FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

Characteristics of Ground Vibrations in STSP

Deduced from Falling Weight Tests

Cheng-Hsing Chen 1, Tsung-Chen Huang 2, and Yung-Yen Ko 3

1
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University; chchen2@ntu.edu.tw
2
PhD student, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University; d93521001@ntu.edu.tw
3
Associate Research Fellow, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering; yyko@ncree.org

ABSTRACT: In order to characterize the ground vibration attenuation with distance in

Southern Taiwan Science Park (STSP), a series of small-scaled in-situ vibration tests,
including falling weight tests and shaking tests, were conducted by National Center for
Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) at sites in STSP where Taiwan High
Speed Rail (THSR) passes through. Those tests were performed on the ground surface,
on shallow foundation, and on proto-type pile foundation. For falling weight tests,
hammer weights of 8, 12, 22, 26, 43 metric tons and drop heights of 0.5m~3.5m were
adopted to generate different levels of ground vibration. The decay of ground vibrations
with respect to distance was monitored to deduce attenuation coefficient. In this paper,
results of all the falling weight tests are summarized and compared with those of in-situ
measurements of ground vibrations excited by test runs of THSR trains. Conclusions
show that the attenuation coefficients of ground vibration deduced from the falling
weight tests present a similar trend to, but with larger values than, those deduced from
measurements of test runs of THSR, and therefore can be used to predict the decay of
ground vibrations induced by the operation of high-speed trains.

INTRODUCTION

Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR), which has begun operation in Jan. 2007, provides
convenient communications for the west corridor of Taiwan. However, its route passes
through the Southern Taiwan Science Park (STSP, formerly named “Tainan Science-
Based Industrial Park, TSIP”), where high-tech fabs very sensitive to floor vibrations
are located. Therefore, whether the ground vibrations induced by THSR trains will
influence the normal operation of high-tech fabs in STSP has become an important issue.
For this reason, many investigations and studies have been made since the construction
stage of THSR. Several analytical predictions (CTCI, 1998; CTCI, 1999; Lin et al.,
2000; Ni, 1999) showed that the level of ground vibrations in STSP induced by the
operation of THSR could exceed the level of ambient vibrations. Consequently, it is
necessary to go deep into the characteristics of ground vibration attenuation in STSP for
accurate evaluation of the impact brought by high-speed train induced vibrations.

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

Before the operation of THSR, several small scaled in-situ vibration tests were
conducted at the STSP sites (Chen et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2003a;
Chen et al., 2003b). Details of these tests, including five falling weight tests and five
shaking tests, are listed in Table 1, and their locations are shown in FIG. 1. Studies on
some of these tests were carried out and helpful conclusions were obtained (Huang et al,
2004; Ko et al., 2005).
During the test runs of THSR, a series of in-situ measurements were made for a better
understanding of the characteristics of ground vibrations induced by high speed trains
(Chen et al., 2006).
In this paper, results of small scaled in-situ vibration tests and of THSR measurements
are presented and discussed, and a comprehensive comparison between them is made.
Due to page limit, only the falling weight tests are included among all these small scaled
tests mentioned.

Table 1. List of small-scaled in-situ vibration tests conducted in STSP

(Chen et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2003a; Chen et al., 2003b)

Test Test Source Foundation Distances from the Source to the

Code Date Type Type Measurement Points (m)
12MT Hammer Footing; Ground
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120,
Test A Feb/2001 5MT Shaker
Footing 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300
10MT Shaker
26MT Hammer Footing; Ground 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180,
Test B Sep/2001 260, 280, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380, 400,
43MT Hammer Footing 420, 440
8MT Hammer Line 1: 10.4, 20.8, 31.2, 41.6, 52, 70,
Test C Dec/2001 Single pile 99.7, 120
10MT Shaker Line 2: 10, 23, 62
Line 1: 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120,
Test D Feb/2002 10MT Shaker 2×2 Group piles 150
Line 2: 10, 25, 50, 65, 85
10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 127, 140, 160,
Test E July/2003 20MT Shaker 2×2 Group piles
190, 320, 400, 500, 550
10, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 390, 450,
Test F Aug/2003 20MT Shaker 2×2 Group piles
500, 600
Line 1: 20, 50, 100, 150, 200
Test G Oct/2004 22MT Hammer Ground
Line 2: 20, 50, 100, 200, 225, 250

GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

The STSP site is located on the south-western Chianan Plain of Taiwan, a major
agricultural area in Taiwan. The alluvial deposits in this region are very deep.
According to the geological and geotechnical reports available (CTCI, 1999; CECI,
2001), no bed rocks had been found up to a depth of 70 meters. The deposits near the
ground surface can generally be characterized as inter-bedded layers of silty clay and
clayey sand. The simplified soil profile and properties was deduced by CTCI (1999) as
shown in Table 2. In this region, the ground water table is usually very high, locates at
the depth of about 3m below the ground surface.

