1.

Introduction
No. of plots = 281 (Population density = 10)
No. of flats = 3 (Population density = 500)
No. of apartments = 3 (Population density = 700)
No. of Schools = 1 (Population density = 2000)
parks=1
Dispensary=1
Graveyards=1
Design period = 20 years
Base year = 2017
Design year = 2037

Design Population = (No. of plots X Population density) + (No. of flats X Population density) +
(No. of apartments X Population density) + (No. of Schools X Population density)

Design Population = 8410 persons

Per capita consumption = 300 + Roll No/200

Per capita consumption = 328.65 lpcd

Per capita sewerage generation=0.8*per capita water consumption

Per capita sewerage generation=262.92 lpcd

Peak factor= m= 1+ (14/4+√p)

Q peak= m*Qavg
Q design=2*Qpeak+Qinfil.+Qindust.
Q=A.V
Manning’s Equaion=V =1\n*Rh 2/3* S1/2

Upper Invert Level= NGL-Earthcover-Dia of Pipe-Thickness of Pipe

Lower Invert Level= Upper I.L- (Slope*Length of Pipe)
2. Related Theory

Sewerage System: it is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily

from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to
remove these contaminants and produce environmentally safer treated wastewater .
Types of Sewerage Systems:
 Separate System
 If storm water is carried separately from domestic and industrial waste, the system
is called separate system.

 Combined System
 A system in which sewer carries both sanitary as well as storm sewage.

 Partially Combined System

If some portion of storm or surface run off is allowed to be carried along with sanitary
sewage, the system is known as partially combined system.

Essential Components of Sewerage System:

1) Lift or Pump Stations:

Lift or pump station is very necessary especially to gravity sewer

system. This is because when pipes are laid in an inadequate or unserviceable declivity, the
sewage won’t be efficiently conveyed thus, the necessity for lift station would arise. Their
primary function is to elevate the sewages into a specific height to continue their velocity.
2) Manholes:

Manholes are intentionally created and designed to create a quick and

convenient access towards the sewers and piping systems. They are created due to the
constant need to test, investigate, monitor and maintain the sewers. These are commonly
located in areas where pipe intersects or the change in direction, elevation and size occurs.

3) Sewers:

It is a Pipe or Conduit for carrying sewage. It is generally closed and flow takes
place under gravity. Typically, these are the pipes that carry and convey the wastewater
coming from your households, buildings and industries. After draining or flushing your
toilet, sewers describe the path undergone by the wastewater for them to leave your home.
Yet there are many pipes that compose your sewer assembly. They may vary in size and
material but all of them are supposed to carry wastewater and convey them to their final
destination. They must be connected to each other to ensure that the wastewater is conveyed
efficiently without leakage and unnecessary sewage escapade.
3. Sources of Sewage
 Domestic:
 It is waste water from residential buildings, offices, other buildings and
institutions etc.

 Industrial:
 It is liquid waste from industrial processes like dying, paper making, fertilizers,
chemicals, leather etc.

 Storm water:
 It include surface run off generated by rainfalls and street wash.

 Ground water infiltration into sewers:

 Through loose joints

 Unauthorized entrance of rain water in sewer lines.

4. Types of Sewers & Sewer Systems

4.1 Types of Sewers

 Sanitary Sewer: Sewer which carries sanitary sewage i.e., wastewater originating
from a municipality including domestic and industrial wastewater.
 Storm Sewer: It carries storm sewage including surface run off and street
washes.
 Combined Sewer: It carries domestic, industrial and storm sewage.
 House Sewer: is a pipe conveying wastewater from an individual structure to a
common sewer or some other point of disposal.
 Lateral Sewer: It receive discharge from house sewers.
 Sub main sewer: It receive discharge from one or more laterals.
 Main/Trunk Sewer: Receive discharge from two or more sub mains.
 Force Mains: They are pressurized sewer lines which convey sewage from a
pumping station to another main or to a point of treatment or disposal.
 Outfall Sewer: Receive discharge from all collecting system and convey it to the
point of final disposal.

4.2 Types of Sewer Systems

 Separate System: If storm water is carried separately from domestic and
industrial waste, the system is called separate system.
 Combined System: A system in which sewer carry both sanitary as well as storm
sewage.
  Partially Combined System: If some portion of storm or surface run off is
allowed to be carried along with sanitary sewage, the system is known as partially
combined system.

5. Sewer Appurtenances
 Devices which is used in addition to the pipes and conduits, that are essential for the
operation of the sewer system.

i. Manholes:
• Man holes are the openings of either circular or rectangular in shape
constructed on the alignment of a sewer line. Also they facilitate the
laying of sewer lines in convenient length.
Purpose: The purpose of manhole is:
• Cleaning
• Inspection
• House Junction
Provision At:
It is being provided at:
• Junctions
• Change in direction or alignment
• Change in gradient and size of sewer
Spacing
• Not > 100 m (sewer size 225-375mm)
• Not >120 m(sewer size 450-750mm
• Not >150m(sewer size >750mm)

ii. Drop Manhole:

• If the underground sewer pipe is to stay below ground it must
follow the average gradient of the slope. Sometimes pipe gradient becomes too steep, resulting
in the solids being left stranded in the pipe therefore causing a blockage. To overcome this
problem the drop manhole was being introduced.
 When the difference in elevation of the invert levels of the incoming and outgoing sewers of the
man-hole is more than 60 cm, the interception is made by dropping the incoming sewer
vertically outside and then it is jointed to the man-hole chamber.

iii. Inlets:
o inlets are the openings through which storm water is admitted and
conveyed to the storm sewer or combined sewer.
o The inlets are located by the sides of pavement with maximum spacing of
30 m.
o It is designed to permit the passage of water from the street surface into
sewers.
 There are Two Important Types of Inlets:
 Curb Inlet
 Gutter Inlet

iv. Catch Basins:

 Catch basins are small settling chambers of diameter 60 - 90 cm and 60 - 75 cm deep,
which are constructed below the street inlets.
 They interrupt the velocity of storm water entering through the inlets and allow grit,
sand, debris and so on to settle in the basin, instead of allowing them to enter into the
sewers.
 These are like inlets but deeper enough to store the settle grit which is then removed
periodically.

v. Inverted siphons:
 These are depressed portions of sewers, which flow full under pressure more than the
atmospheric pressure due to flow line being below the hydraulic grade line.
 They are constructed when a sewer crosses a stream or deep cut or road or railway line.
 To clean the siphon pipe sluice valve is opened, thus increasing the head causing flow.
 Due to increased velocity deposits of siphon pipe are washed into the sump, from where
they are removed.