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1.0 Introduction
Loads from slabs and beams are transferred to the foundations through the columns. In typical cases, columns
are usually rectangular or circular in shape. Normally, they are usually classified as short or slender depending
on their slenderness ratio, and this in turn influences their mode of failure.
Columns are either subjected to axial, uniaxial, or biaxial loads depending on the location and/or loading
condition. Eurocode 2 demands that we include the effects of imperfections in structural design of columns.
Column design is covered in section 5.8 of EC2.
Where:
A = 1/(1 + 0.2ϕef) (if ϕef is not known, A = 0.7 may be used)
B = 1+ 2ω (if ω is not known, B = 1.1 may be used)
C = 1.7 - rm (if rm is not known, C = 0.7 may be used)
Where; ϕef = effective creep ratio (0.7 may be used)
ω = Asfyd / (Acfcd); mechanical reinforcement ratio;
As is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement
n = NEd / (Acfcd); relative normal force
rm = M01/M02; moment ratio
M01, M02 are the first order end moments, |M02| ≥ |M01|
If the end moments M01 and M02 give tension on the same side, rm should be taken positive (i.e. C ≤ 1.7),
otherwise negative (i.e. C > 1.7). For braced members in which the first order moments arise only from or
predominantly due to imperfections or transverse loading rm should be taken as 1.0 (i.e. C = 0.7).
Also, clause 5.8.3.1(2) says that for biaxial bending, the slenderness criterion may be checked separately for
each direction. Depending on the outcome of this check, second order effects (a) may be ignored in both
directions, (b) should be taken into account in one direction, or (c) should be taken into account in both
directions.
3.0 Solved Example
Let us consider the structure shown below. The effects of actions on column member BC is as shown below. It
is required to design the column using the following data;
fck = 25 N/mm2, fyk = 460 N/mm2, Concrete cover = 35mm
Remember that we will have to reduce the stiffness of the beams by half to account for cracking;
Since 29.786 < 35.051, second order effects need to be considered in the design
Design Moments
MBot = 210 KNm, MTop = 371 KNm
ei is the geometric imperfection = (θi l0/2) = [(1/200) × (6071/2)] = 15.1775 mm
eiNEd = 15.1775 × 10-3 × 3500 = 53.121 KNm
1/r0 = εyd/(0.45 d)
εyd = fyd/Es = (460 /1.15) / (200 × 103) = 0.002
1/r0 = 0.002/(0.45 × 539) = 8.2457 × 10-6
As,min = (0.1 NEd)/fyd = (0.1 × 3500 × 1000) / 400 = 875mm2, 0.002bh = 0.002 × 300 × 600 = 360 mm2
As,max = 0.04bh = 0.04 × 300 × 600 = 7200 mm2
Links
Minimum size = 0.25ϕ = 0.25 × 32 = 8mm < 6mm
We are adopting X10mm as links
Spacing adopted = 300mm less than {b, h, 20ϕ, 400mm} Provide Y10 @ 300 mm links