Reference Calculation Output

A-2.3 DESIGN TO CONTROL EARLY THERMAL CRACKING, CONT.

A-2.3.2 BD 28/87 Approach
A-2.3.2.1 To Control Crack Spacing

BD28/87 cl5.1 Min. r/f required, As,CS = (fct* / fy ) Ac

Char. tensile strength of r/f, fy = 415 MPa

Char. cube strength of concrete , fcu = 35 MPa
0.7
Tensile strength of immature concrete, fct* = 0.12(fcu)
= 1.45 MPa
BD28/87 cl5.2 Thickness of effective concrete, = 175 mm
Considering a metre run,
Area of effective concrete, Ac = 175 x 1000
2
= 175000 mm /m
Therefore,
As,CS = 610 mm2/m As,CS = 610 mm2/m

BD28/87 cl5.3 A-2.3.2.2 To Ensre that Crack Widths do not exceed the permissble values
Required r/f area, As,CW = (fct* / fb) Ac ( / 2w) [R (sh + th) - 0.5ult]

Ratio of the tensile strength of immature concrete to the average

bond strength between the r/f and immature concrete
BD28/87 cl5.4 For Type 2 deformed bars, (fct* / fb) = 0.67

BS 5400 :Pt 4: Permissible crack width

1990, Table 1 Assuming a severe env.condition w = 0.20 mm

Bar size
Try  = 12 mm

BS 5400 Determination of Shrinkage Strain

Pt 4 : 1990 Assuming concrete is protected from excessive losses of moisture
Appendix C.3 during the early days and neglecting the effects of creep

Shrinkage strain, sh = kL kc ke kj

Fig.14 Taking a RH : 80% kL = 200 
3
Fig.11 For w/c: 0.45 & cement con: 400kg/m kc = 1.1
Fig.15 For an effective thickness : ke = 0.85
Fig.13 Considering 75 days since loading kj = 0.35
Therefore, sh = 65 

Determination of Thermal Strain

BD28/87 cl5.7 Thermal strain, th = 0.8(T1+ T2)

 12  per C
o
Coeff. of thermal expansion of concrete, =

o
Short-term fall in temperature, T1 = 53 C

o
Long-term fall in temperature, T2 = 0 C
 ( As the length ( or width) of member<15 m effects of T2 are ingoned)

Therefore, th = 509 

Ultimate Tensile strain capacity of concrete

BD28/87 cl5.3 Assuming ult = 200 

Restraint factor

A-2.3.2.2a Cast onto blinding/pile proppings, the early thermal

movement of concrete would be restrained externally
along the bottom edge
BD28/87 cl5.11
Assuming reasonably Rexternal = 0.6

A-2.3.2.2b Least dim of member h = 2.700 m

intermediate dim b = 2.700 m
Longest dim l = 9.400 m

BD28/87 cl6.3 h > 1 m

and h+b > 4 m
BD28/87 cl5.11 The member would be restrained internally as well
Rinternal = 0.5

It follows that there is a combined internal and external restraint for the bottom face
while only an internal restraint applies in respect of the top face
a . Required r/f area considering the external restraint
As cw external = 860 mm2/m

b . Required r/f area considering the internal restraint

2
As cw internal = 658 mm /m

BD28/87 cl6.4 A-2.3.2.3a Provision of reinforcement - Bottom/Transverse direction

requirement given by = 860 mm2/m As, req = 2

860 mm /m

Therefore, provide
2
T 12 @ 100 mm Asp = 1131 mm /m AS,PROV,BOT,TRANS
2
= 1131 mm /m
BD28/87 cl6.4 A-2.3.2.3b Provision of reinforcement - Bottom/Longitudinal direction

requirement given by = 860 mm2/m As, req = 2

860 mm /m
Therefore, provide
2
T 12 @ 100 mm Asp = 1131 mm /m AS,PROV,BOT,LONGI
2
= 1131 mm /m

BD28/87 cl6.3 A-2.3.2.3c Provision of reinforcement - in respect of internal restraint

+
requirement given by = 658 mm2/m
As, req = 658 mm2/m

Therefore, provide
2
T 12 @ 100 mm Asp = 1131 mm /m AS,PROV,top
2
= 1131 mm /m

This reinforcement need to provided in each of two directions in

all surfaces (top and side) of the member

Note:
Reinforcement to control Early Thermal Cracking has in this
report being determine using the following methods.

1. In accordance with the Simplified method given in BS5400.

2. In accordance with the method given in BD28/87.