TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2

2.0 THEORY 3

3.0 OBJECTIVE 3

4.0 APPARATUS 4-6

5.0 PROCEDURE 7

6.0 RESULT 8-9

7.0 DISCUSSION 11-14

8.0 CONCLUSION 15

9.0 REFERECES 16

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1
 During the design process for beams it would not be unreasonable for one to
assume that no part of the beam should experience a stress greater than that allowable
for the working material. However it can be found that a beam will withstand much
larger forces before collapse than simple elastic theory predict.

In the analysis, as the stress increased further the plasticity spread inwards until
anentire cross section of structure has yield point. At the yield point, the steel attain
its maximum possible moment capacity called the plastic moment, M p, The
development of the hinge caused a redistribution enables the structure to carry more
loads after first hinge has formed.

The second plastic hinge forms at the next most critical stage. On further increase
in stress, the bending moments at the section of the two plastic hinges remain
constant at their plastic moments and it keep increasing until the third plastic hinge
forms. The process of the formation of successive plastic hinges continues until
collapse of structure.

The purpose of plastic analysis is to determine the collapse load or ultimate load.
Plastic analysis considers the behaviour of structure in plastic limit before the
structure collapse.

2.0 OBJECTIVE
2
 The purpose of this experiment is to find the form factor of plastic and to investigate
the load deflection relationship for a beam to the point of plastic collapse.

At the end of this experiment we are able to apply the structural knowledge of plastic
analysis in related practical application. It is also to improve the technical efficiency
through doing extended laboratory work. Other than that, we are able to communicate
effectively in a team with good teamwork and also able to recognize the problem hence
solving it by getting the solution through experimental work.

3.0 THEORY

When a beam is bent around the neutral axis, the stress through the beam section varies
with the distance from the neutral axis, form the greatest at extreme fibers (y = maximum)
to zero at the neutral axis (y = 0)

If the beam is subjected to an increasing bending moment, the stress will build up through
the section to a maximum at the extreme fibers. This means that although the outer parts of
3
the beam may well have yielded and are behaving plastically, the inner parts may still be
behaving elastically and resisting load. If the bending moment continues to increase, the
plastic portion will move further into the beam leaving a smaller elastic core. This called the
partially plastic condition. The beam will continue to resist the bending moment although
with an increasing rate of deflection as the plastic portion moves further toward the neutral
axis.

Eventually the elastic portion will far enough into the beam and the beam will be “fully”
plastic. It will form a plastic hinge and be unable to resist any further bending moment.

4
The ratio of the “fully” plastic bending to the “just” plastic moment is call FORM
FACTOR. The form factor is entirely dependent on the shape of the beam and not on the
size, material or fixing condition

For cantilever beam

4WL
y 
Yield Stress, bd

For the simply supported beam

WL
Mp 
Maximum bending moment 4

Bending moment at yield of the extreme fibre, My  y

Experiment Form Factor = Mp / My where the text book value is 1.5

4.0 APPARATUS & MATERIALS

5
 APPARATUS PICTURE

Machine testing plastic

analysis

Digital Force Display

The rod

5.0 PROCEDURE

6
1. After apply the pre-load of 100N downward, re-zero the load cell and zero the
digital indicator.

2. Ensured the clamp plates are removed and placed the specimen beam across the
chuck of the unit.
3. Pushed the roller mechanism outward to its stop.
4. Put the in through the load cell fork and wind the load cell down until the pin just
touched the specimen beam, zero the both load cell and the indicator.

7
 5. Wind the load cell down cause a measured the deflection of 3mm and take a
reading

6. Continued the wind load cell down in 3 mm step until there in no or very little
increase in load for each increment of deflection.

6.0 RESULT

8
 Deflection(mm) Force(N)
3 25
6 44
9 63
12 88
15 108
18 124
21 144
24 167
27 183
30 207
33 228
36 223

Table 1 : Result for experiment ( Simply Supported Beam

7.0 DISCUSSION

1. Plot the graph Force versus Deflection and from your result comment on the

shape of the resulting plot.

