communication.

(iii) Loss by Transmission and Poor Retention:

When a message is received by a person after it has passed through many people, generally it loses
some of its truth. This is called loss by transmission. This happens normally in case of oral
communication. Poor retention of information means that with every next transfer of information the
actual form or truth of the information changes.

According to one estimate, with each transfer of oral communication the loss of the information
amounts to nearly 30%. This happens because of the carelessness of people. Therefore, lack of
transmission of information in its true or exact form becomes a hindrance in communication.

(iv) Distrust:

For successful communication the transmitter and the receiver must trust each other. If there is a lack of
trust between them, the receiver will always derive an opposite meaning from the message. Because of
this, communication will become meaningless.

(3) Organisational Barriers

Organisational structure greatly affects the capability of the employees as far as the communication is
concerned. Some major organisational hindrances in the way of communication are the following:
(i) Organisational Policies:

Organisational policies determine the relationship among all the persons working in the enterprise. For
example, it can be the policy of the organisation that communication will be in the written form. In such
a situation anything that could be conveyed in a few words shall have to be communicated in the
written form. Consequently, work gets delayed.

(ii) Rules and Regulations:

Organisational rules become barriers in communication by determining the subject-matter, medium,

etc. of communication. Troubled by the definite rules, the senders do not send some of the messages.

(iii) Status:

Under organising all the employees are divided into many categories on the basis of their level. This
formal division acts as a barrier in communication especially when the communication moves from the
bottom to the top.

For example, when a lower-level employee has to send his message to a superior at the top level there is
a lurking fear in his mind that the communication may be faulty, and because of this fear, he cannot
convey himself clearly and in time. It delays the decision making.

(iv) Complexity in Organisational Structure:

The greater number of managerial levels in an organisation makes it more complex. It results in delay in
communication and information gets changed before it reaches the receiver. In other words, negative
things or criticism are concealed. Thus, the more the number of managerial levels in the organisation,
the more ineffective the communication becomes.

(v) Organisational Facilities:

Organisational facilities mean making available sufficient stationery, telephone, translator, etc. When
these facilities are sufficient in an organisation, the communication will be timely, clear and in
accordance with necessity. In the absence of these facilities communication becomes meaningless.

(4) Personal Barriers

The above-mentioned organisational barriers are important in themselves but there are some barriers
which are directly connected with the sender and the receiver. They are called personal barriers. From
the point of view of convenience, they have been divided into two parts:

(a) Barriers Related to Superiors: These barriers are as follows:

(i) Fear of Challenge of Authority:

Everybody desires to occupy a high office in the organisation. In this hope the officers try to conceal
their weaknesses by not communicating their ideas. There is a fear in their mind that in case the reality
comes to light they may have to move to the lower level,

(ii) Lack of Confidence in Subordinates:

Top-level superiors think that the lower- level employees are less capable and, therefore, they ignore
the information or suggestions sent by them. They deliberately ignore the communication from their
subordinates in order to increase their own importance. Consequently, the self-confidence of the
employees is lowered.

(b) Barriers Related to Subordinates: Subordinates-related barriers are the following:

(i) Unwillingness to Communicate:

Sometimes the subordinates do not want to send any information to their superiors. When the
subordinates feel that the information is of negative nature and will adversely affect them, an effort is
made to conceal that information.

If it becomes imperative to send this information, it is sent in a modified or amended form. Thus, the
subordinates, by not clarifying the facts, become a hindrance in communication.

GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVENESS SPEAKING

Prefer short sentences.

Break the sentence ( if required).

Be stringent with words.

Avoid cluttering phrases ( Owing to the fact- Because, for the reason that- since, in very few cases-
seldom)

Avoid Pleonasm or Redundant Phrases (At this point of time- Now).

Avoid roundabout expressions ( has knowledge of- Knows, considering the fact- Consider)

Avoid needless Repetition (This stick is limited in length. –This stick is short.).

Prefer right ordering and proper emphasis.

Avoid ambiguous sentences. ( He noticed a large stain in the rug that was right in the centre. / He
noticed a large stain in the centre of the rug).

ABC of effective Communication

Accuracy

Brevity

Clarity

7 C’s of Effective Communication:-

1C – Clear

2C – Concise

3C – Correct

4C – Courteous

5C – Conversational

6C – Candid/ Concrete

7C – Complete.

Audience
The audience receives the presenter’s message(s). However, this reception will be filtered through
and affected by such things as the listener’s own experience, knowledge and personal sense of
values.

Message
The message, or messages, are delivered by the presenter to the audience. The message is
delivered not just by the spoken word (verbal communication) but can be augmented by
techniques such as voice projection, body language, gestures, eye contact (non-verbal
communication), and visual aids.

Reaction
The audience’s reaction and success of the presentation will largely depend upon whether the
presenter’s message was effectively communicated.

