Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract—In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the impact applied. These communication or pilot channels can be used
of series capacitor on the performance of communication-aided for the exchange of information between the protective relaying
distance protection schemes of transmission lines is presented. systems, called pilot relaying systems, to determine whether
It is shown that not only the series capacitor and its overvoltage
protection affect the distance protection of its line, but also the the fault is internal or external to the protected transmission
adjacent lines would experience protection problems. Mitigation line. The most widely used pilot relaying system is directional
of this problem is proposed by using new communication-aided comparison. An IEEE survey published in 1988 [4], showed
schemes. The proposed schemes use the information available at that about 80% of the most important lines in 116 utilities in
the substation to inhibit relay malfunctions. The performance of the USA, have directional comparison protection. The main
the techniques is studied for different series capacitor locations in
the transmission line. Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and reasons for this wide acceptance are the low communication
four sophisticated commercial relays are used for testing. The channel requirements and the inherent redundancy and backup
results verify the impact of series capacitor on the conventional protection of directional comparison systems.
communication-aided schemes and also the effectiveness of the The objective of this paper is to analyze and investigate the
proposed methods. impact of SC on the performance of conventional communica-
Index Terms—Communication-aided distance schemes, pilot re- tion-aided distance protection schemes and propose solutions
laying systems, power system protection, protective relaying, series to mitigate the problem by using the available facilities in the
capacitor, series compensated line. power stations avoiding essential changes and investments. For
an accurate and reliable analysis, the tests are done by Real
I. INTRODUCTION Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and sophisticated commercial
relays. SC is modeled with overvoltage protection and the
TABLE I
BEHAVIOR OF RELAYS USING CONVENTIONAL SCHEMES IN
FIG. 4(a) WITH LOAD FLOW FROM BUS D TO C
Fig. 3. Polarized MHO circle for fault in reverse direction. Dashed circle
(no-load), solid circle (load importing).
Fig. 4. Sample networks used for simulation, (a) SC in the middle (b) SC at
the ends.
TABLE II TABLE IV
BEHAVIOR OF RELAYS USING CONVENTIONAL SCHEMES IN BEHAVIOR OF RELAYS USING CONVENTIONAL SCHEMES IN
FIG. 4(a) WITH LOAD FLOW FROM BUS C TO D FIG. 4(b) WITH LOAD FLOW FROM BUS C TO D
This implies that no trip delay is required to wait for an even- TABLE V
tual block signal. This procedure offers a good compromise of BEHAVIOR OF RELAYS USING THE PROPOSED SCHEMES IN
FIG. 4(a) WITH LOAD FLOW FROM BUS D TO C
both high dependability (channel not required to trip) and high
security (blocking is continuous).
Fig. 8 shows the proposed method. The proposed method can
be used both in the main line and the adjacent lines. In this
method like the previous one, the dependency of the unblocking
signal transfer to the condition of the other relays is not required
for the main line. The logic is so implemented that 20 ms after
channel failure, it releases the zone ZF for a period of 100 ms.
If this happens during a fault, then tripping will occur provided
that the relay has seen the fault in forward direction correctly.
If channel failure occurs during normal system operation, no
consequences arise because ZF is not picked up. 100 ms later,
the protection is again blocked for the duration of the channel
failure. This blocking is removed (re-set time of 100 ms) when
a signal is again received.
TABLE IX
SYSTEM DATA
TABLE VII
BEHAVIOR OF RELAYS USING PROPOSED SCHEMES IN FIG. 4(b)
WITH LOAD FLOW FROM BUS D TO C
cation channels that are used in the stations, without the neces- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
sity of changing embedded relay algorithms. The user through M. Khederzadeh would like to thank the support of Power
the inputs, outputs and logic equations can apply the modifica- and Water University of Technology (PWIT) for the Sabbatical
tions. The required data for the proposed methods are available leave to the University of Western Ontario (UWO).
in the same station and it could be hard-wired or soft-wired by
using the existing local area network (LAN). REFERENCES
[1] CIGRE Application Guide on Protection of Complex Transmission Net-
C. SC Out of Service work Configurations, CIGRE SC34-WG04, May 1991.
[2] M. M. Saha, B. Kasztenny, E. Rosolowski, and J. Izykowski, “First
When SC is out of service, there is no difficulty for normal zone algorithm for protection of series compensated lines,” IEEE Trans.
operation of the relays by using the proposed methods, because Power Del., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 200–207, Apr. 2001.
[3] C. Gagnon and P. Gravel, “Extensive evaluation of high performance
the imposed restriction always asserts in usual power system protection relays for the Hydro-Quebec series compensated network,”
operation. IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1799–1811, Oct. 1994.
Comparison of the Tables I and III with Tables V and VII [4] IEEE Power System Relaying Committee, “Line protection design
trends in the USA and Canada,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 3, no. 4,
indicates that the proposed method has improved the serious pp. 1530–1535, Oct. 1988.
effect of the load flow direction as discussed by the Figs. 2 and [5] IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors, IEEE Std. 824-1994, Jun. 1994.
3 on the performance of the relays for the forward and reverse [6] D. L. Goldsworthy, “A linearized model for MOV-protected series ca-
pacitors,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. PWRD-2, no. 4, pp. 953–958,
faults. Nov. 1987.
Although the positive-sequence voltage with polarized [7] R. J. Marttila, “Performance of distance relay MHO elements on MOV,
memory mitigate the impacts of a voltage reversal on the protected series-compensated transmission lines,” IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1167–1178, Jul. 1992.
distance elements, but the security of the relays can further be [8] L. M. Wedepohl, “The polarized Mho distance relay,” Proc. Inst. Elect.
enhanced by the application of the proposed method. Eng., vol. 122, pp. 525–535, 1965.
[9] G. Ziegler, Numerical Distance Protection: Principles and Applica-
tions. Erlangen, The Netherlands: Siemens, Publisis MCD, 1999.
[10] P. M. Anderson, Power System Protection. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE
VI. CONCLUSION Press, 1999.