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

FIG. 1. Locations of in-situ vibration tests in STSP.

Table 2. Soil profile in STSP (CTCI, 1999)

Depth (m) Soil Type Thickness (m) Vs (m/s) Unit weight (t/m3)
0.0~5.0 ML 5.0 122 1.03
5.0~11.0 SM 6.0 172 1.96
11.0~18.0 SM 7.0 231 1.99
18.0~25.0 SM 7.0 231 2.03
25.0~36.0 CL 11.0 279 2.06
36.0~44.0 SM 8.0 331 2.07
44.0~52.0 CL 8.0 331 2.07
52.0~66.0 SM 14.0 376 2.07

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

FIG. 2. Set-up of the falling weight test

SET-UP OF FALLING WEIGHT TEST AND THSR MEASUREMENT

Vibration Source

Falling Weight Test

The set-up of the falling test is shown in FIG. 2. Hammer weights of 8, 12, 22, 26, 43
metric tons and drop heights of 0.5~3.0m were adopted for various levels of striking
energy. The hammer was first lifted to a specified height, and then dropped freely to hit
the ground surface or the surface of foundation to produce an impact loading. With
different hammer weight and drop height, ground vibrations of different levels were
thus generated. Sensors were deployed along a straight line to monitor the decay of
ground vibrations with respect to the distance from the source. Directions of sensors are
radial-horizontal and vertical. Since this kind of vibration source is similar to point
source, the decay can generally be described by the point-load Rayleigh wave model.

THSR Measurement

During the test runs of THSR, ground vibrations induced by the THSR trains at
various speeds were measured in STSP. Sensors are deployed along a straight line
perpendicular to the THSR route to monitor the decay of ground vibrations with respect
to the distance from the route. Directions of sensors are horizontal and perpendicular to
the THSR route, horizontal and parallel to the THSR route, and vertical, respectively.
Although the THSR trains are running on elevated bridges, this kind of vibration source
can be more or less regarded as line-load source. Therefore, the decay can be
approximately described by the line-load Rayleigh wave model.

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

Recording System

To measure the ground vibrations, the velocity-type sensor, VSE-15D (FIG. 3), was
adopted. It operates at a frequency range from 0.1 to 70 Hz. The recording system used
is the 16-channel SPC-51 system (FIG. 4), which imports the data of all the channels
and records them in the hard disk of PC. The sampling rate in all the tests is 200 Hz.

FIG. 3. VSE-15D velocity-type sensors FIG. 4. SPC-51 recording system

Foundation Types

Shallow Foundation (Footing)

The shallow foundation (shown as FIG. 2) is made from reinforcing concrete and will
induce ground vibrations when its surface is hit by dropped hammer.

Single Pile Foundation

The single pile foundation (shown as FIG. 5) is made from reinforcing concrete and
will induce ground vibrations when its head is hit by dropped hammer.

FIG. 5. Single pile foundation for Test C

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

DATA PROCESSING

Amplitudes of Ground Vibration

In falling weight tests and THSR measurements, the ground vibrations recorded
contain multiple frequencies. For this kind of wide-band vibrations, the vibration level
is usually expressed in 1/3 octave band root-mean-square velocity.
1. For a valid time history recorded, v(t), have it filtered with a high pass of 0.5 Hz and
a low pass of 30 Hz. Specify a time window in which effective vibrations induced by
dropped hammer or passing trains are included. Calculate the Fourier transform of
v(t) in the specified time window, V(f). Then the power spectrum density function
(PSDF), S(f), can be obtained :
2
2V ( f )
S( f ) = (1)
T
where T is the length of the specified time window.
2. For the i-th 1/3 octave band, integrate S(f) over the corresponding band width:
f iu
E( f i ) = S ( f )df (2)
f il

where fi , fil , and fiu are the center frequency, the lower limit, and the upper limit of
the i-th 1/3 octave band, respectively.
3. Calculate the root-mean-square (RMS) velocity at each 1/3 octave band center
frequency, VRMS(fi) :
VRMS ( f i ) = E ( f i ) (3)

Vibration Level in Decibel (dB)

For convenient use in engineering practice, the RMS amplitude calculated is usually
expressed in terms of decibel (dB), defined as follows:
V (f )
L( f i ) = 20 log 10 RMS i (4)
v0
where v0 is the reference velocity and v0 = 10-6 in/s is usually adopted for wafer fabs.

