KKSB4132 Application of RC 2009

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
National University Of Malaysia
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN DAN ALAM BINA
Faculty Of Engineering and Built Environment
JABATAN SENI BINA
Architecture Department

KKSB 4132 STRUKTUR III
Puan Maslina Jamil
Assignment 3: Application of Reinforced Concrete Design in Buildings

A126687 | MOHD SYUKRI BIN ABDULLAH ZAWAWI
A126688 | ALIF ARIF ISKANDAR BIN ABD WAHAB
A130598 | SUHANA BINTI MOHD HANAFIE
A130602 | LEONG KIM LING
A130603 | YONG LENG CHEE
SESSION 2009/2010
CONTENTS

Introduction 1
Characteristics 2
Design Method 10
Types 14
Case Study 28
References 40

KKSB 4132 | Appliication of Reinforced Conccrete Design iin Buildings
2009
INTRODUCTIO
ON
Steel Reinfforced conccrete is conccrete in whiich steel reiinforcement bars, plate
es or fibers
have been incorporateed to build u
up a materiial that wou
uld otherwisse be fragilee. In
industrialized countriees, nearly all concrete u
used in consstruction is reinforced concrete.
There are aa number o
of building m o be exceptional when
materials that have beeen found to
he construcction of buildings. One of these exxceptional b
it used in th building matterials is
steel concrete.
Steel‐reinfforced bridgges are also among thee most comm
mon type o
of bridge built. In fact,
the vast maajority of highway bridges is of thiis type and is most freq
quently enccountered
along intersstate highw
ways.
For added strength an
nd support, the concreete used in cconstructingg these brid
dges is
often reinfo
orced with embedded steel bars w
which are co
ommonly caalled as reb
bar.
Steel concrrete is a speecific type th
hat has had strong steeel rebar or ffibers added
d to it
while dripp
ping, creatin
ng a very strrong type of concrete tthat is able to withstan
nd almost
anything w
when it has d
dried. Becau
use the resu
ults of usingg steel reinfforced are sso good for
day use steeel reinforced concrete
the strengtth of the building, mostt modern buildings tod
in the construction pro
ocess.

Figure 1: Reiinforcement of monolithiic joint of con
ncrete colum
mn and beam
m
1

KKSB 4132 | Application of Reinforced Concrete Design in Buildings 2009

CHARACTERISTICS
Materials
Concrete is a mixture of cement (usually Portland cement) and stone aggregate. When
mixed with a small amount of water, the cement hydrates form microscopic opaque
crystal lattices encapsulating and locking the aggregate into a rigid structure. Typical
concrete mixes have high resistance to compressive stresses however; any appreciable
tension will break the microscopic rigid lattice resulting in cracking and separation of the
concrete. For this reason, typical non‐reinforced concrete must be well supported to
prevent the development of tension.
If a material with high strength in tension, such as steel, is placed in concrete, then the
composite material, reinforced concrete, resists compression but also bending, and
other direct tensile actions. A reinforced concrete section where the concrete resists the
compression and steel resists the tension can be made into almost any shape and size
for the construction industry.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS
The technical performance of concrete as a structural material
The material advantages and disadvantages of concrete in relation to those of
alternative materials are reviewed in this section. These are obviously an important
consideration in relation to the selection of concrete as the structural material for a
building.
2


ADVANTAGES
1. Strength
Of the principal structural materials reinforced concrete is one of the strongest. It
performs well in skeleton‐frame‐types structures and is therefore best used in situations
in which the properties of a frame are required (planning situations in which the
restrictions of load bearing walls cannot be accepted). It is particularly suitable for
frameworks on which the level of imposed loading is high.
Reinforced concrete has tensile, compressive and flexural strength and can be used to
make all types of structural elements. it is capable of resisting the internal forces which
result from every possible combination of applied load and structural geometry and is
therefore capable of producing elements with any geometry. The material itself places
no restriction on structural form.
2. Mouldability.
The fact that reinforced concrete is available in semi‐liquid form means that it can be
cast into an almost infinite variety of shapes. This property, together with its strength
characteristics, means that virtuality any form can be created relatively easily in
reinforced concrete. The moulding process also allows structural continuity between
elements to be achieved relatively easily and the resulting statically indeterminacy is
another factors which eases the production of complicated forms. In particular, it allows
the adoption of irregular patterns of vertical support for floor and roof structures
beyond perimeter columns and the omission of areas of floor to create voids running
through more than one storey in the interiors of buildings. It also allows reinforced
concrete structure to be self bracing.
3


