PUMPS

PUMPS

• Pumps are devices that cause the motion of a fluid, usually by

generating a change in pressure. They also called as hydraulic
machines in which the mechanical energy is converted into
hydraulic energy.
• The basic difference between a turbine and the pump is that
in the turbine flow takes place from the high pressure side to
the low pressure side, whereas in pump flow takes place from
the low pressure towards the higher pressure.
PUMPS
 RECIPROCATING PUMP

• If the mechanical energy is converted into

hydraulic energy (or pressure energy) by
sucking the liquid into a cylinder in which a
piston is reciprocating (moving backwards and
forwards), which exerts the thrust on the
liquid and increases its hydraulic energy
(pressure energy), the pump is called a
reciprocating pump.
 Classification of reciprocating pumps

• The reciprocating pumps may be classified as

according to the water being in contact with
one side or both sides of the piston:
• If the water is in contact with one side of the
piston, the pump is known as single-acting
reciprocating pump.
• If the water is in contact with both sides of the
piston, the pump is called double-acting
reciprocating pump.
Reciprocating Pump
 Main Parts
• The following are the main parts of the
reciprocating pump.
– Cylinder with piston, piston rod, connecting
rod and crank.
– Suction pipe
– Delivery pipe
– Suction valve and
– Delivery valve.
Working of Single acting reciprocating pump
• The above figure shows a single acting reciprocating pump. It
consists of a piston which moves forwards and backwards in a
close fitting cylinder. The piston is connected to a crank by
means of a connecting rod.
• The crank is rotated by means of an electric motor which
makes the movement of a piston in forward and backward
direction in a close fitting cylinder.
• Suction and delivery pipes with suction valve and delivery
valve are connected to the cylinder as shown in figure.
• The suction and delivery valves are one-way valves i.e., non-
return valves which allow the water in one direction only i.e.,
the suction valve allows water from the suction pipe to the
cylinder only and the delivery valve allows the water from the
cylinder to delivery pipe only.
 Working
• When the crank starts rotating, the piston moves to and fro in
the cylinder. When the piston moves at the extreme left
position in the cylinder, it creates a partial vacuum in the
cylinder and the liquid is forced in the suction pipe from the
sump and the liquid open the suction valve and enters the
cylinder.
• When the crack is rotating the piston from its extreme right
position starts moving towards left in the cylinder which
increases the pressure of the liquid inside the cylinder and
pushes the liquid to delivery pipe. Now the suction valve
closes and delivery valve opens and the liquid forced into the
delivery pipe and is raised to a required height.
 PISTON PUMP

The piston pump generates a pumping action by causing positions to

reciprocate in a piston bore

ANIMATION – PISTON PUMP

http://www.animatedsoftware.com/pumpglos/pistpump.htm
http://www.westone.wa.gov.au/toolbox6/hort6/html/resources/depot/irrigation/pumps_2.htm
RECIPROCATING PUMP
 Double-acting reciprocating pump

• In double-acting reciprocating pump there is two suction

pipes and two delivery pipes as shown above. When
there is suction stroke on one side of the piston, a
delivery stroke on the other side of the piston is taking
place at the same time.
• Thus for one complete revolution of the crank there are
two delivery strokes and liquid is delivered to the pipes
by the pump during these two delivery strokes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axial_compressor.gif
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

• The Centrifugal Pump is a hydraulic machine which converts the

mechanical energy into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force
acting on the fluid.
• Suction Pipe: A pipe whose one end is connected to inlet of the pump and
other end dips into the water sump is known as Suction pipe. A foot valve
which is a non-return valve or one-way type of valve is fitted at the lower
end of the suction pipe. A strainer is also fitted at the lower end of the
suction pipe for filtering purpose.
• Impeller: The rotating part of a centrifugal pump is known as Impeller. It
contains series of curved vanes. The impeller is mounted on a shaft which
is connected to the shaft of an electric motor which runs the pump.
 Parts
• Casing: Casing is an air-tight passage surrounding the impeller and is
designed such a way that the kinetic energy of the water discharged at
outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water
leaves the casing and enters into the delivery pipe. Three common types
of casings are
» Volute casing
» Vortex casing and
» Diffuser casing
• Delivery Pipe: A pipe whose one end is connected to outlet of the pump
and the other end delivers the water at the required level is known as
Delivery pipe.
 Working Principle
• The centrifugal pump works on the principle of Forced Vortex Flow
which means that when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an
external torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes
place. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is
proportional to the square of kinetic head.
• Velocity of the liquid at that point (i.e. Rise in pressure head = V2/2g
= ω2r2/2g).
• where V is the velocity
• g is acceleration due to gravity
• r is radius of impeller
• ω angular velocity.
• Thus at outlet of the impeller where radius(r) is more, the rise in
pressure head will be more. Due to this pressure head, the liquid
can be lifted to a high level.
 Priming

• Before starting the pump, air from suction pipe, casing and
portion of delivery pipe i.e. upto the valve is replaced by
water. The operation of replacing he air with water in the
pump is called Priming.
• If the priming is not taken place, the pump will not deliver the
water. The head generated by the pump is independent of
density of the fluid. It means that, when the pump is run with
air, the head generated will be in terms of metre of air. But the
head must be in terms of metre of water.
• The head generated in terms of air is negligible compared to
the head in terms of equivalent metre of water. So priming is
necessary before starting the centrifugal pump.
VOLUTE