Attenuation Coefficient of Ground Vibration

Two different kinds of vibration sources are considered in this study. One is
point-load source, and the other is line-load source.

Attenuation Coefficient of the Point-load Rayleigh Wave

For the falling weight test, in order to express the attenuation with respect to distance
of ground vibrations induced by the dropped hammer, which is approximately
considered a point source, the point-load Rayleigh wave model is adopted as follows:
r
V2 = V1 1 e 2 1)
(r r
(5)
r2

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

where V1 is the velocity amplitude at point 1 and r1 is the distance from the source to
point 1, V2 and r2 stand for those of point 2, and is the attenuation coefficient.
Choosing an appropriate point located near the source as the reference point, the
attenuation coefficient α can be retrieved by regressive analysis.

Attenuation Coefficient of the Line-load Rayleigh Wave

For the THSR measurement, in order to express the attenuation with respect to
distance of ground vibrations induced by the passing trains, which is approximately
considered a line source, the line-load Rayleigh wave model is adopted as follows:
V2 = V1 e ( r2 r1 ) (6)
where the definitions of the notations are the same as in equation (5).

TEST RESULTS

Falling Weight Test

Ground Vibration Amplitude

Following the data processing procedure for multiple frequency vibrations described
above, the ground vibration amplitude at each recording point can be deduced and
expressed in 1/3 octave band RMS velocity in decibel(dB). For example, the radial-
horizontal and vertical responses at various distances from the source in Test B
(43t-hammer dropped from a height of 3.0m) are shown in FIG. 6., in which the decay
of vibration amplitude with respect to the distance from the source is observed.

Falling Weight Test - 43MT h=3.0m (Radial-horizontal) Falling Weight Test - 43MT h=3.0m (Vertical)
16m 40m 60m 80m 110m 160m
40m 60m 80m 110m 160m 215m 270m
215m 270m 300m 330m 360m 400m
300m 330m 400m 440m 480m 520m 440m 480m 520m
100 100

90 90

80 80
RMS Velocity (dB)

RMS Velocity (dB)

70 70

60 60 4

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20
1 10 100 1 10 100
1/3 Octave Frequency (Hz) 1/3 Octave Frequency (Hz)

FIG. 6. 1/3-oct band spectra of ground vibration amplitude in falling weight test B

Attenuation Coefficient of Ground Vibration

Since the vibration level decreases with respect to the distance from the source, the
attenuation coefficient for each 1/3 octave band center frequency can be deduced by
Eq.(5), as in FIG. 7. The values of falling weight tests with different drop height and
hammer weight are shown in FIG. 8. Results are summarized as follows:

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

0.5m ( = 0.009 ) 3.0m ( = 0.01 )

100 100
RMS Velocity (dB, re:1µ in/sec)

RMS Velocity (dB, re:1µ in/sec)

90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
Measured Measured
20 Estimated 20 Estimated
10 Ambient 10 Ambient
0 0
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
Distance (m) Distance (m)

FIG. 7. Regression analysis for attenuation coefficient

Attenuation Coeff. - Falling Weight Tests (Radial-horizontal) Attenuation Coeff. - Falling Weight Tests (Vertical)
12t-hm on Ft. 12t-hm on Gnd. 26t-hm on Gnd. 26t-hm on Ft. 12t-hm on Ft. 12t-hm on Gnd. 26t-hm on Gnd. 26t-hm on Ft.
43t-hm on Ft. 8t-hm on SP 22t-hm on Gnd. 43t-hm on Ft. 8t-hm on SP 22t-hm on Gnd.
0.1 0.1
(1/m)

(1/m)