3. Durability
Reinforced concrete is a durable material which can be exposed in relatively hostile
environments. A wide variety of surface textures can be achieved, depending on the
type of mould treatment which is specified. Finishing materials can therefore be
eliminated where concrete structures are used.
4. Fire resistance
Reinforced concrete performs well in fire; it is incombustible and it retains its structural
properties when exposed to high temperatures.
5. Cost
Reinforced concrete is relatively cheap and when used for frame structures, will usually
be cheaper than steel. It is however, normally more expensive than masonry for load
bearing wall structures.
4


DISADVANTAGES
1. Weight
Reinforced concretes are heavy. The material has a relatively low ratio of strength to
weight and a reinforced concrete frame is normally significantly heavier than an
equivalent steel frame. It is because of the high self‐weight that reinforced concrete
performs best in situations in which relatively high imposed loads are involved. For
example, for floor structures of multi‐storey commercial or industrial buildings, it is
rarely used where imposed loads are small, such as in single‐storey buildings or the roof
structures of multi‐storey buildings, except in forms in which the level of structural
efficiency is high, such as form‐active shell roofs.
The relatively self‐weight of reinforced concrete structures does have some advantages,
however. It gives the building a high thermal mass which eases the problems associated
with environmental control. It also means that concrete walls and floors are capable of
acting as effective acoustic barriers.
2. Construction
The construction of a reinforced concrete structure is complicated and involved the
erection of formwork, the precise arrangement of intricate patterns of reinforcement
and the careful placing and compacting of the concrete itself. The construction process
for a reinforced concrete structure therefore tends to be both more time consuming
and more costly than that of equivalent steel structure and these factors can mitigate
against its use in particular situation. Another disadvantage is the requirement for
sufficient space for storage of formwork and for the assembly of reinforcement cages.
This can be problematic is the building site is very tight and congested.
5


3. Strength
Although, as stated above, reinforced concrete is one of the strongest of the four
primary structural materials it is nevertheless weaker than steel, with the result that
elements in reinforced concrete structures tend to be bulkier than steel equivalents.
The relative weakness also places restrictions on the spans for which reinforced
concrete is suitable. A practical maximum span for floor structure is around 20meters
and span greater than 15 meters are in fact rare.
Figure 2: Rebar for foundations and walls of sewage pump station.
6


The Selection of Reinforced Concrete
A structural material is selected on the basis of the aesthetic opportunities which it
allows and the technical performance which it provides. Many of the former are, of
course, consequences of the latter.
As the overall form of a building is concerned, most of the possibilities which reinforced
concrete allows result from both its relatively high strength and the high level of
structural continuity which it makes possible. The high strength makes it suitable for
skeleton‐frame‐types structures in which the internal forces are relatively high. It is
most suitable for structures in which fairly large imposed loads are carried over
relatively short spans, that is spans in the range 6m to 15m and is therefore employed
mainly for multi‐storey building where floor loads have to be carried.
The high level of structural continuity which the use of reinforced concrete allows gives
the designer considerably more freedom to manipulate the overall form of a framework
than is possible with steel (the principle alternative). The two‐way‐spanning capability of
the floor structure is especially significant and allows both the adoption of an irregular
pattern of vertical support and the omission of section of floor to create volumes which
run through more than one storey. It also makes possible the cantilevering of floors
beyond perimeter columns and the simple creation of ramps or stepped changes in the
levels of floors. the structural continuity of reinforced concrete also facilities the
creation of curvy‐linear plan‐forms, either in the complete building or in the form of
internal breaks in the floor structure, and the adoption of complex, non rectilinear
column grids. Reinforced concrete is also ideally suited to the creation of form‐active or
semi‐form‐active types of structure such as shells, vaults, domes and arches. Reinforced
concrete therefore offers the architect very great freedom in the matter of form.
7


