Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Budidaya jagung
Teknik 1 Teknik 2
Varitas lokal/tdk unggul unggul
Jarak tanam tidak teratur/jarang optimum
Pupuk rendah/tdk lengkap optimum
Biomassa diangkut utk mulsa
Hasil 2,5 t/ha 6,4 t/ha
Erosi 28 t/ha 18 t/ha
Praktek KTA Pengendalian terhadap
Percikan Limpasan
D T D T
Perlakuan agronomis
Penutupan permukaan tanah * * * *
Peningkatan kekasaran permukaan - - * *
Peningkatan infiltrasi - - + *
Pengelolaan Tanah
Pemupukan, pupuk kandang + + + *
Pengolahan dalam, drainase - - + *
Perlakukan mekanis
Kontour, guludan - + + *
Terras - + + *
Shelterbelts - - - -
Saluran pembuangan - - - *
D = detachment, T = transport
- = No control, + = moderate control, * = strong control
What soil conservation techniques
are common practice?
Cultivated land
Crop Strip
rotations cropping
MANFAAT DAN KEUNTUNGAN TANAMAN
1. Menurunkan erosi
2. Meningkatkan kesuburan dan
produktivitas tanah
3. Perlindungan permukaan tanah
4. Konservasi air
5. Manfaat ekonomis ( jasa dan barang )
dari hasil tanaman
PERANAN TANAMAN DALAM
MEMPERKECIL LAJU EROSI
• Tanaman dapat menurunkan energi kinetik
hujan yang sampai pada permukaan tanah
melelui intersepsi daun.
• Peningkatan kekasaran permukaan oleh adanya
sisa tanaman yang menutup tanah sehingga
mengurangi limpasan permukaan.
• Pembentukan ruang pori oleh akar tanaman
sehingga meningkatkan kapasitas infiltrasi dan
perkolasi bertambah.
Proses tanaman menurunkan erosi dan
meningkatkan kesuburan tanah :
1. Menurunkan energi hujan dan limpasan
permukaan
2. Memperbaiki agregasi tanah dan sifat fisik
lainnya melalui bahan organik dan akar tnm
3. Meningkatkan infiltrasi, perkolasi dan
penyimpanan air dalam profil tanah
4. Peningkatan kesuburan kimia tanah dari
bahan organik dan penyediaan kembali unsur
hara yang berada pada lapisan dalam
5. Penambatan hara dr udara oleh tanaman
tertentu
Pengolongan tanaman berdasarkan tujuan :
Syarat :
1. Tidak menyebabkan persaingan (hara, air
maupun cahaya). O.k. itu sebaiknya tanaman
pelindung memp. Sistim perakaran yg dalam,
jika tajuk daun banyak perlu dipangkas
2. Tidak merupakan inang hama/penyakit tnm
utama
3. Diutamakan tnm yg mampu menambat hara
dari udara
4. Mudah dipelihara
Contoh : lamtoro ( leucaena )
Tanaman pagar :
Syarat :
1. Tdk menyebabkan persaingan (hara, air, dan
cahaya). Sebaiknya tanaman pelindung memp.
perakaran yg dlm, perlu dipangkas secara teratur.
2. Tidak merupakan inang hama/penyakit tnm
utama
3. Diutamakan tnm yg mampu menambat hara
dari udara
4. Mudah dipelihara
Contoh : lamtoro ( leucaena ), Gliricidae, Flemingia
(utk hedgerow), Secang, Jaranan (utk pagar)
Foto 3. Beberapa tnm utk hedgerow
Excellent N source
Good biomass production
Reduces root-knot and other nematodes
Bush Velvetbean
Cowpea Cover Crop
Cowpea and Sunn Hemp Cover Crops
Why grow low value cover crops?
• Diversification of production for mixed
farms (forage, feed, etc.) Useful when
integrating animals into farming system
• Limit soil erosion
• Benefits of crop rotation:
N management
Pest management
Outcompete weeds
Castor -- Suppressive rotation crop
to some pests and weeds
Crimson clover winter cover
crop can increase root-knot
nematodes for spring crop
Summer Cover Crop of Resistant Cowpea
Can Decrease Root-Knot Nematodes
Root-Knot Nematodes after Summer
Cover Crops – Marion Co. 2001
140
*
Nematodes per 100cc soil
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Soybean Cowpea Sudax Sunn H Corn
Why grow low value cover crops?