See our page: Improving Communication for more information.

Method
Presentations are usually delivered direct to an audience. However, today there may be occasions
where they are delivered from a distance over the Internet using video conferencing.

Impediments

Many factors can influence the effectiveness of how your message is communicated to the
audience, for example background noise or other distractions, an overly warm or cool room, or the
time of day and state of audience alertness can all influence your audience’s level of
concentration. As presenter, you have to be prepared to cope with any such problems and try to
keep your audience focussed on your message.

KOPPACT (Non Verbal communication in presentation)

DEFING NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Nonverbal communication is expressed through non-linguistic means. It is the actions or attributes of

humans, including their appearance, use of objects, sound, time, smell and space, that have socially
shared significance and simulate meaning in othes. It includes visual/kinesic cues like facial signals, eye
movements, gestures and body orientation; vocal/paralinguistic cues like volume, pitch, rate and
inflection; proxemin cues like space and distance; olfactory or smell cues; cues provided via artifactual
communication and appearance; cues sent via color; chronemic or time cues.

“By man’s fingernails, by his coat-sleeve, by his boots, by his trouser knees, by the calluses of his
forefinger and thumb, by his expression, by his shirt-cuffs, by his movements – by each of these things
a man’s calling is plainly revealed. That all united should fail to enlighten the competent enquirer in
any case is almost inconceivable” -Sherlock Holmes, 1892

SIGNIFICANCE OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

The following are the effect that non verbal communication can have:

Ø Repetition – Reinforce what is already being said

Ø Contradiction – Contradict the message and make the speaker seem untruthful
Ø Substitution – Can take place of words

Ø Complementing – Compliment a verbal message like a pat on a back

Ø Accenting – Can underline certain point in the message

FORMS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

A. KINESICS : The Message Of Movement

Kinesic communication is communicating by body movement and is perhaps the most well-known non-
verbal form of communication, although it is not the only way to talk with others without words.

v Facial Signals

It is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. Facial Expressions
include such actions as smiling, frowning, scowling, appearing bored or interested etc. Other facial
expressions might indicate interest or excitement or even shock like opening eyes’ or mouth widely.

v Body PostureIt refers to the way the body is held which can coomunicate different messages. An open
body which takes a lot of space can indicate comfort and domination while a closed-in body can signal
inferiority.

v Eye Contact It provides important social and emotional information. Eye contact is often defined as
sign of confidence.

v Gestures

Agesture is a form of non-verbal communication or non-vocal communication in which visible bodily

actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with,speech. It can be
divided into:

Ø EmblemsEmblems are non verbal signals that can generally be translated directly into words like “A-
OK” symbol made with the thumb and forefinger. They are quick to use and unambiguous in their
meaning. Culture really plays an important part here. For instance, “A-OK” gesture can be translated as
“Zero” or “None” in different part of the world.

Ø IllustratorsIllustrators are movements that complement verbal communication by

describing/accenting/reinforcing what the speaker is saying. Peole use illustrator to indicate size of an
object or draw picture in air or emphasize a key word in what they are saying.This might include pointing
an object in room or pounding on the table.

Ø Affect DisplaysThey are non verbal displays of the body/face that carry an emotional meaning or
display affective states. Our gait (bouncing,suggesting happiness for instance, or slouched and shuffling,
suggesting depression) and our facial movements (breaking into big grin, suggesting pleasure) send a
message about our feelings.

Ø RegulatorsThey are non verbal messages that accompany speech to control or regulate what the
speaker is saying. This might include nodding of the head to indicate you are listening/understanding
something and you are encouraging the speaker to continue. Regulators are often associated with turn-
taking in conversation, influencing the pace and flow of your discussion.

Ø Adapters They are form of non-verbal communication that often occur at low level of personal
awareness. They can be thought of behaviors that are done to meet a personal need as one adapts to
specific communication situation. This includes behavior like twisting your hair, tapping your pen,
pushing your glasses up your nose. Adapters may thus serve unintentionally as clues to how other
person is feeling.

B. OCCULESICS : The Message Of EyesIt refers to study of eye contact and pupil dilation in terms of non-
verbal communication. Eye contact indicates interest, openness, arousal, aggression. Lack of eye contact
also sends a message. Important aspects of eye contact are:

· Looking while listening: This reciprocates the rapport established. This aspect is often used during
emotional connections such as flirting.

· Frequency of glance: This indicated involvement and how invested one is to the conversation.

· Patterns of fixation: This provides evidence as to where the attention lies.

· Pupil Dilation: This could often provide proof of interest and boredom.

· Looking while talking: This establishes a rapport with the person listening.