The durability and fire resistance of concrete are two very significant properties if the
expression of structure is an aspect of the architectural programme. The range of
surface texture with which concrete can be produced is an added benefit where this is
done. Even where the structure is not exposed, these qualities will normally simplify
both the initial construction of a building and its subsequent maintenance by removing
the necessity for fireproofing and corrosion protection schemes.
Figure 3: Italian Air Force Hangar in Orvieto by Pier Luigi Nervi. An example of application of
Reinforced Concrete design

8


Anti‐corrosion measures
In wet and cold climates, reinforced concrete for roads, bridges, parking structures and
other structures that may be exposed to deicing salt may benefit from use of epoxy‐
coated, hot dip galvanized or stainless steel rebar, although good design and a well‐
chosen cement mix may provide sufficient protection for many applications. Epoxy
coated rebar can easily be identified by the light green color of its epoxy coating. Hot dip
galvanized rebar may be bright or dull grey depending on length of exposure, and
stainless rebar exhibits a typical white metallic sheen that is readily distinguishable from
carbon steel reinforcing bar. Reference ASTM standard specifications A767 Standard
Specification for Hot Dip Galvanized Reinforcing Bars, A775 Standard Specification for
Epoxy Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars and A955 Standard Specification for Deformed and
Plain Stainless Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
Another, cheaper way or protecting rebar is coating them with zinc phosphate.[2] Zinc
phosphate slowly reacts with the corroding agent (e.g., alkali) forming a stable
hydroxyapatite layer.
Penetrating sealants typically must be applied some time after curing. Sealants include
paint, plastic foams, films and aluminum foil, felts or fabric mats sealed with tar, and
layers of betonies clay, sometimes used to seal roadbeds.
9


DESIGN METHOD
Limit State Design
All structures have two basic requirements in common: safety from collapse and
satisfactory performance of the structure for its intended use. The limit states define
the various ways in which a structure fails to satisfy these basic requirements.
Ultimate limit states relate to safety and correspond to strength, stability and very
large deformation. Serviceability limit states relate to satisfactory performance and
correspond to excessive deflection, vibration and local deformation.
Limit states design refers to the calculations made by the designer to ensure that
these failures do not occur. The steps involved in checking a structure or its
components for any limit state are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Limit states design method.
10


In Figure 4 the loads are defined as the dead weight, wind, snow, temperature change,
etc., which are expected to act on a structure during its projected life. They are
generally specified in codes. Loads generally tend to cause failure, but sometimes they
resist failure as in the case of dead weight holding a structure in place during a
windstorm.
For the ultimate limit states, the loads are multiplied by load factors which take into
account the probability of deviations of the load from the value specified in the code.
For example, dead weight is more predictable than wind or snow load so its load
factor is closer to 1.0. When a load is combined with other loads, its load factor is
decreased by means of a load combination factor to take into account the reduced
probability of different loads acting simultaneously. Finally, the load factor may be
adjusted by an importance factor to increase the safety of the structure when the
consequences of failure are very severe and to decrease it when they are not. Nuclear
containment structures, for example, are designed for much greater safety than
storage sheds.
All load factors for the serviceability limits states are made equal to 1.0 since these
limit states relate to performance under normal use.
Once the loads are factored, the designer then calculates forces or deformations
within the structure. These calculations are based on a theory of structural behaviour
which appropriately reflects the behaviour of the structure as the limit state is
approached. For example, simple elastic theory, which takes into account shrinkage
and creep, is appropriate for most structures for the serviceability limit states,
whereas simple strength or stability theories are appropriate for most structures for
the ultimate limit states.
11