0.01 0.01

0.001 0.001
1 10 100 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

(a) Radial-horizontal (b) Vertical

FIG. 8. Attenuation coefficients deduced from falling weight tests

1. Attenuation coefficients deduced from the vertical ground vibrations are generally
higher than those from radial-horizontal vibrations.
2. The heavier the hammer weight, the larger the energy of impact loading, and the
smaller the attenuation coefficients will be; in other words, the less the decay of the
ground vibration with respect to the traveling distance.
3. Attenuation coefficients of falling weight test on shallow foundation are very close
to those of test on the ground, while those deduced from test on single pile
foundation are smaller.
4. The decay of vibration is slower at lower frequency range ( ≒ 0.002~0.01(1/m), for
f < 10Hz) and faster at higher frequency range ( ≒ 0.0035~0.02(1/m), for f > 10Hz).

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

THSR Measurement 80
THSR Measurement - 300km/hr (X-dir)
24m
70
Ground Vibration Amplitudes 75m

RMS Velocity (dB)

60
100m
50
Following the same procedure as in 40
200m

the falling weight test, the 1/3 octave 30

600m

band RMS velocity of ground 20

Amb.

vibrations induced by THSR trains 1 10

1/3 Octave frequency (Hz)
100

can be deduced. FIG. 9 shows the THSR Measurement - 300km/hr (Y-dir)

80
responses at various distances from 24m
70
the route of THSR in three directions 75m

RMS Velocity (dB)

60
(including X-direction, which is 100m
50
horizontal and perpendicular to the 200m
40
THSR route, Y-direction, which is 600m
30
horizontal and parallel to the THSR Amb.
20
route, and Z-direction, which is 1 10 100
1/3 Octave frequency (Hz)
vertical). Also, the decay of vibration
THSR Measurement - 300km/hr (Z-dir)
with respect to distance is observed. 80
24m
70
75m
RMS Velocity (dB)

Attenuation Coefficient of Ground 60

100m

Vibration 50
200m
40
600m

The attenuation coefficient can be 30

Amb.
20
deduced according to Eq.(6). The 1 10 100
values in each direction for various 1/3 Octave frequency (Hz)

train speeds are shown in the left sides FIG. 9. 1/3-oct band spectra of ground
of FIG. 10~FIG. 12. Results are vibration amplitude from THSR
briefly summarized as follows: measurement (Vtrain=300 km/hr)

1. Attenuation coefficients in THSR measurements increase with frequency generally.

2. Attenuation coefficients in X, Y, and Z-direction are close to one another.
3. Attenuation coefficients for train speed=240, 270, 290, and 300 km/hr are close, and
their regression line (as shown in the right sides of FIG. 10~12) can be regarded
representative for the ground vibrations induced by THSR trains.

Attenuation Coefficient from THSR Measurement (X-dir) Attenuation Coefficient from THSR Measurement (X-dir)
0.1 0.1
200km/hr
THSR(240,270,290,300km/hr) exp. reg. THSR
240km/hr
270km/hr
0.01 290km/hr 0.01
300km/hr
(1/m)
(1/m)

exp. reg. 200kph

0.0353x
exp. reg. 240kph y = 0.0026e
0.001 exp. reg. 270kph 0.001

exp. reg. 290kph

exp. reg. 300kph

0.0001 0.0001
1 10 100 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

FIG. 10. Attenuation coefficients deduced from THSR measurements in the

X-direction (horizontal and perpendicular to the THSR)

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

Attenuation Coefficient from THSR Measurement (Y-dir) Attenuation Coefficient from THSR Measurement (Y-dir)
0.1 0.1
200km/hr
240km/hr THSR(240,270,290,300km/hr) exp. reg. THSR

270km/hr
0.01 290km/hr 0.01
300km/hr

(1/m)
(1/m)

exp. reg. 200kph

0.042x
exp. reg. 240kph y = 0.0023e
0.001 exp. reg. 270kph 0.001

exp. reg. 290kph

exp. reg. 300kph

0.0001 0.0001
1 10 100 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

FIG. 11. Attenuation coefficients deduced from THSR measurements in the

Y-direction (horizontal and parallel to the THSR)
Attenuation Coefficient from THSR Measurement (Z-dir) Attenuation Coefficient from THSR Measurement (Z-dir)
0.1 0.1
200km/hr
THSR(240,270,290,300km/hr) exp. reg. THSR
240km/hr
270km/hr
0.01 290km/hr 0.01
300km/hr

