Voltage Collapse
in Power Systems
Circuit and system techniques for analyzing
voltage collapse are moving toward
practical application— and none too soon
Nine
7 a
by ln Dotson. igs Gavsch Chen-Ching Li, Yasuo Tamura, an Khol Vu
§ power systems fom recent technologie advances. The To comple things ven more. power
become more tumeraior of some tanec for €x- syste a tcoming more hear heed
complex and ample, we automatically adused by on. athedemandorleti powers while
Imore. heavily to upchanger (OLS) omni the eronmic unl tire concert
Tonde, voltage volageevels nea the oa. Bo lthoogh the construction of ew tansison aod
collapse be. comel esha ave inevsedinaum. gencaton capaci. Under te steefl
Gomes an ins berand spisicaion the peor hem- opering condone re encouneig
Creasingly schesarverycomplcxandcan behave tn new isbliy potom cle valagr
scious problem. Voge clue ih was tare dee pedi Ine, which as fede blackouts nee
isaac power Bushout— has sendy Load devices inves vary get, lie sound the wo 1.28)
cure in re-wold eles power ye-_frm resikive Hghing devices to tame
‘tvs Fou praca! anya ols components suchas ge intone. How Vollages Collapse
‘sil son be ming eit ways from e=Anlpowersjtenncanteinereamectsto Inthe iil sage of vokage calle
Seucherswsystemdsinesand operon. allow etchange ofeletnclponeretweenvollage magnitudes at subsations all
(A powersptem van lesa network ferent iy systems Algecnoliner, gradual, Tete may be tempor Yolag?
containg componens sich ak generators, netconeced power network can exit ecvey duo contol cons bu he
tearsmision nes, ad, ad olage con’ ¥ery compen dynamic phenomena when taessoon alto vey low eel nnetees
troles(Fig).Prctealoetworksvelarge, the tyne le dubed omn steaystae(Pp.2). Prolene devices in the power
ranging ffom hundreds to thosands of opening conn sysom may nerve the abnormal Cod
tec and branch, Since the ane pot-
Col functions of 4 power sytem a te
Prodction and dstbuton of eectical
foes generator ae enental compet
Under vom peraing condor gener
dbris ental sconsan-vhageurce
Bin tansen conn, the extaton 7 ‘
tdotr dyauniccan padi undesee Ne ‘ y
hens of the ase fequeny and ~
‘otiage magtue.
‘Aor compen ofthe sem. |
traamisonincanbe moselbyaseies |___ a ee
It branch with sue capacitors. The com- 1. A simple power stom wih a sonal components: gore, Yarsmeon ie,
trol sytem i rea, ant has beefed lag cantor LTC), ona
a |
srssaniawos one992 IEEE
0 route & Devens‘modeling ofthe generatr's voltage contol
fn Toad yams may’ be simplified oe
ignored, even in numerical simulations
‘These are precisely the considerations that
rs be incorporated in elise et ae
table model for analytical sade of voltage
collapse
“The second issue isthe development of
votage-collate analytical methods, We
‘now undertod that voltage collapse is 3
‘namic problem, some aspects of hich
an be capured by steady-state models. A
network's power flow equations for exam
le, ae derived from the steady state Kir.
hots laws for the network. In simple
terms, voltage collapses cased bythe loss
‘of sucha steady-state solution. Voltage col:
Tape can ths be related 1 the changing
umber of solutions forthe power-low
equations, due to slow changes in system
parameters. To flly analyze voltage co
cof mobon,
tions and wigger the opening of circuit
‘breaker to deenergize par or ll of the
sytem. (Tree of the substation valiage cur
‘esi the igure sadenly jmp a shout 12
minutes due to switching actions in the
power system)
‘Voliage clase has become a serious
problem andi ow an active research ub-
_etatracing investigators from the eld of
Dower engineering 35 wells fom circuits
fd systems, The fous i presenly on 0
ines of which the fet modeing,
“Traditional power-system stability
analysis is primarily concemed with
tnd frequency osilation problem. Hence,
Nay 192
{apse forsmal-and age disturbance cases,
‘we mast consider the essential dynamic
‘mechanisms.
Losing equilibrium
Large-scale let power systomsareyp-
cal of nonlinear systems that are normally
Dperated at stable equilibrium. As
parameters vary, sucha system can undergo
{qualitative change in which the systems
‘table operating pois disappears. One con
‘Sequence of an elacie power system losing
‘eiliram i a decrease in system volage
leading oa voltage ealapse (1,
Let's lok at» prtoypiesl example 0
inroduce the essential ideas. Consider
nonlinear system withasinge tat varibl,
stand a slowly varying parameter, 2. The
‘dynamice when b= 2 are shown by the
conesponding vertical line in Fig. 3
"Theraretwocquilibva,e, steady state
solutions, labeled yan Xy- The dynamics
tt other points are indicated by the acon.
