Nobel peace price winners

ENGLISH PROJECT

‫علي ساكر‬
‫حاجي أشر ف‬
‫جالب عبد النور‬
List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates :

The Norwegian Nobel Institute assists the Norwegian Nobel Committee in selecting recipients of the Nobel
Peace Prize and in organising the annual award in Oslo.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels
fredspris) "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for
the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. It is
one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for
outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.. As dictated
by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee
of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway. The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901
to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently awarded to the International Campaign
to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award
prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish
kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the
presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel
Prize not presented in Stockholm.. Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an
organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three-time recipient) rather than an
individual.
The prize is considered the most controversial of the Nobel Prizes with several of the selections having been
criticised. Despite having been nominated five times, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi never won the Prize.
Following his assassination in 1948, the committee considered awarding it to him posthumously but decided
against it and instead withheld the Prize that year with the explanation that "there was no suitable living
candidate. In 1961, Dag Hammarskjöld, who died after his nomination but several months before the
announcement, became the only laureate to be recognised posthumously; following this, the statutes were
changed to make a future posthumous prize nearly impossible. In 1973, Le Duc Tho declined the Prize,
because "he was not in a position to accept the Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason. Linus
Pauling, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1962, is the only person to have been awarded two unshared
Nobel Prizes; he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. At 17 years of age, Malala Yousafzai, the 2014
recipient, is the youngest to be awarded the Peace Prize.

Laureates :
- As of 2018, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 106 individuals and 24 organizations. Seventeen women
have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.[11]Only two recipients have won multiple
Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944 and 1963) and
the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).[10] There
have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded, more times than any other
Nobel Prize.
Lê Đức Thọ is the only person to refuse to accept a Nobel Peace Prize.[12] He was jointly awarded the 1973
award with Henry Kissinger but declined the prize on grounds that such "bourgeois sentimentalities" were
not for him[93] and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full.
Year Country Rationale
1987 Óscar Arias Costa Rica "for his work for peace in
Central America, efforts
which led to the accord
signed in Guatemala on
August 7 this year"[85]
1988 United Nations United "[for] their efforts [that]
Peace-Keeping Nations have made important
Forces contributions towards the
realization of one of the
fundamental tenets of the
United Nations"[86][87]
1989 Tenzin Gyatso, India "In his struggle for the
14th Dalai Lama (Born liberation of Tibet [he]
in Tibet)[88]
consistently has opposed
the use of violence. He has
instead advocated peaceful
solutions based upon
tolerance and mutual
respect in order to
preserve the historical and
cultural heritage of his
people."[89][90]
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet Union General Secretary of the
Communist Party of the
Soviet Union and President
of the Soviet Union, "for his
leading role in the peace
process which today
characterizes important
parts of the international
community"[91]
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi[F] Burma "for her non-violent
struggle for democracy and
human rights"[92]

1992 Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala "for her work for social

justice and ethno-cultural
reconciliation based on
respect for the rights of
indigenous peoples"[93]
1993 Nelson Mandela South "for their work for the
Africa peaceful termination of
the apartheid regime, and
for laying the foundations
for a new democratic South
Frederik Willem de Africa"[94]
Klerk

1994 Yasser Arafat Palestine "to honour a political act

(Born which called for great
in Egypt) courage on both sides, and
which has opened up
opportunities for a new
Yitzhak Rabin Israel development towards
Shimon Peres Israel fraternity in the Middle
(Born East."[95]
in Poland)
1995 Joseph Rotblat United "for their efforts to
Kingdom diminish the part played by
(Born nuclear arms in
in Poland) international politics and,
in the longer run, to
Pugwash Canada eliminate such arms"[96]
Conferences on
Science and World
Affairs
1996 Carlos Filipe East Timor "for their work towards a
Ximenes Belo just and peaceful solution
to the conflict in East
Timor."[97]

José Ramos-Horta

1997 International Switzerland "for their work for the

Campaign to Ban banning and clearing of
Landmines anti-personnel mines"[98]
Jody Williams United
States
1998 John Hume Ireland "for their efforts to find a
peaceful solution to the
conflict in Northern
Ireland"[99]
David Trimble United
Kingdom

