You are on page 1of 6
Voltage Collapse in Power Systems Circuit and system techniques for analyzing voltage collapse are moving toward practical application— and none too soon Nine 7 a by ln Dotson. igs Gavsch Chen-Ching Li, Yasuo Tamura, an Khol Vu § power systems fom recent technologie advances. The To comple things ven more. power become more tumeraior of some tanec for €x- syste a tcoming more hear heed complex and ample, we automatically adused by on. athedemandorleti powers while Imore. heavily to upchanger (OLS) omni the eronmic unl tire concert Tonde, voltage volageevels nea the oa. Bo lthoogh the construction of ew tansison aod collapse be. comel esha ave inevsedinaum. gencaton capaci. Under te steefl Gomes an ins berand spisicaion the peor hem- opering condone re encouneig Creasingly schesarverycomplcxandcan behave tn new isbliy potom cle valagr scious problem. Voge clue ih was tare dee pedi Ine, which as fede blackouts nee isaac power Bushout— has sendy Load devices inves vary get, lie sound the wo 1.28) cure in re-wold eles power ye-_frm resikive Hghing devices to tame ‘tvs Fou praca! anya ols components suchas ge intone. How Vollages Collapse ‘sil son be ming eit ways from e=Anlpowersjtenncanteinereamectsto Inthe iil sage of vokage calle Seucherswsystemdsinesand operon. allow etchange ofeletnclponeretweenvollage magnitudes at subsations all (A powersptem van lesa network ferent iy systems Algecnoliner, gradual, Tete may be tempor Yolag? containg componens sich ak generators, netconeced power network can exit ecvey duo contol cons bu he tearsmision nes, ad, ad olage con’ ¥ery compen dynamic phenomena when taessoon alto vey low eel nnetees troles(Fig).Prctealoetworksvelarge, the tyne le dubed omn steaystae(Pp.2). Prolene devices in the power ranging ffom hundreds to thosands of opening conn sysom may nerve the abnormal Cod tec and branch, Since the ane pot- Col functions of 4 power sytem a te Prodction and dstbuton of eectical foes generator ae enental compet Under vom peraing condor gener dbris ental sconsan-vhageurce Bin tansen conn, the extaton 7 ‘ tdotr dyauniccan padi undesee Ne ‘ y hens of the ase fequeny and ~ ‘otiage magtue. ‘Aor compen ofthe sem. | traamisonincanbe moselbyaseies |___ a ee It branch with sue capacitors. The com- 1. A simple power stom wih a sonal components: gore, Yarsmeon ie, trol sytem i rea, ant has beefed lag cantor LTC), ona a | srssaniawos one992 IEEE 0 route & Devens ‘modeling ofthe generatr's voltage contol fn Toad yams may’ be simplified oe ignored, even in numerical simulations ‘These are precisely the considerations that rs be incorporated in elise et ae table model for analytical sade of voltage collapse “The second issue isthe development of votage-collate analytical methods, We ‘now undertod that voltage collapse is 3 ‘namic problem, some aspects of hich an be capured by steady-state models. A network's power flow equations for exam le, ae derived from the steady state Kir. hots laws for the network. In simple terms, voltage collapses cased bythe loss ‘of sucha steady-state solution. Voltage col: Tape can ths be related 1 the changing umber of solutions forthe power-low equations, due to slow changes in system parameters. To flly analyze voltage co cof mobon, tions and wigger the opening of circuit ‘breaker to deenergize par or ll of the sytem. (Tree of the substation valiage cur ‘esi the igure sadenly jmp a shout 12 minutes due to switching actions in the power system) ‘Voliage clase has become a serious problem andi ow an active research ub- _etatracing investigators from the eld of Dower engineering 35 wells fom circuits fd systems, The fous i presenly on 0 ines of which the fet modeing, “Traditional power-system stability analysis is primarily concemed with tnd frequency osilation problem. Hence, Nay 192 {apse forsmal-and age disturbance cases, ‘we mast consider the essential dynamic ‘mechanisms. Losing equilibrium Large-scale let power systomsareyp- cal of nonlinear systems that are normally Dperated at stable equilibrium. As parameters vary, sucha system can undergo {qualitative change in which the systems ‘table operating pois disappears. One con ‘Sequence of an elacie power system losing ‘eiliram i a decrease in system volage leading oa voltage ealapse (1, Let's lok at» prtoypiesl example 0 inroduce the essential ideas. Consider nonlinear system withasinge tat varibl, stand a slowly varying parameter, 2. The ‘dynamice when b= 2 are shown by the conesponding vertical line in Fig. 3 "Theraretwocquilibva,e, steady