In the case of the ultimate limit states, the component forces obtained are then
compared (Figure 4) with calculated component resistances. These resistances are
determined by analyzing the strength of the component as a function of the material
properties and dimensions specified in the design. A component may be a member, a
connection or a material component in a composite structure, or it may be a mode of
failure such as shear or compression. Resistance factors are applied to the component
resistances and take into account the variability of material properties and
dimensions, workmanship, type of failure, and uncertainty in the strength analysis. For
example, the yielding of steel is more gradual and more predictable than the crushing
of concrete; therefore, its resistance factor is closer to 1.0. The resistance factor may
be further adjusted for certain members to take into account the importance of these
members or the greater uncertainties involved in their application. Foundation piles,
for example, are associated with greater uncertainties in application than columns in
buildings.
In the case of the serviceability limit states, a deflection, stress or acceleration due to
the loads is compared (Figure 4) with an allowable deflection, stress or acceleration.
The latter are based on user acceptability and specific requirements such as for the
operation of equipment.
In order to unify future structural codes and standards and to minimize their number
and size, it is planned to adopt the following principle. The loads, load factors and
main serviceability requirements depend only on the use of the structure and will
therefore be given in the use codes (National Building Code, CSA Standards for
bridges, towers, etc.). The resistances, resistance factors and structural theory depend
only on the material and type of structure and will therefore be contained in the
material design standards (CSA Standards for concrete, steel, etc.).
12


Advantages of Limit States Design
1. The limit states provide a checklist of the basic structural requirements for which
design calculations may be required.
2. Limit states design, by providing consistent safety and serviceability, ensures an
economical use of materials and a wide range of applications.
3. Limit states design provides both a basic calculation tool for designing and evaluating
civil engineering structures and a means for unifying structural codes and standards.
Reliability
The load and resistance factors in the codes and standards are chosen to ensure a
level of reliability (safety) consistent with the consequences of failure for a broad
range of loads and materials. Instead of adopting the load and resistance factors
stipulated in the codes, the designer may in some cases calculate the safety factor for
an appropriate level of risk. This approach has recently been introduced in the
evaluation of existing bridges, where a more precise estimate of strength and
reliability is required as a result of the substantial increase in truck loads.
The reliability of structures in service, however, depends not only on design safety
factors but also on quality assurance procedures to counteract human error in the
design, construction and use of the structure. Human error in structural design is most
effectively counteracted by an adequate consideration of the way in which a structure
behaves and the loads and influences it may be required to withstand.
13


TYPES
Reinforcement and terminology
A beam bends under bending moment resulting in a small curvature. At the outer face
(tensile face) of the curvature the concrete experiences tensile stress while at the inner
face (compressive face) it experiences compressive stress.
A "singly‐reinforced" concrete means that the concrete element is only reinforced near
the tensile face and the reinforcement, called tension steel, is designed to resist the
tension.
A "doubly‐reinforced" concrete means that beside the tensile reinforcement the
concrete element is also reinforced near the compressive face for assisting the concrete
to resist compression. The latter reinforcement is called compression steel.
An "under‐reinforced" concrete means that the tension capacity of the tensile
reinforcement is smaller than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and
the compression steel (under‐reinforced at tensile face).
When the reinforced concrete element is subject to increasing bending moment, the
tension steel yields while the concrete does not reach its ultimate failure condition. As
the tension steel yields and stretches, an "under‐reinforced" concrete also yields in a
ductile manner, exhibiting a large deformation and warning before its ultimate failure.
An "over‐reinforced" concrete means that the tension capacity of the tension steel
is greater than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression
steel (over‐reinforced at tensile face).
An "over‐reinforced" element will fail suddenly, when the concrete fails brittle and
crashes before yielding of the tension steel.
Reinforced concrete elements should be designed to be under‐reinforced so users of
the structure will receive warning of impending collapse.
14