1999 Médecins Sans Switzerland "in recognition of the

Frontières organization's pioneering
humanitarian work on
several continents"[100]
2000 Kim Dae-jung South Korea "for his work for democracy
and human rights in South
Korea and in East Asia in
general, and for peace and
reconciliation with North
Korea in particular"[101]
2001 United Nations United "for their work for a better
Nations organized and more
peaceful world"[102]
Kofi Annan Ghana

2002 Jimmy Carter United "for his decades of untiring

States effort to find peaceful
solutions to international
conflicts, to advance
democracy and human
rights, and to promote
economic and social
development"[103]
2003 Shirin Ebadi Iran "for her efforts for
democracy and human
rights. She has focused
especially on the struggle
for the rights of
women and children."[104]
2004 Wangari Muta Kenya "for her contribution to
Maathai sustainable development,
democracy and peace"[105]

2005 International United "for their efforts to

Atomic Energy Nations prevent nuclear energy
Agency from being used for military
 Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt purposes and to ensure that
nuclear energy for
peaceful purposes is used in
the safest possible way"[106]
2006 Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh "for advancing economic and
social opportunities for the
poor, especially women,
Grameen Bank
through their pioneering
microcredit work"[107]
2007 Intergovernmental United "for their efforts to build
Panel on Climate Nations up and disseminate greater
Change knowledge about man-made
Al Gore United climate change, and to lay
States the foundations for the
measures that are needed
to counteract such
change"[108]
2008 Martti Ahtisaari Finland "for his efforts on several
continents and over more
than three decades, to
resolve international
conflicts"[109]
2009 Barack Obama United "for his extraordinary
States efforts to strengthen
international diplomacy
and cooperation between
peoples."[110]
2010 Liu Xiaobo China "for his long and non-violent
struggle for fundamental
human rights in China"[111]
2011 Ellen Johnson Liberia "for their non-violent
Sirleaf struggle for the safety of
women and for women's
rights to full participation
in peace-building work"[112]
Leymah Gbowee

Tawakkul Karman Yemen

2012 European Union European "for over six decades

Union contributed to the
advancement of peace and
 reconciliation, democracy
and human rights in
Europe."[113]
2013 Organisation for International "for its extensive efforts to
the Prohibition of eliminate chemical
Chemical Weapons weapons."[114]
2014 Kailash Satyarthi India "for their struggle against
the suppression of children
and young people and for
the right of all children to
Malala Yousafzai Pakistan education"[115]

2015 Tunisian National Tunisia "for its decisive contribution

Dialogue Quartet to the building of a
pluralistic democracy in
Tunisia in the wake of the
Jasmine Revolution of
2011"[116]
2016 Juan Manuel Santos Colombia "for his resolute efforts to
bring the country's more
than 50-year-long civil war
to an end, a war that has
cost the lives of at least
220,000 Colombians and
displaced close to six
million people"[117]
2017 International Switzerland "for its work to draw
Campaign to Abolish attention to the
Nuclear Weapons catastrophic humanitarian
consequences of any use of
nuclear weapons and for its
ground-breaking efforts to
achieve a treaty-based
prohibition of such
weapons"[118].
2018 Denis Mukwege Democratic "for their efforts to end the
Republic of the use of sexual violence as a
Congo weapon of war and armed
conflict"[119]
Biography of Malala Yousafzai :
Childhood :