C. PARALINGUISTICS : The Message Of VoiceThe messages that you send with your voice are known as
paralanguage. Often it is not what you say but how you say it that determines an interaction’s outcome.
We rely on vocal cues to help us determine the real meaning of spoken words. Such cues are especially
important when we are deciding whether someone is being sarcastic. The words “Yeah, right” convey
different meanings depending on whether they are spoken sincerely or sarcastically, and our
interpretation of these words influences how we respond to the person who said them.

The elements of Paralinguistics are:

ü Hesitations
ü Pitch,

ü Volume

ü Rate

ü Articulation

ü Pronunciation

ü Silence

D. PROXIMICS : Space And Distance TalksOur use of space and distance also reveals how we feel about
ourselves and what we think of others. As with kinesics and paralinguistics, space and distance
communicate. Generally, we use physical proximity and distance to signal either desire to communicate
or disinterest in communicating. The closer we stand, the greater the chances are that we like REFLECT
ON THIS: Ummmmmmm. Proximity or lack of it also indicates how dominant or submissive we are in a
relationship. The more dominant we feel, the more likely we are to move closer to another; in contrast,
the more submissive we feel, the less likely we are to decrease our interaction distance. Perceptions of
friendliness or unfriendliness and extroversion or introversion, as well as our privacy and social contact
needs, are also reflected in our spatial relationships. As we study how we use space and distance to
communicate, keep in mind that a gap may exist between the messages we intend to send using space
and distance and the messages that others actually receive and interpret. It includes:

o Intimate distance : Contact to 18 inches

o Personal distance : 18 inches to 4 feet

o Social-consultative : distance 4 to 12 feet

o Public distance : 12 feet to the limit of sight

E. ARTIFACTS : Appearance

Artifactual communication and appearance influence our reactions. In the early stages of a relationship,
what we wear and how we look affect first impressions and may even lead to our being accepted or
rejected. In addition, the clothing and jewelry we wear can cause others to form judgments regarding
our success, character, power, and competence. Typically, we respond more positively to those we
perceive to be well dressed than to those whose attire we find questionable or unacceptable.

F. CHRONEMICS : The Communicative Value Of TimeChronemics is the study of how we use time to
communicate. Some of us are preoccupied with time, while others regularly waste it. Some of us are
typically early, while others are chronically late. Some of us approach life with a sense of urgency, while
others prefer a more leisurely pace. Some of us are early birds, functioning best in the morning, while
others, night owls, perform best at night.We also structure time in an effort to ensure we accomplish
needed tasks. How long we are willing to wait to meet with someone or for something to occur is also a
reflection of our status and the value we place on what we are waiting for. Status affords us greater
power to control both our own time and others’ time. The more status a person has, the longer others
with less status will wait to see him or her.

G. TACTILICS : TouchHaptics, or touch, is usually involved in our closest relationships. Its used in the
following areas:

Ø Touch plays a role in helping us develop closer relationships and is a key ingredient in the
establishment and maintenance of many of our personal relationships.

Ø We use touch for different purposes: to communicate attitude or affect, to encourage affiliation, and
to exert control or power.

Ø Touch also helps us exert status or power in relationships.

Ø People of higher status usually initiate touch. Thus, it is more likely you will see the CEO pat a worker
on the shoulder and vice versa.

Ø Touch also marks greetings and leave-takings. Even a handshake can be social and polite or friendly
and warm.

Four Methods for Delivering Oral Presentations

Manuscript

The manuscript method is a form of speech delivery that involves speaking from text. With this method,
a speaker will write out her speech word for word and practice how she will deliver the speech. A
disadvantage of this method is a person may sound too practiced or stiff. To avoid sounding rehearsed,
use eye contact, facial expressions and vocal variety to engage the audience. Use frequent glances at
highlighted key points instead of reading the speech word for word.

Memorization
The memorization method is a form of speech delivery that involves fully memorizing a speech before
delivering it. This method of delivery allows a speaker to move around the stage or platform and
maintain eye contact with the audience without relying on a script or notes. For speakers who deliver
their speeches by memorization, add inflection to the voice and keep notes nearby to avoid forgetting
an important key point.
Impromptu
The impromptu method is a form of speech delivery that involves speaking from notes. This method is
ideal for a speaker needing to deliver a short speech with little preparation time. With the impromptu
method, a speaker will organize his speech in outline form, create notes with the key points of the
presentation and deliver the speech from the notes. This method allows a speaker to deliver a speech in
a natural manner while maintaining eye contact and engaging an audience.

Extemporaneous
The extemporaneous method is a form of speech delivery that involves combining the manuscript,
memorization and impromptu methods to create a carefully prepared and planned speech. For this
method, a speaker will organize a speech with an outline, write down the speech word for word and
practice the delivery. A speaker may highlight key points in the speech to quote verbatim and memorize
other portions of the speech to speak in a more conversational tone. The extemporaneous method of
delivery allows a speaker to engage an audience and adapt to any speaking situation.