• Diversification of production
• Limit soil erosion
• Benefits of crop rotation
• Utilize excess fertilizer reduce pollution
• Improve soil structure
• Stabilize soil temperature reduce OM
breakdown
• Improve soil fertility adds OM
TANAMAN PENUTUP TANAH (COVER CROPS)
Contour Farming =
plowing furrows
sideways across
a hillside,
perpendicular to
its slope
– prevent rills
and gullies
TUMPANG GILIR (CROP ROTATION)
1. Keuntungan :
- mengurangi resiko penurunan kes. Tanah
- memotong siklus hama/penyakit
- menganeka ragamkan hasil
2. Syarat :
- tnm yg titanam tidak memerlukan hara sama
- tidak mempunyai hama/penyakit yg sama
Contoh : padi gogo- Kacang tanah- jagung
Crop Rotation –
Warm Temperate and Tropical Systems
• Continuous crop sequences
• Cash crops (economics often determines
crop sequence)
• Cover crops (not primary $$ crop)
• Unintentional rotations
Crop Rotation –
Warm Temperate and Tropical Systems
• Continuous crop sequences
• Cash crops (economics often determines
crop sequence)
• Cover crops (not primary $$ crop)
• Unintentional rotations:
Fallow – variously defined = clean fallow, weed
fallow (erosion, etc.)
OM addition + +++
Weed + +++
management
Pests Nematodes Wireworms
encouraged
Specific Information Needed to do Crop
Rotation – Example: Potato following
Legume or Sorghum
(kg/ha)
Green Manure Effects on Corn
Crop N yield from Dry matter yield
crop biomass of corn crop
Mungbean 24 3510 d
Pigeonpea 267 4070 c
Crotalaria 169 6760 a
Hairy Indigo 233 4830 b
Velvetbean 153 4170 c
Fallow 34 2708 e
(kg/ha) (kg/ha)
Green Manure Cover Crops: Benefits
• Add N
• Add soil organic matter
• Possible toxic residues vs. some pests
(e.g., cabbage)
• Erosion protection and other benefits of
cover crops
Green Manure Cover Crops: Problems
• Intercropping
= planting
different types
of crops in
alternating
bands
– increases
ground cover
Windbreaks
Sumber: K Hairiah
Tanaman lorong (alley cropping ) :
Manfaat :
1. Menurunkan laju erosi
2. Mempertahankan kesuburan tanah
Syarat tanaman hedgerow :
1. Tidak menyebabkan persaingan hara, air dan
cahaya
2. Menghasilkan bahan oganik yg tinggi
3. Mampu menambat hara dr udara
4. Tidak merupakan inang hama/penyakit
5. Mudah dipelihara
Foto 4. Alley cropping tnm jagung dgn
hedgerow tnm gliriside
Alley Cropping
Teh
Bagelan, Malang
Foto: Kurniatun Hairiah
Maninjau
Foto: Kurniatun Hairiah
(Foto: Jan Bennist & K.Hairiah)
AGROFORESTRI
Sumber: Widianto
Adanya cekungan
(embung) alami dan
relief mikro menjadi
tempat singgah air
permukaan sehingga
tidak langsung mengalir
ke sungai, meningkatkan
kapasitas infiltrasi
kawasan dan
mengendapkan bahan
terangkut air (sedimen
dsb)
FILTER dan
BUFFER
Air Jernih
Conservation Tillage
Pengolahan tanah Konservasi :
TILLAGE SURFACE
INTENSITY RESIDUE
FREQUENT 0%
Tillage and Crop Residue
Management
NONE No tillage 100%
TILLAGE SURFACE
INTENSITY RESIDUE
Minimum tillage
Reduced tillage
FREQUENT 0%
Tillage and Crop Residue
Management
NONE 100%
No Tillage
90%
TILLAGE SURFACE
INTENSITY RESIDUE
30%
Minimum Tillage
FREQUENT 0%
Conservation Tillage
• = portion of previous crop residue left
unincorporated on soil surface
• Many different terms:
• = Reduced Tillage
• = No Tillage
• = Minimum Tillage
• = Crop Residue Management
Conservation Tillage
• = Reduced Tillage
• = No Tillage
• = Minimum Tillage
• = Crop Residue Management
• Many different terms, depending on
relative amounts of residues and varying
degrees of incorporation (cover crop
mowed and used as mulch, forage
removed with stubble left in field, etc.)