Yousafzai with her father Ziauddinin 2013

Yousafzai was born on 12 July 1997 in the Swat District of Pakistan's northwestern Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province, into a lower-middle-class family. She is the daughter of Ziauddin Yousafzai and
Tor Pekai Yousafzai..Her family is Sunni Muslim.of Pashtun ethnicity. The family did not have enough
money for a hospital birth and as a result, Yousafzai was born at home with the help of neighbours.. She
was given her first name Malala (meaning "grief-stricken").after Malalai of Maiwand, a famous Pashtun
poet and warrior woman from southern Afghanistan. Her last name, Yousafzai, is that of a large Pashtun
tribal confederation that is predominant in Pakistan's Swat Valley, where she grew up. At her house
in Mingora, she lived with her two younger brothers, Khushal and Atal, her parents, Ziauddin and Toor
Pekai, and two pet chickens.
Fluent in Pashto, Urdu and English, Yousafzai was educated mostly by her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, who
is a poet, school owner. and an educational activist himself, running a chain of private schools known as the
Khushal Public School. In an interview, Yousafzai once stated that she aspired to become a doctor, though
later her father encouraged her to become a politician instead. Ziauddin referred to his daughter as
something entirely special, allowing her to stay up at night and talk about politics after her two brothers
had been sent to bed..
Inspired by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, Yousafzai started speaking about
education rights as early as September 2008, when her father took her to Peshawar to speak at the
local press club. "How dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education?", Yousafzai asked her
audience in a speech covered by newspapers and television channels throughout the region. In 2009,
Yousafzai began as a trainee and then a peer educator in the Institute for War and Peace Reporting's Open
Minds Pakistan youth programme, which worked in schools in the region to help young people engage in
constructive discussion on social issues through the tools of journalism, public debate and dialogue.

Nobel Peace Prize :

 Nobel Lecture by Malala Yousafzai

On 10 October 2014, Yousafzai was announced as the co-recipient of the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize for her
struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education.
Having received the prize at the age of 17, Yousafzai is the youngest Nobel laureate.. Yousafzai shared the
prize with Kailash Satyarthi, a children's rights activist from India. She is the second Pakistani to receive a
Nobel Prize after 1979 Physics laureate Abdus Salam..
After she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, there was praise, but also some disapproval of the decision.. A
Norwegian jurist, Fredrik Heffermehl, commented on being awarded the Nobel Prize: "This is not for fine
people who have done nice things and are glad to receive it. All of that is irrelevant. What Nobel wanted was
a prize that promoted global disarmament..
Adán Cortés, a college student from Mexico City and asylum seeker, interrupted Yousafzai's Nobel Peace
Prize award ceremony in protest for the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping in Mexico, but was quickly taken
away by security personnel. Yousafzai later sympathised, and acknowledged that problems are faced by
young people all over the world, saying "there are problems in Mexico, there are problems even in America,
even here in Norway, and it is really important that children raise their voices".

Biography of Barack Hussein Obama :

Barack Obama
 44th President of the United States

Barack Hussein Obama II ( born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the
44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the
first African American to be elected to the presidency and previously served as a United States
Senator from Illinois (2005–2008).
Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as
the 50th state. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community
organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of
the Harvard Law Review. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic,
teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He represented the
13th district for three termsin the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U.S. Senate. He
received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July Democratic National
Convention keynote address, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated
for president a year after his campaign began and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton.
He was elected over Republican John McCain and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. Nine months
later, he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
During his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills into law. The main reforms were
the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (often referred to as "Obamacare", shortened as the
"Affordable Care Act"), the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the Don't
Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009and Tax Relief,
Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic
stimulus amidst the Great Recession. After a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, he signed
the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, he increased U.S. troop levels
in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the United States–Russia New STARTtreaty, and ended
military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar
Gaddafi; Gaddafi was killed by NATO-assisted forces. He also ordered the military operations that resulted
in the deaths of Osama bin Ladenand suspected Yemeni Al-Qaeda operative Anwar al-Awlaki.
After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a
second term in 2013. During this term, he promoted inclusiveness for LGBT Americans. His administration
filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to strike down same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional
(United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges); same-sex marriage was fully legalized in 2015 after the
Court ruled that a same-sex marriage ban was unconstitutional in Obergefell. He advocated for gun
control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, indicating support for a ban on assault
weapons, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign
policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011
withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016,
promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions
against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United
States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba. During his
term in office, America's reputation in global polling significantly improved..Evaluations of his presidency
among historians and the general public place him among the upper tier of American presidents. Obama
left office in January 2017 and currently resides in Washington, D.C..