Reinforced concrete can be classified into two types, Precast and Site‐cast.
Site‐cast Concrete
Site‐cast concrete is concrete that is cast into forms on the construction site. Site‐cast
concrete is a form of construction, where concrete in formwork on site. Raw materials
are being transported to site and being mixed into concrete on site.
Formwork
• Formwork, which can be reused many times, is usually made of timber boards or
steel panels, with joints sufficiently tight to withstand the pressure of compacted
concrete, and without having any gaps through which the cement paste can leak.
• The texture of the hardened concrete surface can be predetermined by the type
of formwork. If smooth surfaces are needed, concrete remnants from previous
castings should be scraped off the forms.
• In order to facilitate removal, the inner surfaces of the formwork should be oiled
with a brush or spray.
• If reinforcement is required, it is placed in the formwork after oiling, and spacers
(pieces of stone or broken concrete) are placed between the steel and the oiled
surface, such that the formwork and steel do not come into contact with each
other. This is needed to prevent the steel from remaining exposed on the
concrete surface, where it can easily rust.
15


Floor
On Grade
16

2009

Upper Leveel
One‐way syystem
One‐way slabs Slab band system
ms

One‐way sp
pan joist sysstems One‐‐way skip jo
oist systems (Wide mod
dules)

Two‐way syystem
Two‐way flat plates Two‐‐way flat slaabs (with drrop panels)
oist systemss (Waffle slaabs)
Two‐way jo
7
17


Column & Beams
Reinforcement of concrete column

18


Precast concrete
Precast concrete is a form of construction, where concrete is cast in a reusable mould
or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the
construction site and lifted into place.
In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site specific forms and cured on site.
Precast stone is distinguished from precast concrete by using a fine aggregate in the
mixture so the final product approaches the appearance of naturally occurring rock or
stone.
There are many different types of precast concrete forming systems for architectural
applications, differing in size, function and cost.
Modern uses for precast technology include a variety of architectural and structural
applications featuring parts of or an entire building system. Precast architectural panels
are also used to clad all or part of a building facade free‐standing walls used for
landscaping, soundproofing and security walls.
Figure 4: Precast reinforced concrete structures are preliminary manufactured at factory
manufacturing lines
Precast Concrete Products
19


The following is a sampling of the numerous products that utilize precast/prestressed
concrete.
Building and Site Amenities
Precast concrete building components and site amenities are used architecturally as
cladding, trim products, accessories and in structural applications such as foundations,
beams, floors, walls and other structural components.

20


Agricultural Products
Precast concrete products can withstand the most extreme weather conditions and will
hold up for many decades of constant usage. Products include bunker silos, cattle feed
bunks, cattle grid, agricultural fencing, H‐bunks, J‐bunks, livestock slats, livestock
watering troughs, and others
Bunker Silo
Hazardous Materials Containment
Storage of hazardous material, whether short‐term or long‐term, is an increasingly
important environmental issue, calling for containers that not only seal in the materials,
but are strong enough to stand up to natural disasters or terrorist attacks.
Marine Products
Floating docks, underwater infrastructure, decking, railings and a host of amenities are
among the uses of precast along the waterfront. When designed with heavy weight in
mind, precast products counteract the buoyant forces of water significantly better than
most materials.
Prestressed/Structural Products
Prestressing is a technique of introducing stresses of a predetermined magnitude into a
structural member to improve its behavior. This technique is usually found in concrete
beams, spandrels, columns, single and double tees, wall panels, segmental bridge units,
bulb‐tee girders, I‐beam girders,
21


