OJASWINI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT &

TECHNOLOGY,DAMOH (M.P.)
CIVIL 1ST SEMESTER
BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Elements of Civil Engineering) 2015

Er.SANTOSH PATASKAR
(pataskarsantosh@gmail.com)
(09098445611)
Basic Civil Engineering-Foundation
Foundation
 Foundation
• Introduction :
• A structure essentially consists of two parts, namely the super
structure which is above the plinth level and the substructure which is
below the plinth level.
• Substructure is otherwise known as the foundation and this forms the
base for any structure. Generally about 30% of the total construction
cost is spent on the foundation.
• The soil on which the foundation rests is called the “foundation soil”.

• Objectives of a foundation :
A foundation is provided for the following purposes:
• To distribute the total load coming on the structure on a larger
area.
• To support the structures.
• To give enough stability to the structures against various
disturbing
forces, such as wind and rain.
• To prepare a level surface for concreting and masonry work.
 Foundation…
• Types of foundation : Types of Pile foundation :
• Friction pile
The two main types of foundation • Load bearing pile
are :
• Shallow foundation (spread
foundation) and Note : Under-reamed piles is a
• Deep foundation type of load bearing pile

Types of Shallow foundation :

• Isolated footing (single footing,
Column footing)
• Combined footing
Types of Deep foundation :
• Pile foundation
• Pier foundation
 Foundation…
• Shallow foundation (spread
foundation):
• Depth of foundation is less than
or equal to its width.

• Isolated footing (single footing,

column footing):
• In framed structures where
several columns are to be
constructed, isolated footings
can be adopted.
• The columns involved can be • In case of masonry footing, the
provided with masonry or projection of each step must be ½
concrete footing. brick thick and each step is made
• If masonry footing is provided, of 1 or 2 bricks put together.
steps are given and the • Concrete can be moulded to any
foundation area is thus shape and hence a concrete
increased so that the stresses footing may be a sloping one to
developed at the base is within provide sufficient spread.
the limit.
 Foundation…
• Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…
 Foundation…
• Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…
 Foundation…
• Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…
wall footing
 Foundation…
• Combined footing:

• This type of footing is

adopted when the space
between two columns is so
small that the foundation for
individual columns will
overlap.
Footing :
• Combined footings are Footings are structural members
used to support columns and walls
proportioned in such a way
and to transmit and distribute their
that the centre of gravity of
loads to the soil in such a way that
the loads coincides with the
the load bearing capacity of the
centre of gravity of the
soil is not exceeded. Also
foundation. Hence these
excessive settlement, differential
footings have either a
settlement or rotation are
trapezoidal or a rectangular
prevented and adequate safety
shape.
against overturning or sliding is
maintained.
 Foundation…
• Pile :
• A slender, structural member
consisting steel or concrete or
timber.
• It is installed in the ground to
transfer the structural loads to
soils at some significant depth
below the base of the structure.
 Foundation…
Pile caps are thick slabs used
to tie a group of piles together
to support and transmit column
loads to the piles.
 Foundation…
• Deep foundation :
• Deep foundation consists of
pile and pier foundations.
• This consists in carrying down
through the soil a huge
masonry cylinder which may be
supported by the sides of soil
or may be supported on solid
rock (hard stratum).

• Pile foundation :
• Pile is an element of
construction used as
foundation. It may be driven in
the ground vertically or with
some inclination to transfer the
load safely.
 Foundation…
• Pile foundation…
• Loads are supported in two
ways.
• If the load is supported by the
effect of friction between the
soil and the pile skin, it is called
friction pile.
• Friction piles may be made of
cast iron, cement concrete,
timber, steel, wrought iron and
composite materials.
• If the load is supported by
resting the pile on a very hard
stratum, it is called load bearing
pile. • Piles may be cast-in-situ or
• Load bearing piles are steel precast.
sheet piles, concrete piles and • They may be cased or
timber piles. uncased.
 Load
Bearing Friction Piles
Pile
Load bearing Friction Pile
pile
 TYPES OF PILES
• Concrete Piles
i) Cast-In-Situ Concrete Piles
a) Cased cast-in-situ b) Uncased cast-in-situ
ii) Precast Concrete Piles

• Steel Piles
i) H-Piles ii) Cylindrical piles iii) Tapered piles

• Timber Piles

• Composite Piles
TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
1. Displacement Piles
It cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically as pile
shaft is driven or jacked into the ground.
b) Non Displacement Piles (Replacement piles)
It cause the soil to be removed and the resulting hole filled with
concrete or a pre cast concrete pile is dropped into the hole and
grouted in.
Displacement Pile Non Displacement pile
 METHOD OF INSTALLATION
• Dropping Weight or Drop Hammers
- commonly used method of insertion of displacement piles

• Diesel Hammers
-Most suitable to drive pile in non cohesive granular soil

• Vibratory Hammers or vibratory method of pile driving

-very effective in driving piles through non cohesive granular soil

• Jacking Method Of Insertion

Pile installation using Drop Hammer
Pile Driving Rig - temporarily support the pile that
being
driven and to support the pile hammer.
 Jacking Method Of Insertion
• Jacked Piles are most commonly used in underpinning structures
• By excavating underneath a structure short lengths of pile can be
inserted and jacked into the ground using the underside of the existing
structure as a reaction.
Er santosh Pataskar
(oimt damoh,M.P.)
THANX TO ALL