THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS

1 . INTRODUCTION
Ø The branch of science in which the macroscopic properties such as Pressure, volume, temperature of a system
are studied is defined as thermodynamics.
Ø The branch of science in which the conversion of heat into mechanical work and vice versa is studied is known
as thermodynamics.
1.1 Thermodynamic System
Ø The system which can be represented in of pressure (P), volume (V) and temperature (T), is known as
thermodynamic system.
Piston
Ø 1 mol of gas contained in a cylinder with frictionless piston as shown in fig. is known as
thermodynamic system.
Ø Thermodynamic systems are of three types on the basis of mass and energy transfer–
1 mole gas
(a) Open system (b) Closed system (c) Isolated system
(a) Open system – The system in which both heat and matter can be exchanged, is defined
as open system.
(b) Closed system – The system in which only heat is exchange is defined as closed system.
(c) Isolated system – The system in which neither heat can be exchanged nor work can be done, is defined
as isolated systems,
(i) The damage in internal energy in this system is zero i.e. dU = 0
(ii) Any thermodynamic process happening in this system can not change its internal energy.
2. ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Ø According to it if two systems A and B are, separately in thermal equilibrium with
C
a third system C, then the systems A and B when brough into thermal contact will
A B
also be in thermal equilibrium.
Ø This law indicates that for systems in thermal equilibrium there must exist a common Thermal
contact
property which remains the same. This property is the “temperature”. Thus zeroth
Thermal
law, defines temperature. Insulator
Ø For two bodies or systems in contact, heat flows from higher temperature to
lower temperature.
Ø Temperature gives a measure of the hotness or coldness of a body.
3. JOULE’S LAW
Ø Whenever heat is converted into mechanical work or mechanical work is converted into heat, then the ratio
of work done to heat produced always remains constant. i.e. W ∝ Q
W
or = J this is joule’s law
Q
Here J = Joule’s constant.
Ø Mechanical equivalent law
(a) The amount of work done necessary to produced unit amount of heat is defined as the mechanical equivalent
of that, i.e., if Q = 1, then J = W
(b) J is neither a constant nor a physical quantity, rather it is a conversion factor with used to convert joule
or erg into calorie or Kilocalorie and vice versa.

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