state solutions, labeled yan Xy- The dynamics tt other points are indicated by the acon. ‘The variable able equiv, since the dynamics tend wo retura x 10 if he stem tats pertubedavay from The ‘arabes on the ther hand, san unstable ‘liriom.nnonmalsystem operation he [jee state xis or near he sabe ei Ibu 'AS A varies slowly, the postions ofthe ‘eilitia x andy vary slowly (ee the ‘ferent positions of the eulleia for = “Ip and the system sate wl rack” be ase stable. Thus, for normal oper Sion, it is reasonable to assume thatthe stem state always athe table eqlib= ‘om x, and that a seadystate model can therefore be used fo analysis For negative values of te system a> ‘ays malas oe stable and one unstable clita pont, but f reaches 227.5 fd sg meet form asingle equilibrium, ‘There i no equilibria for positive values of This qualitatve change i the number ‘of eli calledbfureation. The rt cal values at which bifurcation occurs are alle the bifurcation set la this system the ‘bifurcation sets the single pot. 2 = 0. ‘The eady sate made oftzacking 6 sot applicable when reaches is rial Value because ss unetabe, The sighlest perturbation decreasing the tate wll ause to decrease dynamically. AX2.= I the x ‘ale drops monotonically and the foss of ability endstoa dynamic collapse. lasum- ‘mary, while epative the system can Be ‘operted tthe stable equiium x But ‘when 2 becomes zero the system becomes onsale andi collapses Few enginering applications fife: tions ae one-dimensional but, fortunately, higher dimensional bfecation contin he ‘one-dimensionalcase.Frthe power system ofFig. the spstemstatevectors=¥=(V8) specifies the voltage phasor magitwse V, fd angle (inthis example, the parameter 2varies slowly enough s thatthe Seco: ‘ary side voltage Vi always ays at acon stant level thanks 10 the tap-changing transformer in Fig 1. Insich case, only the primary side voltage Vi of imterest, When ‘large disturbance, asudden change in ‘rocco i ake time forthe ansformer to — restore the vokage V1, The evolution ofthe i the bifurcation, 2 < Ae and the system is ‘atm nts nampa The focus is On Srreda ine sable oom s. Te cane g two isues, enema oe Desrosiers | cee caceezeint init Sieialciadeenet first is modeling atte conan eaamy aA coe eens iacaeanereedconpacns of | | MA ota te ce funtion ofA Tredynamicsothesysem J ‘maketrjetorieslendto his deconrapid fresuch hatte upper ranchfthe Veuve. — 7 Jy. andthe movement in his decsion ex ‘orresponds to able ogi, and the ction occurs atte eading k= Aw where plains why voltages can dynamically Tower branch corresponds to unstable equt. 8 equliba and ,eclesce 10 frm the Gectine during voltage collapse livia (Since B increases as V decrees, Ubstable equilibrium x= (Vs 8.) “Theexampleaf Fig Sshows proto: theupperbranshofthe Beurveconesponds The loss of stability can ako be viewed ca) bifurcation with a single varying to unstable cqulibria and the lower branch — the sate space (V8) Fig 5). The dy parameter forasystem with wo states Va). coresponds totale equilibria) The tiur- amiss ae indcaed by the rows, Bef The next sep 1 o choose wo paramcters forthe loading ofthe example power syiem to beter ills the effect of maple independently varying, parameters. This may be done by sting 2s the vector of load powers (P,Q) given load ptr is then represented by a point = (P.Q) Fig . Fornormaloperaton ilies intheshaded area, and there stable equltiam 0 tae space coresponding to at which the “stem is operted. The eurve ia Fig. 6 Called the ifrcatin et, nd iis the st of ‘ital Toaings Ar = (PQ) a which the ‘Sytem as bifurcation, Tere #0 equ bum fo ioadputems outside the biturea- 4. Bhreaton diagram forthe exanpie power sysiom. V and 8 are the magnivae, and Generalization from a sytem with two ae anes key ane ne states and two loading parameters oan a= brary power system with many sates abd loading parameters is conceptually saighforward, 0 the simple gualiative | pier of voltage collapse ctined above is reserved in setings with more dimensions ‘The mali nd computational dificult however are relly snereasodand stich lenge the ingen of people ine Fil [noemen eames cate ae any oem ta Sty aca ow eh wl ovine can sid | | Sit een Baton ty A power He “system may be operated to avoid bifurcation : Sivoo alone y mentong be | a | siete presen ating tw and wing avatble conta | mechs cae Sic ‘before bifurcation ‘at bifurcation ‘becomes too small. Controts may be thought He ee eeuinae ee _| SS"muyie me treten oeh Boas dna eo atc Soeur ged 2 Crete & Devos

You might also like