1.

050 – Content overview

I. Dimensional analysis
1. On monsters, mice and mushrooms Lectures 1-3
1.050 Engineering Mechanics I 2. Similarity relations: Important engineering tools Sept.

II. Stresses and strength

3. Stresses and equilibrium Lectures 4-15
4. Strength models (how to design structures,
foundations.. against mechanical failure) Sept./Oct.
Lecture 26
III. Deformation and strain
Beam elasticity – how to sketch the solution
5. How strain gages work?
6. How to measure deformation in a 3D Lectures 16-19
Another example
structure/material? Oct.
Transversal shear in beams
IV. Elasticity
7. Elasticity model – link stresses and deformation Lectures 20-31
8. Variational methods in elasticity
Oct./Nov.
Handout V. How things fail – and how to avoid it
9. Elastic instabilities
10. Plasticity (permanent deformation) Lectures 32-37
1 Dec. 2
11. Fracture mechanics

1.050 – Content overview Drawing approach

I. Dimensional analysis
• Start from f z = EIξ z'''' , then work your way up…
II. Stresses and strength
• Note sign changes: ξ z'''' ~ f z
III. Deformation and strain +→−
ξ z''' ~ −Qz
IV. Elasticity
ξ z'' ~ −M y
Lecture 20: Introduction to elasticity (thermodynamics)

Lecture 21: Generalization to 3D continuum elasticity

ξ z' ~ −ω y
Lecture 22: Special case: isotropic elasticity

−→+
Lecture 23:
Lecture 24:
Applications and examples

Beam elasticity

ξ z ~ ξ z
Lecture 25: Applications and examples (beam elasticity)

Lecture 26: … cont’d and closure • At each level of derivative, first plot extreme cases at ends of beam
…
• Then consider zeros of higher derivatives; determine points of local min/max
V. How things fail – and how to avoid it
• ξz represents physical shape of the beam (“beam line”)
3 4

1
 Review: Finding min/max of functions Example solved in lecture 25:
Example
z p = force/length

f (x) function of x f (x) = x 2 x

l length

f ' (x) = 0 necessary condition for EI

min/max
f ' (x) = 2x
f ' ' (x) < 0 local maximum
f ' ' (x) > 0 local minimum ⎛ 5 ⎞ p ⎛1 2 x3 5 ⎞
Qz (x) = p ⎜ x − l ⎟ ω y (x) = ⎜⎜ l x + − lx 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠ EI ⎝8 6 16 ⎠
f ' ' (x) = 0 inflection point
⎛1 x2 5 ⎞ p ⎛ 1 2 2 x4 5 3 ⎞
M y (x) = p ⎜⎜ l 2 + − lx ⎟ ξ z (x) = − ⎜ l x + − lx ⎟
f ' ' (x) = 2 ⎝8 2 8 ⎟⎠ EI ⎜⎝ 16 24 48 ⎟⎠
5 6

−p

f z (x) = − p ~ ξ z''''

5
− pl
8 3
⎛ 5 ⎞
pl
Qz (x) = p⎜ x − l ⎟ ~ −ξ z'''
8

⎝ 8 ⎠

pl 2
min ⎛1 x2 5 ⎞
− lx ⎟ ~ −ξ z''
8
M y (x) = p ⎜⎜ l 2 +
⎝ 8 2 8 ⎟⎠

max
p ⎛1 2 x3 5 2 ⎞
ω y (x) = ⎜⎜ 8 l x + 6 − 16 lx ⎟⎟ ~ −ξ z
'

EI ⎝ ⎠

pl 3 1
− p ⎛ 1 2 2 x 4 5 3 ⎞

EI 48 ξ z (x) = − ⎜⎜ l x + − lx ⎟
EI ⎝ 16 24 48 ⎟⎠ ξ z ( x) = −
p ⎛ 1 2 2 x4 5 3 ⎞
⎜⎜ l x + − lx ⎟
7 EI ⎝ 16 24 48 ⎟⎠ 8

min

2
 Illustration of various BCs Example with point load
z
Free end
r
F =0 ξz = 0 l P
r x
M =0 My = 0

Concentrated force
ξx = 0 ξ z (0) = 0 Qz (l) = −P
Qz = −P Step 1: BCs x=0 x=l
ωy = 0 ω y (0) = 0 M y (l) = 0

P
Hinge (bending)
r
ξ =0 d 4ξ z
My = 0 Step 2: Governing equation =0
ωy = 0 dx 4
9 10

Example with point load (cont’d) Example with point load (cont’d)
Qz
Step 3: Integrate ξ z'''' = 0, ξ z''' = C1 = −
EI
M f z = 0

ξ z'' = C1 x + C2 = − y
EI
x2 Qz = −P

ξ z' = C1 + C2 x + C3 = −ω y
2
x3 x2
ξ z = C1 + C2 + C3 x + C4 M y = P (l − x )

6 2
⎛ P x2 Pl ⎞

Step 4: Determine integration constants by applying BCs ω y = −⎜⎜ − x ⎟⎟

⎝ EI 2 EI ⎠

ξ z (0) = 0 → C4 = 0 ω y = −ξ z' (0) = 0 → C3 = 0 P x 3 Pl x 2

P Pl ξz = −
M y (l) = EI ( l + C2 ) = 0 → C2 = − EI 6 EI 2
EI EI
P
Qz (l) = −C1EI = −P → C1 = 11 12

EI

3
 f z (x) = 0 ~ ξ z''''

−P

Qz (x) = −P ~ −ξ z'''

M y (x) = P (l − x ) ~ −ξ z''
Pl

max
⎛ P x 2 Pl ⎞
1 Pl 2
ω y (x) = −⎜⎜ − x ⎟⎟ ~ −ξ z' P

2 EI ⎝ EI 2 EI ⎠
P x 3 Pl x 2
ξ z (x) = − ~ ξz
max
EI 6 EI 2 P x 3 Pl x 2
1 Pl 3 13 ξ z (x) = − 14
− EI 6 EI 2
3 EI

Plotting stress distribution in beam’s Example: Plotting stress distribution in

cross-section beam’s cross-section
Given: Section quantities known as a function of position x z
Fixed x:
Want: Calculate stress distribution in the section

σ xx = E (ε xx0 + ϑ y z )

N = ESε xx0
σ xx (z)
with:
M y = EIϑ y

⎛ N (x) M y (x) ⎞ N (x) M y (x) N My

σ xx (z; x) = E ⎜⎜ + z ⎟⎟ = + z N > 0, M y > 0 σ xx (z) = + z
⎝ ES EI ⎠ S I 15
S I 16