Sanitary and Stormwater
Stormwater management products are structures designed for underground
installation that have been specifically engineered for the treatment and removal of
pollutants from stormwater run‐off. These precast concrete products
include stormwater detention vaults, catch basins and manholes.
Double‐wall precast
Double‐wall precast concrete sandwich panels can be used on most every type of
building including but not limited to: Multi‐family, Townhouses, Condominiums,
Apartments, Hotels/Motels, Dormitories/Schools and Single Family homes.
Depending upon building function and layout, the double‐wall panels can be easily
designed to handle both the structural requirements for strength and safety, as well as
the aesthetic and sound attenuation qualities the owner desires.
Speed of construction, durability of finished structure and energy‐efficiency are all
hallmarks of a building that utilizes the double‐wall system.
This system seems to be the way of the future as more attention is being paid to
fortified housing. Systems like these can save many lives in areas at risk of dangerous
weather

22

2009

PRECAST REINFORC
CED CONC
CRETE BUILDING ELLEMENTS
Floor
Flat Slab
Hollowcoree

Hollowcoree slabs are
e widely used as floor and roo
of memberrs in comm
mercial and
d
residential buildings. These slab
bs are exteensively ussed as residential garrage floors,,
allowing bu
uilders to create
c extreemely inexpensive low
wer level livving space,, which can
n
often servee as storm shelters.
Hollowcoree is quick and inexpen

nsive to insttall and will never warp, rot or squeak.
s The
e
planks can span long d with minimal thickness, decreasingg the overalll volume off
distances w
many buildings.
Hollowcoree planks aree extruded aaround a seeries of presstressed steeel strands. Each slab iss
made to orrder with op
ptional inlayyed connecttion plates.
3
23

2009

Hollowcoree is relatively light weiight due to the continuous voids running th
he length off
each piece. These voids may bee used to ro
oute plumb
bing, electrrical, phonee and otherr
electronic sservices.
Single Tee
Double Teee
Double Teees are wideely used as floor and roof memb
bers in com
mmercial bu
uildings and
d
parking structures where large sp
pans are deesired. Double Tees caan be left w
with a rough
h
topping surrface to bon
nd with a fieeld‐poured topping, orr be pre‐top
pped in the plant.
4
24


Beam
Building beams are horizontal members configured as rectangular or single / double
ledgers. Beams are engineered to provide lateral support and to provide bearing point
for other components such as hollowcore, double tees or solid slabs. Beams are custom
designed to accommodate both span and clear height requirements.
JKR PRT‐beams M‐beams

I‐beams Box girder beams

Hollow slab beams / PRHS Inverted T‐beams

25

2009

Wall
Columns
olumns insttall quicklyy and easyy. They can support significantt loads forr
Precast co
with numerrous storiess. Columns are engineeered to sup
structures w pport custom
m solutionss
for all typees of facilitties. Colum
mns can be built with protrudingg haunchess or can bee
notched to receive oth
her structurral componeents.
6
26


Joining Precast Concrete elements
27


CASE STUDY
YONG HOUSE, Bukit Tunku, Kuala Lumpur
Architect: Ken Wong Architect and Unit One Design
Client: Khalifa Realty Sdn Bhd
Main Contractor: Pak Chun Construction Sdn Bhd
Construction Cost: RM5 million (est.)
Building Status: In Construction (Construction start date: December 2007)

This project is a renovation of an existing bungalow and an addition of a new 2‐storey
building. The site is located at the heart of the exclusive Bukit Tunku Residence. The
renovated bungalow and new building uses Reinforced concrete structure with steel,
glass and aluminium cladding for a modern contemporary design. There is one section
of the new building facing a road where it is completely made of reinforced concrete
punctured by a few glazing holes.

View of the new building and entrance

28


29


30


31


32


33


34


35


Basement store structure being cast

Basement store structure being cast
36


RC Retaining wall being cast

Construction of the RC wall for the new building
37


View of the new RC wall from the pool

New RC wall completed

38


View of the new RC wall and retaining wall from the road

Perspective of the entire project

39


REFERENCES
http://www.ipcprecast.com
http://academics.triton.edu
http://www.ushero.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concrete
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete
http://www.prestasi‐concrete.com/product.htm
http://faculty.delhi.edu/hultendc/A220‐Week5‐Lecture.htm
http://www.copper.org
40

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UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

Hollowcoree is quick and inexpen

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