(1/m)
(1/m)

exp. reg. 200kph 0.0502x

y = 0.0022e
exp. reg. 240kph
0.001 exp. reg. 270kph 0.001
exp. reg. 290kph
exp. reg. 300kph

0.0001 0.0001
1 10 100 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

FIG. 12. Attenuation coefficients deduced from THSR measurements in the

Z-direction (vertical)

Horizontal Responses at 100m Vertical Responses at 100m

(THSR Measurement V.S. Falling Weight Test) (THSR Measurement V.S. Falling Weight Test)
90 90

80 THSR 80 THSR
RMS Velocity (dB)

RMS Velocity (dB)

70 70
43t-hm. 43t-hm.
60 60

50 50
26t-hm. 26t-hm.
40 40

30 12t-hm. 30 12t-hm.
20 20
1 10 100 1 10 100
1/3 Octave frequency (Hz) 1/3 Octave frequency (Hz)

(a) In X-direction, at a distance of 100m (b) In Z-direction, at a distance of 100m

Horizontal Responses at 200m Vertical Responses at 200m
(THSR Measurement V.S. Falling Weight Test) (THSR Measurement V.S. Falling Weight Test)
80 80
THSR THSR
70 70
RMS Velocity (dB)

RMS Velocity (dB)

60 60
43t-hm. 43t-hm.
50 50
26t-hm. 26t-hm.
40 40

30 30
12t-hm. 12t-hm.
20 20
1 10 100 1 10 100
1/3 Octave frequency (Hz) 1/3 Octave frequency (Hz)

(c) In X-direction, at a distance of 200m (d) In Z-direction, at a distance of 200m

FIG. 13. Comparison on ground vibration level

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FMGM 2007: Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics © 2007 ASCE

COMPARISONS

Comparisons on ground vibration level and on attenuation coefficient of ground

vibration are made between falling weight tests and THSR measurements, as shown in
FIG. 13 and FIG. 14, respectively. Results are summarized as follows:
1. As shown in FIG. 13, the level of ground vibrations induced by passing trains of
THSR is lower than that induced by dropped hammer at all frequencies.
2. As shown in FIG. 14, attenuation coefficients deduced from THSR measurements
are generally smaller than those from falling weight tests in both X and Z-direction.
3. Even with the discrepancy in values, the trend of the regression lines of
attenuation coefficients for the falling weight tests is similar to that for THSR
measurements, as shown in FIG. 14. Consequently, the attenuation coefficients of
ground vibrations induced by THSR trains may be estimated according to the results
of falling weight tests.

Attenuation Coefficient in X-dir Attenuation Coefficient in Z-dir

(THSR Measurement V.S. Falling Weight Test) (THSR Measurement V.S. Falling Weight Test)
0.1 0.1
exp. reg. THSR exp. reg. THSR

12t-hm. 12t-hm.
26t-hm. 26t-hm.

43t-hm. 43t-hm.
(1/m)

(1/m)

0.01 0.01
exp. reg. 12t-hm. exp. reg. 12t-hm.

exp. reg. 26t-hm. exp. reg. 26t-hm.

exp. reg. 43t-hm. exp. reg. 43t-hm.

0.001 0.001
1 10 100 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

(a) In X-direction (b) In Z-direction

FIG. 14. Comparison on attenuation coefficient of ground vibration

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the work presented herein, some conclusions could be drawn as follows:
1. Attenuation coefficient of ground vibration is not constant at a specific site. It
increases with frequency generally. In addition, different type of sources induces
vibrations with different characteristics. High-energy source and line-load source
lead to smaller attenuation coefficient.
2. Attenuation coefficients for falling weight tests on shallow foundation and on the
ground surface are close, and generally larger than those for test on single pile.
3. Attenuation coefficients deduced from THSR measurement are close for train
speeds of 240, 270, 290, and 300 km/hr, and can be regarded representative for
ground vibrations induced by THSR trains.
4. Even with larger values, attenuation coefficients of falling weight tests show similar
trend with respect to frequency to THSR measurement. Therefore, results of falling
weight tests may be used to predict the characteristics of ground vibrations induced
by THSR trains.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their thanks to the National Science Council, Taiwan for funding
this research. Thanks are also due to the National Center for Research on Earthquake
Engineering, Taiwan for providing test equipments and technical supports, and to the
graduate students in the Department of Civil Engineering, NTU for their assistance in
conducting tests.

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