‘The variable able equiv, since
the dynamics tend wo retura x 10 if he
stem tats pertubedavay from The
‘arabes on the ther hand, san unstable
‘liriom.nnonmalsystem operation he
[jee state xis or near he sabe ei
Ibu
'AS A varies slowly, the postions ofthe
‘eilitia x andy vary slowly (ee the
‘ferent positions of the eulleia for =
“Ip and the system sate wl rack” be
ase stable. Thus, for normal oper
Sion, it is reasonable to assume thatthe
stem state always athe table eqlib=
‘om x, and that a seadystate model can
therefore be used fo analysis
For negative values of te system a>
‘ays malas oe stable and one unstable
clita pont, but f reaches 227.5
fd sg meet form asingle equilibrium,
‘There i no equilibria for positive values
of This qualitatve change i the number
‘of eli calledbfureation. The rt
cal values at which bifurcation occurs are
alle the bifurcation set la this system the
‘bifurcation sets the single pot. 2 = 0.
‘The eady sate made oftzacking 6
sot applicable when reaches is rial
Value because ss unetabe, The sighlest
perturbation decreasing the tate wll ause
to decrease dynamically. AX2.= I the x
‘ale drops monotonically and the foss of
ability endstoa dynamic collapse. lasum-
‘mary, while epative the system can Be
‘operted tthe stable equiium x But
‘when 2 becomes zero the system becomes
onsale andi collapses
Few enginering applications fife:
tions ae one-dimensional but, fortunately,
higher dimensional bfecation contin he
‘one-dimensionalcase.Frthe power system
ofFig. the spstemstatevectors=¥=(V8)
specifies the voltage phasor magitwse V,
fd angle (inthis example, the parameter
2varies slowly enough s thatthe Seco:
‘ary side voltage Vi always ays at acon
stant level thanks 10 the tap-changing
transformer in Fig 1. Insich case, only the
primary side voltage Vi of imterest, When
‘large disturbance, asudden change in
‘rocco i ake time forthe ansformer to
—restore the vokage V1, The evolution ofthe i the bifurcation, 2 < Ae and the system is
‘atm nts nampa The focus is On Srreda ine sable oom s. Te
cane g two isues, enema oe
Desrosiers | cee caceezeint init
Sieialciadeenet first is modeling atte
conan eaamy aA coe eens
iacaeanereedconpacns of | | MA ota te ce
funtion ofA Tredynamicsothesysem J ‘maketrjetorieslendto his deconrapid
fresuch hatte upper ranchfthe Veuve. — 7 Jy. andthe movement in his decsion ex
‘orresponds to able ogi, and the ction occurs atte eading k= Aw where plains why voltages can dynamically
Tower branch corresponds to unstable equt. 8 equliba and ,eclesce 10 frm the Gectine during voltage collapse
livia (Since B increases as V decrees, Ubstable equilibrium x= (Vs 8.) “Theexampleaf Fig Sshows proto:
theupperbranshofthe Beurveconesponds The loss of stability can ako be viewed ca) bifurcation with a single varying
to unstable cqulibria and the lower branch — the sate space (V8) Fig 5). The dy parameter forasystem with wo states Va).
coresponds totale equilibria) The tiur- amiss ae indcaed by the rows, Bef The next sep 1 o choose wo paramcters
forthe loading ofthe example power syiem
to beter ills the effect of maple
independently varying, parameters. This
may be done by sting 2s the vector of
load powers (P,Q) given load ptr is
then represented by a point = (P.Q) Fig
.
Fornormaloperaton ilies intheshaded
area, and there stable equltiam 0
tae space coresponding to at which the
“stem is operted. The eurve ia Fig. 6
Called the ifrcatin et, nd iis the st of
‘ital Toaings Ar = (PQ) a which the
‘Sytem as bifurcation, Tere #0 equ
bum fo ioadputems outside the biturea-
4. Bhreaton diagram forthe exanpie power sysiom. V and 8 are the magnivae, and Generalization from a sytem with two
ae anes key ane ne states and two loading parameters oan a=
brary power system with many sates abd
loading parameters is conceptually
saighforward, 0 the simple gualiative
| pier of voltage collapse ctined above is
reserved in setings with more dimensions
‘The mali nd computational dificult
however are relly snereasodand stich
lenge the ingen of people ine Fil
[noemen eames
cate ae any oem ta
Sty aca ow eh wl
ovine can sid
| | Sit een Baton ty A power
He “system may be operated to avoid bifurcation
: Sivoo alone y mentong be
| a | siete presen ating
tw and wing avatble conta
| mechs cae Sic
‘before bifurcation ‘at bifurcation ‘becomes too small. Controts may be thought
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2 Crete & Devos