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k h hp
qh
141.2 o Bo ln[ ] 2 h / L ln[ h /(2rw )]
a a 2 ( L / 2) 2
L/2
0. 5
a ( L / 2) 0.5 0.25 (2reh / L) 4
8
7 h=25
kh
Productivity ratio, Jh/Jv
h=50
6
h=100
kv Joshi 5
h=200
4 h=400
3
2
1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Horizontal well length,ft
Horizontal Wells
Advantage: Horizontal well orientation to natural fracture
direction
kMatrix = N
0.01 mD
10 m
GRM-Engler-09
Impact of Anisotropy Ratio
8
7
1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Horizontal well length, ft
Drainage Area
Joshi
Drainage Area
Drilling along the high permeability direction
Joshi
Coning
Function of drawdown
Joshi
Critical rate –
maximum rate only oil is produced
Joshi
Horizontal Well Applications
GRM-Engler-09
Horizontal Wells
Advantage: Well spacing and location
• Given 400 acre lease
k h / o Bo
Jh
141.2 ln re / rw .75 SCA S f S m 1.386
where
SCA shape related skin factor
Sf ln( L / 4rw ), skin factor due to fully - penetratin g
infinite - conductivi ty fracture
Sm mechanical skin Mutalik,etal
Pseudosteady state equations
(2 xe ) k y k v / o Bo
Jh
141.2 ln A / rw .75 ln(Ch ) S r
where
Ch shape factor
A 2y e h, drainage area in the vertical plane
Sr skin factor due to partial penetratio n in the
areal plane, Sr 0 when L 2x e
Babu & Odeh
Pseudosteady state equations
2k h h / o Bo
Jh
141.2 F (2h / L) k h / k v S z
where
F function of geometry
Sz pseudoskin factor in z direction
Kuchuk et al
Horizontal well Solution
r´e = A / , ft
Horizontal well Solution
L/2xe
L kv
LD
2h k h
Joshi,1991
Step 1:
re A / (160)(43560) / 1489 ft
Step 2:
L
Sh ln ln 2000 7.22
4r 4(0.365)
w
Horizontal well Solution
L kv
LD
2h k h
2000
0.1
2(50)
6.32
SCA = 2
L/2xe=2000/2640
= 0.757
Joshi,1991
q 1(50)
p 141.2(0.5)(1.2)ln1489 0.365 0.738 7.22 0 2.0 1.386 0
0.61stb / psi
1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0
k = 300 md 80 md 10 md 200 md 70 md
= 0.23 0.12 0.09 0.22 0.15
Kro, max = 0.75 0.7 0.6 0.75 0.7
no = 1.5 2 3 1.5 2
Supalak’s dissertation
Reservoir heterogeneity
50 80
30 C
B 40
20 A
D E
10 20
0 0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Node no. rs, in.
s node
Supalak’s dissertation
Formation damage in horizontal wells
Is the damage more vulnerable
in horizontal wells?
• Larger contact area
• Longer contact time
Reservoir
rock
!!!
Supalak’s dissertation
Formation damage in horizontal wells
aH, max
Supalak’s dissertation
Horizontal Wells
kh p 2
r p 2
q wf
1422Tz i lnre rw .75 S Sm SCA c Dq
S = equivalent negative skin factor due to either well stimulation or due to the
horizontal well. Also included are partial penetration and perforation skin
terms.
Sm = mechanical skin damage
SCA = shape related skin factor
c’ = shape factor conversion constant
GRM-Engler-09
Horizontal Well Example
An engineer suggests drilling a 2000-ft horizontal well not only to reduce near-
wellbore turbulence but also to ensure against water coning. Compare the IPR
curves for a vertical and horizontal well in this reservoir.
GRM-Engler-09
Horizontal Well Example
Pwh = 500 psi
Ppipeline = 300 psi
Twh=75°F
7870’
5.5” ID
GRM-Engler-09
Horizontal Well Example
Pwh = 500 psi Ppipeline = 300 psi Well Properties
Twh=75°F Depth = 7870 ft
Well spacing = 640 acres
Wellbore radius = 0.25 ft.
7870’ Wellhead pressure = 500 psia
5.5” ID
Wellhead temperature = 75°F
Tubing ID = 5.5 in.
L=2000 ft
GRM-Engler-09
Horizontal Well Example
Vertical Well Performance
Laminar Steady state components
S = 0, fully penetrating vertical well
Sm = 0, no mechanical skin damage, well was cleaned with acid
SCA = 0, well centrally located in the drainage area
c’ = 0, shape factor conversion constant for vertical well.
rw h 2p pwf
where
2.33x1010
k1.201
GRM-Engler-09
Horizontal Well Example
Horizontal Well Performance
Laminar Steady state components
S = -7.6, negative skin due to horizontal well
Rwa = L/4 = 2000/4 = 500 ft
r 500
S ln wa ln 7.6
rw 0.25
Non-Darcy components
Replace hp with L
GRM-Engler-09
Horizontal Wells
SCA = 1.8, well centrally located in the drainage area
2xe = 5280 ft
L k 2000
L/(2xe) = 2000/5280 = 0.38 LD v 0.1 5.3
kv/kh = 0.6/6 = 0.1 2h k h 2(60)
Joshi,1991 GRM-Engler-09
Horizontal Well Example
4000
3500
3000
2500
pressure, psi
C&S
IPR-vertical B&B
2000
1500
IPR-horizontal
1000
500
w/turbulence w/turbulence
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
gas rate, mmscfd
GRM-Engler-09