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(Graph APPENDIX 1)

From the Force versus Deflection above, it is show that the graph is increased steadily.
We also can see that when the value of force increase, the value of deflection also
increase due to the increasing of the force.

When the value of deflection is 27mm the value of the force is 186N decrease from the
value before that which is when the deflection is 24mm, the value of force is 187N.

From the graph, we also can know that when the value of deflection is decrease the value
of force also decrease.

According to the graph that have been plotted, the maximum load is 186N when the
deflection reaches at 27mm. If we continue to do the experiment with high load, the beam
will be achieved the collapse load.

Generally, if the deflection increased further, it can cause more forces on the beam.

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2. From Table 1, note the collapse load, and using the bending moment

diagram calculates the plastic moment (Mp).

M= Y1 - Y2
X1- X2
108 – 44
15 – 6
= 62
9
= 7.11 N/mm

The maximum deflection is 36mm, when the force reaches to 186 N.

Mp = wL
4
= 223 (750)
4
= 41.81 x 103 Nmm

Mp + Mp = PL
2 4

3Mp = PL
2 4

P = 6Mp
11
 L

= 6 (41.81 x 103)
750

= 334.4N (collapse load)

3. Using yield stress of 325 Mpa* Calculate the bending moment (My) to just
cause yielding of the extreme fibers

My = σyI
y
4mm
σy = 325 Mpa
= 325 N/mm2

I = bd 3
1
= 8.0 mm ( 8.0 mm ) 3
12
= 341.33mm4

My = (325 N/mm2) (341.33mm4)

4mm
= 27733.06 Nmm

= 27.73 Nm

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 4. Calculate the form factor (Mp/My) . Compare to the text book value

Form Factor = Mp
My

= 41.81 x 103 Nmm

27733.06 Nmm
= 1.5

Compared to the text book value,

For the rectangular section, S = bh4/4 = 1.5 bh2/6

The form factor is 1.5 ≤1.5.

5. Discuss the advantages of considering the extra available strength due to the plastic beam
theory when designing structures

The advantages of considering the extra strength when designing the structures are:
I. To determine collapse load or ultimate load
II. Give the additional safety for structure
III. Reduce risk of failure
IV. Increase stability of structure.
8.0 CONCLUSION

By doing this experiment, we will be able to know about the relationship of load deflection to the
plastic collect which we can investigate the point of the beam may collapse. we also can assume
that in a plastic analysis the resulting of the strain distribution is linear about the neutral axis and
the resulting of the stress distribution is nonlinear and is dependent on the beam’s material. Note
the deflections necessary to develop the stresses indicated in a plastic analysis are generally
excessive, frequently to the point of incompatibility with the function of the structure. The large
deflections and stiffness changes usually associated with plastic analysis can significantly change
the internal load distribution, particularly instatically indeterminate beams.

We also can know about the advantages of considering the extra strength when designing the
structures which are to determine the collapse load or the ultimate load. It also can give the
additional safety for structure and it also reduce the risk of failure due to the additional load or
calculation error. Besides that it can prevent the structure from being collapse and it is also to
increase the stability of the structure.

Based on the result, we can conclude that the experimental value is a bit different compared to the
theoretical value. It is because the error that occur during the experiment time happened such as
the condition of the beam, wind which make it difficult to get an exact data and also the material
that used in this experiment such as the specimen beam. We must use the new specimen when
doing this experiment not the second-hand specimen. When we used the second-hand specimen,
it will effect our finding and result.

9.0 REFERENCES
1. Department of Structure and Material Engineering (2008), Structural Analyisis.

2. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr, John T. Dewolf, (2006), Mechanics of

Materials (Fourth Edition in SI Units) by SEARCH ENGINES:

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bending

4. R.C Hibbeler, (2006), Structural Analysis, (Sixth Edition in Unit SI), PEARSON
Education.