Strip Tillage
• Crops planted into narrow tilled strip (4-
12”, 10-30 cm)
Residue Residue
on on
surface surface
Strip Tillage Planting into Crop Residue
Rye Cover Crop Killed by Herbicide,
Use Strip Till Planter to Plant Crops
Crops Strip Planted into Green Cover Crop,
Cover Killed Later with Herbicide
Strip Till Peanut in Rye Mulch (double row)
Strip Till Peanut in Rye Mulch (single row)
Strip Till Corn in Rye Mulch
Strip Till Cotton in Rye Mulch
Conservation tillage in US
increased rapidly since 1980’s
Schertz, 1994
Advantages and Reasons for using
Minimum Tillage
• Reduced erosion
• Economics
• Moisture conservation
• Stabilizes soil temperature
• Improved soil fertility and accessibility
• Improved quality of surface water
• Government regulations and programs
• Improved yields
Relationship between Conservation
Tillage (more surface residue) and
Reduction in Erosion
Advantages and Reasons for using
Minimum Tillage
• Reduced erosion
• Economics (reduced trips over field and fuel
costs, but more herbicide)
• Moisture conservation (reduced evaporation
rates)
• Stabilizes soil temperature
• Improved soil fertility and accessibility
• Improved quality of surface water
• Government regulations and programs
• Improved yields
Relationship between Conservation
Tillage (more surface residue) and
Moisture Conservation (less
evaporation)
Advantages and Reasons for using
Minimum Tillage
• Reduced erosion
• Economics
• Moisture conservation
• Stabilizes soil temperature
• Improved soil fertility and accessibility
(preserves OM)
• Improved quality of surface water (reduced
erosion and runoff)
• Government regulations and programs
• Improved yields
Advantages and Reasons for using
Minimum Tillage
• Reduced erosion
• Economics
• Moisture conservation
• Stabilizes soil temperature
• Improved soil fertility and accessibility
• Improved quality of surface water
• Government regulations and programs (Food
Security Act – 1985 – Minimum tillage
considered part of soil conservation program to
reduce erosion)
• Improved yields
Advantages and Reasons for using
Minimum Tillage
• Reduced erosion
• Economics
• Moisture conservation
• Stabilizes soil temperature
• Improved soil fertility and accessibility
• Improved quality of surface water
• Government regulations and programs
• Improved yields ? --- Depends on soil types and
conditions….
Soybean Yield (bu/A)
Tillage system Favorable soils Droughty soils
• Weeds
• Weed pressure often severe in min. tillage
• Increased herbicide usage for weed
control and for killing crop residues
• Roundup-Ready cultivars
• New weed problems – K strategists, etc.
• Compaction -- varies
US Pesticide Sales following
Increase in Conservation Tillage
Mostly
herbicides
Johnson, 1994
Effects of minimum tillage on
physical and biological factors
• Soil moisture
• Soil temperature
• Soil fertility
• Soil acidity
• Pests
Effects of minimum tillage:
Soil Moisture
• Decreased evaporation and water loss
• + + improved water holding capacity on
soils that tend to dry
• - - may delay drying in water-logged soils
Effects of minimum tillage:
Soil Temperature
• Lowers soil temperature, depending on
amount of residue
• + + for South US, tropics
• - - for north (soil warming may be delayed
in spring)
Effects of minimum tillage:
Soil Fertility
• + + increased organic matter, reduced
erosion
• - - N availability can be affected by
residues and lead to deficiency:
Fertilizer placement and degree of incorporation is important
No tillage
benefits
earthworms,
predators
Coleman and
Crossley, 1996
Seedbed Problems in Min. Tillage
• Problem in cool, moist soils
• Increased seedling mortality from:
• Mulch layers
• Diseases (aggravated by cool temp. and
moisture)
• Slow germination and establishment
(lower DD if soil is cool)
References
• Text, Ch. 14, pp. 287-295.
• Altieri, 1987. Ch. 11.
• Coleman, D.C., and D.A. Crossley. 1996.
Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Academic Press,
San Diego.
• Johnson, R.R. 1994. Pp. 12-22 in P.J. Bauer
and W.J. Busscher, eds. Proc. of the 1994
Southern Conservation Tillage Conference for
Sustainable Agriculture. USDA Coastal Plains
Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center,
Florence, SC.
• Schertz, D.L. 1994. Pp. 1-5 in Bauer and
Busscher.
GEOTEXTILES
• Intercropping = planting
different types of crops in
alternating bands
– increases ground cover
Protecting soil: shelterbelts and
reduced tillage
• Shelterbelts or Windbreaks =
rows of trees or tall, perennial
plants…planted along edges of
fields to slow the wind